Kane Mass HOONAAUAO

OF

Fechner
ma ke kauoha
KA

Royal Skona malu o SCIENCES

hoolaha
OF

GOTTL.FIEDR.LIPPS

LEIPZIG
Ka mea hoopuka OF Wilhelm ENGELSMANN 1897th

maio
hapa hanakimi

ka mua hoomaopopo
foreword
I. Introduction. 1, 2
II. Ka mua Overview o ka manao nui, ka mea i hoohanaia i loko o ka
hookolokolo o ke Kane mea iloko o ka noonoo, a he n inoa. 3-11
III. Ka mua Overview o ka hpana mea, a oi aku mau loina. 12
. IV props; Abnormalities. 13-23
V. Gaussian kanawai o Random deviations (kilo hewa o keia hoopunipuni)
a me kona mau generalizations. 24-37
VI. Ano o Kane mea e kapaia ma ko lkou mea e manao ai, a'pana
oihana mua.. 38-46
Ka makemakika lapaau ana o na Kane mea
VII. Helu hoi o ka makana Panel. 47-52

VIII. Hoemiia hoi o ka makana Panel. 33- 67

IX. Hooholo 'ana o kekahi, ka , , i', m , ka m ^, , , '.
68-75.
X. hooponoponoana o Kamehameha a me ka pili ana o ke kumu ano o ke kumu
Hawaii ekolu A, C, D: hou R, T, F. 76-86
XI. Ka densest waiwai D. 87-92

Ka asymmetry o na Kane mea.

XII. Kumu no ka mea, ua nui loa asymmetry o deviations e pili ana i ka
makemakika olelo a me validity o ka asymmetric hoi o ka makana kanawai e
pili ana i ka densest cia Diloko o ke ano o ka generalized Gaussian Kanawai
(Mokuna V) ka nui hihia. 93-95
XIII . Makemakika olelo i ka hui o ka nui a me ka non-nui asymmetry. 96
XIV. Formulas no ka mea uuku, a me ka poe paha waiwai o na kalele iho
purely kaulele asymmetry unuhi make. 97-101
XV. Probability i hoakaka ia no ka kalele iho o purely kaulele asymmetry
likeole One na n mea hike aku mai ke kikowaena oiaio. 102-111
XVI. Probability i hoakaka ia no ka kalele iho o purely kaulele asymmetry
likeole V na n mea hike aku, mai ka hewa mea. 112-117

Ka puunaue kanawai o Kane mea ma ka makemakika rula.

XVII. I ka noonoo, a me ka poe elua kapakahi Gaussian kanawai. 118 ia
122
XVIII. Ka huina o Law, a me ka Supplementarverfahren. 123-128
XIX. Ka asymmetry kanawai. 129-136
XX. Ka loa Kanawai. 137-142

Ka plki hoi o ka makana kanawai.

XXI. Ka plki lapaau o Kane mea. 143 ia 146
XXII. Kane hana o ka pili ma waena o Ana. Mean ia lki. 147-151
I paiiai na mokuna.
XXIII. Dependency pili ana. 152-155

Lua o ka hapa.
Kikaw examinations.
XXIV. About ka spatial, a me ke kino paiapili, i ka likeole o ka Hokoana
nui. 136-163
XXV. Outline a me asymmetry o ka rai. 164-169
XXVI. Na Ana o ka gale pena. 170-175
XXVII. Kane mea, mai ka aina mai o meteorology. 176-179
XXVIII. Ka asymmetry o ka hewa lalani. 180-182
Hoohui. Ke, t-papaaina. 183

Kakaina.

Vorliegendes hola i no ka mea, he nui na makahiki hana ma ou nei, ohi lako e aku
a me ka hana ana i ka la hoomalolo, aka, i keia mau pinepine keakea ma kekahi
hana, waiho loa ae ka lihi ka manawa, a ua hiki i keia wa hookaulua ai ka pau
'ana o ka hana. i ka holo koke aku la hou, ina aole e pono i kou mau makahiki, i ka
wa o ka hana ka mea e hele mai i na mea a pau; no hoi, ke manao pono nei ia mea
hiki hope aa mahope iho pinepine ae la oia e hele hou e hele mai, aole e like me ka
hemolele hana, aka, e like me ke kumu no ka hou? anoe o na mea i oleloia e
ao. Ho'kka 'ia i ka hahai introductory mokuna olelo mai e pili ana i ka hana o ke
ao; a pela e loaa ia wahi mai, wale no ka penei kekahi mau manao.
Me ka hou inoa malalo iho a ke ao ia ll ia nei, aole au e haawi aku ia mea i like
me he okoa keia ao hou ana; wale i ka he nui o ka? acaeoey, aole aaeaaaaony i ka
pono, e mau loa kkuluia ma lalo iho o kekahi inoa no lakou iho. Wahi kaawale inoa
o ko lakou likeole wahi 'epekema specializingo ia ma ke ala o ko lakou ulu ana, a
koi like. Ano paha i ka mea paa, loa Fun, Verdienstlichste ka mea ola o ko kakou ao
ana i kahi loihi, ma Quetelet ka "Lettres Surao thorie o probabilits" (1846), a me
kona "i lawa ke sociale." e loaa (1869), a ina oukou makemake, ia oukou e hiki ia ia
ia e like me ka makua kne o na Kane e like me Weber e ike i EH
psychophysics; ak, i kekahi mea ke koho mai ke alualu ana i keia hana, i ka nui o ka
manawa maopopo, he nae e hele aku, aole wale no me ka nui loa hooplua, aka, no
hoi hooponopono maluna ona.
Ma keia manao au e hana mai kekahiaoao ma mua o ka papa iohiia, o kekahi

ma mua o Hauptwur-zel puni ka hahai hoopaa, o ka lima e ku pono ana ke

kahiana makemakika hooakaka ai, ai empirical validity o ka generalization o ka
GAUSS Kanawai kaulele oko paio hiki i kaupalena 'ia kona i loko o ka symmetrical
probability a me ka proportionate uuku o ka hoop aku deviations, ua hpai mai ka
makemakika 'o ia hoi, a mua i ike loio i ka pili ana, ka mea nui ua loaa pu
33rd Eia, i ka nui regulator o na mea a pau e hele mai iloko o na Kane i ka 'lelo ana
ma keia generalization no hoi ia, e like me ia ma ka alodio kanawai o GAUSS
regulator o na kino a me ka Astronomical pololei koi, a e iho n noi paha ka rula no
hoi i ka e hoopii hou nui kanawai, e pili ana i ka mea hookahi i ole e n manao
mlamaole i loko o . 8
Ma keia manao o na Kane ma ka huina lakou o ko Beobachtung- a me ka helu
mahina Komo i ka hoop pilina, he mea e pono ai ka kiko' ao. I n haawina i
kuleana i ia i ka inoa, aka, waiho i na mea a pau i ka loaokoa nui o ka maluhia o ko
lakou mau hualoaa. Ma ke poo, he mechanics, kilohk, physics; physiology mea
aie i na pilikia a 'alo i ka Hoohuikau, a me variability o kona waiwai, hope; hou, no
ka mea, e oi aku pilikia ma keia manao, psychophysics. Na Kane kekahi mau pilikia,
ma waho o ka hihia ma ka rula, e hookauwa aku no e like me psychophysics, o keia
mhai iho n mea hiki panee, nae, ua mamao loa emi iki mahope o kona
philosophical panee. Aka, aole no he shortage o ka luawai Kane ma loko o ia ka like
me ka loihi e like me ka mea e hoop ia wahi subordination o ka iho mai malalo o oi
aku ka nui Kanawai maanei ma loko o ka'ina, a ma ke ano i ka pono, i ua ole pela
loihi ka nele e noonoo.
I no ke kinona, a laula no ka nui aku, e laweia i loko o ka nn 'ana i ka hana, aole
manao elua no ka' oihana mathematicians, a maanei ma lalo e noonoo pono kvila
kanaka nui, he ninau-ano, mamua o ka poe e aku, e lawe iike a me ka noi o ka olelo
ka mea, me ka mua ma ka'ina hooili o ka ike.
Eia Ae Makemake au e hoohanohano loa ko kakou ao keia manawa e kauoha ana
i ke noi e kekahi polokalamu kamepiula, mai ka p. Ma ka ninau papa, a hookuu i ka
Gaussian probability integral o ka Random deviations mai ka uuku (kilo hewa o keia
hoopunipuni) e like me

khea ho i ka hoopii k' i na pono holo mai i elua kekimala kumu, i mea e hana i
ka mea i kaupalena 'hana, na physicists a me na astronomers o ka lawa e kukakuka
interpolation me ka mua a me ka lua o ka oko ao; aka, no ka mea, o ka loa
hoomhuahua hoohana, i ka mea e hana iloko o na Kane o na dala i ka ia me ina e
emi ka nui bila i ka poe e malama ka lilo ana o logarithms, i ka heluana me kekahi,
no ka mea, i na logarithms he wale elua a ekolu huahelu a me ka wahi i ho'kka
'paha ia i kumu e lilo wale i ka interpolation. A e ohiia ina ma ka uku kuala o ko
kakou ao ana, ka mea, incidentally, kaana 'ia e ka psychophysical ano o ka pololei a
me ka pololei ole premisses, papa, kahi a na uuku eha decimals holo, ua 1)e hookoe
interpolations kekahi mea e kkua ai' ana, a ma kekahi hihia i ka wa lawelawe i keia

hana eha aku au i hala ia mau papa. O papa, i ka nui o na papa e ulu alaila, aka, i ka
pono, i ulu ma ka ikaika pili pu me lakou. A ina aole he Astronomical paha ana helu
kula, i mea e loaa mechanical e pu unaue koa i poe e lawe i ka mea! No hoi e hiki ia
paha he makana Competition hana ia mea.
1)

A mana o keia papaaina ma luna o ekolu decimals o ka t, me ka w o ka integral

waiwai i eha resp. elima decimals, hiki ke loaa i loko o ka paiiai 183rd

I. Introduction.
1. Ma ka like kupa (pkole K.-G.) I maopopo he kupa a, na kope ninoieo ec ka
indefinite helu, e loli iki randomly, a ua paa pu ma ka? Ueo a generic kau.
Pela ke kanaka ano he Kane mea i loko o ka hoomhuahua ano, ke kanaka o
kekahi lhui, i kekahi makahiki, a me kekahi ole me neia iloko o ka ikaika ano, a me
kaio i ka mea a kekahi i ka nui o ka K.-G. e kapaia, mamuli o ke anoe ana o ka
genus a Artbegriffs, malalo o ka mea ia i, e loli.
Na kope o K.-G. hiki e spatially paha ke kino okoa, a ma ia hope he spatial paha ke
kino K.-G. ano. Pela, na Hokoana o ka aina, a me pepeiao o ke ako e like me na kope
o ka spatial K.-G. . pili Pl n ka (awelika) ana wela o ka 1st o Ianuari, ukali ma ka
hawi wahi, ma ka helu o n makahiki, e like me na kope o kekahi kino K.-G .. aka,
January 1 ke lilo i kekahi l hoomanao, ma kahi o kekahi la, he haawi malama, ma
kahi o ka mahana e barometric puuwai 'okoa, etc. a pela na kope o like me na
kino K.-G. loaa.
Anthropology, zoology, botany ua mau loa nui me K.-G. hana, no ka mea, e hiki ole
ia ia ke ano o ke kanaka specimens, aka, wale no ka mea i ka poe a pau e pili ana i.,
mai keia, a ua manaoi hoopkole 'ia wahi o ka Hawaii e like me ka genus a laha' ole
o nui a uuku ka laula Ka meteorology i ka pono Kuhikuhi 'ano he kumu hoohlike i
loko o ko lkou mau' periodic map phenomena ona lehulehu examples ua; a hiki i ka
artistry hiki olelo o ia, aka puke, hana pepa ua ma lalo nei.
Na kope o K.-G. Ano, ma ka kekahi lima kiekie, ma ka kekahi lima quantitative
di Aloha ka nui a me ka helu, paa, a me wale i ka hope hooholo i loko o na Kane. A
K.-G. hana ma ka oiaio iloko o olelo o kona quantitative manao, i ka ia kuleana e like
me he hookahi mea; wale no ka mea i loko o kekahi (o papa, kekahi wale) i ka
waiwai wahi kanaka o ka mea ma na kope o K.-G. hook '. . Ikamu i like me ka mea
IAOEIAaO Imi i ka haawi aina, ke ninau ala, i ka nui o na Hokoana, aia ma ka
waena, pehea kaiulu okoa Ana i ko lakou mau mea, ua i nui ka poe nui a me ka poe
uuku, ka hana o ka Hokoana loa ma lalo o ia mau mea i ho'kka ' iloko o ka hoiliili
ana likeole, e like me ka okoa aina i kekahi i kekahi. Ia a me ka hai, ma hope mai ma
lalo o ka noonoo ninau hiki ia i kela a me keia K.-G. hoala mai; a nae ka spatial mea i
kekahi mau distinguishable wahi a Ana, ia lakou e hiki ke lilo i kekahi o keia mau
wahi, a me Ana pakahi aku la ia hoala, a me keia he kikaw K.-G. pono, a me ka
puniu wale no, lolo, lima, na wawae o ke kanaka, kiekie, ke kaumaha, ka leo o ke
kanaka a pau, a hawi wahi a ke kanaka; aka, no hoi quantitative hoahanau e hele

mai iloko o nnau mai o ka, e lawe i ke kapakai a na kanaka o ka okoa o kia lhui
kanaka, na ia lki o ka awelika kiekie, laula, loa o ka puniu wale no, he hana ka
hoihoi i loko kuleana.
2. About o keia mau kanaka nnau aka, ke hoala mai i ka oi nui, o ka mea nui, e
ka mea ia ia ke hana i na mea a pau iloko o keia ao, a me ka hana i lalo, i ka ninau o
ke kanawai, e like me na kope o K.-G. mhele ma ka nui a me ka helu. Malalo o na
printouts puunaue aka, me ka manao paa e maopopo i ka nui o na kope o ka haawi
K.-G. ilikai me ko lakou nui.Kela a me keia manawa, i na ma ka nui o na kope K.G. hike i waena o ka mea uuku, a nui loa specimens, pokole loa, rarest, loa pinepine
ka poe o kekahi awelika nui. Aka, aia no i ka mau, a pau, ai ole ia, ma ka liilii loa
K.-G. Pili kanawai o ka inverse o ka helu ana o ka nui o na kope? Aia hoi, e like me
ua e ae, ae hele i ka luna manao o ka poe e hahai ana ma luna o kona mea i hooholo
'.
Mai ka outset, o ka papa, i kekahi ke kanalua ia ma ka halawai i n K.-G. National
hoi o ka makana ia lki ua ike hoi, e loaa ma kekahi lehulehu i na mea a pau. Ia
manawa, e like me ia i na olelo o K.-G. kekahi i ka loli iki ana randomly kope o laila,
e imi i kekahi hihia i ka nui kanawai o ka probability o wale - a me na mathematician
ike a pau, he poe - ma ka noi. Eia, ke puunaue ia lki o ka poe e K.-G. nui alii ia e
ka ia, nae, oia kanawai o probability ma ke kino a me ka Astronomical
Mabestimmungen wale n mea kalaima, no ka maluhia o na haawina Ana loaa ua
noonoo ana ia manawa ma keia nei pani, he loa okoa, a me ka emi nui klana ma
mua i loko o ka Malehre o K.-G .. Aka, insofar e like me ka ulia malalo o kekahi o
ka likeole K.-G. okoa, Radio mawaho, a me na kanawai, e hiki no ia, ma na
contingencies o ka likeole K.-G. Hanohano ano, e hiki ai ke loko mai o ko lakou hoi
o ka makana ia lki ia a eia i. O Ia n mea i ka manao paa o ia mea, ua kau mai ana
iluna e ku e kekahi i kekahi; a me keia pili e kukakuka me ka nn 'ole i ka nui
kanawai o ka probability. Ano, ua lawe ia i keia mau mea mau ka makemakika
mawaena o na specimens i loko o ka maka, a me ka molowa ole i kona manao paa,
ma ka likeole K.-G. huli, he okoa no hoi paha, Kkaikahi ka lawe i ka mooolelo o
na ihola, ka awelika deviation mai ka uuku. Aka, o ka nui o keia mau kumu
hoomaopopo ana, ae ae mau noho, ua laweia i loko o no, aka, i loihi ai kekahi aoao,
oiai na mea e ae, ma ka rula, aole i emi nui, o keia ana AOON.
I a hiki i ka iapaau ana o K.-G. e like me na mea a pau o ka mua 'ana ma malalo ma
na mea a pau na mea nui a pau o Hawaii a me na specializations carries, e like me ka
ke kino a me ka Astronomical ana i ka noonoo e hele mai, ka Malehre ka K.-G., ai
ole ia makou olelo pokole Kane, e like me ka manao o ko lakou ano iho pela
makaukau, a kamailio e, a me keia poe, o ka hana.
E like me ka ko kakou manao o K.-G. i ka manao o kekahi kaulele oko o na
specimens loaa mai, i kekahi e hiki mua mai nele i ka ho'kka 'ana o ka manawa, a
me ka hoakaka ana o kona ano. I ka ho'o e haawi ia mai philosophical ka
noonooole, ak, e lawe aku i ka hua no ke hookolokolo 'uuku. It e lawa i ka
hike i ka, no ka mea, ke kumu i kau, factual lae o oi io mamua o maikai ano ia mea
maanei. Mawaena o ka moolelo kaulele oko o na specimens I hoomaopopo i

kekahi mea e like me ko ka ka nui pili ma waena o lakou, ua like kuokoa o ke ana ma
ka paia arbitrariness, hooponopono ana i maoli kanawai. Mag kekahi aoao ai kekahi i
na olelo o na mea i kekahi i komo p, aka, pl n n mea hou a ke aupuni kokoa
moolelo kaulele. He hiki nolaila, e hooponoponoia ia mea, ma kekahi ulia kanawai,
pehea la nui hoi keia a ka mea hookahi kope, nae, ma ka mea a ka nui palena i ka
haawi helu, e malama i ka ia i keia a me kela degere o ka probability.
Keia mea, aole e hoole ia mea, aole wale o ka mea nui, ao ke ano ma ka nui o kela
a me keia kope hiki ke nn pono e like me ka manao ana i na kanawai o ke ano
malalo iho o na kanawai. Aka, ke olelo nei makou no ka mea, e like me ka loihi o
kaulele, e like me makou i pii auanei oe i ka derivation o na olelo kanaka o ia mau
regularities, aole hoi e manao mai i ka loaa mea ma luna o ke Kivila nei. Iloko o ia
manao, he mea ka hihia, e hoolohe ia i ka ulia, ae hoolohe i ka applicability o ka
vorzufhrenden maanei a me na kanawai, malaila phoihoi ihola ko lkou.

II. Ka mua Overview o ka mea nui nui, ka mea i loko o ka

hookolokolo 'ana o ke K.-G. hele mai iloko o noonoo, a me ia
n inoa.
3. O ka hope o compilation oia i ka malama, i ka nui a me keano o n haawina,
a me ka mea a makou i ai e hana folgends e e kekahi e nana, ae ai e alakai ma ka
hapa nui o ka hoopau ana i generic hua'lelo mua mai e pili ana; he oi aku ka piha
kkkk o keia mau kumu, ak, waiho i keia mau mokuna reserved.
I ka moolelo kaulele mea, ma ka mea a na kope o ka K.-G. Malama i hana, aole
hoi he manao o n klana i ka mea waiwai ma ka nui a me ka helu, aole hoi he
methodical aaioee e ka mea e hiki ina ko lakou, nui me ka ai e koho Ana i ka ua
kaulele ka papa ma ka mea a lakou i loaa ai ma ka makemake e pl-kapaia palapala
papa i ike ai, waiho. A ia lakou i ai e hookaina kuhikuhi e like me ko lakou nui, a
pela hooponopono i loko o ka papa, pl-kapa. O ka makana panel e hana. Ua lawe
mai anei oukou Ano, ua aole nui helu o na kope o kekahi mea, a laila kl i ka 'ole
ak, nui ka ikeia wale n manawa i loko o ka papaaina, a me ka nui o ka mamao
ma waena o successive e he loli irregularly; i ka lehulehu developmental mea aka, i
mea makana mai i na kope e like me ko lakou poe no ka hahaiano nui presuppose e,
ina aole na mea a pau, aka, he nui paha ka nui o kekahi, ka mea e hoike aku i ka
unahiole, i, a me ka olelo, oi aku a emi hai hiki mai ana, a laila, nona ka manao e
puunaue papa a, ma ke kia ao no ka kela mea keia mea , he oiaio koke kahua kaua,
aka, ma ka hele p ana me kolamu o Z , ka helu Z Hike pinepine ia ia ll, i ka
huina helu o ka , mea i komo i loko o ka puunaue panel, pono o papa me ka
huina Z , ka mea i loaa mai ma ka pepa i na mea a pau no ka mea, na ka panel,ae,
a ua o mai iau m pakahi.
O ke kukuluia'na o ia ka panel mea e olelo aku e like me kaanuu mua oukou i
aaioee lehulehu developmental K.-G. i ka hana mai ka palapala papa mai.
A lua o ka mua, oia keia: i ka, me A manao e e hoohiki, i ka makemakika mawaena
o ka poe kanaka ana, a me ka olelo a me ka hopena maikai 'deviations o ka nui
o ka papa me ka deviating ka .
No ka mea, o keia mea, aka, hiki ke hoohana 'e like me ka wahi ho omaka i ka oko
ao kahi o A nui loa na loina e ae loko me ka makemakika e nee mai ka hawi panel
e hiki ai, e hookauwa aku; a ma kekahi koho ma keia manao e hele hou pili i ka
malamalama, e olelo aku kakou o ka lakou hope mai. Nui Ano, ke kahea aku Hawaii
i ka poe i pono, no ka hooulu ana i na ana e like me ka ho aiee o na deviations, ke
kumu nui n loina, a me K ia mea me H, a pela ka mea wale no i ka kikaw hihia,
ma kona no ua pinepine ia ma ka iapaau ana o K.-G. Ua kaupalena 'ia penei wale no,
aka, he keakea kumu w o na Kane carries, e hooholo koke lakou ka nohoalii ia
mai ka hahaiana loina hope. General I kahea aku deviations, o ka mea na ka papa
kuhikuhi n loina a lakou e hana no hoi conditional ma Kane deviations.
4. hoopuni Ano hoomaopopoia ia oukou mai ka hahai ana ia 'ole. An loa nui ka
m ma ka puunaue panel o ka K.-G. komo, ka mea maamau, oia ka hoololi o
ka he like Z, e, a me ka oi aku kekahi no ke kahiuli i na regularities a kakou e

kamailio. e lilo i mea he mana loa i ka maikai hihia ka m i, kahi au i ka nui mau ana
no ia e loaa ai e manao ai he loa maoli hook o ka pili regularities, mahope iho o ka
mea, he maikai keia a me regularities, e like me lakou e haawi i ka maikai panel a
empirical n mea ola i loko o oi aku a emi nui approximations ana, i aku e hookoaia.
A pau probability kanawai a pau o iho i na mea a pau, a me ka puunaue kanawai o
K.-G. he poe i loaa ka pono i ko kaaeana, ua oi aku kekahi e manao ma ka loa nui
loa o na hihia a lakou i kapa, aka, e like me ka mea, he maikai validity mau pono ma
ka hihia o ka mana loa helu o na hihia, ka mea aole i hookaawale ia ia ano ma ka
empirically pono nu nui o na hihia, ka hoiaio ana o na kanawai, ma nnau i wahi
ma ka pili approximation. I ka mea nui Ano Hehe i loko o ka lanakila wale no K.-G. i
ka hana mai ka finite nui o na specimens, no ko ka e like me na hihia; I i kapa aku ai i
ka likeole i e wahi no e finiteness o ka nui o na kope o ka maikai kanawai, e like me
mailuilu haalele, a, a hiki e like me ko lakou hele indifferent i kekahiaoao, a me
kekahiaoao, kena ae la e'paha contingencies, oiai au mea, no ka mea, o ke ano o ka
mana helu o na hihia, ko makou hihia o? ueony, pili rula e like me nui a me maamau
kahea. Ka nui hiona o ka insignificance o ka ai, ua hiki ia ia ke kino i ka nui pela i
hala aku ai oukou i ka nui o na hoopii, pakahi. Kope, e like me n klana a me ka
manao o K.-G. hooholo hoomahuahua i ka mea e hiki ke lawe, ia lakou e nalo loa
ma mana nui o hihia; a no ka ninaninau o na kanawai o keia hihia i na mea a pau wale
lehulehuano 'ikamu ua pono.
A me ka uuku ka m ak,o ka insignificance o ka ai proves i ka mea a pau i ka hana
hou ana i ka hoolako 'ana o ka ua liilii ka m nui a me ka kuhikuhi ana o ka manao
paa loli loa mai ka noho kope hou o ka ia mea, no ka mea, ma essentiality ka ia iloko
o ka waena o ka hapa nui o na Rep kekahi nui result a he mau kuhikuhi ana o ka ia
oihana e like me ka mea huli paa, i ka nui o ka nui o na repetitions, a m kela mea
okoa.
Ke olelo nei makou o ka symmetrical hoi o ka makana o n Hawaii, no ka haawi
poo kumu a mea cia H, ina kekahi deviation o ka maikai, mai H like nui io
deviation o kekahi i kekahi o H hoopili like, a ua like no na aoao elua o
ka H deviating he nui like Z e pili ana , Ma ka K.-G. o ka finite nui o na kope e lilo no
o ka unmatched coincidences aole manao e pili ana i kekahi papa kuhikuhiE waiwai
e loaa i maopopo symmetric hoi o ka makana, a me ka papa, he symmetrical hoi o ka
makana, me ka mahalo i ka, aole oi aku ka papa kuhikuhi Hawaii hoi nei; aka, he
mea nui he kanaka no ka hookolokolo 'ana in' aole hiki ke loaa kekahi kumu nui
cia ma ka manao o ka mea a ka puunaue ana o ka oi hookokoke mai ka symmetrical,
i ka oi aku kekahi i ka ka m o K.-G. nui ae, ma ke ala a pau ma mana loa ka m ke
presuppose i kaio symmetrical hoi o ka makana e like me ka loaa, ma ka mea ina ia
oukou, e like me ka mana loa ka m ka mea, aole e loaa, aka, ke olelo aku i ka
symmetrical probability o deviations.
5. Aka, hiki mai kaokoa ma mua o ka mua, ao ke ano e hiki ai ke hookoaia ka
maikai o ka makana panel o ka empirical, a kaukai maikai, a me empirical
hopena. No ka mea, ana, i na kope e hiki iau ke hoohala i kekahi mau mokuna o ka
pololei, e like me lakou, e halihali i ka Mea Maluna o ka unahiole, i, a me ka olelo

ma waena. Hana hiki, no ka mea, Laana, a hiki i ka millimeter, i tenths o ka

millimeter, a hiki-haneri, millimeters aka, aole differentiate kela kapa. No ka mea, o
kekahi wale millimeters, kahe na kanaka Ana i ka mea wahahee i loko o ka palena o
ka millimeter, indistinguishably pu, a ua komo ai ka pau no kope i lilo haawi ma luna
o ka loa w mawaena o 1 mm o, a hiki i ka hookahi cia he i lilo 'i ka waena o kia w
mawaena. E nui i keia manawa akaka koena unuhi o ka degere, a lohe ia , no ka
mea, he empirical panel maoli i ka pau w mawaena o ka nui i waena o ka
- 1 / 2 i, a me ka + 1 / 2 i ma, oiai ka mea, ma ka empirical panel pela no ka nee aku, a
me ke ola o ia mea, ua ana pela i haku, e like me he mea me ka loko e haule ana i
ka nohona Z manawa vorkme. Ma ka maikai, i ka mea ana i ka palena o ka nee ana
a me ka manao ak, makemake au e hele mai ma luna o ka infinitesimal waiwai 1) i
ike okoa ia ka papa ele ele pai ana i ko lakou Z aka, emi pela; keia oko a ka maikai
panel, mai ka empirical.
1)

An infinitely uuku cia nei Peresidena ma ke ano o ka calculus oia, aka, aole e
hookahuli ai iole, ak, eia nae ua hoemi noke malalo o kekahi Citable nui, a me
kona mau loa nui ma indeterminable, aka, bila e like me keia manawa e pili ana i
kona pili me kekahi infinitesimal Hawaii manao.
Aka, ina ka empirical i ua uuku loa, na hopena o ka empirical panel oko e like me
ka lakou i hai aku i ka nui a me hulimahi o ka derivable ka papa kuhikuhi n loina, a
nui deviation n loina, aole me ka nui loa okoa mai ka poe o ka maikai; aka, i ka
likeole, ua nui kana olelo ana ia e noonoo ae au ma hope loaa kona hoomaopopo ana
wahi i hele i loko o lula 'noonoo. Empirical rula a me na kumu ma ka mea ia 'aole i
manao pono, aka, ua manao me he mea maoli no kela i keia , he loa zukme, au i
kapa aku ai maka oukou ia mea, ua mau wahi i waiho ai a hiki i hiki iloko o ka
mooolelo, pahi.
6. Ma kekahi hihia, Ano, e ala kakou mai ka hopena o empirical panel i ka
maikai o ka maikai panel, ma keia ke insubstantial e kpono kou, mai ka maka aku
pahikaua nana aku, me ke komo pu me ka lakou mau aaioee no hoi o ka makana papa
no.
Ma keia manao, he hookaawale iwaena o iniiaiie a me ka ho'mi i k Panel ka mea
e hana. Mawaena o iniiaiie Panel I maopopo ka poe e like me ka loaa mai pololei ma
ke kauoha o na Ana, mai ka palapala inoa, a me keia i ka ia hana ikepili e like me
kia, ak, pono kauoha manawa. Hoemiia papa kou inoa, ka poe i loko o ka mea a
ke Z no ka nui Maintervalle, ua kaulana no e like me ka iniiaiie Panel, a eia nae i ka
huina no ka ia nui ma ka panel, ke Z ak,o kia nuianuu n ioauoa a pau, e like me
hoemiia ka, e hawiia kakauia , a me na pono a hiki i ka oi mau ana no ia e loaa i ka
panel, a me ka nui kupono kumu no ho, ina aole me kue i keakea, no ka enlargement
o wau, : ma luna iho hoi hope Mail mea, ua mau loa kuai ma ke kahua ano, a me na
kanawai o ka iniiaiie, a hoemi Panel ma na Mokuna VII a me VIII, a me ka manawa
kpono o kaokoa ka ho'miana pae a me ka hoemi papa o ka 'lelo e hiki mai.

 7. I kela a me keia, aole e ole iniiaiie paha mau hana ma ka hoemi panel, e komo
hookahi.
Ka uuku Z hiki e loaa mahope iho o ka mokuna elua o ka panel i ka mea hoopa aku
e like me mamua, i ka palena iki, a me k mkou i hoomaka ai uuku pinepine, ka
mea nui ia , aka, ano nui iloko o ka Central hapa o ka panel. Ka i k mkou Z e kau
mai ma luna o kekahi i kekahi i loko o kia waena hapa, kahi ma na kapa elua o ka Z i
na ihola noke, albeit me ka insufficient ka ho'miana malie keakea maanei, a ma
laila ma ka paewaewa, emi. Ka waiwai o ka mea, aole i ole iniiaiie paha hoemiia
haawi aku panel, i ka i k mkou Z hina, au i kapa aku ai i ka densest o ka tabular a
empirically densest waiwai o ka mea, e hiki oiaio no e nn wale e like me holo mai
ana me ka maikai densest waiwai kekahi, me ka infinitely nui ka m , a infinitely
uuku i e loaa, aka, aole emi mai ka ua pili ka panel, aka, ua hoolimalima i ka wanaao
oia mahele e like me a i ke kua i ka hou pololei approximation ma ka ho omaulia ma
hope mai contemplative ano. E ia empirically paha ideally, hui i keia, a ua kokoke loa
i kahi, I kapa nui ia ia me D.
Hanakimi ke manao i ka densest waiwai me ka nui loa, pela pololei olelo ana, nui
loa, mana loa ka m , a me ka uuku loa, ikaika olelo ana, infinitely uuku i, manao paa
au, e coincide me ka makemakika hemolele, a me ka mea palupalu, ma ka hapanui o
K. -G. o ka poe nui mahope hooholo 'ana o ka m , a me liilii i wahi lawa mai kekahi i
kekahi i oukou i haliu mai i ko ai i mua paa, i ka mea, komo kia mau mea i ka
deviation manawa i koe he wale, he mea no'paha randomness. Aka, he mea e lilo
kekahi o ka mea nui hopena o ka hahai hookolokolo 'ana, i ka lula' hookaawale
iwaena o makemakika olelo a densest n loina, he aho ka nui hihia, e like ana ka nui a
me ka olelo o keia deviation wale ano o na K.-G. nei. I a hiki e like me ko lakou pono
no hoi malaila likeole i loko o n Hawaii okoa ka lki., Oia ka empirically densest
cia D e like me ka makemakika aha mai A e ike i na mea panel o indistinguishable,
nui ka papa kuhikuhi cia di Aloha baseline o Kane deviations.
I elua mua ka papa kuhikuhi Hawaii A, D aka nae ll i mua o elua
indistinguishable, kolu, au e like me he kikowaena waiwai a waiwai oaio me C , e K
ke di Aloha ka waiwai okekahi, no ka nui loa aku kekahi mamua uuku i luna
mawaena o lakou iho, a me iloko o keia naauao,o ka heluana o ka pono ma ka
mahele. Ma ka ia ia mea, e puka iwaho, ina oe e olelo aku no ka nui nana i ka helu o
ka maikai deviations e pili ana i ka helu o ka io. Mai ka makemakika hemolele, ka
mea oko a ma ka elua ai a pau, oiai no A i ka huina o ka manao lokahi deviation ua
like, aka, me ka mahalo i C , i ka nui o ka hoop aku deviations ua like, a me ka mea
i hoino i. He huina o na mika phoonui lua o na deviations ka palena iki , di Aloha
emi malalo o bez. kekahi loiloi mua waiwai oia, maanei ku bez: C , ka huina o ka
noonoo ole deviations (ka hopena maikai hihia i manaoia e loa Hawaii) i loko o ka e
like me mamua, oia ka palena iki 2) . Na entrees i keia kolu o ka papa kuhikuhiE
waiwai i ka mua elua, ua ano wehe hou hou ano pili no K.-G. e kamailio ana ka mea.
2)

keia, aole mua nana ka waiwai o ka Central cia au i loko o ka kikaw hoonoho
ma ka ia ai, ma luna o ke kumu waiwai o ka mea uuku koena unuhi dala; Abhandl. o

na Balanced a me phys. Class o ka Royal. Schs. Society o Sciences; II, Volume,

1878].
Ma waho kia mau papa kuhikuhiE Hawaii ekolu e hiki malie ae mai ka puunaue
panel mathematically derivable e like me ka loiloi mua cia o na deviations, a ua
malama e like me ka papa kuhikuhi Hawaii, a me manaoia hapa kuokoa o ka mua
kekahi, e waiho kekahi hapa iloko o ka hookahi launa; aka, ma kekahi ana o ka hope
nui, a I noho maanei initially i loaa. Ma ka hope mokuna (Mok. X) aka, I u
incidental ekolu na ka papa kuhikuhi Hawaii e like me vagina cia R , heaviest
waiwai T a me ka palena pau pulakaumaka waiwai Fmooolelo, a ma kekahi hihia
haawi aku i ka makemakika panee.
8. He holoholona, ua kona p Build e like me wehewehe aku ma ka lolo, naau,
opu, akepaa, etc., ka nui a me ka wahi o keia mau kino e ku e kekahi i kekahi, i ka
afferent a me efferent mau alahele e. Pela, he K.-G. kona na quantitative hooholo ma
wehewehe aku ma ka makemakika hemolele, Media, densely waiwai, a i ole ia e pili
ana i ka papa kuhikuhiE zuzuziehende cia, ka nui a me ka wahi o ka papa kuhikuhiE
Hawaii e ku e kekahi i kekahi, a me na deviations mai ia mea; a me keia mau loina a
pau aole e emi iloko o makemakika ma mua o kl mau kino i loko o ke aloha
pilina. A K.-G. ano a pela e olelo aku i ka makemakika meaola i ka mea i Ka Ikepili
hiki hoi ke, e lilo ia i pane aku ai i ka hope. A ina mea, aole e olelo i na mea i hana e
ia i ka manao o ia ka dissection koi ana, pela i kekahi hihia, he nui
Kollektionsmalehre i me ka mau wahi e noho i ka ia.
I mua e hiki ai ke kaulana maanei ioiai malalo o kekahi ano, i ka nui n loina
elua T a C me A , a nolaila, a pau ekolu coincide i keia la i makemake ai, ma lalo o ke
klana o ia ka manao lokahi deviations bez. A i uluhia e ka symmetric probability, oa
me ka mahuahua ka m ma ke ano o ka symmetrical hoi o ka makana (ma ka
hoohalike maluna,) kokoke i kekahi ma mana loa ka m ke Honolulu, e like me
k. Aka, e ike ia no K.-G. aka, he asymmetric probability o na deviations bez. A i ka
presuppose ia e like me ka hooulu ka m , aole he symmetric hoi o ka makana, aka,
hookahi no e lawe mai i kekahi kanawai,ano nui asymmetrical hoi o ka makana
hookokoke mai. Ae he mea hiki ia 'Aohe wai iau, mai ka wale, koe nae e hiki ke
huli kpono kou Hekikai o D , a me C me A loa he waiwai no K.-G. loaa bez. kona
symmetric probability o deviations e hiki mai ana i naoaoelua.
Ano, ina oukou mua ma ka iapaau ana o K.- G. wale ia A, e lawe ana i na
deviations ona, a puni ka lihi noonoo, hookahiike aole wale mua mai Vorigem ka
mea koikoi ano lki. A me na oko o na mea keia ana AOON, aka, mea e hoi e
hoike ana i ke kanawai nui no ka hawi 'ana o na kope o K.-G. aole e lanakila ma
keia i kaupalena 'ano paha o ka lapaau.
Aka, he mea ole ia hoopaapaa aku i loko o kona kumu ia mea, ua hoololiia ke
alakai nui o ka poe kino a me ka Astronomical Malehre na Kane me ka noonoo ole
elua nui oko ao ka mea ola iwaena o ka poe elua, ai ka poe i kaupalena 'pololei o ka
lapaau, no ka mea mua ana e like me ka kpaa, e like me ka na la mahope, ua
paa. No ka mea, ka mea mua, ka makemakika, pele maila i A o ka poe malama aiee

o kona mau Ana e hooponoponoia ia mea, kela a me keia Haawina, me ka likeole

o A, di Aloha kilo hewa, ka Hoohaku, pela basically wale scoring, nui no ka mea, o
ka ike ma ka kumu, ke kalepa, mathematicians a me na physicists nei, ma loko o n
Hawaii, me ka manao i ka mea a ka huina o na mika phoonui lua o na deviations,
di aloha hewa, he mea uuku hiki, ka makemakika hemolele, a ike i ka waiwai, a, i na
loina oiaio, i ka manao paa e hana ia mea oi aku mamua o paha, aole ka e hiki mai
ana , ka mea nae i loaa i loko o ka likeole o ka mea e hooholo i ka uku ana i ka
waiwai oiaio aka nae, me ka haawi probability o kekahi a me kekahi aoao, e ikeia kou
nalo ana. A no ke aha la e manao mai i keia ao ana i na papa cia e kkua, a me ko
lakou mau deviations e hooko i ke kuleana e ao i kekahi mea! No laila, aole hoi o ka
densely Hawaii, e Central Hawaii ma Astronomical a me ka physical Malehre ka
inoa, me na nn mau aiee o na ia mea i loko o ia mea, e like me ka hui, i iho like
pono e loaa i D a me C ke haawi ala; e like me na kope likeole o ka K.-G. Aka, he
mea palaualelo, he kikaw, mkai ihola i no aoao i ka ia, a iloko o kekahi hanana,
aole ia e hiki mai ana.
No ka mea, o na Kane aka, i ka lki, a hiki i ka lokomaikaiia, ka makemakika
mawaena o na deviations mai ia mea ma ka rula, ma ke kino a me ka Astronomical
Malehre, aole ano. Na kope o ka K.-G., ia lakou e noho malie a mamao deviate mai
ka makemakika O ia hoi, n loina, a me ka poe i ka mea oiaio a me ka oiaio, a me
kaoi loa malamalama o ka mua o ka poe kekahi i loko o ka ia no na mea a pau
AICIeOEOI, ao ke ano o ka papa hana, aole pono i kekahi papa kuhikuhi
Hawaii , Aku i keia i kekahi nui waiwai ma na ka mahalo i kona ano, a me kekahi
hapa i mea hiki significance no ka K.-G., hiki i hookumu i maopopo ia mea mai na
mea.
Ka lua, nae, oko iloko o ka loko o ke kino a me ka Astronomical Malehre
admittedly e aho postulated ai ole ia, ea ae ai e unequivocally maopopo, symmetric
probability o ka malama ana i hala bez. ka makemakika nn hoi me ka maikai kilo,
na ke poo kumu loina ekolu, aole i nui, aka, mamuli wale no o'paha coincidences o
kekahi i kekahi, a ma ka preferable, no ka hoakaka ole makemakika awelika o ka
malama aiee i ka manawa like mittrifft ka mea paha aiee o ka poe me kekahi mau
Hawaii, no ka mea hoi, no ka mea kikeke-G ,bemerktermaen i asymmetric
probability o na deviations bez. ka makemakika manao e manao e like me ka mea
mau hihia, mahope iho o ka mea a ka mea likeole ka papa kuhikuhi Hawaii me ka
nui loa haule iho ma ke kaawale.
Incidentally, he hiki he i oi aku questionable ina paha hookahi maoli ka mea, me ia
postulate ma ke kilo hewa ma na pono, he nnau ka mea, eia nae, aole nui pili ia
kakou nei, aka, ma hope, ma kekahi mokuna 3) e noonoo.
3)

[With .Rcksicht i kia nnau no iloko o ka lua o ka hapa, Mok. XXVIII, ka

asymmetry o ka hewa o keia hoopunipuni lalani hookolokolo aku la ia.]
aka, makou e hoi hou aku ai i ka nui ana no na Kane.

 9 poomanao, 'oihana mua a me na apana o ka paa K.-G. I e maopopo iloko o ke

Ka Ikepili o ia i na mea a pau i ka hahai aiee ma ka eia, kekahi o lakou, ua hoohana
mua, designations.
1) Ka nui ka m i koho huina o na kope i ka mea noonoo ana ia manawa hoi o ka
makana panel.
2) O ka nui H ka papa kuhikuhi Hawaii i koho 'ole ia auoiaea aiee o na deviations,
ka mea bemerktermaen ka makemakika hemolele cia A , i ka Media C , a me densest
waiwai Dna mea nui. Mai ka ka Central cia nui ma waena o A a me D mea e imi, e
like me ka hoike hope, ka mua pae ekolu papa kuhikuhi, e mau e nui ma ka aoao o A,
C, D , ua kheaia ma ka ou. No ka mea, i keia mea, i kekahi, pili 'e noonoo i ka
papa kuhikuhiE Hawaii, a ua kkkk ma ka Mokuna X.
Ka makemakika 'O ia hoi, ua, mai ka iniiaiie panel hooholo me A 1 , mai a ka
hoemi manao e A 2 Ua koho; i kulike ai me C. In D aole ia e pono ai ua hana no ka
mea, no ka mea, o na paewaewa e noho anywhere' ae aka, mai hoemi Panel i ku
hawi aku i iniiaiie Panel hiki ke loko, ma keia ke anywhere me D 2 e K. Ku keia
no. e hana, mahope iho o Herleitungsweise i hookaawale iki mawaena o lakou. I ua
kapa e like iaoia, ka mea au e haawi nui ka wiwo ole, loko ma hope, au i kapa aku ia
ia D pa , loko ia e like me ka emi paa interpolation me D i : Mai ka oko ao ma waena
o n 'ole elua o ka hana, ka olelo ana, e noho.
All Hawaii, a ma kaaoao maikai o ka papa kuhikuhiE waiwai i ka mea a lakou i
hai mai, hule, I hea ana me ka dashes maluna, a pau i helelei iho ma kaaoao io,
me ka uuku hahau ana ilalo, oiai au i ka poe i indiscriminately i na aoao elua hai e
waiho aku dashes a pau i ka mea a ka ' i ka waiwai , he K ia H aku i kekahi , e like
ia o H , ua nui aku.
Malalo I maopopo mau deviations, mai kekahi papa kuhikuhiE Hawaii H, ma
lalo = i '- H pela, he' oluolu ma lalo , = ka , - H he io i ka wa o ka hopena
maikai ano o , e hoopaa iho la; aka, e like me ke ano nui, e lilo ia i offset i ka
hopena maikai deviations, ma ko lkou mau loa Hawaii e like me ka 'oluolu, he
oiaio, e hoonoho , = H - A , . E like me keia, me ' = ( a'H ) i ka huina o
ka 'oluolu oko ao, me , = (H he , ) i ka io deviations ma ka lung Hawaii, a
me = ' + , ka huina dala o na deviations bez. H designates.
3) Ka papa deviation nui di Aloha, ka nui o na deviations o haawi mai ka papa
kuhikuhiE Hawaii H, ka mea, o ka papa, a me ka nui o naano Hawaii o
ka coincident, pela no ka huina helu i na mea a pau i ke ano o ka papa kuhikuhiE
Hawaii like i ka m oia, ak, no ka nui o ka maikai a me ka io ka nui, ilikai me
keano o ka papa kuhikuhiE n loina, a me ka maikai i loko o nui i ka m ^, e like me
ka io a me ka m , ua haawiia mai ai. No ka m ^ a me ka m , alaila, na oko ao, he
( ka m '- ka m , ) a me ka lki. O ka m' : ka m , a me ka m, : ka m ^ hilinai nui ma
luna o ka mea ma kahi o ka m ^ a me ka m , he hiki no ke oleloia, i hoakaka mai
lakou ma ke kukakuka no ka m , i na loina o ka m ^ a me ka m , hahai (s. ma lalo

nei).
4) Na ka papa kuhikuhi like Dala a. consequent awelika deviations, di Aloha puu o
na deviations, puunaueia ma ka heluana o lkou. Ka huina dala o na deviations i
naoaoelua pu, ma kona lung Hawaii, e like me makou manaoio lakou mau
kaheaia ma ka mai pkahi, ma naoaoelua, i like ko e ' a me , no ia
mea, = ' + , : kaumaha ma muli o keia a laila,o ka poe noonoo
awelike deviations a kaulana deviations par 4) :

Ka huina nui o o na deviations i noho e like me ka huina o na mika , ke kaumaha

ma muli o ka papa kuhikuhiE Hawaii like no, aka, aole hoololi i emi malalo o ka
unilateral puu ke kaumaha ma muli o ka nui n loina.
4)

Ma ka kino a me ka Astronomical hewa o keia hoopunipuni i ka ho omaulia he

oiaio, ua malama i ke kaulana deviation par ke kumu hemoleleah like kuhihewa ,
bez. A i ka pili, ka mea au, kahi e pili ana i haawiia mai ai, a mahope iho o ke
komoana ma lalo o ka penei helu 5) e like me ka quadratic kaulana deviation ka mea
ma luna o kekahi mea e pono ai, a me Q , e K.

E pili ana i ka makemakika hemolele A kekahi, o ka manao lokahi deviation

puu 'a me , like pono, no ka mea, o keia mea, e like me ka olelo o keia' o ia
hoi, nae, o ka manao lokahi deviation nui ka m ^, ka m , bez. keia mea, aole like ka
nui, ka mea carries i ka unilateral uuku deviations '= ' : ka m
' , , = , : ka m , : bez A nui ka poe i like. E like me ka ikaika, no na
aoao elua = : m? Ka mea, aole e like me na mea averages ma waena o ' a me
ka , = ( ' + , Elliott e loaa) ai ole ia, e hooholo i I wahahee iloko o ka
hoonoho American ma Hokoana Ana (o 5) ) loaa i hoakaka ia no ka mea, aole i
wehewehe aku ma

hoike; aka, o keia mau mea wale no i ka hihia i ka wa ma ka waenakonu o ka unuhi

' a me , no ka noonoo paona, a ma ka mana o ka lakou ka m ^ a me ka m , mai
a lakou i loaai, e hoouna aku, ma keia hope aku e puhi ia:

ka mea ma ka hope o na mea kilo = : ka m mai. Mai ka hoonui ana o kekahi

Agena mai likeole i loko o ka nui o ka mea, ua like me ka huina o ka deviation,
alaila ka m " '= ' a me ka m , , = , pela no ka m" '+ ka

m , , = ' + , = , ma ka kekahi lima

ka m ' + am , = m.
5)

[EB Elliott, ma ka koa 'ikepili helu o ka Amerika Huipuia; Pelelina 1863.

International ana helu Ahaolelo Lahui ma Pelelina.]
Ka nui o na kaulana deviation o ka hale ka waiwai, he hoahanau, awelika o ka
nui hou palena pahee kela waiwai , he o ia mai, a me ka oi aku ko lakou lauwili ma
awelika o ka ia.Kaawale mai n alii e kpae ka nui o ke , aka, no hoi ke hele
mai i kona pili ana me ka H, i kau ai pili, nolaila, : H i noonoo i ka mea au i kapa
aku i ka pili oko a. Ka awelika e like me proportionate awelika oko a no ka mea, i
haawiia mai ka m hele ai, aole proportional no ka mea, na ka papa kuhikuhi n
loina; aka, aole lakou e lawe, nui ka olelo ana, ma ka pela loa me kekahi i kekahi, a
mai ia kekahi e pili ana i kekahi poo kumu a mea waiwai ikaika paha weakly
fluctuating mea e hiki ai ke ea e, he ikaika paha nawaliwali vacillating no hoi no ka
papa kuhikuhiE Hawaii kekahi, a pela oukou i ka nn 'ole o ke kokua ana o kekahi
ka papa kuhikuhiE waiwai e hiki ke olelo i ka ikaika a me ka nawaliwali ma ka
waena, a kpa a fluctuating mea.
Mahope, i keia olelo. Ka nui o ka poe noonoo huina o , a me ka poe
noonoo awelika hewa o keia hoopunipuni = : ka m me ka mahalo i ka
makemakika mawaena o A , aole loa kuokoa o ka nui ka m ana o Hawaii i
kekahi, mai ka mea a ka like A i loko, aka, lawe i awelika me ka hooulu m. I kekahi
mea; oe e hiki aka ma kekahi finite ka m cia loaa a me bez. A multiplication
ma Hahai I hou i ka maamau kulana, e hiki ia lakou bez. i A mai ka mana nui
6) . Ia Ano, ,
o ka loaa i ka mea au i ka? iaea aie i ka finite ka m hea
a = : m? Ua i ka uncorrected Hawaii, pela no wau e kahea aku me pela aku ,

a me e na? Ee n loina;

Wale no i uuku loa ka m aka, na? Ee loina oko me ka nui loa mai ka uncorrected, a
like me makou nui nui m, e ke hana, oiai 1 noticeably nalo, I hooluolu iau iho nui ma
ka hana ana i na oihana mua haawiia i ka pono, di Aloha uncorrected
Hawaii , , kpono ma ka concurrence me ka mau ike ka m ka? ee loina hiki
wale loaa ia ia ia mea, e hana ia mea. A like i hoopuka he pono aina no ka deviation
puu a me ka awelika deviations bez. Kekahi nui e like me Hawaii A i pololei ia ina
ka pololei ninaninau Ua pio ka polokalamu ma keia manao wale aku i na deviations
o A i hiki. Aka, he mea i emi mai i ka manawa maopopo, no alakaiana a me ka
utilization o ma ka haawi finite ka m e ia i ka lokomaikaiia i na? Ee loina loaa hehee
wale; e like me ole wale no ka deviation puu a me ka awelika deviations bez. ka okoa
ka papa kuhikuhiE n loina, aka, me ka deviations o ka papa kuhikuhiE n loina
lakou iho mai kekahi i kekahi malalo o ka ole o ka ua finite ka m ku nei, na ka lki.

ona e nolaila, aole e loli ana ka pono e hooponopono. No ka mea, hookolokolo 'ana i
ka puunaue kanawai, aka, he mea e hele mai io makou makemake i na pili e like me
ka loa. Where oukou makemake e hele aka, no ka poe e manao? Iaea o unilateral
Hawaii ', , a ' , , ke palapala aie e paa ai lakou e hana, aole
niioaaonoaaiii e , a me ka poe, aka, e like me ko , a me ma

i e hanaia ana, no ka mea, ai ole ma ka summing ka? ee loina ', , na? ee

dala aole e ola. Eia, hoi, ka mea ma lalo iho o ka naauao lae o ka hoomaopopo, i
ka deviation puu klaoao e like me n ll o ka huina deviation huina o ka nui o ko
lakou ka m pono e influiert pu.
6)

Ua ike ia Gauss loihi i hala mua no ka huina o na kihikihio bez. A a loko

mai o ia mea, kapa mai oe iau. Mamo ke ano oah like hewa o keia hoopunipuni
ka? iaea aie i ka finite ka m hooholo; mahope iho o ka mea a ka mea mua ma ka
hoonui loa ma ka m: ( m - L), ka hope coinciding me ko makou alodio? iaea o ka
hewa ma ka mea
ia ll. Ka theoretical derivation a me empirical validity
o ko kkou? Iaea o , a me aka, ua o mai iau i loko o ka papa hoike o ka
Royal. Sakona Society, Balanced a me Phys. Ka papa, Vol. XIII, 1861, P 57. F: hiki
mai ana, a mai ka mkai i ka noho hoao ana me ka hooholo ka pomaikai i like
deviations, ia lakou e like me unequivocally pili no ia.
5) The paha deviation W a quadratic kaulana deviation Q. Mawaena paha
deviation W bez. i ka papa kuhikuhiE waiwai no ia deviation e maopopo iau ka mea
ua like me ka nui deviations e piha Hawaii a puni ia lakou iho, ma mua uuku
mawaena o lakou iho, pela bez. na deviations i ka ia ano, e like me ka Central
cia C bez. o ka: Ma lalo ahalike. O ia hoi, kikowaena Q au i maopopo iki i ke kumu
hemoleleah like deviations, di Aloha i ka waiwai a pau i loaa ka wa o ka huina
deviations o ka papa kuhikuhiE Hawaii H maopopo hoala i na mika phoonui lua,
ka huina o keia mau mika phoonui lua, di Aloha (e e ike okoa mai ka hale mai
o ka dala, di Aloha o
( ) 2 ,) ma ka huina helu ka m puunaue ai mai ka puu hapa i kumu, pkole
,
Ak me Keoklani, no ka mea, na aoao elua, o keia mau loina Hiki ke koho 'e like
me ka. na mea awelika deviation ae pela 'ia, a no ka mea, o ka mea finite ka m ia e?
ee, ka mea aole au i kamailio nei, e like me kau verspare mea e olelo aku ai ia mea,
a hiki i ka Addendum mokuna ma Gauss' kanawai (Mok. XVII), ma i keia mau loina i

kekahi pili i kekahi i kekahi, e ae aku i ka derivative ana mai kekahi i kekahi, i mea
ioe, ak, ke hana oi loa mahope iho o ka hana ana o e mawaena o ka poe kumu.
6) ka lihi aiee i ka papa ele ele, oa ka mea uuku a nui loa i ka papa ele ele, ka mea
mua e like me , E ' ka hope e like me E , e hookohu' ia. E like me ka hana kuuna
mea o ka panel aka, ua i n loina kiekie ma hope loa lowermost i niederere wahi.
10. Ina ka mau loina kekahi, ka pili o ka hahai ala ma parentheses, e like
me ka ( . ) , O keia mau nanaina he like pololei ia me ka . , Di Aloha hoonui ana
o kekahi , a me , aka, ina ua pili ia e brackets ma ka penei ua: he [ mana ] , o keia
aole i manao 'ia he me , e mahuahua, aka, i ka hana o ka oia; . Laila, no ka
mea, laana, [ A ] K ka deviation o A, [ C ] mea o C a pela aku, ka m [ A ] i ka
huina helu o na likeole bez. A; ka m [ C ] ka ia aoao bez. C & c.
Aka, malaila no kaoi loa pinepine Gebrauche i ka papa kuhikuhiE cia A a me D ,
ka pili, ka 'aoao a me na formulas ma ka infliction e ia e ke koikoi a me ka clumsy, I
makemake nui e noho ana, no ka mea, , ka m, , ke kaumaha ma muli o ko
lkou hana o A a me D , ua like pu ia me kekahi mau e kau aku na mea olelo, o, e hiki
mai keia, ma ka eia, ka mea ma lalo o ka papa kuhikuhiE Hawaii pili designations i
pili me ka hookae i ka manao oko ole dashes, ke kaumaha ma muli paha lakou, aka, i
kaaoao maikai a me ka io nui mai la laua no, a me ka papalua dashes iluna a ilalo
no ka hoolako 'ua:
A

ka m

ka m

e ka

No ia mea, 'o ia hoi Z. B. ka deviation o , ia o D. Mai ka huina o na

deviations he kuokoa o ke koho ana o na luna waiwai, e like me ka mea nui ka m
= = ka m , oiai ka mea, aole i like , a me ka hoi, aole like pu ia
me e, no.
Ke koena unuhi '- , (bez. He mea pokole me ka pololei ia) One ke
koena unuhi ka m ' - ka m , (. Bez D me) u make pili. Mai no one penei ^ a
me , maiLiliu penei ka m ^ a me ka m , e like me ka hahai n helu kaulike.
.

,
No ka mea, ka mea mau i manaoia na ku ei a pau o ka lihi luna, a malalo mai ka
makemakika ano ma ka lung cia, o na palapala:
U '= E' - A a me U , = A - E , .
Ma kahi o ka huina o na likeole, he mea i like ko e nee aku i kekahi aoao a me
kekahi aoao iloko o ka noonoo, e loaa i mkou i ka manawa maopopo, oia, mai ka
papa kuhikuhiE aiee o wale i ka kekahi mau palena, a ma waena o ia palena, he ko
lakou piha Hawaii, a me ko lkou mau kumu i ka m , ka m ^ a me ka m , e like me
ka noonoo mea i manaoia ma ka hoohana 'ana o ka hoailona a me ka , ua oi loa
kamailio nui hope (i loko o V. Ch.).
E like me ka mau, aia i loko o ka Panel o na Ana uuku i ma ka nui, a ma ke kulana
maoli o ka pepa mua mai ka luna alo o na maka, i ka haahaa loa o ka papa, i ka hana
ana, oia no conflicting i kekahi liilii Hawaii ma mua o haahaa , lalo; nui mamua
kiekie ae, luna Hawaii hoohalike ana. Pela oukou mea e olelo e like me ka paiapili
a me ka pelapela PAaIEN o paha ka hua'lelo "kiekie ae," "haahaa"; "Luna",
"haahaa pae" ua ma muli o ka wahi o ka panel, a me ka nui lki o na loina. E pale
kiaano hoonukiuki wahi olelo kue ka mea, e aho i loko o kia mua aku, ke
puunaue Panel me ka nui n loina he e, e hoomaka; aka, mahope iho au i ukali ia e
ka mua nui o kau mau haawina o ka mau laina-up ala, au hiki ole ia hoololi ia mea
me ka kukulu hou i kou papa, a holo i ka pilikia o ka hookahuli ai nou. Na dashes i
luna ai lalo o na loina hoohuli i kekahi hihia i ka nui lki o Hawaii, aole i ko lakou
positional pilina i loko o ka panel.
E like me keia, i keano, a me terminology e kkkk i ka keia mau hua'lelo, ka
mea hula he nui klana iloko o ko kakou mau hookolokolo 'ana i.
Malalo Vorzahl, Vorsumme I maopopo niioaaonoaaiii ka helu Z a me ka puu
dala kekahi o kekahi, i n loina i haawiia mai i kekahi e hele mua i ka panel ma ka
nui ma lalo o Nachzahl, Nachsumme a me na loina i hawiia i ka hahai i ka panel ka
nui. O ka papa, i keia mau helu a me na Dala hoololi me na loina i ka papa ele ele, a
lakou e pkui mua a me ka hahai, a no ka Kohiana o ka prolixity I alakai nei no na
hihia a pau, he mea ia e noonoo i ka palapala noi kaoi loa, kikaw designations. Nui
ke aloha a me ka V , V , n, N ka Vorzahl, Vorsumme, Nachzahl, Nachsumme e pili ana
i kekahi loiloi mua kupono i kekahi , a welo ka i haawiia panel hoi o ka makana i
haawiia mai ai, mawaena o V , V , N , N Hawaii ma ka nnau e pili ana i ka he , kahi a
ka nui Z no, di Aloha o empirically densest waiwai D , me
ka V i , V au , iloko wau , N wau , e pili ana i ka kekahi, kona kahahnai w mawaena
pono e interpolated i ka pahikaua hooholo o na oihana mua i hope mai e hike ano,
ke ala ma ka hapanui o na hihia i ka mua, i ka densest n loina coincide, a laila, hiki
ke eliminated a me ka designation ma ka Index.
11. Eia ka penei olelo. Ia e lilo i ka w, he makemakika a me ka plki hana o
K.-G. e hoomaopopo, o ka mea a ka poe kahiko o na mea e hele mai ana iloko o ka

hoohana 'ana, ka awelika deviations e pili ana i ko lakou mau papa kuhikuhiE
Hawaii he uuku, i kekahi no ka mea, ma kahi a lakou mea e lilo kpa a nui ka
poe. O ka mua, aole wale no e hoohuli i mua i keia hihia ua mamao loa pinepine, a
nolaila, i ka mea oi loa aku mamua o ka lua ia e noonoo, aka hoi pono o ka e ia hihia,
a me na olelo, a me na olelo a pau o keia Mokuna, he;aka, e loaa ole hou noonoo o ka
lua o ka hihia i ka pau 'ana o ke koi generality nalowale.
Ka nui likeole ma waena o n 'ole elua o ka hana, oia keia:
Ma ka makemakika aaioee, na deviations o ke kanaka, he , he o kona papa kuhikuhiE
Hawaii i loko o ka mau hoohalike e like me ka makemakika, di Aloha lawe e like me
maikai a me ka io oko mai ko lakou Kora naEsau cia, a me ka papa kuhikuhiE n
loina hiki koke mahope ae nei na rula, mai ka kekahi mai o haawi aku panel
hooholo. I ka plki lapaau i na likeole a me ka mea hana nei, lawe e like me ka
plki, oa like me oko o na logarithms o kekahi pela, kapaia. Plki ka papa
kuhikuhi Hawaii, 'o ia hoi ka papa kuhikuhiE Hawaii i na mea a pau i ka hookahi
rula o ka maukala i kekahi , e like me ka papa makemakika n loina alodio mai
ka ka loko. Ke hoololi mai ka makemakika i ka plki hana ino kekahi hou, ao ke
ano, rula a me na inoa, aka, ma luna o hope e pane, mahope iho o ka hala e, ua
hike, ua haawiia i (s: No Mok. V ( 36) a me XXI) ,
Mawaena o , ua like me ka mau o ka LUDOLF'sche helu = 3.1415927
malalo E ke kumu nui o maoli logarithms = 2.7182818 ma lalo Mod. =
Eee. comm. E hoomaopopo i ka pela-kapa modulus o ka pono plki nenoaiu =
0,4342945. i ka mea ku pono i ka pinepine hoohana 'ana o ka solubilizing, i pono e
hoakaka i ka pau logarithms. He i:
maukala = 0.4971499; maukala E = 0.4342945; maukala Mod =
0.6377843 -. 1 ,.
Malalo o na , 'na , na , i pili i ka pili Hawaii.

maopopo. Malalo o T- Papa A i loko o ka hoohui, 183, na keia mau papa e hoike
ana i ka ai t ka Related, e kkkk ma ka Mokuna V. Hawaii Hike ke ano o ka
GAUSS Kanawai o kaulele oko: Mai ka waiwai o ka exp, - Halau 2 ] 7) ua hoohana
pinepine, a oi aku complicated i ka ho omaulia, e like me ka mea i hoakaka ia
maanei, i ka i ka ho omaulia ana o ka Olelo Kikeke ma, no ka meao ia i ia iho, ua
pololei loko.
7)

[No ka mea, o ka pono o ka naau kupono, maanei, a malalo, i ka exponential

papa mamuli o ka exp [ m K], mahope iho o ka mea a ka luna exp, - t ] ma ka
hakahaka E - t ua hoonoho.]
I ka maukala exp [- Halau ] = maukala 1: exp [ Halau 2 ] e loaa, hookui 2
log na (. Di Aloha e haalele Mod) i 0,63778 i 1, manao iho la e na logarithms ka

huina, ae waiho ia mea negatively, pela no oukou ma ka pono Olelo Kikeke ma 8) ,

aka, ma ka pono o kaokoa, a no ka noi o na logarithms e loaa exp [- Halau ] iho
mai kpono ano. E komo ia i loko o ka usable ano, unuhi i kona loa waiwai o ka mea
kiekie oia ka 1 integer, ae hui keia i ka unuhi i ka hoailona - e. A ina [-t] = log exp 0,25 a - 1,25 paha - e, e loaa 2.25, oe e waiho i keia ua resp. 0,75 i 1; ai ole ia, mai ka
0,75 aku 2 a 0,75 i 3 etc.
8)

I mea, o ka Olelo Kikeke Ma o exp [ Halau ] ua like t maukala E , nolaila, i

ke kaola. o ka L: exp [ 'ole ] ua like ia me ka hopena maikai o ka Olelo Kikeke Ma
o exp [ ' ole ].

Aia ma lalo E , ke ana o ka mokuna i manaoia ma kahi o ke kope 'Oiaio , he, ke

kumu nui n loina H hoohikiia o ia mea a me deviation dala.
Ak probability, IeAUPIIe, W . ; lawe Kane mea, e like me ka ua kaulana, K.-G. a
ma kahi o Gaussian kanawai i hope i hoopuka GG huapalapala.

III. Ka mua Overview o ke ao a me ka mea mau

loina.
12. He nui pilikia no ka hookolokolo 'ana e like me keia ke moe ma o ka hoolako
ana i keia e pono ai mea. Ia e hiki ma loko o ka iiiaanoaa o K.-G. oia hoi wale Eimi
mai okoa wahi, kela mea keia mea o ka mea i loaa i loko o ka helu i ka nui o? ueo i
he ulia pakalaki o ka haawi aku i ka nui a me ka helu nahehin - no ka'pono loa ka
mea, aole e hiki - hiki ke manao e like me compensated e like me ke kanawai o ka nui
loa, a me kela a me keia o ka mea a ka ma e lilo i ka mokuna ae paio remanded
props hiki ole ke manaoia hook emi malalo o nahehin. Eia ke oki, e komo i ka 'ike
no ia mea a pau' ikepili e pono no ka aaioee aeaiiuo.
Aka, ma luna o kekahi mauano o K.-G. ka mea e ole e AOON, e haawi aku i na
kauoha lehulehu i ka hookolokolo 'ana, he loa no ka mamao mea mua, a ina aole he
nele o kekahi' ike e, Ae, no ka mea, o kekahi, e like me ka Hokoana Ana,
he embarras de ka richesse he makana, aka, no ka poe ia i loko o kona manawa
mana, aole ia e pono i ka 'okoa kihi a pau o na hana o ka hookolokolo' ana i mea
koi. E ponoi ana, aka, he wale, he mau mea ma kona kauoha, a he mea ia e ana i kela
a me keia mea he nui kope, ae lawe mai i ka mana hoomalu ma Panel, loaa ka
manawa, a me ke ahonui, ma keia, like langmhigen a me lengthy, peleele loa
hoopuni i ko lakou mokuna.

N nae, he mea iau, aka, e hookele i lawe mai maluna o kekahi o ka poe
laborious, a me cumbersome aaioee i na folgends palapala ia mea no ko kakou ao pu,
ka mea o ka papa, he nui o na koi e ae i props hoopili like wale hapa 'ia no, aka, ua
hoi ka manawa e hike mai i ka pomaikai o ia mea.
I. Anthropology.
H. Hokoana loa par, ds loa e hiki-elemakule Hokoana o kekahi puka,ano nui
Skona, ka mea au i ike mai iau i kekahi kope o ka Urlisten e loaa ke kohi Panel
ma ke ano kupono no ka hookolokolo 'ano a pau. Most nui no ko makou nui 'ana i
loko o ka wahi mua 20 hoiliili ana Leipzig haumna Hokoana Ana me ka huina
pau ka m = 2047; koke i kapaia o 17 makahiki Gears Leipzig kulanakauhale Ana, di
Aloha me ka manao e Hokoana i ke koena o ko Leipzig ka heluna kanaka, a me ka
huina. -m = 8402; No hoi Hokoana Ana o 3 puke, niioaaonoaaiii. Borna, a me Anna
Berger Amtshauptmannschaft me ka m = 2642 a me ka 3067. No ka mea, i keia mea,
i loko o ka lua o ka hapa Rekrutenmatafeln bez. kekahi'ina, kahi ia UAAIIeIU, a
lawelawe mua ma Quetelet, ua hoano e like me pakahi aku la ia Aaeuaeeneei, Farani,
Italia a meAmelika, he hapa noho pilikia wiki, o ka QUETELET'schenokoa
lapaau; a me na ana o na kino kaumaha a me ka umauma anapuni o Hokoana e
noonoo.
B . Cranial ana i ua i mai iau, e Prof. WELKER ma Halle no ka mea, E kii i ka,
a) no ka vertical anapuni, b) o ka papamoe laul o 450Eulopa kanaka iwi.
C. kaupaona ana o ka poe na hui, o ka kino o ke kanaka , e like me KINO ka
'ikepili 1) .

1)

[Dr. Boyd ka papa o na paona o ke kino a me na hui,. Philosophical hana o ka

Royal Society o London. 1861.]

II. Botany.
Mai iau aela rai ( Secale cereale ) mai ka ia wahi ' ae, a me makahiki underway,
217 eono-Aupuni Ll a (' Aohe wai iau, mai ka Fruchthre) a me 138 elimaAupuni Ll a;kela a me keia o na lala pakahi aku la ia i ana a me kekahi e like me
kekahi K.-G. kamailio ana, kekahi hapa lawe ma kona pili ana me na lala e ae iloko o
ka mooolelo.

III. Meteorological.
a) Thermal a me ka barometric kela la i keia, a malama n loina a likeole i loko o
ke au mamuli e kkkk malalo o 19 a me 20 ano. Mawaena o lakou hookomo
mai Quetelet ma kona prob Lettres Surao palapala, folgends e kkkk malalo o

21, 10 makahiki o pl-kapaia ".. likeole Diurnes " me ka ka m 282-310; makeke

maa compilations thermal a me ka barometric kela la i keia ikepili mai loina maluna o
ka Peissenberge, ma ka lihi helu o na makahiki, a mai thermal likeole ma ka
malama DOVE'schen hoonoho.
b) ohi kela la i keia kiekie a haule i ka wai no Geneva no ka mea, he nui na
makahiki, a hiki i ka Bibliothque de Ka Genve ao (Archives Des sciences i lawa ke
listen naturelles) mai iau.

IV. Artis papaaina.

a) Business a me ka helu wahi pepa mai ka poe klepa, a me Manufacturers,
pakahi aku la ia ana e au iau iho ma o ka loa a me ka laula.
b) Ana, kiekie H a me ka laula e , o ka Gallery pena (pakahi aku la ia manao i loko
o Lichten o ka haka ai,) i ka catalogs o ka hoiliili me ka ho'miana i loko o ka
hookahi ana o ke 'ano mookalaleo pena, Landskap, malie ke ola, mai ou aku; A
hookaawale o ka hihia, kahi e > H , a me kahi H> b.
Keia wale no ka mua manao; kikaw, ua hele i loko o nei ilunaia ma lalo o
kekahi mokuna o ka lua o ka hapa, kahi maanei p Ka nalowale hou llii e loaa ana
ae e haawiia keia ia ia, nae ma keia hapa mua o keia mea maopopo kahi e hana ai.
He mea e kaulana ai malalo o mua waiwai ana me ka mea e noho lakou iho, aole a
uuku Pahuhopu panee ole. Ak,o ka lae o ka Hawaii o ka Pahuhopu hoihoi i ka
manao, aole i maanei decisive no lakou i waeia a me ka lapaau; aka, e like me ko
lakou usability e like me ke kumu no ko kakou ao, i mea mahalo mai paha kekahi
mailuilu translucent mea, ma mua e like me n Ana o ka gale pena, a me ka poe i kela
la ua wahi kiekie, ua lilo ia i mea nui.
Ma ia manao, nae, ua hiki mai he Pahuhopu hoihoi i loko o ka mea, ia makou i no
ia kumu, aole nui i ka lapaau ana o na ia hooweliweli e loaa ma keia kuala nei, a hiki
ina mea e haule iho lakou iloko o ka ia iloko o ka leo, o ia iho e like me he hopena ia
o ka iapaau ana i kekahi mau hualoaa. Kela mea keia mea o kia mau 'ikamu ke
haawi aku i ka monographic lapaau i ka manawa maopopo; aka, ua hana nui e wale
no ka Hokoana loa e noi mai ana, e lawe i kekahi mau Ka Ikepili a me ka kkkk
kona aku no na aina, a iloko o ia aina no ka mea, okoa hoiliili ana a me ia no ka mea,
o ka puniu wale Ana o ka 'okoa o kia lhui kanaka, a no ka mahele ia lki o ka
mauu wanawana likeole! I bushings o keia ano, aole e manao nei. By Ak, e hana i
ka mea wehewehe nei hoohana examples mai kekahi mau kula, a ua hoao, nae, koi
ae e loaa hou nui lapaau o ka ia wahi a me ka palapala noi i mooolelo.2)
)

[lelo Ao: O ka ike iloko o keia mokuna pono e hui i ka hapa 'ia' hou pana o ka
specimen, ua pono no kekahi ma mua o kekahi hapa o na Hokoana Ana, a me n Ana
o na lalo iho o ka rai, ma kekahi o ka poe i koho K.-G. Urlisten a iniiaiie hoi o ka
makana Panel vorfanden iho. Oiai ka specimen ua, a hiki i ua hiki, in mai ka
hoakaka kumu; mau, he oiaio no Gallery pena i na catalogs o ka Alte Pinakothek ma
2

Munich, a me ka pena Gallery ma Darmstadt; no ka mea, ke kela la ua wahi kiekie o

Geneva na Archives Des sciences i lawa ke listen naturelles Bibliothque paa i hele
ai (s. Mok. XXI, a me XXVI, a me XXVII): Aka, ma kahi o niio? thermal a me ka
barometric kela la i keia ikepili ma ka Peissenberge hookauwa aku e like Hawaii ma
Utrecht pai Netherlands makahiki buke o Meteorology he (s. Mok. XXIII, a me
XXVII). I ka hope no ka mea, o ka puniu wale no Ana e ho'la (s. Mok. VII, a me
XXII,) owau hewa mai ia Prof. WELCKER nana i ka lokomaikai mai ai iau, e
hoolilo aku i ka nui o ka hola 500Eulopa kanaka iwi.]

. IV props; Abnormalities.
13. Ina he K.-G. Ae aku i ka holomua 'ana, he mea pono e hook' ia kekahi mau
kumu, kekahi o na mea a pau i loko o kona kumu, kekahi hapa e waiho aku i ka wider
kuanaike.
Ma hope o ka introductory hoakaka hoouna mua i ka K.-G. E kikokiko i kekahi kau
comprehensible, e ma kona quantitative hooholo ma kaulele fluctuating kupa o ka
indefinite nui o na kope. Ano, e infinitely na kope o ia mea i ole ai, aka, ia makou e
besprochenermaen e like me ka nui o ia e nn i ke kii, no ka nui loa o ka ikaika i
lawe mai ai e lawe wale no ka mana loa helu e paa, maikai kanawai o ka wale a me
ka pale no ka pae ka pololei lawa approximation hiki ke hookupaa iho la ia. Aka, ina
o keia kulana ponoole hui, lakou e ho ohana K.-G. ia e maamau a lalau mai na mea
nui o ke hoomaopopo, e like me makou makemake ai e hoike aku ia makou iho
pokole aku, e hoouka hou aku au i ka loio i olelo, e like me ka luna koa no iho K.G. e ae, ka poe i malama i keia mau hewa.
Keia n ka pau ana o na kope o na, ao ke ano i ka K.-G. lawe pu, i ka poe ua
paleia'ku ia, e like me ka hoaponoia ma ka olelo o ka pauku, ua pau i ka pili o
vielzahlig, aole wale mai ka vorigem, ao ke ano, aka hoi, ma ka mea vollzahlig ua, e
like me loko o na palena o kona manao e haawi ia lakou iho, mai ona aku kope a
pau, ua lilo i manaoia , aole ma keia ao kela aoao o ka noonoo hele mai kekahi, a ma
kekahi aoao o ka unahiole, i loko o kna, e mutilated keia ka mea pela e olelo, e like
me ka mea e lilo ai. eia kekahi laana o ka hihia i ka wa i loko o Rekrutenmatafeln
ka pela-kapaia: ma lalo homogenizing e hookoe ', nae e loaa no hoi e like me ka
maemae e like me ka hiki, a aole pili i kekahi hapa o ke kumuhana, oa specimens i
hele mai mai loko mai o kona mau hua'lelo i loko o ka moolelo kaulele kuhikuhi, e
hookoe 'ia ia mea, pela Z: B. kahi o n kau hoi i ola kanaka, specimens me ka mai e
hele mai i loko o ana ia kna; nolaila, i ka mai ou e hana WELCKER'schen iwipoo
Ana aole barela hookino pehu hydrocphale hooholo i microcephalic iwi poo me
komo. Ma keia aka, olelo, e hana i ka nui laul.
14. No ka mea paa, i ka mea iike i ka oiaio, a me ka AYEIE maopopo e pili ana i
ka delimitation o ka poe kanaka, i hoi mai ma na mea he nui na hihia, hou i ka
mokuna ma waena o ola a me ka mai iwi; aka, ina wale no ka maopopo hanohano
malaila i pili loa oia i palena, i na palena o ka maopopo ia makou e pepehi aku me ka,
no ka'paha contingencies, aole oi, aole e hiki ia ho i ka nui drawback i loko o ka pau
ana o ia mea ulu, a he mea ia e ka pomaikai ke loaa iho imua o ka wa, ho'kka 'ana

hoii ma ko makou manao no nae i ka maamau o ka makana kanawai k, ai ole ia, e

lilo ia i kope he nui ke kua i ka hihia.
Eia nae, ua hoala i ka nui nnau penei: A no laila, ua hoonohonoho hoomaopopo i
ka wa ola kanaka a me na hapa e, e hookolokoloia e like me ka puniu wale no, ma ka
auaaeaiea ia lki o ko lakou mau kope, aole ka mea i hike 'e like me ka mai, a
maliu mai ia mea, a me i hui, a aole emi, o ka papa, i ka manao paa o na olelo no ola
specimens ka mea, he nui ka hoihoi mamua no ka lau, he ola a me ka mai; Wale no
ka mea, he e holo kue i ka generality o ka makemake o na Kane, e hooholo i ka mea
nui Kanawai o ka haawi aku e K.-G. mai wale ola kope preferable e hoopio mai ia i
ka lau, he ola me ka mai.
Eia, ina ka mai iwi, mai ka hua'lelo nuu ola, pela lakou i haule iho n ma lalo o
ka manao o ka puniu wale no, ma na mea a pau, a me na mea ho'pono i kkou i
loko o exploring i ke kanawai no ka mea, K.-G. ka mai iwi poo excrete no ka
makou e wale aku i ka kekahi manawa i n mea a pau puniu wale no, ma kahi o
kaolol ka e pili ola; a malaila ua olalo i na hihia kahi i like manawa kpono oolol a
hoomhuahua mana ole; Ae, pololei olelo ana, aia no he mea anywhere mai hope a
pau K.-G. hiki hoohui malalo o na olelo o kekahi nenoaiu, ka mea hiki ke hou wale
no ma ka like kuhikuhi. Aka makou e me ka ho okolohua, ko kakou universally
hoopukaia Kanawai e loa laul wale n o K.-G. e hoao, heino paha holo e iho e
hooiaio mai ai imperfectly no ka mea, i ko lakou manawa i lawa kokoke loa i ka mea
like wale n K.-G. noho i ka ia, a pela lilo i ko lakou universality. Ano, ninau aku oe,
heaha wahi mea decisive no ka w e mlama i ka mamao.
Keia seemingly paakik nnau mea e olelo aku me ka nn 'ole i ka penei maoli
kanawai.
Ina kakou 'ikamu i hoopili like me ka lawa pilikia hookolohua no ka mea, iho i ka
pono no keano o n mea hawi kanawai mix, e halawai ka keia mau kanawai, a hiki
ina ka hui i ka ia kanawai, aole hoi e hoopili like, ma ka w i na ia a eia paha ka nui
hehee wale, i ka haawi aku ka lki. e, pela no i uuku makemakika 'o ia hoi, ae olelo
deviation o ka mea a ka poe na hehee wale, ua hai mai oi aku a emi mai, ia no ka
haku ikamu i ka oko ao kekahi i kekahi, e like me ka'paha coincidences hiki ke
wehewehe, e like me ka mea ia kakou ke hoomaopopo lkahi a me ka disparate mea e
like me ka poe mea lawa pono i keia kulana, a i ole ai lakou e halawai, ma ka
limaaahu kekahi, a me kekahi henua, mamua o ka poe i mai lkahi, a me ka mea i
haku no disparate mea. I kekahi hai' o ka manao o kekahi K.-G. Eia nae, he haku
mele o ia me hookahi a oi aku kekahi, hiki disparate mea me ia.
Mai keia wahi o ka Hawaii Ano, ua maopopo koke i na mea a lakou i hiki ole ke
hui. Ma ka mea, aole he hana 'ia, na kane a me na wahine a me na keiki, a me n
mkua i loko o ka hookahi K.-G. e hoohui i ka wa a ka puunaue ana o ko lakou mau
kope e manaoia ma ka olelo o ke kino lihi, haule iho irrespective ia mau mea a pau
ma lalo o ka hoomhuahua manao o kanaka; aka, ua ike no oukou i ka mua, i me ka
nui loa okoa kaulana Hawaii kikaw no ka mea, a lakou i disparate mea. A kakou e
no hoi i ke ola i ke mele Kalevari me pathologically hoololi iwi e K.-G. e
inadmissible loaa a loa na disparate hana naauao i kekahi i kekahi.

 15. Mai keia wahi o ka manao manao mai iau loa instructive hualoaa mai
haawina ma ka nui Hokoana i, ma muli o ko lkou mau (. Cape ma luna III ma lalo o
I. A) ua oleloia fleetingly, i ka lua o ka hapa o keia hana (Mok. XXIV) e kii o ka
hoop ai ,
hiki loa Hokoana Ana manaoi hoopkole 'ia no kela aina, manawa, makahiki ma
lalo o ka broadest olelo o ia Ana, aka, ua hoi he hana kikaw; a mai ka outset ka
mea, ua like 18-makahiki Hokoana i ka aina, aole makemake i ka pono kawili pu ia
me 20 makahiki o ka aina e, e like me na mea i kapa hoohanohanoia n mea
Ana. aka, no hoi hookahi makahiki Hokoana, mai ka ia aina ae specializations i okoa
makaukau. No laila, Ua loaa iau ka Hokoana Ana o (2ojhrigen) Leipzig haumna
ma ka kekahi lima, a me ka poe o ka kekahi poe kanaka ma Leipzig kapaia. Leipzig
kulanakauhale loa, ma ka lima kekahi kikaw kanaka. No ka mea, o ka mua, he nui
loa satisfying, no ka mea, na kekahi mea ma kekahi mahalo imperfect e hooiaio ai e
holo i nui hoi o ka makana kanawai a pau au e kapa pono kvila kanaka, e ala; ma na
mea i hoikeia ma k waena o ka ho omaulia a me ka kilo e hana kpa pinepine ma na
la mahope o ka uuku loa i mea e lilo i ka hihia e like me ka ka ho omaulia ma muli o
ke kumu kanawai ole'paha contingencies ua lawa paha kana e hoomaopopo ia
mea. Ka mea, ua loaa ia no ka Hokoana Ana o ka hui heluna o kekahi mau apana oi
aku Saxony. He aha ke koena unuhi o ka mua o ka poe na hihia? Ka Hokoana loa i na
haumana hai aku i ka kaupalena like o kpa a affluent, he maamau Wachstume o na
kanaka o ia hoi, aole e nele wahi; ka kekahi maluna o na kanaka, mai ka lau, o ia
ke kumu nui e ku nei, i ka mea nele o ka hapai ana a me ka hanau ana o ka oi aku a
emi o na konohiki, a me abnormally stunted kanaka he ole infrequent, nona Ana ua
hoohui ia ma ka Rekrutenmaliste, nae na kanaka i waiho ia i ka hana me ka manao
werden.Indieser paha e hoihoi i ka ikepili.
Pkui i kau kauoha 20 makahiki hele mai Leipzig haumna Hokoana Ana me ka
huina pau ka m = 2047 wale no hookahi kanaka e hina (60 'niha) ma lalo o ka ilikai
64'niha 1) ; 17 hoiliili ana o na ana o ka heluna kanaka i koe Leipzig (Leipzig
kulanakauhale pkole Ana,) me ka huina pau ka m = 8402 haule 197 kanaka ma lalo
o 64 'niha (ka mea uuku a me 48 iniha); a kakou emi ma ka like o ka huina o 197 m, pela haule ku e 1 kanaka o ka Leipzig haumna i keia manawa 48 o ke Leipzig
kulanakauhale ana malalo o 64 iniha. Ka Leipziger hui kanaka, ioiinyony aka, pehea
kela nui kulanakauhale, he nui ka pakeneka poino proletariat. Aka, hou: 3 hoiliili ana
Hokoana nui o Borna Amtshauptmannschaft ke ole Leipzig (kaoi loa liilii mau
kulanakauhale, a me ka mahiai kauhale Yuuki me ke komo pu) me ka m = 2642 i
lung 50 paha, e like me ka mua hoemiia 39 degere lalo 64 'niha (me ka palena iki
Ana 51' niha), a me 3 hoiliili ana Hokoana Anna Berger Amtshauptmannschaft (nui
mauna a me ka poe ilihune hola heluna e like me) me ka m = 3067 ihola ia 62,
hoemiia 41 degere lalo 64 'niha (me ka palena iki ana 49 iniha). A e like me ka nui
o ka m kakou i loa beziehentlich no ka hoakaka 4 Oihana;
1 48 39 41
Ana ma lalo o 64 2) , a hele aku makou i ka makemakika mea (e like me ka iniiaiie
Panel) luna, alaila, ua loaa keia loina ma Skona iniha;

I paukia. Lpzg. St. M. Borna Annaberg

71,76 69,61 69,34 69,00.
No laila, ka makemakika mawaena o ka Leipzig haumna, ua oi aku mamua o 2 iniha
nui ma mua o ka hui-Skona heluna kanaka, a me ka ia pili i Central waiwai, a me
densest waiwai.Ma ka kekahi lima, ka mea kaulana deviation e pili ana i ka
makemakika olelo no kaaahu, no n mea a pau oihana hooholoaoao ma Skona
iniha no:
I paukia. Lpzg. St. M. Borna Annaberg
2,01 2,26 2,14 2,33.
A o ka papa, i ka unuhi i loko o na hoahanau e hoi hou i ka wa a ka hui heluna o ka
poe hope pauku ekolu wawahi iho la iloko o ka poe me ka maamau, a me ka poe me
hanana Wachstume, a me ka poe hiki ke hoohalikeia me Ak nae no.
1)

[1 Skona'niha = 23,6 mm o.]

2)

emi kekahi 'o ia me ka mahalo aku i ka mea uuku, oia Ana i ka likeole o ka
haumna Ana a me Ana o ka kekahi papa ekolu e pili ana i ka lua; a like me ka
puunaue mooolelo iloko o ka hope, i oi aku mamua o lalo; aka, heokoa i loko o n
manao nui loa, aole loa kahi e. Haumna Ana hui ae la me ka ekolu Ana
80; 80,75; 82,5; ke Leipzig kulanakauhale Ana 79.5 (4 manawa) me 79,75; ka Borna
me 77,25; 77,75; 78,25; ka Annaberg'schen me 76,75; 77,25; 78,5.
He mea anei e olelo aku ai, ina kakou i na Hokoana o ka proletariat maoli pono no
lakou iho i mua o kkou ma mua o ka waiwai papa ma n haumna, ko kakou kumu
hoi o ka makana kanawai e like me ia i loko o ka poe ma mua o hoopaa i kia, no
ka mea proletariat ia iho, aole hoi he Next manawa, oia no ka specialization i loko o
naoao hiki ia oe, a aole he priori mea e insure i kona mau specialties, ua hooholo
like ihola i loko o ka maluna ano. Ae mai o ka outset e lilo i ka mea e olelo aku me
uuku o ka poe ma ka haumna waiwai papa; aka, e like me ka hoao ana iho e ao i ka
specialization ua kipaku loa lawa i na haumana ana e ae ia kekahi hoiaio o na
Kanawai i nnau, a hiki i ka'paha contingencies ka mea, ma na mea a pau e hiki, pela
no makou e hoi kkua malie, oiai makou maanei, a malaila e kipaku aku i ka
specialization a hiki hou, ina he mea ole lawa.
Hoi loa pono e conceded ai, ina kakou wale no ka m hooakea mai ka haumna
Hokoana loa 'aelike, a laila, e like me ka okoa ana hoohlike, IAOEIAaO, E like me
ka mea, hookaawale kaumaha ma muli o ka ho omaka o na kulanakauhale a me na
kauhale, a mai okoaohi hua, a okoa pae i ka oihana i loaa mai i ka , lawa ka m ina ua
e huli i maalea oko o ka nui hehee wale me ka oiaio, a koe ole he nele no ia, ka mea e
kue ana i ka pono unanimity; a aole ua lai 'ia e hana i kekahi mea o ka hookolokolo'
ana.
Aka, ina keia oko ao ua liilii, a me ka likeole i na oihana a pau ia oukou ke hana i
ka mea e lauwili nui, ana i na oko ma waena o ka hehee iho, lauwili a me keano o ka

randomness, he hiki lilo ole wale reasonably lawe, aka, ao ka mea wale i ka oko ao e
pili ana i n kumu i loko o ka inevitable'paha contingencies merge indistinguishably
me ka noho ana, a me ke kumu kanawai k' i ka nui keakea nei.
16. Aka emi aka, uaae ma na deviations a ke haawi aku ia lki nui loa calmer a
pela henua K.-G. hoike o ke kahua Kanawai, e ike i ke ku e ana mai i keia mau
kanawai, e like me ka mea kupono i ka rula e ike i ka hoohuihui ka lki. a me ka
nui oihana mua o haku 'atikala o kekahi henua mea, e hoomaulia i ka puunaue ia
lki o ka ahupapa pauku e like me ke kahua kanawai ia lakou iho, a ia lakou pela i
keia manao kona mau validity kuleana.
Nui penei mai ka luna, i ka loaa a me ka ninaninau ana o ka mea i kumu kanawai o
ka hoi o ka makana ia makou e ole wale malama ia mahope okoa kuhikuhi kaawale
emi haawi aku hualoaa i palahalaha ka ho'kka 'ana, untriftig malihini mea i ka
generality o ka mea i lawa ka haka i ho'kka',aahu 'ikamu undrawn kanawai paio
hana, aka hoi, ma ka waeia ma waena o ka hopena o kekahi, a meolol mana, na
mea i like, i ka preferableolol no ka mea, Konstatierung ke kumu kanawai. Ka mua
me ka noonoo hoonohonoho me ka nui loa ma lalo o ka eia.
Ke kumu o na kope o ka K.-G. mai kekahi mau wahi a me manawa, a 'elua i ka ia
manawa hoopuni hiki aku ai, aole wale qualitative aka hoi quantitative oko o ka ia me
ka mea a ka nui o kia mau noonoo a loihi hoolimalima i mua o kekahi i ka pono
nui ka m , e loaa no ka holomua ninaninau, ana ke kumu ole coerced , ka K.G. akoakoa mai kope i okoa wahi maikai loa, a me na manawa no i hala loa ka ia
lumi, a me na ia manawa e hiki ole ai ia lakou no. Ma keia manao, he kue e lawe
wahi. Na specimens mai loa mai mahuahua, ma kekahi keena, a he akea hakahaka a
me na manawa, no ka pilikia o ka hui ana disparate 'ikamu a me keia e hala na kahua
hoi o ka makana ia lki; na specimens mai pilikia makahiki a me ka manawa e kala
aku ai palena, he'paha coincidences nui lumi e hiki kaulike nui n kumumea me
kekahi degere o ka oiaio. hiki i ka OAXA palena ma keia manao, aka, lilo i priori
kauo, a me ka hope o ka pomaikai i e hooholo ina paha oukou e lawe i ka lilo kino a
spatial mamao o ka mea i ke kupono hook 'ana i ka kumu kanawai o ka
makana; ina aole, me ka contraction mau hoa, a ina oukou e kauoha aku ai i ka
Hawaii liilii o ka m iloko o ka mea e loaa hualoaa o ka lawa pono, e haawi mai i
ka hookolokolo 'ana e loaa he nui loa, o na kope e hiki mai. Ma ke 'ano laul, o keia
ikaika ma kekahi hihia e ka loa he mea hiki.
17. e uku aku i ka ninau a ina paha o kekahi mea mai ka disparate eiiiiiaiou haku
A kikaw noonoo, hahai kekahi hapa ua hoopa ia lki o ke haawi aku papa.
I ko kakou kumu kanawai moe i ke Z noke me ka i aku i kekahi ka nui o ke ala, a
me hou e ulu ana i ka luawai noke ili aka, i ka mea aia no he i k mkou no ia pela,
kapaia i loko o kekahi Central hapa o ka puunaue panel (wa. Densest Hawaii ) a
elua minima, niioaaonoaaiii i ke kumu a me ka welau o ka papaaina (ma ka loa , he )
nei. I ka wa o ka he e like me abscissae, me ka Z e like me ka ordinate i, kekahi e hiki
pela ho i ka loio o ka makana graphically ma ka ike ano, a pela loaa he hlawa me ka
uuku huli i smoothly i ka piko ae a malaila iho hou. Aka, ma ka pela, i kapaia e ou
iniiaiie, oa pololei loko mai o n Ana Urlisten Panel oukou e insgemein mai ma ka

mua, ma ka pau panel i ole e komo aku ai, a me OAAIeOO o ia i loko o ke ana ka ulu
ana o ka keia loaa ia oe kekahi bumpy hionapili o ka puunaue hlawa; me ka
iniiaiie hoi o ka makana papa o VII. Chapter e ae lawa examples.Ka mea, he pono
ole, aole loa nalo kumu o ia paewaewa, he manawa ma kekahi hihia i loko o'paha
contingencies, a me na kalele ma luna o laila cusp o ka hlawa nalo ma ka lawa akeakipakuia mai ka ho'miana o ka panel, i mea ' ma ke mua ( 6) hoakaka, pu lawe i
ka Z paa no ka likeanuu o ka holo ma ka holookoa panel e like me ia i ho'kka 'ia
ma ka Mokuna VIII, ae ae kkoo' ia e examples o hoemiia panel. Aka, i kekahi
manawa i ke kumu e hiki no hoi ia i K.-G. Ua hui no disparate ano o kona papa
kuhikuhiE Hawaii no.
Aia hoi, di Aloha hiki mua mai nui ka noonooole e nana ai ina kakou Z. B.
makemake i na Ana o ka nui o na kanaka, a me na wahine, o na mea okoa ke
kaumaha ma muli o ka makemakika aha e like me ka densest waiwai o kela a me keia
mix, hiki kpono kou, ke kaawale mai'paha he ulia pakalaki, he ala i ka muli o elua
i k mkou Z nolaila elua densest aiee e ala mai,o ia, he mea hiki, ma hoohuihui oi
disparate n mea hoi o ka makana papa me me ka nui loa aku i k mkou Z e ala mai
oe. Hehe, ano pono no ka hoao i ke kumu kanawai o ka haawi wale hoi o ka makana
Panel me ka i k mkou no ka nui Bestande ka panel, oiai uuku paewaewa i ko na
welau a pau o ka panel ua e nele nui ke kula. Nolaila, Ina he ua hooponopono Panel
ka mea e ole ai e hlwai me keia kulana, pela no lakou e hoao i na Kanawai pono
keia mau mea mahope o ia ka ho'miana wale no, i ae la lakou ma kpono
hooponopono o contingencies hookahi , i na kanawai ma ka nnau hiki n ia i ka
hoemi papa loa pono e hooiaio aku ina ka hapanui o ka i k mkou no ka nui
Bestande ka papa ele ele maoli kaukai'paha wale contingencies.
Nae, aole e nana ia, no ka mea ua paa ma ke ka ho'miana o ka puunaue panel,
pii p ko lkou mauanuu, i ka manawa hookahi n, e kaukai me ka'paha
contingencies o disparate ano o na eiiiiiaiou o ka panel, nui no ka poe i k
mkou Z hiki ke eroded ina keia o keia la kokoke i ka haule ana, i ana pu i loko o ka
ia e ke ka ho'miana w mawaena, ua keia ke indistinguishable, pela no oukou e
pono ai wale no me ka ka ho'miana, a ua hoonui i nanuu, e hele aku i kekahi
mea i loaa ai i kia me ka maluhia. Pela no hoi ka rula ma ka hoemi ia i ka olelo i k
mkou i loko o ka auaaeaiea hoao ana panel e Z , a mai laila aku a hiki i
naoaoelua o ka iho e hooholo ia ana o Z e mlama i ka ho'mi i, aka, i kekahi
deviation mai ana i kona mau kanawai, alaila, malie paha o he disparate ano o na
eiiiiiaiou o ka panel, ka mea i blurred e ke ka ho'miana e hilinai nei. nolaila, ma
keia mau mea wale no ka hoopaa 'ana i ka puunaue i hiki e decisive.
18. Eia nae, ua oi aku i ko makou props, aole e pau i laila. Hoohana'iaN i ua
papahana e kanaka me ka pili ana i kekahi mau hana a manao, pono e kapa kakou ia
mea noeau, nae, hoowahwah i ka manao i ka i obgewaltet ka wa a lakou e ala
mai, aka, ma na olelo o ka nui rula, a aia n ke waiho hakahaka ia iho, i ka
Kollektivmagesetzen; aka, ina e kekahi ulterior, ak, a hana Oae me ka nui loa haole
i ke ku okoa ana o ka manawa ma ka lokomaikaiia mai oia e 'ole ka loa o kanaka Ana,
pela no na Kanawai e hiki no hoi me ka nui loa hiki demolition, ka mea i hoakaka ia
ma ka penei examples.

Business pepa, e like me ka pela-kapa. Adrekarten o na poe klepa, a me

Manufacturers hiki keikeia ma luna o ka loa e lauwili e like me ka loa e like me ka
laulailikai, a au manao ma mua e loaa kekahi mea maikai no ka ninaninau o ko
kakou mau kanawai, ka mea no ka mea, ua i nui loa, he mea mai ka i kela la kalepa ae
la lakou, ina paha mai ka hpana buke o kona kalohe, ka mea e loaa ke tuko hpana
kope, (ka mea au he nui, ua hoohana likeole Verfertigern i ana) e hiki ke loaa, a
hiki hoolako i ka pomaikai i ka pololei o ke ana a me ka manao oi aku mamua nui no
hoi na mea i ka lima. Aka nae lakou, e ia ma ka loa, ua ana ma ka laula, kona
palekana mai ko kakou mau kanawai loa a hiki, e kaumaha lakou, aka, wale no, he
loa imperfect noho hoao ana, oia hoi o ka mea a oukou e nana aku, no ka mea, ma ka
hahai ana.
Ak no ka oko o ko lakou Ana aka, ke ku okoa ana o ka iho, ua kaupalena ia e ka
mea i ka hana insgemein ia Ana makemake i ka palapala, me ka pepa pepa mai i na
pepa i oki, hiki hoomanao, e ka mea e like me ke kina ole, e like me ka hiki e pau
ai, ka mea no hoi paha kekahi , oi loa Popular ka lki. ma waena o laula a me ka loa,
o ka oi aku 2 malama 5 (approximations i ka gula lki): 3 a 3 a ma ka mea,o wau n
i loko o n ana o ka pepa i au i hana ai ma loko o ka buke hpana i ka hapa nui o na
Manufacturers, hoomaopopoia he hana nui pinepine me kela mea keia mea o lakou
kekahi Ana, e like me ia mea i hiki i maliu mai e like me accidental. Na Ana o ka gale
pena ma Lichten o ke kino, aka, aole e pili aku i ka ia keakea, a mahope iho o kou
hoopakele nui Ana ona, mai ka catalogs o n keena ma luna likeole i lawe pu (e
nn. Mok. XXVI), he mea maikai no ka noho hoao ana plki Magesetze.
19. Ma na mea maoli ma kekahi lima, oia kekahi o ka conditional ma ka manawa
iho props ole i na kope a pau i loko o ka maoli kanawai dependence, ua mai kekahi i
kekahi, e mlie mai o na kanawai o ka iho. Keia wahi, ua oi loa aku hoi ma
meteorological K.-G. ma ka noonoo. Ana wela a me ka barometer k, a me na
meteorological ikepili hoike kela wahi, he Oiai ma ka au mamuli e coincidences ko
lakou kupikipikio, aka, mai loko mai tory hooholo i loko o ia hoi, ke Hawaii e
pono maluna ae aku a hiki i ka wa Track ma na hora o ka la, aole emi ma na la a
mahina o ka makahiki. Keia mau pl-kapaia. Periodic meteorological Hawaii i
haule iho iloko o ka mana o ke K.-G., aka, o ka ole-periodic, insofar e like me ka mea
i manaoia moolelo kaulele iaaanu. Ma keia manao kakou e hiki koke meteorological
kela la i keia Hawaii, malama Hawaii a me ka makahiki Hawaii, insofar e like me
lakou i deviate, mai ko lakou mau makahiki o na kumu waiwai, a me keia mau
likeole ia lakou iho e like me kela la i keia likeole. Malama likeole a me ka
makahiki likeole hoomaopopo i ka mea a kekahi mea e lilo kekahi e lawe, no ka ma
na hihia e ala. hoi i ka poe. Makou Make i ka ho'kkaana i ka thermal n loina, a
me deviations, ka mea hualoaa ma ka hoolilo ana i kekahi ano o meteorological
Hawaii, a me deviations mai iho.
Thermal kela la i keia Hawaii e pakahi aku la ia i kekahi i ho'kka 'ia i kona
makahiki la la, e olelo Z, E like me ka 1st January. Neenee aku kakou i ka wela o ka
la ma ka hawi wahi i ka hawi makahiki, ua nele hoi e like me thermal maikai
waiwai maluna o January 1, oia ka nui o kia mau mea o kona 24 hora awelika
waiwai, a me ka wela o ka, alaila consistently e hoopaa, haawiia hora o ka la, a me ka

awelika o ka i k mkou - a me ka palena iki ana wela o ka la. I keia nani waiwai ma
January 1, ua malama ma ka helu o n makahiki ma succession. Na makahiki mahope
iho o ka randomly hoololi ana i kela la i keia Hawaii ho i na kope he hookahi
manawa K.- G. E unuhi oe mai ka makemakika ano waiwai ma ka mahele ana i ka
huina o ka poe i kela la aiee, me ka helu ana o lakou, a, me ka helu o n makahiki ma
ka mea ia i malamaia coincides. Keia o ia hoi, ka pono anal thermal kela la i keia
awelika o 1 Ianuari, a me na deviations loaa i okoa makahiki kela la i keia ike i
kekahi o ka poe nui i kela la awelika A laila hana i kela la deviations, a mahope iho o
ka hoakaka i 'ae' ano me poe e koho. Ai hiki no ke loaa no January 2, a me na
kekahi l hoomanao ma kela a me keia wahi o ke kilo i ka nui o kia mau.
Aole hoi no kela a me keia la o ka makahiki, aka, e hiki ai ke loaa a hiki ma lalo
nunui-makahiki loina ia i hoakaka ia no kela a me keia mau pule o ka makahiki, no
ka mea, kela mea keia mea malama o ka makahiki, a no ka mea a pau o ka makahiki,
a laila, e like me pule Hawaii, pule likeole, malama aeaiiua, malama likeole,
makahiki Hawaii, makahiki likeole ua hoakakaia. O keia, ke thermal malama ikepili
a me ka malama likeole pono kikaw noonoo, no ka mea, ua hoakaka maopopo
lehulehu ma na wahi i loaa no ia mea. Ka thermal malama ike e like me ka mea pela
i loaa, no ka mea, laana, no ka mea, Ianuari (a correspondingly no kekahi malama) i
loko o ka hooholo 'ia ma ka helu o na makahiki, kaulana mahana o Ianuari i na ia,
mai ka 31 la e loaai. ka thermal malama deviations o Ianuari e like me o n
deviations o ka mai ka nui waiwai o kekahi. Ma kahi o ka makemakika o ia hoi, a me
n likeole a pau, e hiki e aka no hoi kekahi papa kuhikuhiE Hawaii, a loaa mai ia
cia deviations.
Meteorological K.-G. keiaano ua aayoaeuiinoe no ka hoopaa 'ana i kona mau
kanawai mau loa, mai kekahi mau viewpoints; hookahi no o ka nui mea, a he mea i
loaa i loko o n kumu o ka meteorology ai ole ia e hiki ke ohi ia mai keia lua, i ka
pololei o na olelo, ka mea hiki ke hiki i ka meteorological ka mlamaana o ia hoi, a
me epekema, ke kolu e like me kia mau 'ikamu mua hoolako i ka wale no mea i ka
Lunakanawai ina kino K.-G. malalo o na kanawai e like me spatial. E like me ka
lakou i ae aku, mai ka mea nui drawback ka mea, mahope mai o ka ka m ia me ka
helu o na makahiki, ma ka mea waiwai sightings coincides, aole hiki wawe ka he
nui ka m ka ia,o ia wahi, ua like ole e like me ia i ka palekana o ka mea e ohiia e
holo ana mai ka hualoaa. 3)
3)

Mawaena o ka 70 ike ana'ku kpono no ka manu nunu helu p 'ia n thermal

malama likeole i loko o kekahi o kona mau hoonoho, he mea Pelelina wale no kahi
100 e like me ka m mea mamua e ke alualu ua ma 138 makahiki gesche-moa, a me
Palaka, a me London wale hoike aku i ka m 90, niioaaonoaaiii 94 a me 92nd
20. Ano, ia oukou e hiki,, he nui nui nae ka m , loaa mai ka haawi helu o n
makahiki, e like me ka helu o na makahiki, aia ma ke kia 'ala, i ka mea aole e
kpaeia i nui scruples par.

E mai ka ho'kka olelo o ka QUETELET'schen hoohlike waiwai (s. Quete-E

Lettres, hope vertical kolamu o ka papaaina p. 78), e hele i waho, makou kuhi nei ka
mahana o n l i loko o January e like me ka mea ma waena o palena iki, a me k
mkou mahana o kela a me keia la i kekahi wahi (Palukela), ua malamaia ka 10
makahiki, kakou poe iloko o ka hoakaka manao ano i ka mea i manaoio ai he pololei,
no ka mea, kela mea keia mea o ka 31 la o Ianuari e like me K.-G., ka mua, lua, kolu,
a pela no i ka m = 10 loaa i ka mea ma kahi lihi uuku e noii i ka puunaue kanawai
ia mea; Maanei kakou e ku e aku i ka m = 310 no ka pau o Ianuari malama e like me
K.-G. loaa ina kakou ke hoomau aku ma hope o Quetelet ka precedent ma o ka hana
ma ka ninau a makou pu e lawe i 31 la mahana o Ianuari i kope o ka Ianuari i kela la
ana wela, no na makahiki 10, he 310 kope, kikoo mai keia i ka makemakika ano ma
ka mahele ana i ka 310, ia 310 deviations lawe a makou makemake i ka wa, a me
ka kekahi papa kuhikuhiE Hawaii me deviations mau mea hooholo.
Ano, o ka papa kuni i ke priori ia, no ka mea, mawaho o ka aha loli hou He
moolelo o ka mahana o Ianuari, ua ulu mai ka 1 a hiki i 31 la ma ke kanawai, makou
apo ai i ka complication o accidental Ganges me ka maoli kumu ana o kela la i keia
ike, lawe oiai ikaika i na kanawai maoli hoololi i ka hookolokolo 'ana o ka nui o ka
makana kanawai e hookoe'. Indes ke hiki pono i na hoololi ana i kela la i keia ana
wela i ka ia i kauoha i ka malama, ma ka pono holomua, e hele mai e ku ei ka awelika
ka nui o n loli hou He moolelo o kanaka i kela la mahanauuku iloko o ka
mooolelo i mea e loko i ka Random Kanawai considerably; Hehe, ka ia,aole ho'ki,
aka, wale hoopilikia precisely. Aka, he oi nui makee kupu mai ka mea ianookoa
mai ka loio holomua pono hookahi malama, ma na wahi e haawi aku i ka
meteorological olelo o ka pono moekahi 'la i kekahi dependency maluna o kekahi i
kekahi, i mea ole i hoakaka ia iloko o na kanawai o ka iho. Ma ke 'ano laul, oi
mehana, di Aloha ma luna o ka waiwai kualapa waena mahana o Ianuari e ku ana, a
oi aku ke anu, di Aloha ma lalo iho o ka ia e haule l i loko o ka lalani, a hooko aku i
ka hoololi ukali ia e kekahi i ka kekahi, aole e lele koke i kl a me na koko hookahi,
aka, ma ka gradual piiana ae i ka kekahi kiekie, ma luna o ka waiwai oaio, a mai
ke ala aka, hiki ole ke hele loa, hou haule i ka haahaa kiekie, a ma lalo o ka
waiwai oaio, koe wale no ka mea aole ka pololei, periodicity iloko o keia hoololi ma
waena o pii aku ana, a me ka io na la ka mea i nanaia. Like me na mea a pau i ike ia.
Ole periodic loli.
No ka mea, o keia wale no mea pono e hana i ka kilo a pau aia no he loa na mea
mea, ua like hoomaopopoia o na koi ana o ka maemae wale no na hihia e like me ka
ole-manao o keia mau hihia. I ua, huki kahua Skona lotteries eaaaony no ka nui o na
makahiki, ma kahi o ka lanakila helu ma ka aoao e like me lakou i hele mai i waho,
kakauia. Ina anywhere, maanei wale Radio kona maemae'wili. Denoting Ano, i ke
ahiahi helu me ka +, ke lai me ka -, ae Track i ka nui o na huapalapala, ma ka helu
nui o successive iiaaau helu, makou loaa, mai ka oko ao uuku ku i'paha
contingencies, e like me na kaina, o'like huapalapala e like me ka haawi ana o
kaiewaewa. Aka, ia makou e hana maikai, me ka + hihia, a - hihia ma lalo iho o
kekahi o ka totality o na hihia waiwai oaio ma meteorological la papa, a ma mua o
hooholo i ka nui o na Episode ma luna o ke kuai, hoike o ka nuu, mai na kanawai o

ka paha ke kaumaha ma muli o ka Kime Pookela meteorological kela la i keia

Hawaii. Aka hou, ina kakou lawe mua designation o Kime Pookela lottery helu kl
oi i ka helu ma ka hahai ana i ka +, kekahi palemo o ka hahai ana ma lalo iho o ka
mua a me - K, makou loaa i ka alualu, ma ka nui helu helu ( 'Aohe wai iau,
mai'paha contingencies) i ka helu o ka loli palua nui e like me ka mea o ka
hopena; aka, ia makou e hana e like me ka me ka i 'ae' kupono o ka successive
meteorological kela la i keia ikepili, ka nui o ka loli haule mamao ua nele hoi i palua
ka nui o na Episode hoi, ka lua maopopo i ke ala a me ka hina ana o ka
meteorological Hawaii mai ka la aku ia la, aole ia i hoolohe i ka purely moolelo
kaulele Kanawai , Ka mea, ke hooholo 'ia a me intensifies keia hookolokolo' ana, I
suggestive wale no Ano, e hoi aku i ia mea i loko o kekahi ma hope mokuna, ma
reacting i na deviations o ia mau kanawai o ke gula paha, ka mea pololei wale no ka
mea mana loa ka m pili, ma'paha contingencies i mooolelo, no hoi, ma ka finite ano
o ka m -dependent paha a me ka awelika deviations mai ka mmala'lelo o ke
kanawai hooholo i ka mea e hiki ai e kau iluna formulas, ma ka mea.
Mai ka ma-hohonu, hookolokolo 'i mai iau e haawi aku 4) ia, oiai ka
meteorological Hawaii Pookela la o ka ia o ka malama, e hoike mai i ka hoakaka
ano o ka dependency eminently, a hiki i ka malama deviations o successive makahiki
o ka a pau, aole loa hoi ana'ku, ina ua lakou pela nawaliwali a hoike iki hooholo e
loaai ka wa hoohana 'ana i ka mea aole nui ka pioloke o ka poe Random kanawai
aeia; ae aka, he mea hewaio unquestionably e hike ana i keia mea he pelapela a
me ka nui noii ma ka 'oihana iaoai? hoohana' ana i ia mau ana hoohlike i loko o ka
pono o ka meteorology ia iho, e like me kau i lilo kekahi hapa i kahi i noho wale ma
ka uku kuala o ia nei, heaha ano K.- G. ma na mea a pau e pono no ka ho'o a me ka
noi o purely moolelo kaulele kanawai.
4)

[I keia hopena, ma ka XXIII. Mok. Haawi hoike.]

Ia manawa ua nui, e hoailona oukou ia ia ma kaaoao mua paleia'ku ia translucent

manawa kpono Random Kanawai ma meteorological Hawaii, ae hike ana i ka
dependence o keano oleloia e kekahi i kekahi i ka pili, hiki ke hoihoi hou ia i loko o
ka w pino a pau ma nui loa ka m ka dependence klana lauwili a hiki randomly ,
E ka wehewehe o ia mea ai ka ipu me ka mana keokeo, a meeleele ua mea
poepoe nei, a ua hoailono aku la i ka poe a hoopili like aku ai kakou i ka deviation
nui like 'ole o ka haawi mai ka papa kuhikuhiE Hawaii, ma ka ke ala i ka nui o
kaatikala o kela a me keia o kia mauano kala o ka nui o kaatikala o ka lakou mau
deviation loina i ola no purely Random kanawai hoopili like. No laila, i loko o ka
hihia o symmetrical probability i Gauss 'kanawai he e pili ana i deviations mai ka
makemakika hemolele, ma ka hihia o asymmetric probability ko kakou hope
besprechendes poe nui kanawai ma keia ano; ua maikai ma keokeo ua mea poepoe
nei, ua hike mai i ia io deviations maeleele ua mea poepoe nei. Hana ano o kona
kulana he hailona o na Loko i ka moolelo kaulele mai keia ipu, a laila, na kala i
unuhiia ma ko lkou mau kumu kanawai, ke kaawale mai ka, no ka mea, ka mea

wale no finite helu o na Loko Ka manawa i koe,'paha contingencies, ho pono

ia. Aka, oia, e hoi ia i ka hihia, ina elua, ekolu a oi ua mea poepoe nei, a ua kokoke ia
i kekahi i kekahi, ma ko lakou Hawaii, ina paha ma kekahi mau rula a me ia, tuko
pu, a ia lakou i hiki ai ke huki mai wale p; wale no he nui loa o Loko, he nui ka m , e
like me ia e loaa i like ka maikai panai ai i na kanawai ma ka nnau, e like me ka mea
a ka ina me kolohe ua mea poepoe nei.
O papa, i ka ninau o ka mea i hoi ia mea me ka meteorological kela la Hawaii ma
ka analogy, aole e noonoo ia e keia analogy e like me ka noho, e hoike wale ia ia ke
malama o hiki mai hele lakou iho. Ak, (78 Lettres p.) 'Aole wale k ke
QUETELET'sche kumu hoohlike me ka m = 310 (ma ka ike maopopo makemake
no ka nele o ke kilo la 309) i ka wa hookolokolo aku la ia ma ka puunaue ano o
kona mau ano pono ia ke ano, aka, me thermal a me barometric examples me ka hiki
nui ka m , ka mea au iho ma ka mahele e holo (XXVII ike. Mok.), e olelo ana no ka
ia i ka mea a lakou e hiki ke manaoia i pololei ia ma ka liilii loa i ka mea aole wale
no makou e ao ana, aka hoi, no meteorology o ka hoihoi hoonee 'ia paha e
ia. Quetelet ia ia iho i ole ia i ka ninau.
21. Incidentally, he kupono no aka, he meteorological hoohlike ai, e olelo oe ke
ku mai, i ka mea a kaatikala o ka lehulehu kanaka hihia, me ka nele o ka dependence
ma ka successive hihia o ka ai pili aku i kekahi i kekahi. Ma ka Bibliothque
universelle de Ka Genve (Archives Des sciences i lawa ke listen naturelles) hiki ke
loaa ma kela a me keia Monatshefte ka meteorological papaaina no ka mea,
Geneva 5) , a mawaena o na kolamu, i pili i ka wela, barometers, etc., no hoi i ke kia
ao i ke poomanao, 'o; "Eau tombe a hiki mai 'o Les 24 heures" ua haawi mai ai, e
hoike ana i ka nui o ka wai haule iloko o millimeters no kela l i hiki mai ai o ka pili
o ka malama, i ka pili makahiki. Ano, nae, hahai mau na pulu e like me ka maloo l
i loko o ka lalani, aka, - a oia ka mea nui ia kakou, a me ka mea a ka Analog aole loa
ia pela me ka successive thermal a barometric kela la i keia Hawaii - a pau i loaa
maloko o ka ua hookolo ua kiekie o successive l kumakaia, aole nui ke kaumaha
ma muli o kekahi i kekahi. I ka mea, e hiki ua ike i ka mea superficial , i ka ua
kiekie o ka pili kolamu E kuapo i ka mea ole, a pinepine nana e hoole hahai i ka
formidable kiekie ua hookahi la, he loa ka ia la ae paha. Aka, o ka decisive ololi i
loko o ka lakou mau aoao, he ko makou luna elua ana hoohlike; a he mea
kamahao, ka mea a na hualoaa lakou e haawi aku e pili ana i ke ano maopopo ma
mua i kela wahi kiekie e like me ka ua maluna o ka thermal a me ka barometric kela
la i keia Hawaii, e like me kekahi hope (Mok. XXIII) e loaa n palapala.
5)

kekahi,ano me ka hoonaniia ka papaaina, no ka mea meteorological wahi i ku

ai maluna o St. Bernard.
Au i nolaila, aole e minamina mai iau i ka ppilikia, ka 'ikepili i loaa ma loko o ka
Geneva Pai o ka Geneva ua kiekie o na hoiliili ana, ma ka mea a lakou i hiki aku lawe
aku, a ua hana e like me ka mahina he 12 12 oihana a pau, kela mea keia mea me ka
maopopo e hana K .-G. ho. Keia n like. B. like me na kope he o Ianuari, aole wale

no a pau ua kiekie (undisputed ka hapanui mai maule iho la ka hau), ka mea i

hanaia i ka January malama, aka, ka mea i lawe wahi i January malama no na
makahiki ma ka mea a ka ua kiekie ua hahai, lawe pu, a pela i ka loa nui, no kela a
me keia malama ka m loaa. Ano, e pono e i keia ho'o pono ua make hewa no ko
makou hana, no ka mea, aole i pau i ka priori hiki olelo i ka ua kiekie loa ia i ka
hookahi hoi o ka makana kanawai hookui e like me Hokoana loa Kalevari ana &, a
pela aku..; aka, ma ka mea ku ole, he mea waiwai i ka mea a ka ua wahi kiekie a me
n Ana o ke gale i pena la hoolako i n wale no mea i hahai kakou plki hoi o ka
makana kanawai ke hooiaio resoundingly, ma ka weliweli asymmetry ao kona hule
i ka papa kuhikuhiE n loina oko nui, ma ka pili ma i ka papa kuhikuhiE n loina loa
ikaika awelika oko hoolako, pela ka applicability o ka makemakika o ka lapaau
pakele (s. Mok. XXI, XXVI, a me XXVII, a). A unquestionably ka mea, he hana ka
hoihoi i loko o ka mea no ka nui loa na mea e like me ka pena Ana a me ka ua kiekie i
definite a me ka oukou haawi aku kanawai, e like me makou, e loaa e huki ai, waiho i
ka pu.
Loa e hiki aoao, aia no kekahi hihia o meteorological kela la i keia aiee o like
succession kuokoa, e hoohana i kia pokole kau, e like me ka hemolele ua kiekie,
ka mea i oi aku, e lawe i ka pilina, i ka wa ia i ke kkoo 'precipitate me ka empirical
n moolelo o ko kkou hookolokolo' ana, a me ua holo pololei ana mai Quetelet ia
ia iho i kona poe ponoi i loko o kou manao, o ka papa, aole cogent ano, e lilo ia i
mea ala e hiki mai hoi kekahi mau manawa ma ou nei ma luna. O lakou ka ikapaia, likeole Diurnes o Quetelet, a Quetelet ma kona Lettres p. 174 ff., Me papa
p. 408-411 ka mea, nae, au iau iho ma o ka Cape. XXVII kokoke e kkau manao
ma luna o ia mea; maanei, aka, wale no ke ano o ka ia ka mua hoolaha, ae hoopaa ia
me ka mahalo aku i ke kahe o ke Kuokoa iloko o ka maka.
Ka mea, ua olelo maluna, a Quetelet wela a pau la, i kela la i manao (no ka mea,
Palukela) e like me ka mea ma waena o k mkou a me ka palena iki ka mahana, a
me keia mau ma 10 makahiki o kela a me keia malama. O ka likeole o kia mau
mahana, e like me ko lakou mau kikowaena i ka l mahana pili, ua Ano, i ka mea a
Quetelet " oko diurne " kelepona '(diurnal oko a). Eia kekahi, eoiaio n e
hoomaopopo i kia deviation o na la elua ihola o kela a me keia nui a me liilii ma ka
ia kaulana mahana ma waena, pela ka ia la mahana, e lilo ia i mea, aole e pono i ke
succession e hoike ana i ke ao mahana ma ka likeole Diurnes ai e pono. I mea, i ka ia
la mahana, no ka mea, Laana, he 10 , e ala e like me ka mea a 9,5 a me 10,5 , 8
a me 12 , i ka 5 a me 15 , ka mea likeole resp. o 1 , 4 , 10 ua; Ae, ina ka
mahana e noho ia a eia ma ka l hookahi, pl lkou i hiki n e like me kiekie, a
haahaa, a me ka mea oko a ina e akaole. Pehea Ano Quetelet i ka wela o ka la, ua
hahai kela a me keia malama, ma he 10 makahiki o ia i kekahi e like me kope o K.G. hiki lawelawe, i ka AYEIE likeole Diurnes kahi i kekahi ke ike kope o kekahi K.G .. Oiai Quetelet i ka likeole Diurnes aole hana kikaw no ka mea, i n l a pau o
kela malama, ka mea e koi 'ia n papa o ka weliweli? Aiey, me ka haawi i ka manawa
kpono o concise huluulu manao, aka, he p. 410, kahi 411 papa, kahi kl me kia
malama, oia ka nui o na manawa iloko o 10 makahiki i ka oko a diurne ma waena o 0
a me 1 , ma waena o 1 a me 2 , ua like ia ma waena o 2 a me 3 pela aku,

pokole hoemiia w mawaena papa maloko o ka manao ko kakou w e hiki mai

(VIII) mokuna.
Ina, e like me ka hoomaopopo maluna, na likeole Diurnes ikeia e like me ko
lakou nui me ka nui loa ka nn 'ole i ka nui o ka moe ana mawaena o lakou i kela la i
keia mahana, nolaila, ke papa succession ona, aole pono i ke kaana like, e like me ia
i kekahi kuleana pili i ka he e hoole aku paha i na papa o ka poe malama oko
Diurnes i ka wa a ka m, hoike aku i ka meailikai, no kela a me keia malama ma
waena o 282 (February) a me 309 i 310 (Ianuali, a me Augate), he pela mau papa, a
me ia ka maikai like me ka ole i pololei ia kanawai asymmetrical hoi o ka makana, e
like me kekahi me kekahi succession dependence aneane e kali; aka hike i ko
Quetelet p. 78 hawi papa i ka l mahana o Iulai like me ka AYEIE papaaina o
n likeole Diurnes p. 411, i ka papa o ka like, a me ka ewaewa ole mau ma na papa,
no ia mea, mahope iho o ka mua kkkk rula, o keia papaaina e pono keia mau
mea a me ka hookamaia o ke Kuokoa ke Honolulu, ma ke ano i ka mea e hanaia e ia
makou.
22. Hele aku la, me ka hahai nui loina:
Nui, aole au e kuhikuhi ai K.-G. hiki no ka mea, nui pono i ka m, oa kaawale
mai'paha contingencies i hiki ai kona palekana mai ka noho hoao ana i ko kakou
mau kanawai, e like me improprieties a me abnormalities, mea aka, i poe, ua kaawale,
e kii einwurf kaawale. Na abnormalities ua, e like me kakou e ike nei, o nano
likeole, a me ke ana i ka validity o ke kanawai i loa naano likeole, a he okoa degere
aloha ia. He mea hiki ke manaoia ma lalo o ka nui mana o na Kane, e hooholo i ke
kanawai o keia mau abnormalities, a he theoretical noonoo o ka hooiaio kuhi hewaole ka waiwai o ka makana kanawai, kekahi hapa e hiki ke hana empirically, o ka poe
hope, ma ka waa ala. Koke hiki ioe ke Track i ka pomaikai o abnormalities i ka
hanana examples oe iho ka mea e kaumaha ana i ka ike maopopo; Ka lua, a me keia
manao mai iau i ka manawa hookahi hou hoohua mai oukou, a me ka pana o ke
mua alanui a me zuzuziehende ala oe e hiki artificially? Ieoaeunoai hoi o ka makana
Panel me haawiia mai hehee wale, ka mea pono like loa me ka flawless hoi o ka
makana na kanawai, alaila, e hoouka i keia a me kela abnormality iloko o ia mea, a
me ka pomaikai ma o na aiee o hoonee hehee wale, a me ko lakou mau lki. ona.
Eia ka mea, he mahinaai o ke kuka nei lakou i hai mua, I ka ua mea e pili ana i ka
ua no ka ramified hana, na ka lki. O K.-G. kau ma luna o ke ano o ka flawlessness,
i ole hana nui iho la ia.
Ma kela mahalo loa flawless me ka nui ka m hiki hewa i loko o ka nui loa pono e
loaa ka apuepue, a nolaila, he mea i loko o na mea i loaa ia empirischerseits a me ka
noho hoao ana o ka kumu kanawai o K.-G. ua manaoia, heokoa i na deviations mai
ka maikai loio hoi o ka makana ia lki no ka finiteness o ka m o ka nui, a i
deviations ma muli o ka nele o ka hook 'ana i n props a pkole no ka defectiveness
like palapala i keia manawa e like me ia ihola ka loko i lawa ka haiki palena ma ka
mea, aole i ka validity o ka hookumuia n paepae Kanawai a hiki i hoala mai i na
mea pohihihi e pili ana i ke ala a i ka pilikino manao, e mau lilo ia i kekahi dala o ke
leeway. Ka ai, a me na kumu a pau o na deviations aie i ka finite ano o ka m , e like

me ma muli o ka nui o ka 'olelo , e like me ua hoopau muli o insufficient hook' ana

i n props, I hea aku ma keia hope aku, koe nae ka ua hoohana printouts kahua, he
maamau a maikai, e like me ka loihi o ko lakou wale no ma ka ike maopopo ana ma
approximations.
Incidentally, ke ike nei kakou, mai Vorigem kahi no ka mea, Kane, me ka hiki ia
lakou e manao mai ka ii aku ai ma ka kakaina nui i ka kiko' ao, ka pilikia ka mea e
loaa ia mea i loko o ko lkou mau noi e loa loea hualoaa. He nui na kumu, e like me
ka physiology, a he psychophysics ma keia manao; aka, he like holomua. Malie, he
waiho i ka pono o na mea a pau keia mau ana e like me ka uku, aka, hiki e kipaku aku
i ka mlama 'ia hoi i loko o au mamuli a hiki i hiki, ka lua e alakai i ka nui
regularities.
23. O ka mua manao pili props, a me ka ai e lawe ma ka hookolokolo 'K.G. mea e lawa pono ia; aka, aia no hoi props, i mea e like me ka hookolokolo
'ana. Ka puunaue papa hiki e hoouka kekahi ma oi aku a emi pono, a viable ano i ka
mea ma ka Mok. VII a VIII llii ua olelo mai. Ka inevitable hewa i hana 'ia i loko o
ke ana o specimens; pono e mailuilu kupono e hiki ole lai ia 'ae i loko o ka
hookolokolo' ana i na Kanawai, a me ke ana pololei ua mea nui e aku i kipaku i
mamao i ka hewa o keia hoopunipuni ana e hiki ai e ka manawalea aku i ka poe Kane
deviations. Iloko o na ana, o na oihana i hike ma ka mea kaupaona kamailioana e,
e noho malie puunaueia ma ka olelo; a me keia mea pono ole loa i ua pili ia i ka piha
a me ka hapa pauku, ka mea au i kapa aku i ka hewa o ka nonuniform olelo, a me ka
mea au ano he kumu hoohlike bez. na Hokoana Ana a me ka puniu wale ana ma
Mok. VII Kaua Wale. Ia hewa e hiki e detrimental i ka pololei hooholo o ka hehee
wale, a he mea no ia e ku e ana ka inaina aku ai e noho, a me kahi makana, e hana ia
ma ka ka ho'miana kpono e like me ka hewa ole e like me ka hiki, i ka mea a ka
w e hiki mai hoolako hou details. I ka wa o ka nui o ka ai e lawe Ana kuhihewa i
loko o ke ana wale ai 'ole kona i hoopaa' ia, uaoi aku ko lkou hiki wawe ka loaa,
a me ka mea paha, aole i kekahi 'ano, la lakou io pale aku, e like me ka mea ana palua
i kuokoa o kekahi i kekahi, hiki ka pana i I hiki i ka wa ana i ka rai; aka, mai ka
hana, e ka palua ana, he mea e hiki ole ke hoomaopopo mai i keia. A oi aku paakik
ka mea, he mea ia e pale aku i ka ho omaulia hewa o keia hoopunipuni hana i
kaohiohi i ka nui o na dala ana no ka hoomaopopo ana i na kumu, a me ka noho
hoao kanawai; a ma ka liilii e pili ana i kela a me keia hana, a nui hookk, aole e
hookoe mai i ka hooponopono ana ma ka hana hou ana i ka olelo.
Ke ano nui, ua e hooholo i na hehee wale palekana a me ka unsafe aoao, a me ka
papa, i ka preferable mua no ka hoon; aka, e like me ka wa pau ole, approximations
wale i ka maikai aiee o na kumu, he ole, pela ia i lilo ai he uuku lanakila ma keia
manao,
aole
ia ilahele
mai i ke kokua noonoo ana ia manawa i haawi iki emi
Contribuu
a millorar
traducci
palekana ala, a pl, mai ka mea hiki omaka o ke hoomaopopo, oia ka aka, e
preferable, ina he mea lawa, ka hopena o ka mea a oukou i ma ka naau, aole hoi e
olelo i kupono maluhia. Astronomical pololei a me ka maluhia hiki Ano, e hiki iloko
o keia hihia, aole ia e hook, a malia paha ka mea hiki ole loa ma ka futile koi, he
makemake e loaa ai ia, aka, i ka hookolokolo 'ana.

Text original

V. Gaussian kanawai o Random deviations (kilo hewa o keia

hoopunipuni) a me kona mau generalizations.
24. A mahope iho o GAUSS 1) ke Kumukanawai o ka pela-kapaia, kilo kuhihewa,
oa ka Random deviations o ke kilo 'o ia hoi, i ole wale hookpaa theoretically, aka,
no ka mea, mai BESSEL 2) Ua maopopo i ka Astronomical ike empirically, hiki
keana i ia mea, Ua pili wale no , i keia kanawai ma ka Random deviations o na
kope he hookahi K.-G. o ko lakou makemakika ke ano o A, pela ka e ho'li e pili
ana i ia mea e like me ia e loaa i ka like no ke kilo kuhihewa,, pela e loaa ia 'o ia hoi
ke knwai e' ae i pili i ka empirical hooholo o ka makemakika hemolele, a me ka
papa kuhikuhiE palena pau waiwai i ka e like me ka mea kaulana deviation = :
m, e hooholo i ka pau o ka makana o K.- G. ma ka nui a me ka helu, di aloha e
hooholo i ka olelo o ka huina helu ka m (holoholo ana keia mea, aole he uuku) kope i
kekahi nui palena o deviation mai ka uuku ana.
1)

[Theoria motus corporum Coelestium, 1809. o Liba. II, noloko mai. III. - Theoria
combinationis observationum erroribus minnimis obnoxiae; Commentationes
societ. reg. Scient. Gtting. Alex. : Vol V., i ka makahiki 1823.] 2) [Fundamenta
astronomiae, 1818; Aoao. II.]
Ano, ia makou, ua i loko o ka hana ana o ke kanawai nui no hoi o ka makana no ka
mea, K.-G. e loaa, ma kekahi hihia o ke GAUSS kanawai (pkole GG), e hele aku, ua
pinepine ae la oia mai hou i keia, a he mea hoi i loko o kekahi i kaupalena 'ia K.G. loaa aneane kpono, wale hope he oi aku ka nui Kanawai waiho i ka ike, a eia ka
mea e kakaina ia maluna o keia kanawai. Oihana astronomers a me na physicists,
nae ka mea, ua mua ike a me kama'ina, ma ka helu ana i ka hana ma ka
hoomaopopo ana i hoi i mlama 'o ia hoi paha hewa aie i ka mea hookahi; aka, I
mea e lawe i na koikoi a hanohano o ka mea heluhelu, a me na hana o ke kanawai, a
nolaila, makemake nei au e hele ai, aole i unuhiia mai ka unpopular integral olelo o
ke kanawai, mai ka oluolu e hoomaopopo tabular printouts mai, i mea ia e hiki ai e
unuhiia, a no ka mea, he mea hiki utilization na wahi a Hehe e ia. Hope mai (.
Chapter XVII) e hoi e ai i ka ia i loko o n n mea hike aku o kona integral
printouts; no ka mea, ano, i ka eia e lawa.
He aha ka mea i oleloia ma ke kanawai, ua nui na oihana mua o ia i loko o ka, 4,
ana i ka manao; ka mea hookahi Aka, e like me ka hiki i ka wa pau ole i ke kanawai,
oia, ka pilina i ka manao e hele loa aku ka nui o na loina, a no ia deviations, mamuli
o ka mea ka mea, ua nn,ia i kekahi. E Ano kkkk kkou i ka ia, a hiki i kona
noi i Kane deviations. Malalo iho o ka Aha-elele, 10, ka nui i kona hiki e pili ana
i A me , a me me , ua nana e hoole. aka, ia makou e noho maanei me ka
mau kumu, he.
25. O ka nui manao o ke kanawai, ua hiki i GAUSS ia ma luna i ke kamailio,
holoholo symmetrical probability o deviations bez. ka makemakika ke ano o A , a me
ka nui, ikaika olelo ana, mana loa ka m i ka mea a ka derivative o A moe ma ka lalo,
ka hoahanau a loa ka helu o na deviations , a ma keia ke deviating kekahi e
hooholo i ka mea i kkau 'ia ma waena o ka haawi deviation palena, me ka noonoo

ana i keia hoolako' hiki ke empirically hoololi e'paha contingencies hou pela ka
uuku ke derivation o ka hp'pnphp ka m , a keia kaka m oia i keia mau deviations ia
lakou iho: 3) pkole ka GG, he kanawai no hoi o ka makana o deviations, a ma keia
ke deviating i lalo o ka luna kanawai.
3)

Ua hiki no hoi ia i ka hihia hiki i ke A o ka mea nui ka m ua loko, aka, ua

hookolokoloia wale no ka hoi o ka makana ia lki no kekahi poe he uuku o na oko,
aka, I Huluulu Manao maanei mai o keia ka makou i uuku panee, lua pele hihia.
Pela no oe i ka nui developmental K.-G. akau, ka mea satisfies ka ii aku ai ma ka
mokuna props, loaa ia lakou he, bemerktermaen me ka ka makemakika manao e
hoohiki, kope A= kekahi, o M e holo ana, i ka olelo a me ka io deviations na
kanaka i kekahi o A lawe ae mai ka huina o me ka nnole i kona hoailona, oa o
ko lakou mau lung cia, o ka mea = : o m huki, pela no oukou ia mea i ho'kka
mua haawiia mai ka pela, i kapaia o na mea awelika deviation bez .. a, e like me ia
hoi, ke deviation par nei pili.
26. I mea mua e kahaki i ke noi ana o ke kanawai, i kona hoakaka ana no kekahi
hihia, oia ia e loaa, i ka nui o na deviations i mai A ai, di Aloha o = 0 iluna i ke kali
deviation = 0,25 papa koa , ai ole ia, i ka mea objectively ka mea, i ko : =
0 i : = 0,25 ua lawa, pela he mea ia i heluia, no ka papa, i mea e hiki ai e unuhiia
i ka GG, ua like no 15,81 p. C. ka huina helu ka m paha = 0,1581 ka m , a me ka
proviso i ka helu ma naoaoelua o A , ua hahai mai a hiki i ka hookahi mokuna, a
summed no naoaoelua. No ka mea, i na deviation palena e like me : = 0,25
no ka papaaina kekahi pili deviation helu; aka, o makou mua wehewehe i ka mua
hooholo o ka phaku puna hoohlike.
Manao makou he 10,000 Hokoana nona ia A , a me hooholo mua = 71,7
'niha, ka hope = 2.0 iniha loaa (e like me ka mea pili i ka nahehin Leipzig haumna
Hokoana loa), no ia mea, ke GG makemake no ka holoholo, pili, 1581 Hokoana ma
waena o kekahi + 0,25 kekahi lima, a me ka - 0,25 haule ma kekahi lima, di aloha
71,2 e 72,2 iniha. E ka kaupalena 'ia ka hewa o keia hoopunipuni iloko o ka e like me
mamua , e ka mea hookahi o = 0 ka mea hookahi no, e like me 0.5 lawe,
nolaila, : = 0.5, a laila, e like me ka papaaina o ke kanawai, i ka nui o na mai
o = 0 i e hele i naoaoelua i ka manawa hookahi hiki deviations, a nolaila, okoa
Hawaii kekahi, 'o ia hoi, ka helu 70,7 ai 72,7 iniha, 31,01 p. C. ka huina helu a
0,3101 ka m , niioaaonoaaiii. A pela no ka mea, ua like me ke kanawai i ka hoolako
'ia no kekahi waiwai : like me ka kali aku ai i ka mea hookahi o : helu = 0,
komo. Ma keia manao, aka, aole i hiki Hawaii : e? Aaeno me ka pili pakeneka a
ka lki. Ma ka papaaina o ke kanawai, hookahi loaa ka poe lawe equidistant, a pela
kokoke i loko o ka papa lawa hana e hiki interpolate ma waena o lkou. Ka papaaina
Ano, aole lakou he oiaio, aole i loko o ka lawa no ka pololei interpolation wahi, e ka
mea a oukou e hoopili aku i ka nui loa papa, ak, lawa no ka mea, o ka naauao, a me
ke Socialize welau a maanei o kia hui kk. A I ike nei au i kapa aku ai i na

huahelu e like me 0,1581, a me 0,3101 pokole ka lki., A me , e hookohu 'ia, a

me [ : ], ina, e like me ia i ka papaaina kia, e like me ka hana ana
o : hike nei. Ma ka hoonui loa i ka lki me ka huina helu m, pokole ka
m , hookahi loaa n alii e kpae helu o : = 0 iluna i ka haawiia mai
kali : . Conversely loaa ka wa n alii e kpae helu ma waena o kia mau palena,
ua ikeia, o ka lki ma ka mahele ana i ka piha i ka m.

27. [ : ] papaaina, a pkole papa o GAUSS Kanawai.

:

[:]

[:]

0.00

0,0000

2,75

.9718

0,25

1581

3,00

9833

0,50

3101

3.25

9905

0,75

4504

3,50

9948

1,00

5751

3,75

9972

1,25

6814

4.00

9986

1,50

7686

4,25

9993

1,75

8374

4,50

9997

2,00

8895

4,75

9998

2.25

9274

5.00

9999

2.50

9539

5,25

1,0000

Ma keia papaaina, ua angegebenermaen ka lki. mau ma ka auoiaea o : =

0 iluna i ka haawiia mai kali : manao. Aka, ma ka pono ka lki. No ka
mea,anuu ma waena o 'elua' okoa : ma luna o n deviations mai A e loaa, e
olelo aku ma waena o : = , a me : = , ua lawe wale i ka unuhi o ka
like aiee, oa [ . ] - [ ] e lawe, a nui i kapaia, ka mea, no ka mea, laana,
e like me ka mua papaaina no ka w mawaena waena. : = 0,25 a me : = 1,00
me ka [1,00 i 0 , 25] e e koho lki 0,5751 - 0.1581 0.4170 = a pau. Ka hahai
papaaina loaa n ' aiee no ka ia nui, pono pili kekahi i kekahianuu ma waena o
successive : o ka mea mua ma ka papa aina, mai kinohi mai.
papa o GAUSS Kanawai

Successive
likeanuu ma
waena o

Successive ia

anuu ma waena
o
:

0.00 i 0,25

.1581

2,75 e 3,00

0,0115

0,25 e 0,50

1520

3,00 i 3.25

0072

0,50 e 0,75

1403

3.25 i 3,50

0043

0,75 e 1,00

1247

3,50 e 3,75

0024

1,00 e 1,25

1063

3,75 i 4.00

0014

1,25 e 1,50

0872

4.00 i 4,25

0007

1,50 e 1,75

0688

4,25 e 4,50

0004

1,75 e 2,00

0521

4,50 e 4,75

0001

2,00 i 2.25

0379

4,75 i 5.00

0001

2.25 no 2.50

0265

5.00 i 5,25

0001

2.50 i 2,75

0179

No hoi, keia mau helu no ka huina helu ka m e hoonuiia e loaa i ka loa helu o
nanuu ma ka nnau.
I hookohu 'ia o ka : o papaaina i mau : . = 0 loko mai o ke kali mua,
pokole e like me Lim, ka mea iikeia i loko o Hawaii uuku o Lim Family. ka
proportionate helu i Lim Family. hele aneane proportional. O ia oe e hele i ka oi
loa papaaina, e like me ka mea i hike maanei me ka Lim Family. iho i lalo
0,25, a hiki hou pili i ka proportionality i kahi, ka. ma infinitesimal Hawaii o ka Lim
Family hiki ke nn e like me na. mea i hano hou i ka nui cia Lim Family. ka
proportionality ninau loa ke aloha; a me ka hope o ia mea i loko o ka papa ka
lki o na huahelu , i ka mua o ka successive likeanuu ma waena o ka Lim
Family. pau, ua kokoke ka ia; nei e ku e ia ma ka mea i oi aku hulimahi, pkole lawe
aku hoomaka koke i ka hou kekahi e hele ma; e like me ka mea no ka mea, e
likeanuu o : 0 ai 0,25; 0,75 i 1.0; 3.0 i 3.25 a pela na loina ( resp 0,1581 ;.
0,1247, 0,0072 dala etc.
28. I mea e Loiloi i ka validity a me applicability o ka XIX. Law ma ka
empiricism mea ia e hoi hou mai, i hookahi; elue symmetrical W. ae
deviations bez. A moe ma ka lalo ia e holoholo i ka nui, ikaika olelo ana, aloha ka
m no kela ma maikaiaoao i like ka mea e manaoia ma kaaoao io; a me ka
lki. a me ka , ua like me ka olelo o ke W. o kaatikala o na kope i ai i ka
hawi palena o ka deviation mai A Honolulu, ai ole ia, i haawiia maianuu o keia

deviation.
Keia ano n manawa bemerktermaen i hookaawale ia e hoowahwah ke kumu
validity o ke kanawai ma lalo o ka ea keia e like me ia i oi aku a emi empirical
deviations ana mai kona mau koi, no ka mea, o ke ano o ka mana loa ka m he
empirically, aole e hlwai; a he hiki nolaila, deviations mai kona mau koi, ua wale
no ka poe i ku e mai i ka ia kuleana e like me ka magnification o ka m , aole ia e
kkua i ka lawe i keia mau deviations nalowale pili, pkole wale insofar e like me
lakou, aole i'paha contingencies no ka finiteness o ka m hiki ke kulai, ka mea, aole
e nele i ka clues ka poe e kkkk ma ko lakou mau wahi. Aka, makou e hele mua i
ka hopena o ke kanawai ma lalo o ka assumption ia mea, he fundamentally i pololei
ia mahope.
Ma ka mua ' e like me ka lki a me ka loa helu M ae mai, ma na loina
: hilinai nui, la lakou Hahai I i ka na aoao elua. Ina o keia ka mea i hana wale
aku i kekahiaoao, a ma ka ea symmetrical W. piha nui, e lilo ia iae kela a me keia
aoao hapalua ka nui iluna, e kau palena, e like me he mea i ukali no na aoao a elua i
ka ia deviation palena. Aka, mahope mai o ka huina helu o na aoao elua, a me ka nui,
ikaika olelo ana, mana loa ka m e ma ka ia symmetrical W. ka m hoemi, koe,
mahope iho o ka GG ia e ppilikia, ka lki. O kela a me keia aoao, kekahi me
kekahi. a me , ua like ia me ka huina lki , ak, i ka unilateral loa lelo
m ka m , e lawe mai ma hope o ke GG no ka hapalua like nunui e like me
ka reciprocal helu m i ka palena .
Empirically ana k ka like o ka manao lokahi piha loa i ka mea ia palena ma muli o
ka'paha coincidences, aole i; ak,o ka GG Huluulu Manao precisely mai keia
mau contingencies, a me kuhi i ka hihia ma kahi o ka unuhi ka m '- ka m , =
Liliu i ka m nalo. He mea Nolaila, e ka hewa, ina oukou i ka i ka ho omaulia
o ' like ': m + ' a no ka poe o , ua like ia , : ka m , e lawe, aka, no ka
mea, ' a me , e hoi e like me ka he ka totality e ppilikia waiwai = : o
M hoohana ia, mai ole ia ia ke kanawai symmetric W., oia no ke kumu o ka XIX. Law
e contradictory loaa likeole deviation na kii ma na aoao a elua i ka ia deviation
palena. No hoi Quetelet i keia ole hui me kona mau papa ke kapakai olelo ma ka GG,
a me kilo. Anders papa kahi i asymmetric W. deviations bez. A ninoieo, e like me ka
mea hoi i ka hihia i loko o Kane deviations, kahi a ka XIX. Law, ua pili i na mea a
pau, me ka hou loli wale ia e kk mai; aka, mamua o na mea a pau, he mea nae e
hoomaka mai he olelo hooholo GG iho, a pela makou i hahai kona hopena nae hou.
Mai ka mlama '-statutory symmetrical W . The bez. A ano, penei oi pono i ke
kikowaena cia C, rel. ao ka heluana o ka hoop aku deviations kkou, nui no ka
makemakika mawaena o A, bez. i ka huina o ka manao lokahi deviation ua like,
coincident, oa ia laua hiki oko wale ma'paha contingencies o keia la. No ka mea, ina
ma hope o symmetrical W. no kela olelo ma ka kekahi lima i like ka mea e
manaoia ma kekahi lima, he mea pono e manao i ka mea hookahi dala no hoi hookahi
helu o na deviations i naoaoelua. N nae, he mea i ke koi ana'ku o ka mana
symmetrical W . Ke unuhi ? U = ( ka m - ka m , ) ma waena o ka nui o ka maikai

a me ka io deviations me ka hooulu m + hou a hou nalo ole, ma o ka piha nui o

ka u, aka, o kona pili ka huina helu m, di aloha Liliu: ka m e hai aku no ka mea, no
one a hiki i ka ikeia kanawai o ka manawa ma ka hoonee aku i ka m me ka olelo o
ke
kanu, ua nui, aka, ku e ka m nalo i ka nui, ke nui ka m ua, a ma mana loa ka
m nalo. It no hoi i koe i ka piha Wachstume o One ma ke klana o ka
vague
kuhikuhi ana o ka like ole o ka hoon.
E holoholo i ka validity o ka GG no hoi ka densest waiwai D me ka nui loa
me A coincident, ukali ma ka maka o ka - Papa mai ka mea i ka nui o na likeole, a
nolaila, okoa Hawaii i ka i naoaoelua, no ka mea iaanuu, ua oi aku ke kokoke
nanuu o ka a hiki mai ana, i ka mea nui loa i loko i a iho e pili, a me ka ia
hulinaanuu ma waena o lkou, pehea uuku oukou i lawe i keia.
29. A mahope iho o keia ka olelo i ka papaaina o ke GG mea, aole e paa ana ma
ia mea, no ka palena ma waena o ka mea e ka hoike e hooholo i na oihana o ka
noonoo ole awelika wahahee. Ma ka mau papa ma procedural kai
mamua : Aka :
a : w, 4) koho i ka mea a na papa e like me ka mea
maluna, ua nele hoi i iau e like me i koho papaaina, a, e nana aku kakou, i ka
mea e hoakaka ia kumu i loko o ka w e hiki mai ai e hana palapala noi aho i ka papa
e pili ana i :
mamua o ka mea maluna hoino. : lalau. a mai kekahi :
ana me na kapaia, pl n wau ia i kekahi e T pokole ka Related
papaaina T- kahea papaaina, a me ka holo k kkala papaaina hui 183rd Mai i ka
kinohi mai ia papahana no ka mea, i excerpt pela;

,t

[Halau
]

0.00

0,0000

0,25

.2763

0 , 50 .5205
0,75 0,7112
a pela aku
4)

[Oia, ma ka hewa o keia hoopunipuni paha makou e pili papaaina hiki ke loaa ma
ka pau 'ana o ka Pelelina astronomer. Yearbook 1834 (hooponoponoia e Encke.) E
like me ka papaaina II; excerpts e e hoomaopopo 'ia i loko o 108th]

Incidentally, ia i ka papaaina loa e like me ka hooko ana me ke - e

hoohana papaaina, e like me au e wehewehe i ka hana maluna, kahi e A =

71,7, = 2.0 iniha, ua ea ae.Mamua o na mea a pau, he mea me , di Aloha

mahuahua 1,77245, 3,5449, a ua hala ae nei i loaa i ka , t - papa IAOEIAaO ka helu
o: , a mai keia wahi aku i ka pili ma waena oA a + 0.25 3,5449 a - 0,25 3,5449,
di Aloha ma waena o 71,7 + 0,25 3,5449, a me 71,7 - he 0,25 3,5449, pokole mai
72,5862 ai 70,8138, = 0 , 2763 ka m loaa.
Ke kumu ka mea, aole kakou i loko o ka w e hiki mai ai ke e malama i ka
papaaina i ka mea ia easiest Track, he mea ka papaaina i loko o ka AYEIE
manao e like me ka 'ole papa a loihi, aole hoi e ike nei, a nolaila wale no ka simplest
hoakaka, o ka papa o ka auoiaea ua lawe ia ala, ina lakou vorlge hana wale no
pono e kaumaha aku ai, hoonui loa me

e hookoe wahi.

A holo Halau - papaaina aka, hiki ke loaa i loko o okoa wahi, no ka mea, laana
ma ka pau 'ana o ka Pelelina astronomer .. Yearbook 1834 ma Quetelet ka Lettres
Sura la ia thorie o ka probab. p. 389 flg., Ua pono wale e T = holo 2,00. Hana, e
kau kauoha e ku ana, lithographed papaaina e ka mea hou aka, ma ka pookela, oia
ka hooko a hiki i na = 3,00 me ka 7 decimals no ka mea, 5) . I ka luna aina aka,
ma ou nei, ma interpolation me ka lua oko, mai ka 'ole i papaaina, a hiki i kia mea
i loaa ia, a ppilikia pololei no ka mea, he kiekie loina.

5)

[A AYEIE papaaina coextensive loaa i loko o A. Meyer, hai'lelo ma

probability kumumanao (German hooponoponoia e Czuber), Leipzig 1879, pp 545549, kahi na ma ka UAIAaIN. Aie i ka mea aumeume i hoomaopopo 'ia ai hoohui
183, ma ka Philosophical Haawina (hooponoponoia. By Wundt), Volume IX, o P
147-150, he ppilikia pai mua papaaina i loko o ka mea a ke kuleana pili i n
loina hoopokole ia 4 decimals, n manao hoopii k' na resp. . , nae, o ia mai 3
kekimala wahi ma waena o n palena 0 a me 1,51. A papa o like me ka? Aiey elimahuahelu kuleana pili i n loina hiki ke loaa no hoi ma o ka i paiiai. - O ka papaaina
mua o keia ano keia ano, e ka mea e hiki ai ke i ke kaila e like me he kumu pono i
keia mau papa i KRAMP ppilikia na integrals o ka exp, - t dt o finite
HawaiiHalau e T = malaila, a me na logarithms o keia mau integrals. E nn i "Ka
Ikepili o Refractions astronomiques listen terrestres"; par Le citoyen KRAMP,
Strasbourg, l'i VII, p. 195-206.]

30. A mahope iho o keia kau e hele aku ai i na kumu i manao e hele aku i loko o
Kane deviations ma luna o ka poe noonoo GG, e like me ka mea mua wehewehe.
Mai Gauss hiki ka mea, aole kanawai no ka like deviations, e like me deviations o
na kanaka specimen 'Oiaio , he mai ko lakou makemakika hemolele, aka,
bemerkter- a me ka ike no ka mana kuhihewa, e like me deviations o ka poe kanaka
ae nn mau aiee o kekahi mea waiho mai i ko lakou makemakika hemolele; a iloko
iho he ole emi malalo o ka hooponopono-akaka ai ka transferability o ke kanawai o

ka hope i ka mua ai wahi. In mea, ka mea, mai ka outset mea loa okoa, e loaa
deviations ma ke alo o ia, a ua loaa no i ka nele i ka oi o ke ana kani, a me keano, a
me kaulele mawaho haunaele ma hai ana o ka hookahi mea mai ka makemakika
mawaena o na ana, a me na deviations i na mea he nui i ka kope o K.-G. kaumaha
mai ko lakou makemakika manao no ia mau kumu i loko o ke ano o na mea ia lakou
iho, a ua waiho i alakai ai mawaho ana. He mea no hoi, ma aole o ia hoi, he
prioriwnana ia ano iloko o keia mau deviations mai ka 'O ia hoi, ke kanawai o ke
kilo hewa o keia hoopunipuni hahai, aka, he wale, he pololei ninaninau o ka ia K.-G. i
hana.
Ia manawa, e like me oukou eaaei ike mai ka outset i ka nui ka m e like me ia i like
deviations bez. A e like me kilo hewa, i ka nui o na likeole no ka waiwai iloko o ke
kikowaena o ka puunaue panel, he i k mkou, mai laila mai, aka, no ka poe ihola i
ua mau emi, ka mea nui ka m , oia hoi ma-mua aole kanawai e like me Gauss, i ka
mea i exploring i puunaue kanawai no K.-G. hiki manao, he mea maoli ia lakou i
akaaka malu ka oi aku i keia ho'o. O Hokoana Ana i ka mua hoopii mai ai, a (me ka
hoi o umauma a me ka lung nona iho ana o Hokoana), mai kekahi mamao aku i ka
wale kekahi i ka mea a ke kanawai i ho'o.
Keia nunui kapakahi (mai Quetelet, BODIO, Gould, Elliott a paha kekahi) 6) E
kaha makau i lawe mai maluna o Hokoana Ana o okoa aina Ano, ua initially na wahi i
hooiaioia mai ke kanawai e hoolako, ma ka deviations mai na olelo o ke kanawai
uuku lawaikeia i wale e like me insignificantly e pili i ka hoakaka hana; a he
kokekau wale validity i ka GG ma ka liilii no ka mea, Hokoana Ana, wale, aole no
nui mamua, ua mua manaoio, e hiki ia makou keae, e like me kau i manao wau
kekahi e noho pilikia Revison o ka mua e pili ana i ka hookolokolo ', kekahi hapa ma
kona mau Ka Ikepili a hiki i ili mai vielzahliger Rekrutenmatafeln, ka mea hoi ka
mea, he mau K.- G., ma ka mea a ka alodio GG hiki loa, nae, aole lakou e hana i ka
generalization o keia kanawai, ua lawa.
6)

[BODIO, La taille Des recrues em Italie; Ann. de na dmographie internally Paris

1878. Gould, hookolokolo 'ana i ma ke koa, a me anthropological' ikepili helu
oAmelika koa. United States Sanitory Comission memoirs. New York 1869. Elliott,
ma ka koa 'ikepili helu o ka Amerika Huipuia. Pelelina 1863.]
In mea, nae, hiki ke hoomakaukau e kou, ua kkoo akula pilikino hoolako i ka
penei elua mea nui o ke Hawaii a mau loa hoolilo he mea hiki ole mai ka outset, ka
mea GG, he mau validity no K.-G. concede. O ka mua, oia keia 7) :
7)

[i ka lua o ka. 34, a me 35.]

31. Ina ka GG e nui pili i like deviations, a laila, e na hopena mai ka presupposed
ma ka ia symmetrical W. deviations bez. A i waho mai, hookupaa i ka nui, ka mea
aole loa ia pela, a ina aole he kakaikahi iwaena o Hokoana akahai, a me kekahi mea

ke noho maopopo no i superficial ninaninau ina'paha randomness a me ka nele o ka

hooko ana o ka requisites aie ia ia, aka, na mea e presumption pakele i ka hooholo i
ka wa i nui symmetry o deviations me ka mahalo i a e like me ka ano o K.-G , ke
Honolulu. I ka mea, ua Quetelet i loko o kona "Lettres Surao thorie o probabilits"
p. 166 kaulana i loko o kekahi K.-G. i ka likeole o ka loa deviations U
' , U , naoao bez. A ikaika a me ka statutory ikaika, ma na mea e ae he io, e like
me ka mea hana maalahi me ka symmetrical probability; a he mau mea nei ma luna
o ii aku ai ma ka mahalo ana o kekahi koi ana o ka symmetrical W. mamua ike i kona
hookolokolo 'ana i ka mea i loko o kekahi K.-G. ka deviation kii bez. A di Aloha ka
m ^ a me ka m , aole wale ikaika a me ka loio, aka hoi e oi aku i ka'paha
coincidences hiki ke wehewehe, oko kekahi i kekahi. Ka mea, ua 'elua mahope iho o
Quetelet ka hoike e like me kou hoao ana i ke kaumaha ma muli o ka' ano o K.-G. i
ka likeole o ka U ' a me ka U , ai ole ia, i ka likeole o ka m ^ a me ka m , i keia, a
me ka mea e olelo hooko ole; A oiai ia aku i ka nui, e like me ka waiwai e hiki ke
manao ia ma muli o ka'paha he ulia pakalaki, no hoi o ke kuhikuhi ano o kekahi a
me kekahi ano o K.-G. ka mea.
Ano, kahea aku au ia mea e like me ka asymmetry i ka wa a ka deviation ma waena
o na mea a pau, U ' a me U , a me ka m a me ka m , ua; aka, e like me ka mea i
oluolu no ka nalowale i'paha contingencies mai, pela ua nui asymmetry ma mua o
ka mea hiki ole ke i kalele iho maluna o'paha contingencies, e hookoaia ka politikanui a accidental asymmetry e like me ia, ka mea hiki ke hana la e hilinai aku maluna
o.
Empirically, ua hui ka nui asymmetry, aia ma kahi o ia nei, me ka mau moolelo
kaulele, no ka oukou mau finite ka m mea e hana i ka mea a ka poe kalele iho, aka, e
like me ka kalele iho o ka nui asymmetry koena unuhi i loko o ka lki. O ka m, ka
poe e kaukai moolelo kaulele wale no ma na kanawai o ka
ulu, nalo i ka hope
cia ku e kahiko aku no ka nui ka m ulu, ae komo i ka kalele nui asymmetry ai i ka
purer, ka nui ka m oia, a ua hiki no hoi e manao e like me ka hiona nui asymmetry i
ka wa i ka hihia o ka nui ka m oko loaa ma waena o U a me U , a me ka m a me ka
m , me ka hou enlargement e like me mamua me ke koe. Ma na helehelena, aka, ia
kakou e ma hope 8) e hele mai, i hana ia mea unquestionable i ka wahi o K.-G. i mau
kahu ai i ka assumption wale moolelo kaulele asymmetry.
8)

[uku pnai. i like ko Mok. XII "kumu no kekahi nui asymmetry".]

32. Pono mua ia ll hope o kekahi papa hana.

1) He mea e manao wale ai iloko o ka asymmetry, a me kahi a lakou e ike ponoia
nui wale i kna hana a pau o ka GG, ke kaumaha ma muli o ka 'ano o K.-G. e ike i
kekahi ano, a me kekahi, i ka hookomo ia i kekahi makemakika kanawai e
formulated.

2) He hiki ke manao ia ka nui validity o ka XIX. Law no ka mea, nui deviations

mai ka makemakika olelo aka, koe ka rula, o na hihia, nae, i kahi mea, aole i pili, e
manao e like me 'ia, mea paha i hoomaka ai' ole n assignable ma lalo o ka Nn '1)
aka, o ke koa wale i pololei ia, malalo o na kanawai, mamua o ka GAUSS.
3) No ka deviation ma waena o U ' ao U , e like me ma waena o ka m a me ka
m , no ka mea, i haawiia mai ka m , insofar ka mea hilinai nui ma lula' asymmetry,
ke kaumaha ma muli o ka 'ano o K.-G. okoa nui a me keia i ka nui asymmetry hiki
ke lawe okoa degere, pela no e hiki ai i ka nui symmetry, kahi ia i, e like me ka nui o
kia mau hihia o ka hulina hiki i na degere haule nui a nayce n asymmetry, kahi o ke
degere o ka ia e iho iole, a hiki i manao ka mea i loko o ke aupuni o K.-G. ka nui
asymmetry i loko o ka nui hihia i loko o kona mau degere likeole ke manao wale e
lula 'symmetry aka, wale no, he hana hihia o, i ka wa e ll i na mea a pau, ma na
mea a pau ikaika, e hiki wale ke manao e like me ka loaa kekahi hihia, aka, i waena
o ka manaano hiki degere o asymmetry, ka huina nalowale he infinitely uuku W., ka
mea aole i hookaawale ia e ka nawaliwali degere o ka asymmetry, ka mea hiki e
empirically hiki wawe ka pioloke me ka wale no ma ka'paha coincidences pilikia,
kpono kou symmetry, ua oi aku paha mamua o ka ikaika i elude i ka manawa
kpono o ia ka hewa , No keia manao, aka, e manao wale, i mea hoi e haawi i ka
henua pololei no ka nui hihia i kanawai nui ka mea wale no i ka nui o kia mau hihia
kupono i ka GG i ka asymmetric W. hele i loko o symmetrical.
Ka mea o keia mau mea ekolu koho, a oi loa aku hoi, ina kekahi o ka poe mua elua,
i ka poe wale no ka hoololi 'ana o kekahi i kekahi, ai ole ia, i ke kolu o ka oi pololei,
alaila, i hiki ia hooholo ole aku Koi, aka, he kekahi o lkou koke i ka olelo hooholo
ina he generalization ka GG i ka w pino o ka lula 'asymmetry e like me ka mea
mau loina ma i ka mea i loko no o ka nui o kia mau hihia o ka nui symmetry, he
maoli hiki, lua, ina ka kpono empirical ho'o K.-G. i ka mea a na props i maopopo'
ma ka mokuna mua i ka pela derivable kanawai maoli hui. Ua hana au i ka
hookolokolo 'ana ma naoaoelua, a me n nnau hiki e mai la iloko o ka
affirmative me ka maikai Hanalei Moon pu i ka pono o ke kolu o ka hihia o ka inoa
no kekahi papa. Aka, o keia no ka papa n ka manao theoretical a me ka empirical
haawina, ka mea hiki ole komo ka manawa hookahi, a ma loko o nei, aka, hahai
mokuna koe ke koena, a me ka mua wale ma ke ano maoli, kau e hoomaopopo ai i
ka nui kahua theoretical hookolokolo 'ana i loko o ka XIX. MOKUNA, na n papaha
mohai aku ma ke empirical kumu i ke alo o ka lula 'asymmetry maoli e like me ka
mea mau hihia, ma na wahi o K.-G. e ike ina, ma ka XII. MOKUNA na. Mua, nae,
he mea paha ia i ka panee, ina au i ke kumu kue o ka generalization o ka XIX. Law o
ka symmetric i asymmetric W., ana mai symmetric i asymmetric hoi o ka makana i
nui ka m, pu hookomo i ka mea mai iau i ka hoohui p 'ia o ka kumumanao o ka
empiricism ua alakai, maanei provisionally beweislos , a eia nae au i hoomanao i
keia mau hoakaka ia no kekahi mau manawa e lawe mai hoi pomaikai i manaoia i
mau kanawai kuikawa no ka asymmetric W. a hawi malalo o kikaw hua'lelo,
like penei, ma na kanawai, ma ka mea o oukou e hiki, e hoomaonaia oukou i na
manawa a pau, aole he lula 'proportionate oko o K.-G , kahi ( 9) ana no i ke ano, oia
ke ala e kikoo aku i ka hou generalization i ka mahalo o ka mea ma hope ana au i ke,

ka mea, aole ia i alakai aka ai i ka hewa, aka, wale tighten i keia mau kanawai.
33. O keia mau kanawai kuikawa no ka mea nui, o ka mua ekolu, a pau n loa
makaukau maanei, aka, hahai mai ka makemakika elue o Kane solidarity
asymmetry ma ka paiapili, e like me ia i ka XIX. E hoike mokuna. Ka poe i koe, ua
hapa pono ahuwale corollaries a pau, kekahi hapa mathematically e ho oholo mai
lakou, e like me ka hoi ike hope.
I mau kanawai kuikawa me ka nui loa asymmetric hoi o ka makana no ka K.G. i ole oi aku ka ikaika proportionate oko ona.
1) hoomaka kanawai . Na deviations ua paa ma ka makemakika mawaena o A o
ka poe ma ka hihia o ka nui asymmetry no hoi kekahi, mai A deviating densest
Hawaii D hiki ke manaoia e mau loa comprehensible i lalo i ka mea rula, a no ka
loaa i ka hana kpono o ka makana, he rula mea, i ka w pino i ka nui asymmetry
nalo, kahi T me ka nui loa me acoincide,o hou i ka rula o ka XIX kanawai.
2) elua-kolamu Gaussian kanawai . Ka puunaue ana o na deviations bez: D hahai,
ma ka pokole, i kela a me keia o na aoao elua, i pau ka ia rula, e like me me ka
symmetrical W. bez. A aeia, ua hahai. Ia ia ll wale nei ma kahi o ka
m, , = : ka m bez. A positiverseits ka m ', ', '= ': m , io
lima ka m , , , , , = , : ka m , . bezD: ua i keia noonoo malie ka ia papa,
i ka papaaina, a me k papa, no ka mea, o ka puunaue ana o invoice ma hope o kl
me kiaaoao maopopo pono, e like me ka ka ho omaulia mahope iho o ka GG me
symmetrical W. bez. a e pili me Keoklani, no na aoao elua , We ano e puku i loko
o ka manao o ka 10 lawe Kuikahi i ka oihana designations ka m ^ , ka
m , , ', , , , , nna i hana. kekahi papa kuhikuhiE Hawaii nei,
ma ka m ^ , ka m , , " , , , e ' , aloha , ke ole ka mea, ua pili ia D ka mea, he
mea e kekahi i ka olelo a me ka io proportionate deviation kii ' a me , , a me ka
loa nui ka m a me , ka m , , pela ' a me ka , , ' ka m ^ a me
ka , ka m , klaoao ma ka hana o keia mau designations ma.
3) Like kanawai . Ka manao lokahi deviation nui ka m ^ , ka m , bez. ka
densest waiwai e hookanaka e like me ka noonoo ole awelike deviations E
' , aloha , , di Aloha e like me : m. a me , : ka m , bez: D , pela
.
o ka mea a ka poe penei, he corollaries.
a) na mika phoonui lua o ka manao lokahi deviation kii, di Aloha ka m ^ 2 , ka
m , 2 hana naauao e like me ka manao lokahi deviation puu ' , , pela;
ka m ' 2 : ka m , 2 = ' : , .
b) The densest waiwai D , e hooponoponoia ia mea, e like me ka waiwai, hlwai
ka manao lokahi deviation kii, a me awelika deviations na kanawai o ka like ana. Ae,
Ke manao nei au pela, ano laul, e olelo ana, no ka mea, o kona ole i ka pono, aka,

pololei manao ano, ae haawi ma hope (Chapter XI) ma i ka mea i holo. Brevity, ua
like ka proportional wela, a pela kekahi D , i ka wa hoi e pono ke papa hike 'ana i
hoolako' ia 'ano me D pa , ua haawiia. Keia D pa hiki alaila, me ka empirically
hooholo pono D , di Aloha i na loina ma luna o ka poe i k mkou helu Z , e
hoohalike Falls ma ka puunaue panel, a mai ka mea ia ia i keia manawa deviates wale
iloko o na palena o ka zuzugestehenden maopopo, o kekahi o ka poe hoike loaa no ka
validity o ko kakou asymmetric legality.
4) O ka loihi kanawai . Ka mamao ma waena o ka papa kuhikuhiE n loina ekolu
manao ma keia aoao. I ka m "oia ka huina helu, " ka huina dala, e ka "= " ka
m " , o na mea hoohana C a A (whichever no ka mamao o ka C a A noii ana ma ka
D) equilateral deviations bez: D , oa mea i ka aoao hookahi o D opio, mahope iho o
ka mea C paha a dista paha, o keia paha ia i kaaoao 'oluolu' ole io, nae, o ka Index
o elua dashes i loaa i ka pili manao no ka scalene Hawaii iho i loaa ma lalo 131;
C - D = T "e ka"

kahi , t " ka waiwai o na mea, i loko o ka papa o na i

.
Koke ia no "Eia:

he waiwai proportional i na Kanawai 2 "E" e like me ka hoike ana ma 131, e hiki

no hoi ka mea ia oukou i;
,
E like me keia, A - C e like me ke koena unuhi o ka mua mamao elua:
A - C = ( A - D ) - ( C - D ) = (2 - Halau

) e ka ,

kahi "a me na" ua hooholo i loko o ke ano i hike.

5) ka -Gesetze . No ka mea, ka mea maamau 'ia hihia i ka mamao o C , mai D ,
he uuku (ikaika e olelo ana infinitesimal) e like me ka mea kaulana
deviation E' ole E , i kaaoao i ka mea C o D dista i pokole e " i, hookahi i
markedly:

. Kaawale mai'paha contingencies a me na abnormalities nona ma Chap Ua manaoia

IV, ai keia mau hoahanau, e like me na mea a pau like maanei Kanawai e hoololi, e
keia mau olelo pololei pili keia ina ( C - D ) 2 : 3 E 2 e ku e 1 loa hiki ke malama
ole, loa pela C - D uuku hoohlike au e ka " . Insofar aka, o keia nalowale aka, aole i
hiki maopopo i wahi, ua ka luna oihana o D , C, a ae pani resp nae :.
.
kahi ka mea, he maikai waiwai i aku i 1 ka liilii hulimahi.
Ka theoretically derivable ana i proportionate holoholo uuku o C - D ku e ka " o ka
waiwai

He kokekau wale = = e lilo 0,78540, e pili ana i ke Aupuni, ma ka mea loaa ia ia

iho empirically, ka mea ma ko hoiaio n ia o ko kakou asymmetric hoi o ka
makana na kanawai, a me ka waiwai o ka pa no ia mea, oia no ka w e hiki mai oi loa
' i loko o n papa o n kumu ia e ou' ikamu ma ka aoao o ka approximation olaila e
noho hoomaopopo ana. An mau mea, nolaila, aole au e ao aku ma ka rula, ma
ka kumumanao o ka mea e, e like me ka hoomaopopo maluna, he trifle nui mamua
o i waho mai loko mai o n ho'o ma, aka, o keia liilii theoretical overweight
hiki wale ke outbid e'paha contingencies, a pela oia i (mahope iho o ka hiki kiko'
proportional manao paa o D e like me D pa ) i loko o ka lawe mai ka mea like
mahinaai K.-G. i hiki ke ao ma ka pili ana i ka validity o ka poe maluna kanawai
(puniu wale ana, Hokoana akahai, botanical, meteorological ana), pl n i loko o ka
ka ho'miana mauanuu, a me hoemi papa o ka puunaue papa ma waena o 0,6 a me
0,9 loaa.
Ma kahi o ka pa , e malama, oe hiki no hoi e kelepona i ka na mau - hoopaa
hana, ke ole ia no ka ka poe uuku lki, ka mea A - C ia C - D a loa e ku e ia D - A , o
keia na helehelena i oi aku ka lki. I 'paha contingencies hiki ke loli.
Mai ke kolu o ka - helu kaulike, a
.
hiki ke ho oholo i ka loa mea ala, D He kokekau wale i kekahi ala e hooholo ma ke
ala empirical a proportional, i ka mea e, mamuli o A a me C ua hooholo no ke
kaawale ana o keia Do C 3,66 manawa nui, pii p e like me ka mamao mai
ka a o C ua loaa mai nei. Koke kakou ke pela hooholo D waiwai e like
me D K. - , i keia ai, ua oi ole ke kaila aku ia mea i kekahi waiwai; hoi koe nae
ka laborious manao paa o D e like me D P , aole hoi kekahi kpa mea ala loa
kokekau wale hooholo e like pela. D wau , ma ke kauoha, ka mea ma Kap.XI.ana au i
ke.

E lawe e kii He kokekau wale wale no, pololei o Ka hooholo 'ana o ka mamao ka
pili ma ekolu, oe ia ia e hele hou aku i ka kiko' aiee o ka ekolu mamao iho, a ua
heluia ma lalo iho o ka mamao kanawai, e like me ka mea:
.
.

O keia ka lki. He mau palena ma waena o ka mea a lakou i hoopili aku, i ka mua o
ka mea a ka hihia ka m ^ = ka m " , di Aloha ka hihia o nalo koke asymmetry,
kahi = 1 hoopili like; i ka lua o ka hihia kahi ka m ^ , i ka m " vanishingly uuku,
ma keia hope = 0 e hiki ke kau. Keia mea no ka mea,
1.Grenze: 2.Grenze:

= P 0,7
8540 0,84535
0,21460 0,15465
3,65979 5,46609.
Ka waiwai o ka pa e hiki no ia maamau, aole uhi ia e 0,78540, a aole ala 0,84535.
6) Location kanawai . The Central waiwai C , a me ka makemakika mawaena
o A moe aku ka aoao hookahi o ka densest loina D mai, a ma kaaoao o C ma waena
o A a me D kulu (s. 134).
7) e hoole i ke kanawai . : Ka asymmetry o na deviations bez D . Ua ka e ku pono
hailona ma mua o n deviations bez A , di Aloha, ina ka m '- ka m , bez: A (di
Aloha ' - , ) ua maikai; pela hoi ka m '- ka m , bez. D (di Aloha ka m ' - ka
m , ) (: ike 134 o) he io, a me ka hope versa. Eia, i ka likeole o ka loa deviations
bez. A , di Aloha U '- U , , ka mea ku pono ana i hailona e like me ka likeole o ka
deviation kii, di Aloha Liliu = ' - , (s . 142).
8) The loa Kanawai . [Ina o ka nui o na luna resp. lalo D wahahee deviations like
pu ia me ka m ' pakahi, ka m , pela ka probability o:

komo kia mau mea:

U ' = te'
ka lihi waiwai o ke keena deviation luna. E like me ka W., oia ka mea i:
U,=k, e,
ka lihi o ka lalo deviation, ua like ia me:
,
Mahope aku nei hoi, oia no ka paha waiwai o ke keena resp. lalo loa deviation like ai:
resp.

I ka wa Halau ' a me t, a ma muli hoi o ka T aina mai:

resp.
e hooponoponoia ia mea. (Uku pnai. Mok. XX)] 9)
9)

[Ma kaah like brackets, e like me ia ma ka "ka mua loina," Ua oleloia, i mea
lewa a me ka hooponopono lewa hike 'ia.]
Kaawale mai ka Eigenbetriebsgesetze 5) a loa Kanawai 8), ka mea au i aie wale i
ka kumumanao, aka, mahope, ua hoao empirically hoi, ua loaa i ka mua kanawai ma
ou nei mua purely empirically i ka mea a mau kanawai no hoi kekahi empirical
validity i hoohana ma luna o n mea a pau kumumanao hiki no kuu kaumaha a ku
lima ke lawe mai paulele no ka mea, pela coincident kumumanao. Makehewa, a
papa ia oukou e na maka hooholo o ka iniiaiie, interspersed me ka nui paewaewa
Panel i kekahi pala- pala hooholo o ka D ka waiwai, a me ka Pili p ana me ia n
loina, a me nn ana i ke kaha o ka mua Kanawai e loaa; pela no ka mea, aole ia e ke
kkkk pehea e hele i ka hana ma kpono ka ho'miana, a me interpolation o ka
puunaue Panel.
34. papa i oleloia i ka mua kanawai no ka hihia, aole i ikaika proportionate oko o
K.-G. (Iloko o ka manao o ka 9) hiki ke noonoo pono, me ka ikaika proportionate
oko aka, he hou generalization o ka GG noi. Ano hoi ke koho i ka mea e hiki mai i
keia mea, a pehea e lawe i keia generalization.
Ka G G. hiki i ka mana ma na mea maoli ia ka m e wale he kokekau wale ke
kanawai, a ua hiki wale hai aku ai ma Gauss no ka 10) ; no ka mea, oia ka nui o na
deviations mai A i naoaoelua i kali, aka, wale leie aku ka W. o na deviations me
ka hooulu nui ia mea emi hou a nui. N nae, ia ihola ke kumu e noonoo ai, ina na
deviations o A i loko o io ?? eoi? Oi aku mamua o A e lilo ia iho, i kaokoa n
loina i , ua emi iho malalo oole, i mea hiki ole. No laila, i ka GG ke lawe mai i ke
outset aole hoomau loa e paa, nae noho i pololei ia me ka approximation nui no ka
hihia kahi a ka discrepancies i koe mai ka makemakika hemolele, ma ka liilii loa,
ma ka helu nui, ma ka Nearby a me ka loa uuku awelika. Ak,o ka mea i loko o keia

pili ana, e like me ia i ka hopena maikai deviations o A pili i ka GG maemae, he aole

emi oiaio o ka io deviations bez. D a me ka poe mua generalization a me keia
modifying ka XIX. Law, a malaila ua K.-G. kahi ka pili oko a ma waena o D he nui i
ka meaaole lawa me ka rula mua o ka generalization.
10)

Theoria motus corporum Coelestium. O Liba. II., Noloko mai. III. artic. 178.
Theoria combinationis observ. kikowaena. minim. obnoxiae; Pars mamua, oe. 17; 'Ia
ka manao. societ. Gtting. Alex. Vol. V.
Ma hope o keia mea he generalization o ka GG no applicability ke K.-G. e
maopopo elua kuhikuhi, a iloko o elua aoao: 1) ke ole like deviations i ke kilo hewa i
ke kaila symmetrical W. hoike e pili ana i ka makemakika olelo, i ka hihia o
asymmetry hiki ke manao e like me ka hou nui aka, o ka symmetry wale no e like me
ka hihia kuikawa mawaena o lakou iho ka hoomaopopo; 2) ke ole like deviations, ina
hoi e hoike mai i ka hapa nui o K.-G., aka, aole i pau i ke kilo hewa ka maamau
liilii pili oko a ma waena o ka nui n loina.
Mai ka K.-G. i ka mea a oukou e hana i ka generalization o ka GG, ma ka olelo
mua, aole wale mamao loa aku o lakou, aka, hoi nui pono o ka lawelawe ma mua o ka
poe i loko o ka mea hoi e pono i hou generalization ma ka lua e, e kuhikuhi ana ka
waiwai lepo, a me kkua ai i n ma mua mai i ka generalization ma ka lki mua, i ke
ki o ka rula o ka generalization i loko o ka lua, ao ke ano, o keia anticipation ua hana
nei Ano, aka, e haawi aku i ko makou noii ma na mea a pau i ka pono generality, ka
komo iloko o generalization iloko o ka lua, ao ke ano, o halawai mai ka outset elua,
ao ke ano, e haawi aku i ka manao o ka olelo e like me keia generalization e lilo e
puliki.
35. A hiki aku ka mea, ua i makou mau wale arithmetical discrepancies e pili ana
i kekahi papa kuhikuhi Hawaii ma ka naau, 'o ia hoi, ka mea hiki ke laweia e like
me ka maikai a me ka hopena maikai' oko o ia mea, a me ka pele, ua like me ka, e
hoi hou i hiki mai ai, maopopo ma deviations par. I kahea angegebenermaen nui me
ka . Aka, i kekahi mea ke hoi olelo o ka lki likeole i loko o ka haawi ka papa
kuhikuhi Hawaii, 'o ia hoi, kumu o ka mea i haawi mai poo kumu a mea cia H ua
kainuu iho, aole loa ia makou nui e hea mai ai. No laila, ina = a - H he
makemakika deviation he = i: H ka lki deviation, a me ko makou 'a
me , hoohanohano e like me maikai a me ka io makemakika deviations ke
kaumaha ma muli o ka > H a < H , makou hoomaopopo Eia ia ao ke ano a
me , e like me ka luna, a malalo lki deviations.
Oiai Ano alakai ilalo ikaika makemakika deviations mai i ka papa kuhikuhi
Hawaii i loko o io ma lalo o ka nui o ka poe kumu waiwai, a me keia e hiki ole, o
keia mea, aole ikaika haahaa hiohiona deviations mea e, e like me ka hiki ia lakou
e iho e like me, wale i ka loa uuku hapa aiee o ke poo kumu cia alakai i aka, e like
noho me ka maikai, e like me ka nui waiwai iho, i ka mea a lakou i hoohuli i; no ka
mea, io lki deviations he mea ole, aka, maikai wale i oi 1; a me ka poe i loaa (e

like me ka pono mahele) ka mea, aole ka mua waiho He aha manao ma ka mea a ka
puunaue kanawai i mea e kpa a ikaika fluctuating K.-G. iho a hiki wale i ka noho i
pili e like me ka weakly fluctuating, ma ka rula i na mea a pau ma mua o
makemakika deviations e referable i ka lki deviation.
aka, o keia makemakika, ao ke ano o ka empirical k iloko o ka e like me mamua.
he hewa o kilo nui e olelo ana, ma ka liilii loa e pili ana i ke ana o ka makahiki
lihi, kekahi kuokoa o ka nui o ka poe ana aela mea, ke ole ia hoi, me ka nui o ka
hookolo loli, e mele, complicate,; no ka mea, o ka papa, ke kilo hewa i loko o ana o
hookahi mile, e kela aku kona nui mamua o ka wa ana i ka wwae loa, aka, wale no
ka nui a me ka pu sedate hana n ana o ka poe kahiko; N nae, ke kilo hewa nui e
olelo ana i ka wa ana i ka kiekie ana wela a barometer ua aole oi aku mamua o ka
wa ana i ka haahaa.
E ku e lauwili K.-G. nui i nui loa ke kaumaha ma muli o ko lkou nui, ina o keia ka
mea i hoomaopopo ma loko o ka ano o ka penei examples. A nanao, no ka awelika o
ka uuku kanaka, a pela no hoi na deviations o ka poe kanakauku lele specimens mai
ka Centraluku lele, ua uuku wale no, wale no ka hapa iki o ka meakino nui
averaging, a me ka poe wale no likeole o ka mea uuku a nui loauku lele koe
uuku. Ka iole, he awelika nui nui ma mua o ka nanao, i ka lio, a me ka nui o ka nui o
ka iole, he laau maai ka cabbage hou, a anywhere he kpono i hoopuka mai. Na
deviations o na kanakaiole kope o ka wati waena iole, ua ma awelika oi aku mamua
o ka poe o ka lula ouku lele specimens mai, ke kikowaenauku lele a pela aku .. hoi e
hiki i keia dependence o ka awelika nui o ka likeole o ka awelika nui o ka pauku e i
ka p, a ma waho hoonohonoho hou ana ke kumu nui hoomaopopo i ka mea n mea
hou pale, ua hoohanaia e like me ka meauuku. Oiai ka Hawaii o ka 'atikala i ka
nanea nui a uuku me ka mea ia e haawi i ko ai ka huli ololi, ole; no hoi e hiki ke
'okoa ia no mawaho ololi hoololi ana. Pela hoi i mau proportionality o ka awelika
nui o ka deviation me ka awelika ka nui o na mea e manao, mai ka outset. Aka, ma
kekahi hihia koe i ka nui o na mea he nui ololi no ka nui o ko lakou mau loli, a he ko
lakou awelika nui maokoa K.-G. aole ka mea nui o na mea he purely proportional,
aka, koe loa kumuhana e ma ka ia ka mea noonoo ole hoi o ka makana kanawai o
likeole no kela mau i ka wa i haawiia mai ai ia ia oia e hahai i ka huli ololi, a me ka
accessibility makemake i pili deviations e like me ka makemakika haawiia keia
deviations.
36. mua, o ka papa, ke hele mai i ka manao e k' i ka poe' ae pilikia i ka GG i
kona ano, ua obtainable ma wale deviations i loaa ana e like me ka maikai a me ka
io oko ao, mai ko lakou puka mua cia, ma keia hope aku e hiki ole ana e like me
kekahi hihia ma lalo o ke kanawai i mea pili ia i pili deviations, a aole makou e imi i
ke kanawai e hele i ka hihia o ka nalo koke asymmetry a me ka nawaliwali
proportionate oko a ma ka GG, a me kona kumu o ka hoi o ka makana
reproduces. Aka, ua unuhi i ka lki deviations = i: H i loko o ko lkou mau
logarithms, haalele = haalele i - maukala H , kakou iki e like me plki
waiwai oko ao me ka e hookohu 'ia, a me ka hai aku;
1) i ka plki deviations = haalele i - maukala H i ke ano o ka

makemakika kaana like 'ana, hiki no ke manaoi hoopkole' e like me ka maikai

a me ka io oko ao mai i haawiia mai auoiaea cia, wale ia keia iho He plki,
aole H , aka, haalele H , ua;
2) e like me ka loihi e like me ka makemakikaokoa he kpa a uuku like me kona
papa kuhikuhiE waiwai, pela no ka kpa a uuku oko a ma waena o ka ia e kahi i
hike 'ia ma ka XIX. Law, na ka lki. O ka makemakikaokoa me ka poe o ka like
plki remarkably pahuhopu nei, i ka mea aole wale mathematically provable, aka
hoi empirically i na logarithms ua detectable ma ka hoohlikeana i ka oko o na
logarithms o ka hele p ana me na kii.
Pela makou makemake no hoi ma kpa a haahaa fluctuation o ka plki rula, e
like me de Ka mea pono zulnglichen ka, e hiki ai e hana me ka lanakila wale no ka
mea lanakila, me kpa a nawaliwali oko mea he uuku, e lilo ka pomaikai o ka
mahuahua ke kkoo 'ana, ka mea lawe i ka plki lapaau, nae, oia mlie manao
ma kpa a kiekie oko, e like me ka empirical hoike, e hahai; no ka mea, o ka papa,
me empirical hoike i mua hapai ana ke loa ikea wale e like me ke kkulu ma ka lewa
kuhiakau. I ka hoohana 'ana o ka plki hana ma empiricism aka, ua kia.
Man hoemi i na kanaka Ana haawiia i ke K.-G. ko lakou mau logarithms i
= haalele i kekahi , e nana ana ma ke ano hookahi me ia i loko o exploration o ka
densest waiwai D , maika hana i ka mea ma hope mai kekahi e pane, ka densest
waiwai o kekahi , i D wela, a, ma hope wehewehe kekahi, aole me ka log D e
hookahuli ai, e lawe mai i keia Hawaii D a plki deviations = i - D = haalele i
- D , ka mea e he maikai, a he io, e imi mai a hiki i kela a me keia aoao, ma nui, di
Aloha ' a , , i ka mea makemakika hemolele, a pl-kapa hapalua like-plki
deviations. e ', e , niioaaonoaaiii:
,

kahi m + ' a me ka m, me ka nui o ka maikai a me ka io deviations, aole e like me

ia e lilo i ka he o D, aka, o ka o D olelo, a laila e hooholo i ka puunaue ana o ka
plki deviations ', , ma kela a me keia aoao, i pau no hoi ka pili ana i e
ka , e , , ka m ^ , ka m , e like me zwiespltigem GG, e like me ka luna ( 33) ua
hike ma lalo 2), ke ole ia e ka ' ,aloha , , ka m ^ , m, maanei logarithmically ma
ke ano i hike, ma kahi o ka poe mua ua arithmetically paa.
Ma ka pili i ka plki deviations hoakaka hahai ma ka unuhi ia ma ka pili ana i ka
plki waiwai nui hoakaka no ka lki likeole, a me ko lakou mau papa kuhikuhiE
Hawaii, ka mea aole e lawe no ka mea, ano, e ka mea wehewehe noho puni malama
nou kekahi ma hope mokuna, i ka mea a pau a ka plki lapaau o K.-G. kokoke
hookipa (Mok. XXI).
Ma waho o ka plki densest loina D ke a laila, hoi ka plki mea e G e like
me i : ka m , oa e like me ka makemakika awelika o na logarithms
o kekahi, a me ka plki Media C , e like me ka waiwai o ka , ke oia nui o ka ai i

luna mawaena o lakou iho , hooholo.

Mai ka plki n loina ke lilo hou i n kii, ka mea e pili ana ia lakou, e like me ka
papa o na logarithms, kekahi, ae hookupaa aku i ho'kka olelo o ka mea hoi, aole
palaualelo, mai keia mau loina i ko lakou kaulana nui. Aie i keia ka i D like laul
waiwai me J i kapaia o densest lki waiwai i me ka nui i loko o ka ia e like mamao
mai ia mea a hiki i kela a me keia aoao hou cia kekahi , a pela i Amerika mamua, ma
ka like like mamao mai kekahi na kekahi.
Ka no ka mea, o ka plki Central Hawaii C like laul waiwai 'kau
arithmetically kekahi C ; no ka mea, ina he waiwai no kekahi , di Aloha C , ke oia
nui o ka ai i luna mawaena o lakou iho, pela no hoi i ka Olelo Kikeke Ma o C , di
Aloha C , ka nn 'ole i ka logarithms o kekahi, di Aloha hookahi dala he , maluna
iho a ma lalo iho.
Ka me G e hoohiki, ka mea e like me ka laul waiwai i G no, ho i ka geometric
mawaena o ka ho.
37. Pela kakou e hoomaopopo i ka hahai ekolu nui kanawai a rula, kela mea keia
mea o ka mea a ka poe mahope e like me ka generalization, a ma ia manawa puakai
ka keia e noonoo, a me ko lakou mau lula 'oko ao e noho maanei puu i pokole.
1) O ka maemae, alodio, mua Gauss 'kanawai a rula, no ka mea, o ke ano o ka
symmetrical probability o papalua makemakika deviations ' , , mai ka
makemakika uuku. Maanei, ke auoiaea mai ka makemakika hemolele A lawe,
hooholo ka manao lokahi deviations e like me ka makemakika, ke kaulana
deviation = : ka m no na aoao elua pu e like me ka puu hapa o ka huina o ka
manao lokahi deviations ma ka loa Hawaii, ma ka huina helu o ka poe pono, (ai ole
ma hope iho o ka ike hailula o ka huina o na kihikihio e like me ka ppilikia) a
mahope iho o na hooholo i ka puunaue papa. E hoike hoomaopopo i ka pilina o n
deviations A I puku i ka nui hua'lelo ka m , , ka , , .
2) O ka makemakika generalization o ka nou ana la o ka hao, no ka mea, o ke ano o
ka asymmetric W. deviations ' , , mai ka makemakika mea, nui pili i keano o n
degere o ka asymmetry, aka, wale lawa no ka mea, kpa a nawaliwali fluctuation
puni ka papa kuhikuhiE aiee e like me ka nui K .-G. no. Eia ka auoiaea o ka
makemakika densest loina D lawe mai ka dimensional n loina o ka loko ma hope
contemplative ano l1) , ua loaa, me mua i unuhiia iloko o logarithms. Ka manao
lokahi deviations ', , ua like me ka makemakika i naoaoelua o D kakau nui
ia ia, i ko lakou kaulana Hawaii ' = ': M " a , = , : ka
m , manao, a laila, no kl me kiaaoao ma ka nui o kia mau, o ka haawi aku e
like me ka elua-kolamu GG ( 33) mahope iho o ka holo ana o na ' = ': '
no ka
mea, maikai aoao o na , = , : ,
no ka mea, ioaoao i ka ole papa
hooholo. E hoike hoomaopopo i ka pilina o n likeole i loko o D I puku i ka nui
hua'lelo ka m , , ma ka m , , e ka.

11)

[S. Mok. XL]

3) O ka plki generalization o ke kanawai mua a rula, henua pololei no ka

asymmetry ana nui a ana nui pili oko a. Keia hope aku, ua pau hookahi dimensional
Hawaii i kalogarithms i = haalele i kekahi e lawe mea o ka densest waiwai D e
hooholo i ka plki deviations ', , e lawe ma na aoao elua, mai keia o ia hoi, ka
ia e ka ', E , e lawe a maluna o kekahi , D , ' , , , e' , aloha , pili i pili ai ma
mua i loko o ka mua, ka makemakika generalization i kekahi , D , ^, , , e
' , aloha , : mai ka plki n loina e hiki alaila, e hele mai i ka lki. e like me ia i
na logarithms pili i na kii.
Ano, e like me ka pololei ma ka rula ae nei au kamailio pu ana me wale i ka plki
generalization o ka GG, di Aloha 3); aka, he mea nui awkward e hoohana, a ma
kpa a haahaa oko mea e hiki pono no 2) kaina hana me ka makemakika
generalization, e like me au e ikea empirically. Uuku satisfies a pau i ka mea GG 1),
nae, he mea easiest e pili keia, no ka makemakika hemolele A baseline deviations
mm ma mua o ka densest Hawaii D , a me D mea e e hooponoponoia ia mea, me
ka pili pololei; me ka nawaliwali asymmetry aka, i ka hopena o 1), 2) a me 3) pahee
iki aku oia mai kekahi i kekahi.
Ke kaumaha ma muli I folgends i ka iapaau ana o ka Haawina holoholo
symmetrical W. deviations bez. Ano, A, oa ma muli o ka rula mua, ai ole ia, bez
holoholo asymmetric W .. A i hana pela, mahope iho o ka lua, a ekolu loina ma ka
naau, aole au e pokole no lapaau olelo i ka symmetrical a asymmetrical rula; a ke
kaumaha ma muli ou. lapaau me ka noi o ka makemakika deviations, e like me ka
mua lua, a rula, ai ole ia, me ka noi plki deviations, e like me ke kolu o ka rula, ua
ma ka naau, aole au e olelo aku i ka makemakika, a me plki hana
Nui, e loaa aku ma ka makemakika loina no ka mea, penei lapaau ana o na mea a
me ka ho okumu ana o e puhi ia; ke hoololi i ka plki rula, a me ka hana ana o ka
nui 'ikamu koi aka, o ka MOKUNA XXI maopopo malama nou.

VI. Ano o Kane mea, ma ko lkou

pl, i kapaia ai, a me na apana oihana mua..
38. E hele aku i ka mua (Mok. II) e pili ana i na ano o K.-G. i mau pkui Ano
mea kekahi i kekahi.
Ina hookahi K.-G. e pau manao ma ka nui a me ka helu, pela no ka mea e mau loa
hoi, aole wale no i helu i na ia a pau keia, aka hoi nei, ua w e hiki mai kope, a me ka
lawe mai kela Ana i na kanaka e mahalo, e haawi i ka quantitative manao pana, e
like me ia ka nui i i ka papa kuhikuhiE Ana ekolu, ke kaupaonaana, paap, loa. Keia
mea ano nui ole. Ka nui o na specimens o ka hawi mea, ua mau loa ana
indeterminable nui, a no keia mau indeterminable nui na dala he pele wale no he loa
kaupalena nui o na ana ia mea ma o kona kauoha.No ka mea, o keia ka mea, ua akaka
no ia, ina Z. B. ka lolo kaumaha o Europa, a me negro e hoohalikeia, i keia hiki ole
ke hana ma kekahi juxtaposes na paona o ke tausaniEulopa lolo nona ka paona o na

tausani Negro lolo nona ka. He like result. Pela no ka mea, uaio pili i olelo mua aku
i kope i na mea he nui e hookolokolo aku la ia, a ana aela e hoohalike ikamu i hiki
ole keakea kumu loa o kekahi i ka nui o ka mea o oukou e hiki ke hanaoi aku ka
nui ma ka mea, aole e haawi he nui loa, hookahi'paha contingencies o ka mea e
hoonohonoho ana i loaa mai ma ke ano ' ma ka heluana, a me ka nui i haawi aku
Panel, a like me keia aka, wale hiki aku ai i ua e nana i ke hoololi o na loina ma luna,
mai keia mau puunaue Panel kekahi waiwai, ka pela-kapaia. paa'pana oihana mua o
K.-, a G. ho oholo i hawi i kekahi ano o ka mea a me ka manawa kpono no kona e
like me na mea e quantitative launa. I ka mea, hookahi i, e ike ia mea, e like me ka
hua a pau o na kanaka, a me Mabestimmungen e kaumaha aku ai.
Ina kekahi mea mona Ano, e like me ka mea pinepine o ka hihia, me ka PAaIEN
o ka makemakika mawaena o K.-G., hookahi nae i keia e like me ka nui a me ka
negligible ma kekahi hihia manao waiwai, a me n waiwai a me na mea; aka, hiki
mai ai ka elua K.-G. a pau, ai ole ia, kokokeae aka, oko kaiulu ma ke kaawale no
ka mea, na pili. Ano ka mea, ke ikea mua lawa, ka awelika o ka huina fluctuation, a
oko a pau laula o ka K.-G. e manaoia he PAaIEN o ka awelika deviation mai ka
makemakika uuku, a me na ihola i mea e loaa i ka nui ano hooweliweli, a me ka mea,
i keia mea i kekahi manawa hana. Aka, me ka ike o ke K.-G. i no ka nui generality, a
ma pela okoa degere e like me kekahi a me ka kekahi ao ao ke lawe waiwai o ka
asymmetry ka mea, aole i manao ai i ka pono ana i K.-G. i manaoia ma na mea a pau
i ka hookolokolo pono 'ana a me ka hoohlike o ka waiwai, a hiki i keia olelo i i emi
iho, di aloha e pili ana i ka ia, e lawe i ka likeole ka papa kuhikuhi Hawaii nona ka
distinctness ka mea ku pono i ka asymmetry, a me ka deviation n loina iloko o ka
maka, i ka mea, aole e olelo i na mea i ai e pili kupono e komo i loko o ia ka palena
manawa o kona ano, nae, pono i kekahi hihia, e kkkk i ka nui Kane ia mea.
39. Ina paha oukou he nui Kane i ka mua mau, i kaupalena 'ia ka noonoo ana
oaole A ke noho, a me ka hai ia deviations, aka, hou e like me mamua, aole mea K.G. hiki waiho kuleana i ka noonoo ana i na mea a pau e hiki ai ka hooholo 'kumu i
hoakaka ia maloko o II. MOKUNA, pela no, aole e oluolu mea, e hele i loko o kekahi
mea a pau-a ka noonoo ia mea, ke ole ia ma o ka K.-G., no ka mea, he loa kuikawa
nui attaches, a me ka malama e like me ka hana a ka feasibility o interoperability e
noonoo pono iho. Pela no e hiki ia oukou e noi aku alakai, ao ke ano o ke koho ia e
lawe.
A pau pu Ano, ke manao nei, kahi a oukou makemake e hoola i ka ai, a he mea
kekahi aha-elele e i ka papa kuhikuhiE waiwai no kaoi loa pono no nae ke ano e
pono ai haawi mai K.-G. e hoopaa, ka makemakika uuku, a me kona likeole e mau
noho ma ka ike mua ana ku mau koho, ke ole ia i ka manawa hookahi lilo me ka
'ae' ana o kekahi 'ike kumu o ka naauao i loko o ka quantitative Kumukanawai o K.G., a me huapalapala ke ignore i ka ia, i ka hoon ua aole emi nui ma mua o ka mea e
kukulu ana maluna o ka makemakika hemolele, a me ka uplifting ia e kukulu i ka nui
o ka makana kanawai. No ka mea, clarification mea, e lilo hoi i ka ua ma luna (Mok.
II) hoakaka ia waiwai o ka likeole ka papa kuhikuhi cia me hooplua a explanatory,
mkai ihola i.

[Oia ka au mamuli X. Mok. hiki mai ana. Aka, oiai e haule ana na ano o kela a me
keia luna waiwai e hike iloko ona iho, he maanei, he mau auhau o na kumu aiee o
ka hooponopono resetting olelo o ko lakou mau pomaikai, no ka mea ano K.-G. No
ka mea, i keia mea, e hele mai ana e like me ka makemakika hemolele A, ke
kikowaena cia C , a me ka densest waiwai D iloko o ka noonoo; no ka mea, o ka
vagina cia R, a me ka nui loa cia T , a me ka palena pau pulakaumaka cia F mea, e
lilo mai ka outset no ko lakou haahaa nui i oi aku i makaukau koho ma ka aoao. N
nae, he mea ia e paleana ma waena paha mau papa kuhikuhiE Hawaii ekolu e pili
ana i kaaa lkou i pololei ia o ka makana kanawai a ka nn 'ole o ia poe e manao e
like me ke kaumaha ma muli o ka pau okoa ka mahalo i ka hookahi makahiki
accesses.]
40. [Ina kakou e o ninini i ka assumption i ka puunaue kanawai o ka papa
o na kumu hoohlikelike a aiee o ka puunaue panel, pela ka hope, ua basically e like
me ka kaulele accumulation hpai o na cia, a malia paha nolaila ke kumu Hawaii
wale manaoia e imply, e like me huluulu averages poe kaulele luna i oi aku a emi
pololei ano, a me ia ho. Aka, alaila, aole kanalua, ua malalo, i ka mana o A , ua oi aku
waiwai mamua o ka mea o C ai ole ia D. No ka mea, he ho i ka makemakika
mawaena o ka awelika waiwai, ua, hiki nae ke waiho ia ma kahi o kela waiwai, i ka
wa ia e hui i ka huina e. C ma kekahi lima, oia wale no ke kumukuai oaio, ka mea
pololei e like me pinepine oi i lalo, a pela ho i ka papaaina n loina me ka haahaa
pono, no ka mea, aole ia e like me ka mea e kaukai ma ke dala, aka, wale no ka nui o
ka hoop aku deviations. D e ho'la e ae ia, aole e like me ka hope awelika, no ka
mea, pili wale no empirically densest waiwai i loko o kona hooponopono ma kekahi
kanawai randomness, a me kona kulana ma, aole manao ma ka ho omaulia, aka, hiki
ke loaa pono ma ka ike ana i ka papa ele ele. Loa aku kona maoli alo i loko o ka
randomly hiki panel ka mea e nn wale no e like me ka laki coincidence, ke ole nui e
pili.]
[He mea ole ia, i ka wa o ke ola ana o ka puunaue kanawai, ua aponoia. 'Oiai,
alaila, hoopaa mai ai i A e like me ka ho'kka' e like me ka awelika, ua hoopakele
mai no hoi ia ma ka papaaina ma waho kaulele lanakila i kekahi mea pono. Ka nui
o C ma kekahi lima, ua oi no ka mea ,. pili ana i ka hiki ana mai iloko o ikaika ano e
kii mai ia hua'lelo, e like me ka nui kikowaena no ka paha cia Ma ke kikowaena o
ka noonoo ana, aka, e hahao D, no ka mea, pili ia i ka waiwai e like me empirically
densest waiwai, ma ka liilii loa kaha, oa kaawale mai ka'paha contingencies, ka
mea i ka nui W .. D nolaila, ma solidarity e pili ana i ka puunaue kanawai, i ka i k
mkou o ka rula e coincide pu me ia. No hoi akaka koke ia heia kekahi mau mea ala,
no ka manao paa o ko lakou mau kukuluia'na o ka oiaio o ka makana kanawai D , ua
hamama, ai ka mea ma luna o ke kumu o ke kanawai, i kona i k mkou cia
theoretically ho i ka loa paha cia; ka kekahi aie i ka panel, nona densest waiwai
empirically Hike ka loa cia. He mea immaterial paha o ka hooholo ia ana o ia i loko
o ka panel hike i ka densest waiwai ai 'ole wale no ka welelau o ka paka i ua. No ka
mea, e like me ka hopena o ka mea i komo iloko o max kanawai, he i ka he a Z ma ka
loiloi paiapili, no ia mea, e ike rula o ka densest Z hiki ke ho omaulia ma ka
interpolation mai ka haawi papaaina aiee ina ole i kona mau maka hooholo mai ka

pololei imua o ke panel, a ikeia paewa ai.Ano insofar aka, e like me keia empirical
hooholo o ka paha waiwai me ia kumumanao, ai ka pono D i na waiwai e noho e
hana i ka i k mkou waiwai a pau o ke hawi kanawai, a he hapa helu ana i ka D ma
ka interpolation i kekahi mea, ke validity o ka hookumuia o ka makana kanawai e
corroborate kekahi hapa, pili ana i ka huki i kanawai, i ka ike ana o ka waiwai o ka
empirical konstatierten D o n Panel ke haawi clues i ka loaaana o ka puunaue
kanawai.]
41. [kia solidary loulou ma waena o n 'ano o ka densest waiwai D , a me ka
puunaue kanawai o ke D , e makauole n alii e kpae ma luna kekahi papa
kuhikuhiE Hawaii, a hiki ma ke kino a me ka Astronomical kumumanao o ka hewa
o keia hoopunipuni ke hele mai i ka malamalama. Ka oia manaoia ike e like me
kaoiaio kilo waiwai ka makemakika mawaena o ka poe malama waiwai, na
deviations mai ka poe i ka hewa o ke kilo, n aka, oiaio waiwai, he mea oi aku
mamua o ka loa cia i ke kikowaena helu i ka nui pono ko e huai ae i kupono hoololi
pepa hakahaka, ua empirically densest waiwai, e kuhikuhi ana ia lakou iho. Pela ka
mea, ma ka asserting hoi ka loina hooponopono i ka oiaio ole paha waiwai, ka
makemakika hemolele A no, no ka A loaa ka nui, me ka densest waiwai D e lilo. I
keia koi 'ana o ke kumu o coincidence o A , a me D Ano hiki aku ai i GAUSS hewa
knwai, e like me ka Z. B. mai ENCKE o 1) e hoohalike ai i ke ano o ka mea uuku
loa kihikihio e' ike '. Aie i ka ia, alaila mau e hahai i ka olelo ma ka rula o ka Central
cia C me A a me D , ko Hawaii kulana, no ka hooholo ana o ka panel symmetry
bez. A i kaupalena ', oiai lakou e nee ke kaawale asymmetry acoeueoao i.]
1) [Pelelina Astronomical

yearbook no ka makahiki 1834, S. 264 ff.]

[I rula e pono ai o ka papa i loaa ma ka hoao ana e hooiaio ai. Keia aole i koi 'ia no
ka hewa o keia hoopunipuni lalani, e kuhikuhi i ke anoe i loko o ka moku'ina i
hoolako i ka densely waiwai ma ka pololei i mua o ka lalani, a ma ka
interpolationsmige i ka ho omaulia, ka mea e like me A coincides; no ka mea, o
oukou, e mau ai ia lakou e lawe i imbalanced contingencies e noonoo i ke kumu i
empirical nee 'Aohe wai iau o ke kumu Hawaii ma waho compromising o ka
validity o ka rula i kukuluia ma ka nnau. A, he mea i noho hoao ana o ka rula, aole
ma ka like o ka nae i hiki mai iloko o ka hewa lalani Ganges o Hawaii, me ka i koi
'ia ma ke kanawai ma lalo alanui, e like me ia ma ka empirical coincidence o A , a
me D imi, ae loaa ia oukou; e like no hoi Z. B. Bessel i haawi mai ai i loko o ka
"Fundamenta astronomiae" by k' i ka hooholo ana o ka hewa, e like me ke
kumumanao, a mahope iho o Aike i ka noho hoao ana o GG. o Ia, i ka i'paha
contingencies, pakahi aku la ia i lawa ka ho'miana i loko o ka hewa o keia
hoopunipuni papa, ho ololi i ka papa o ka panel Hawaii ma ka liuliu iki, ua
manaoia e lai ia 'me ke kulana o kanaka Hawaii kekahi manawa erbeblich, ae waiho
i ka kpa lula' splaying i ka papa kuhikuhiE cia nona ka'opi o ka kumumanao ua koi,
ke kumu.]
Aka, i ka pela a hiki i kau ia ka nee 'Aohe wai iau, ka makemakika hemolele me
ke koe ana ku mau koho, he mea i kekahi, e like me ka mea paha cia ka poe manao e
GAUSS loina ma ka manao o ka mea a ka huina o na kihikihio oia i ka huna uuku

hiki, a me ka pili ana i ka mea a ka huina o na deviations i elua, ua palapala i ka ia; na

loina aka, coincide ma ka makemakika hemolele, symmetry a asymmetry knwai me
ka manao ana. No laila, ke koho no ka makemakika hemolele hoi, a hiki i kahi e
'aole coincide me ka kekahi papa kuhikuhiE cia, ka mea ia i loko o kekahi hihia
hooholo i loko o ke kino a me ka Astronomical Malehre ma na hana.
Eia nae [Oia oiaio ma lalo o ka assumption a pau, ma ka rula, ka makemakika 'O
ia hoi ka mea e manao e like me ka mea paha cia wale no. Losing keia loina
hooponopono kona validity, e like me losing A me kona mau pahuhopu i ka
oihana; no ka mea, oiai ka mea, hoopaa mai ai i kona hoa manao e like me ka
awelika, aka, me ka nn 'ole i ka puunaue kanawai Ano komo i ka waiwai ma kona
wahi, a lawe maluna iho o ka Ano huki hou e like me ka rula o ke klana o ka paha
waiwai a me ka rula coincides me ka densest loina. No ka mea, laana, ka mea
Central cia C 'ole kekahi "Potency waiwai" me ka mahalo aku i ko lakou ho okumu, a
me ke kkkk ma ka (essay) 2) : Reference mea e pono ai "ma luna o ka mua
waiwai o ka mea uuku deviation dala", ma mua o ka waiwai, noonoo iho la, i ka nui
W. e hiki mai ana, pela e e pili ana i keia na kekahi o ka makana kanawai ma ka
ikaika, ma kona ola, i ka n ku paha cia loa e like me supremacy i loaa e like me ka
noi o ka XIX. kanawai, ka makemakika hemolele.]
2)

(essay) o Balanced a me phys. Class o ka Royal. Schs. Gesellsch. ka

Wissensch. Volume XI , 1878th (I mau, Pauku VI: "Comments maluna o ka ninau o
validity o ka rula o ka makemakika O ia hoi," a me ka Pauku VII: "kanawai o ka
probability o na deviations o likeole bez Potency holoholo i ka validity o kona
rula ..")
42. ka mea, No ka mea, o na Kane Ano, ma ka like o ka densest waiwai o kahua
ukupanee i ka wa e like me ka puunaue ana o na kope o ka K.-G. iloko o ninau
Hoohaku probability kanawai mai. E like me ia i ka manao paa o ka waiwai o ka
densest waiwai, ae ai e hookumu i ka hookahi derivation o keia kanawai e hiki ole
aka, maanei i ka loina o ka makemakika hemolele, a me kekahi rula i priori e
hookupaaiai. No ka mea, o ka K.-G. ua haawi wale n wau ma ka ho'o, a aia no he
priori, aole i oiaio, a no ia huina i kekahi waiwai e hiki ke loaa e like me ka mea paha
waiwai, aole hoi ka mea - i na olelo - ka empirically densest cia ma ka K.-G.
likeole hiki ke wehewehe aku ma ka ia waiwai. Ua nolaila, e manao e like me ka
walaauana ma muli o ka hana a ka poe likeole K.-G. i remanded i loko, ma ka
mea, e ae aku i ka manao paa o ka mea paha waiwai, a me ka mea hope, o ka lawa
coincides kokoke i ka waiwai, no ka mea o ka lki o ka manao lokahi ia hoi, ke
deviations ( e ': e , ) ua like ia me ka lki. o ka manao lokahi deviation helu ( ka
m ' : ka m , ) : nolaila, i ka densest cia mea, ma ka rula, ma na Kane o ka
makemakika ke ano okoa, a ua makemake ma ka rula n 'hook' ana i ka ma ka like
ana e ka ': e , = ka m ': ka m , i ho'kka 'loina.(A mahope iho o ka lawe ana ma
Mok. II hoopunipuni me ka hope D pa e hiki ke ho'kka 'ia e like me D i ka
interpolationsmig ppilikia empirically densest papa waiwai Kapa hou i ke) koi

nolaila, maanei ka noonoo ana e like me ka makemakika aha ma ka kumumanao o

ka wahahee. He hoi i ka mea i like loa manao; no ka mea, no ka hoi ka loina
hooponopono i ka loa paha waiwai o ka K.-G. ka like ana e ka ': E , = ka m ': ka
m , halawai pu, a me ka mea e D pa = D 'olelo e noho ai, hiki ke loaa e like me ka
puunaue kanawai i mua prejudicial hookumu' ia ma loko o ka mokuna Pae holomua
Ll GG like me ka ai hoi ka loina hooponopono i ka paha kumukuai, ka
makemakika, pele maila, ai ole ia e a = D ie ai na mea GG e like me ka hewa
kanawai aicieeaao.]
[Wale insofar ke A hoi hoike dominance i loko o ka mohai anei nawaliwali
asymmetry e like me ka mea K.-G. i kokoke me ka D pa coincides ia he mea lawa
paha kana e lawe mai i ka kokekau wale alodio GG ma kahi o ka elua, kolamu ma ka
hoohana.]
43. Aole ia i ka noho mlamaole i ka wa koho i waena o n aiee likeole o ke
degere o ka nanea a me ka miomio a me ka mea a lakou e lanakila. Hana ia hilinai ma
maula maka e manao ai, pl n ia i ka densest waiwai, ua hooholo ihola i ka
simplest a easiest, no ka oukou makou i ka puunaue panel pono ma hope o ka pono,
kahi a ka poe nui, e ike Z hoolohe mai; koke hahai ma keia manao i ka manao paa o
ka Central waiwai, no ka mea, i laila ka mea wale no i helu o ka ole mai na aoao
elua a hiki i ka waenakonu a hiki i ka loaa like ana o ka m a me ka m , ua pono; ma
circumstantial ia o A, mai ka hou mai o na mea a pau i ke kanaka i ka nui
developmental hoi o ka makana papa paha, i ka mea dala i ka ia mea, ke kahua a me
ka hou ana o huahana Za no ka loaa ana o ke dala kekahi mea me ka m pono e
maheleia, i ka hihia o ka nui ka m loihi a hooluhi ana.
Aka, i ole ia, Ae, ma ka mea ku ole, oia ka pilina i ka wa ia oe i mau pahi oi,
makemake e hele i ka maikai, ua hiki hookokoke ai. Mai ka maka hooholo o ka
densest waiwai mahope iho o ka haule ana maluna ona i k mkou Z ka mea, ua mau
loa manaoia wale no, he loa maopopo approximation i ka maikai cia; ka sharpest
aka, ma ka lki ka m ' : ka m, = E : E , e, e hookupaa oe, heoiaio n e lawe
mai i kekahi, a aole paakik i alakai bila aka, ua unstreng ma ka hook, ke kahea
aku nei no reductions a me interpolation, ka hope nae waiho aku i kekahi mea uuku
pokole no ka i me? acoeueoao. Ka pahikaua ka ho'kka 'ana o C , nae nui simpler
mamua o ka mea o D , hiki ole ke hana me ia kkua i ia, ak, i ka manao paa o A '
aole pono ia. Ka hemahema o ke kahua o n huahana Za hiki ke kpae 'ia e ka hope
(Mok. IX) i ka imagingano hana.
44. E like me mua ka ohumu ana o na helehelena a me na pomaikai o ka likeole
ka papa kuhikuhi Hawaii e kekahi mea e olelo aku ai, mai ka maka aku o Hawaii
mai a na ihola, a me deviation hana e hele mai iloko o noonoo.
Hiki mai ai ka elua K.-G. a pau, a kokoke klike iloko o ko lakou mau papa
kuhikuhiE Hawaii, aaole nae i ka oko laula, a me ka awelika fluctuation waiwai o
na kope o ko lakou mau papa kuhikuhiE Hawaii lauwili kaiulu, ka mea aole loa he
indifferent differentiators. Pela, ke kaulana mahana o ka moku ma ka moana, a me ka
wahi i loko o ka waena o ka 'inapuni i ka hookahi; aka, o na deviations o na mahana

kanaka o ka meakino-ana wela o kahi paa ma ka mua i loko oolol palena, a ua

averages emi iloko o ka lua, mahope iho o ka mea a makou iike malina aniau a me
Hawaiian aniau.
[E Ano, e hliu mai i ko i kaokoa ma ka haawi ana i ka nui a me ka uuku waiwai,
oa o E ' a me E , ka mea maloko o ka nui o na kope o ka K.-G. hiki mai ana, e emi
iho iloko o ka loa alodio ano.]
A haawiia aka, he PAaIEN o ka loa Hawaii E ' a me E , oia e hoike i na palena o
ka mea i fluctuated ka nui o na kope, aole nae me ka hoohanaana o ia mea, ua oi
aku mamua o hookahi pilina naueue a me ka kaupalena. Koke keia mau loina a pau
malalo iho i ka nui he ulia pakalaki, i mea kekahi e hiki ole helu ma ka wa a ka poe
ihola a me ka lihi fluctuation o ka hou moo o specimens me ka ia ka m hooholo i
ka 'imi i ka ia n loina hou. ka lua, hoakaka ana i ka ia i na mea a pau, wale no ka nui
o na kope, i ka ka m , mai a ka ia i loko, i ka waiwai ma ka ma nui ka m ka laul o n
hoololi he nui, pela i kekahi me ka nui ka m nui ma n kaiulu kaulike loa, he
uuku E , , he nui e ka ' a nolaila, he nui loa fluctuation e' - e ,UAIAaIN me ka uuku
mamua o m. Ano manao no ka hoohlike oukou makemake i ke ana o n alii e
kpae a me ka pili variability o K.-G .. i loko o n Hawaii E '- E , ai' ole ( E '- E, ) :
A huli, e like me ka mea hana pono, a mahope iho o kekahi mau K.- G. e hoohalike
ai, pela no oukou e hana i ka nui hewa i ka wa a na mea heokoa ka m loaa a i ka
Nani hewa o keia ano keia ano, ka mea hoi i alakai erroneous hopena, maoli poe
Setoiko wahi. 3)

3)

[kia pauk He kiola aku la i Fechner i pili ana i awelika deviations, a me LIKE i
hele ai, ka mea i ho'kka akula i ka 1868 Prof. WELCKER, a hoolako 'ia e kia
loaa mai ai iau.]
Mamua o ka fluctuation laula E '- E , nolaila, oia ka awelika oko a, i ka ua
meakino koe wale no ka degere o ka variability o kekahi mea, e like me ka mea l
kuokoa o ka m , a ua hiki ke hana ia e kekahi? Iaea kpono loa k kaawale. Eia nae,
i keia ana e loli ma hope o ka papa kuhikuhiE Hawaii mai i kekahi makemake, e
helu i na deviations, a ua, nui ka olelo ana,okoa no ka maikai a me ka ioaoao. I ka
noonoo o ka hope likeole aka, hookahi No ka Pakele i ka wa a na wahi a pau o ka
huina huina o na deviations iloko o na kuhikuhi, puunaueia ma ka huina helu o ka
likeole i naoaoelua, ua like me ko makou mau manawa ma mua o awelika
fluctuation ole ke ano o deviation par e pili ana i ka haawi poo kumu a mea waiwai e
puhi ia i hoohana ', pela:
,
Ina paha oukou makemake e hoohana i ka likeole o kekahi a me kekahi papa
kuhikuhiE waiwai i iho mai ai, ma ka mea hookahi makemake e hoohuli i i na mea a
pau, a me ka kekahi, aole ia e nee aku i ka kekahi. E like me ka oukou e ike, i ka pae

hou i ka haawiia mai ka m no ka huina huina o ka manao lokahi likeole i loko o

kaokoa ka papa kuhikuhi n loina; a hiki i keia wa ka mea, ua wale i hoohanaana i
ka deviation o ka makemakika 'O ia hoi, a mkou i noho mua hihia, ua, loaa ka
makou e like me ka awelika fluctuation waiwai e like me ka luna Name:
,
Ano, hoi, he loa kuokoa o ka nui o, aole ka m , aka, o ka hihia, ua kia: The
kumukuai A , mai a na deviations i lawe,ilikai kekahi ke kaumaha ma muli o ka
heluana o kekahi,nolaila, ke ka m hookahi, o ka mea ia ia ka Agena ; a me ka mea
pololei e hiki A hiki wale mai ka mana loa ka m ua loaa. Me ka nui o ka finite m, pela
ma kekahi hihia paewa A aka hoi EUIAaIN ka nui o na deviations, a nolaila, i ka
huina o lkou, ma ko lkou papa, ma ka m , ke cia , ua loaa, o ao kumumanao, a
me ka hoao ana 4) ia , a nolaila, = : ka m me ka mhuahua m. awelike iloko o
ka lki.
ulu, ua hahai ma , a me ka iloko o ka maamau hihia, ai ka
manao paa o ka me ka deviations mai kekahi mana loa ka m ina ua hiki , e hoi
ma . resp me
, noticeably = 2 m + (2 m - 1) hoonui, he aha ka mea i
kapaia ka iaea aie i ka finite ka m kelepona. Ka? Ee i ? wela pela aku , a ua loaa
penei:
,

4)

Ma na ka mahalo i uku pnai. My hoonoho i loko o ka papa hoike o ka

Royal. Skona Society o na Sciences, Volume XIII, 1861, "About na corrections i ka
pololei manao paa o ke kilo, ', i ka manao paa o ka oko o meteorological kanaka
Hawaii a puni o ko lakou' O ia hoi, a me ka psycho-kino Mabestimmungen, ma ke
ano o ka awelika hewa"].

i keia? iaea Ua pili i kela hihia, aka, ma ka awelika o na hoopii, a no ka mea, aohe
mea o lakou i pili, e hooholo precisely no kela a me keia kanaka hihia, he mea pono e
hoopili aku i ka waiwai a ka mea paa ma ka awelika o ka hihia, a hiki nolaila, ina
hookahi aole ia e pale aku i ka uuku ho'o o? iaea, iloko o na Kane makemake i
e , e like me ka p kaua.
Ina o ka awelika fluctuation ma C a D ua paa, aole hoi he iaea mua, ina = :
ka m , lua, ina e = : ka m , ka iaea aka, i makemake ai, e like me ka nui au e ike
nei, koe ka ia.Ka awelika fluctuation ma C i ka ukupanee, e lilo uuku ma mua e pili

ana i A a me D , o ka mea uuku loa, oia no, e like me ia mamua hoakaka ana i ka
huina o na deviations me ka manao e C he nui i ka huna uuku loa, a me keia mea i ko
lakou puu ma ka m hooili.
Nui olelo ana, eia nae keia e hoomanawanui 'ia, a me ka kiko' proportionality, aole
ia e ana, maoli ka awelika fluctuation me ka nui o na mea, a malia paha o ka
ukupanee, e hoopau i kia ole a hiki i hiki wehewehe aku i loko o ka awelika
fluctuation puunaueia ma ka nui o ka fluctuating mea, ma keia ke hoahanau, he okoa
ka piha oko 'o ia hoi i loko o no.
45. A oi nui significance mamua o ka nui o ka fluctuation o kekahi mea e pili ana
i kona papa kuhikuhiE Hawaii Amelika Huip i ka awelika deviation e like me ka
Central hoa no ka hoomaopopo ana i ka puunaue ana o ka mea. Ke kino a me ka
Astronomical Malehre i no ka mea, ma ke kaulana deviation pili ana i A ai ole ia,
e n Hawaii
e hoohana: aka, o keia mea wale no ia, no ka mea elue ma
keia ao symmetrical W. hewa o ke kilo, ak, na Kane ma hope no ka mea, o lakou
maoli? ueony nui ano o ka asymmetry wale no ke kaulana deviation e pili ana i D ,
aole he pono ole no na aoao elua, aka, kl me kiaaoao ma a pau e hana ana (e
nn 33), oa.:
,
Eia, hoi, ka mea i pololei i ka? Iaea ku i ka finite ka m onoaiiaea; aka, o ka? ee
loina he ole, e like me ka mea i manao ai e kau aku:
,

aka,:
.
Ma ka mea e ole Pili p ana i ka deviation puu? Iaea o na aoao elua e 'Aohe i ka
pono? Iaea o ka huina dala o ia mea.
No ka mea, o ka huina o na dala i oia hoi:
,
Ina mea makemake e kau i ka manao deviation puu pakahi aku la ia;
,
pela no e loaa ia ma ka summing keia mau loina:

.
i ka mea a me ka mea maluna Hawaii no ka mea, pela aku , ua hewa.
46. Eia nae hoomanao i kekahi mau loina a pau i hoopa pinepine ae la oia
maluna o, aka, aole a hiki i ka hope o au mamuli e kk mai, ua nui asymmetry rula i
pili. Kuikawa wale hahai ana keia mau loina.
He mea initially i ka likeole '- , = One waena o ka nui o ka maikai a me ka
hopena maikai' deviations o A , a me ke koena unuhi U - U , = ( E - A ) - - (E
A , =) E '+ E , -2A ma waena o ka nui o ka maikai a me ka io lihi deviation
mai a, a hiki mai i keia mau mea iloko o ka mooolelo. Aka,oi aku kona nui mamua o
keia mau piha oko ao, ua pili;
a

Eia wale provisionally ka hahai pili ana i ka hope, e lilo i hoohana 'ana o ia mea a
puni.
Mai hookaawale iwaena o ka huina o na deviations maikai a me ka io, mai A, di
Aloha 'a me ka , hiki i ka papa e ka ninaninau aku, no ka mea A ua papa
hoakaka no ia mea, na puu, ua like. aka, e haku i alakai me ka mea i ka manawa
hookahi aelua deviation nui ' , , ua like ia kekahi i kekahi, a me ka loa kaulele
kekahi, e loaa ia mea hou. Aka, i ka mea a oukou e hiki, ma ka liilii loa, ma nui, a
me ka moolelo kaulele koe naeawelike o ka like likeole ma A wahi, oia ka mea e
' - , a me ka nui o ka m ulu.
Ma ka assumption o kau like W. maikai a me ka io deviations o ao probability
phola ma ka hoihoi 'ana i ka hihia i ka pahu a me ka nui o ka eleele a me keokeo
ua mea poepoe nei i - , kona loa Hawaii ma ka awelika o ka lki. O na
,
pii p: Aka, o ka nui ka m , pii p ka mea, o ka mea uuku i ka lki o : ka m , a, ma
mana loa ka m , ole, a hookahi no.
Hookahi no ana o keia mea i kekahi i loko o ka hope mai penei hookolokolo 'ana i
loko o paha o ka maikai, a me. io deviations bez. He oiaio, he like W., aole wale i ka
piha koena unuhi u make i noho ai, aole nele ka nui no hoi me ka ia W., aka, ma o
kona pili me ka m , ka mea e ole ai mamua i kekahi nui, i ka gleicheW , aole e loa
lealea, heaha ka mea hou e olelo hope.
A hiki aku kakou i ka like ole o ka waa nui o deviations bez. A di Aloha ' , , e
like me ka hiona a aponoia ma kekahi mau mea e like me ke ana o ka asymmetry. O
ka papa oukou hiki ma ka asymmetry no ka like ole o ka palena pau
Contribuu
huina
a ',millorar
la,traducci
. Bez A ka ninaninau aku, no ka mea, i loko o olelo o A , oia ka
mea e ' = , pela A i ai e hooponoponoia ia mea, no ia mea, ua like ia ll; ,

Text original

Ma ka lima kekahi e hiki no hoi ia i kia mau mea kanu a ana o ka asymmetry mea,
aole i kkauia ma luna o ka disparity i loko o ka heluana o n deviations C ana ua
hookupaa, no ka mea, i loko o olelo o C oia i ka reciprocal helu o na deviations no ka
mea, o ka mea hookahi; maanei ku e loaa 'ole ai ole i asymmetry paa e pili ana i ka
makemakika mawaena o A ma ka densest cia D , ma ka like ole o ka palena pau
nui m , ka m , e hooholo, ma ka hihia o na kumu Hawaii oko lawa mai kekahi i
kekahi; a me ka pomaikai ma ka olelo o D i ka i haawi ia i na kanawai o ka
asymmetry ikaika diverging o deviations m , m, mai kekahi i kekahi, e like me na
deviations ', , bez. A e loaa mai kekahi i kekahi; a me ka m ^ , ka m , i ka
mlualua elua G. G, hiki i ka pilina, no ka mea hoi likeole e hiki i ka
asymmetry A aole hoi i ka noonoo, elua kapakahi GG ka deviation waiwai o ka
mahalo A ua oi aku ka pololei. Where e hoailona oukou ia ia, ina bez. A maluna
o , 'ano, conversely ka m , ma luna o ka m ' ano.Aka, A , a ma ia
hope ', , ka pono o ka hooholo ma mua o D , a ma ia hope ka m ^ , ka m , a
ua kakauia ma ka nui a uuku asymmetry. He mau i ka nui a uuku, ma kela hihia wale
no ka asymmetry bez. a e pili ana i ala like ole bez: D o ka poe ku pono kuhikuhi hiki
ke paa, a he mea nui he mea hiki, initially ma ka hopena o ka hooholo 'ana o ka
asymmetry ma - , : bez a paa i loa ia aku i ka like ole o ka m a me ka
m , : bez D hiki ke paa; ole ia aka, e hana pololei manao, o keia koe e ao pakahi aku
la ia ma ka kumumanao o ka empiricism.

VII. Helu hoi o ka makana Panel.

47. [I ka mua mokuna, ua hike prejudicial ka manao nui o ka mahele. Ano, he
mea manawa e nae hooponopono i ka hookolokolo 'ana. A mai ka ua, aole nn 'ana
i mea hypothetical assumptions; aka, loa nn 'ana i ka ho'oana iho, pela no ia e
hiki wale empirically haawi K.-G. waho iho. Eia nae,o ka hope, ua i loko o ko lkou
usprnglichen ano aole hoi no ka hoolilo, aole e pono no ka Parole theoretically pili
kanawai. He pono Nolaila e ao aku oi ko lakou makemakika kanaka. Oia pili i kekahi
hapa o ka makaukau o ke kupono no ka investigating ke ano o kekahi loio ma ka
kukulu ana i na iniiaiie a hoemi haawi aku papa (Pauku VII a me VIII.); ka kekahi
hapa o lakou he mau rula no ka i ka ho omaulia ana o ia hoi, ke Hawaii, a me
deviation hana, ma kahi o n 'ano a me ka waiwai o ka K.-G. hoike ia (Mok. IX XI). Maanei, no ka mea, naau kupono wale ma ka makemakika lapaau o K.-G. E ka
olelo; no ka mea, o ka plki lapaau, a me ka mea wale no i ka piha generality o ke
ano o ka hookolokolo 'ana, ua k, coincides me ka makemakika o ia mau mea e
Hookaaike wale na logarithms o ka poe ana ma kahi o ke degere wale.]
[Ana, he kupono kumu no ka theoretical study ua loaa hou, pela initially i ka hana
i asymmetry o K.-G. kukulu no hoi iluna e kkkk, a me n ana hoohlike e
hoomaopopo nui a me ka non-nui asymmetry (MOKUNA XII -. XVI). Aka, alaila, o
ka lilo iloko o lula 'symmetry a me ka asymmetry nui Veteilungsgesetze poe e
hoomhala (Pauku XVII -: XX). Eia, ka maamau 'ia hihia emi proportionate oko o
kanaka Hawaii, ua hoomakaukau i ka papa kuhikuhiE n loina.]
[Kia kumu nui o ke ao, ua ukali ma ka ohumu ana o ua hoololi 'ana i ka poe ku
pono i ke hoololi i ka plki puunaue kanawai. A plki lapaau kuhikuhi pono i

ka K.-G. me ka ikaika proportionate oko, aka, no ka pili ma waena o n Ana likeole

o K.-G. ma ka pono o ka (MOKUNA XXI, a XXII). I paiiai na ano ka hope o ka
dependency pili o K.-G. kk (Mok. XXIII).]
48. [Ina mea makemake K.-G. lawe i ka hookolokolo 'ana, he mua o n kope
okoa a pau o ka ia i loko o ka moolelo kaulele, spatial paha ke kino pololei i ka mea
a lakou i lawe mai ia lakou iho e ana, a me ka hoopaa' ia e koho Ana i loko o ka
palapala papa. Eia ka mea e lako pono ai e hookoia na requisites i hoakaka ia ma
Kap.IV, oa i like ko ka lawa helu o ana i ka loa ua like abnormalities.]
[E kii papa, ua, e like me ka mea mua i kaulana ( 3), aole e pono no ka
makemakika kanaka. N nae, he mea waiwai ia i na kanaka e mahalo, e like me ka
mea mau hiohiona n me ka manao paa o ina na kope o K.-G. oko a k kaawale o
kekahi i kekahi, a ua ma ka kalele iho kulana. 20 lula a pau ma keia manao i hike
mai ia ma ka Mok. XXIII, e loaa i ka houano. Ma ka uku kuala o computational
aaioee, aka, ia oukou i e hooponopono i na Ana e like me ko lakou nui, a ua paka mai
ke kumu helu, he puunaue panel. Ua hoohana 'ia e maopopo ia mea mai ka hoemiia
papaaina, ua ao aku lakou e hoomakaukau ai, a me lapaau i loko o ka mokuna ae,
kapa iniiaiie hoi o ka makana panel. Ma ka la i ka poe ana i kekahi mea uuku o ka
poe e holumua ai aiee o ka nui kolamu i kela a me keia i na ana wale no, i kekahi
beige hou kolamu o ka AYEIE helu no na kahua kaua i hike 'ana i kl me kia
manawa , he ll.]
[Keia, iniiaiie panel ano 'ano apau loa i ka ho omaka o ka poe a pau hookolokolo'
ana. Ka mea, n nae, loa nae e ae mai ka loa paewaewa, a ana ka ia i ka palena
manawa a ko lakou hookuu e lawe he nui loa ka lewa. It E nolaila, imi e halawai me
elua drawbacks ma ka hana ana o reductions, alaila, e kaupalena 'nui i ka hana ana o
ka panel i loko o kona ho'mi i k ano iho. Eia ka mea aka, o ka mea no ka noho e ike
i ke ano o ka iniiaiie Panel, a me ka loaa ia iikeia i loko o na ano a pau e hana; ka
mea pono, nolaila, eha, ana e like me examples K.-G. Ka iniiaiie Panel ua hike mai
i ia.]
49. [O ka mua elua Panel I a me II haawi aku i na Ana no ka vertical a me
papamoe nui o 450Eulopa kanaka iwi. He mea pono e kaulana ai maanei, a malalo
consistently hoopaa mai i 'ae' "vertical ka unahiole," e e oi pololei aku ai auou caiaiai
e "loa o ka vertex hoohei" by ole i ka huina loa, aka, eia wale no ma ka lae, vertex a
me occiput i ka mua kae o ka Mark lua e holo ana arc, pela ka hoemi ana i ka puniu
wale waihona ipu, ua haawiia vertical loa i loko o ka papa. E like me ka
III. MOKUNA kaulana i ka nui o Prof. WELCKER i hoolako, ka mea i ohi i ka
waiwai, kia n oiai malama hookahi, a me ka hookahi ana hana. 1) Ka pa alima o
ana, oia ka millimeter. E ana ai i mlama i ka lola ana. Na ana ia lakou iho i kapa aku
WELCKER ka hoakaka ana ma "maamau" kane iwi poo. Kalevari me
Nahtabnormitten hiki pau ulana iwi poo ua paleia'ku ia.]
1)

[uku pnai. H. Welcker, ulu a me ka 'ole o ka poe kanaka puniu wale no, Leipzig
1862; no hoi, ka 'auhau, a me ka poe ekolu nui anawaena o ka cranium i loko o n
lhui kanaka likeole; Archives o Anthropology, Vol. XVI].

[Una III loaa ka Hokoana Ana 2047 iwakalua makahiki o Leipzig haumna, mai
ka 20 Vintage 1843 - 1862. Mai ka palapala helu o keia mau ana oia e kaulana ia
lakou i kukulu ai ma ko lakou ano o ko lakou hoomakaukau i ka wa
Aushebungsgeschfte, maemae randomness mea maikai i loko o ke Wake o na
Mka,o ia hoi ke aha ia ma ka Mok. hoohana XX me ka noho hoao ana loa
kanawai. Ka pa alima, oia ka Skona'niha = 23,6 mm o; ua, nae, aole wale ana i ka
pau, aka, no hoi hapalua a me ka hapaha'niha.]
[In papa IV, o na Ana o ka luna lala (Internode) o 217 eono-Aupuni Ll a rai lalo
iho, ua palapalaia. More llii e pili ana i ka loaa ana o keia mea e hiki ke loaa i loko
o ka lua o ka hapa, Mok. XXV. Me ka huahelu hana i ho'kka 'ia i laila me ka mea a
pau e like me ka pa alima hapa kenimika ia ll.]
50. [The Panel eha ua denominated ma ke kaina: 2) ]
Pakuhi I. 450 EUR. Men Kalevari. Vertical loa .
E = 1 mm o, ka m = Z = 450: A 1 = 408.5.
he

he

he

368

400

13

425

371

401

12

426

376

402

13

427

378

403

428

379

404

10

430

380

405

18

431

381

406

432

382

407

433

383

408

16

434

384

409

13

435

385

410

20

438

386

411

440

387

412

15

442

388

413

443

389

414

12

447

390

415

21

448

391

416

392

417

393

418

16

394

419

395

12

420

15

396

421

397

422

398

14

423 mau

399

424

12

2) [E

like me ka aole Urlisten, aole hoi i ka iniiaiie Panel o ka hana maanei K.G. Aia vorfanden (uku pnai. E noke i ka Mok. III), ka mea maluna Panel ua e?
aeiino?. Papaaina I a III he mai ka resp elima. eha ka ho'miana papa a pau ma ka
lalo nei ( 64 a me 65), ua palapalaia, e hoihoi hou ia, no ka mea, papa II a me IV poe
i na hana like ole makana i kupono completeness. Manawa i loaa i loko o papa IV, o
na logarithms o ka loina. Na aiee o ka Papa II ma kekahi lima i loaa hou mai ka Prof.
WELCKER iau aka, me ka nui o ka 500Eulopa kanaka iwi. Aka, o keia, ua pono e
63 Ana i ko lakou paha, no ka like vertical Ana i huiia, e like wale no ia i berita me ka
hoemi panel o ka mokuna ae ( 58) hiki ke loaa. N nae, i kia e hana conditional,
slight likeole loli i ke ano o ka, aole ka mea, aole nui, ua loaa i ka hahai i noonoo i
ka panel.]
Honua II. 450 EUR. Men Kalevari. Papamoe loa.
E = 1 mm o, ka m = Z = 450; A 1 = 522.2.
he

he

he

481

510

13

535

10

484

511

12

536

11

485

512

14

537

486

513

538

488

514

539

489

515

13

540

14

490

516

11

541

491

517

542

492

518

543

493

519

10

544

494

520

15

545

495

521

546

496

522

547

497

523

14

548

498

524

17

549

499

525

21

550

500

526

552

501

527

553

502

528

554

503

529

555

504

530

13

558

505

531

561

506

532

567

507

533

576

508

534

509

7
Oaaeeoea III. Haumna Hokoana Ana .
E = 1'niha, ka m = Z = 2047; A 1 = 71.77.

he

he

he

60,00

70,00

70

76,00

24

64,00

70,25

65

76,25

17

64,75

70,50

71

76,50

65,00

70,75

61

76,75

65,25

71,00

78

77,00

14

65,50

71,25

75

77,25

65,75

71,50

81

77,50

66,00

71,75

89

77,75

66,25

72,00

79

78,00

66,50

72,25

81

78,25

66,75

19

72,50

82

78,50

67,00

72,75

63

79,00

67,25

11

73,00

79

79,50

67,50

25

73,25

79

80,00

67,75

15

73,50

68

80,75

68,00

35

73,75

56

82,50

68,25

27

74,00

64

68,50

37

74,25

42

68,75

34

74,50

55

69,00

43

74,75

33

69,25

48

75,00

43

69,50

57

75,25

26

69,75

54

75,50

25

75,75

17

Una IV. Ka luna lala o 217 sechsgliederigen rai lalo iho.

E = 0.5 knm: ka m = Z = 217: A 1 = 86.54.
he

he

he

42,9 1

75,6

49,7 1

75,8

52,8 1

he

he

85,4 1

91,7

99,0

85,5 1

91,9

99,2

76,1

85,7 1

92,0

99,3

55,6 1

76,2

85,8 1

92,3

99,4

57,6 1

76,4

85,9 1

92,8

99,5

58,9 1

76,7

86,0 2

93,0

100,3

59,0 1

77,0

86,2 1

93,1

100,5

61,4 1

77,2

86,3 1

93,3

100,8

61,9 1

77,5

86,8 2

93,4

100; 9

62,2 1

77,6

86,9 1

93,5

101,0

62,3 1

77,7

87,0 3

93,7

101,1

63,0 1

77,9

87,1 2

94,4

101,3

64,1 1

78,0

87,4 2

94,6

101,5

64,3 1

78,1

87,5 1

94,7

101,9

65,5 1

78,4

87,8 1

95,7

102,2

67,4 1

78,8

87,9 2

95,8

102,3

67,7 1

79,0

88,0 2

95,9

102,7

67,8 1

79,4

88,3 1

96,0

102,8

68,1 1

80,0

88,6 1

96,1

103,3

68,3 1

80,4

88,8 1

96,2

103,4

68,9 1

80,7

88,9 2

96,3

104,0

69,6 1

80,9

89,2 2

96,5

104,2

69,9 1

81,3

89,3 2

96,8

104,4

70,5 1

81,9

89,4 1

96,9

105,3

71,4 1

82,0

89,7 2

97,0

105,5

72,0 2

82,1

89,9 2

97,1

105,6

72,1 1

82,3

90,0 1

97,5

105,8

72,5 1

82,4

90,2 3

97,6

106,0

72,9 1

82,8

90,4 1

97,7

106,2

73,7 1

83,0

90,5 1

97,8

106,3

73,9 1

83,1

90,6 1

97,9

108,0

74,1 1

83,4

90,7 3

98,0

110,0

74,8 2

83,7

91,2 1

98,2

111,2

75,1 2

83,9

91,3 1

98,6

112,0

75,2 1

84,6

91,4 1

98,8

112,2

51. [A me n nn i kia mau nn no hoi hike e pili ana i ka Ganges o ia e like

me ka pili ana i ka succession o ka lula likeole i loko o ka mua ekolu Panel o ka
hala. Ka mua ua o ka papa kuhikuhiE constituent waena kona Z ulu e ku ei ka panel
oaio i ka nui, a me kona he ano e kaawale mai kekahi mau haahaa i na welau, he
equidistant moo. No laila, i ka equidistant ana i loko o I. i loko o ka uninterrupted
kaina 378-428, a me 430-435, oiai ke Z , aka, me ka mau recurring fluctuations, wale
ulu ae kakou mahope. I ka II. He ka nui o equidistant he 488-550, a me ka mea,
mahope iho o ka haahaa, ma o ka nele o ka = 551, 552-555 hoomau, oiai ma ka huli
o ka Z hike he like hoololi. Oaaeeoea III. Eia ke oki kapa hoohanohano o AYEIE
hana o Z ma waena o n palena 64,75, a me 78,50 ma ka undisturbed equidistance
o ka mai. Keia papa kuhikuhiE Bestande pani ma kela a me keia o na Panel ekolu i ke
kumu a me ka welau o ka kpa a he uuku o ke aiee o kona mamao hoololi i
randomly, a me ko lakou Z Amelika, ua like ia me 1: manao wale Endabteilungen
me hoopuehu aku i ka ho. I ka ha o panel, nae, o ka stride he consistently i oleanuu
mua, a he mea hiki wale no ke hoomaopopo i ka liiliianuu oi pinepine mai ma ka
waena mua ma na welau; i ka manawa hookahi, ka uie kekahi hapanui hewahewa
o ia like me 1. hanakimi hiki pela Panel ka mea, he nui ke keena o ka
equidistant ka ae Endabteilungen me ka hoopuehu ana i ka paa, a me ka poe
nana i hoolei aku ma ka papa ma ka irregularly oko. E like me ka Poeikohoia o
keano mua, o na Panel loaa au i III. e pili; ka luaano,o ka panel IV ho i mauano

heano nui okoa mai kekahi i kekahi ..; no ka mea, eikeia ai Panel o ka lua o ka 'ano
o ka ua nui aku kona nui ka ho'miana noi aku e like me ia, mai ka mua, ina ko lakou
lapaau he ia ia mau pmaikai.]
[Ma w i ke kumu ona o ka panel ua ano e, e noonoo, nae, i ka mea aole detaches
ioi definiteness o ka Endabteilungen. Oiai ka mea, e hiki e kekahi ambiguity e kau i
ka Pohakuohanalei ee i ka papa kuhikuhi 'Oponopono e ana a hiki i waho e like me
na ka equidistance o ka laul. N nae, he mea ike mai i ke outset e like me kekahi
lula 'ai e ku. No ka mea, ma na hihia a pau, ka mea i hiki mai ai a hiki i ka waena o ka
panel i ka equidistance, ma ka nele o ka meaehaeha; oi aku pinepine mea i ka nalo
mai ka piko i ka luna ai 'ole i ka hopena i kekahi manawa i ka moo o
equidistant ka hahai ana i keia mea maoli no ka mea,o wau a me II aie i ka wa e
kaawale o ka = 429 resp, he oiaio = 551st Ma na hihia, ke kumu 'Oponopono e kela
excessively? Aiiie i adherence i ka luna rula a lilo loa hamama ana e niele ai. Ma ka
kekahi lima, he mea no hoi e hiki i ka io ana ma waho i whiia, i ka holo ana o
ka Z ke aka, i ko lakou loa mai ka papa kuhikuhi Bestande ikeia makemakeia. He
pono Nolaila e waiho i ka manao paa o ke kumu ona i loko o kekahi latitu o ka
arbitrariness, e like me ka rula e hiki ia wale n me ka mea a ka equidistance
o ka Hawaii ole oia ia i ka nui 'keakea a me ka mahalo i ka ia, ma ka liilii loa,
ma o ka a pau, he ulu i ka waena e ike. No laila, nae, he mea hiki i na palena o ka
papa ku no ka mea, 378 a me 435, e kau no ka mea, II 488 a me 555, no ka mea,
64,75 III, a me 78,50, a me ka olelo a keia palena loa pono ae i ka 'oni iki.]
[Incidentally, ka equidistance o ka la e hiki ai i ka mea uuku Ka Iwi, a ina o ka nele
o ka makemake i ka wa a ka nalowale kekahi , me Z = i hook pono 0, e komo iloko
o ke panel.Ka mea, i keia e like me ka hookomo 'ana me ka nele i ka ua haawiia. No
ka mea, laana, ke kumu nui ke keena o ka I a me II ma keia ala consistently
equidistant ka wa i I 429, ma II 551 me ka Z = 0, ua hookomoia.]
He aha hoi ka holomua o Z i loko o ka papa kuhikuhiE Bestande na papa I - III pili, e
like me ka mea mua, ua hoomaopopo i ka mea i loaa i ke kikowaena mea malalo o
ia a eia i fluctuations. Ano, eia nae, he ulu ana, a me Re eaioiuo, aole e manaoia no o
ka loa-makana i'paha contingencies. Aka, e Penei wale n ke kumu, e koe i ka
koikoi unmistakable periodicity ma ka noho lanakila o ia inexplicable. Nolaila, he
mea pono n e lilo kekahi kumu i kumu. Oia Ua akaka no, mai ka hahai ana ia loina.]
[I ka papa kuhikuhiE Bestande o ka I ana ma 18 pili Maxima, 17 intervening
minima; 8 Maxima hule i loko o ia ka, no ko ka ka a pau, a me ka hapa kenimika,
ak,aole palena iki e like me ka hoolohe. O ka 17 kuahiwi o ke kumu nui hapah o
ka II haule 10, kekahi o ka poe 16 minima ma ka ke ano haawiia mai ai, O lawa ke
hoike ia ma ka ana o ka puniu wale no, ma muli hoi o ka lola i ana, ka mea waihoia o
ia hoi, ka millimeter ua loaa ma ka aayoaeuiinoe, a pau, a me ka hapalua kenimika
ua pili; no ka mea, i ole ia ka mea probability e like me ka Maxima, a me minima e
hohola k ma na subdivisions o ka kenimika. Ma ka nonuniform olelo, oa ma ka
aoao o ka piha a me ka hapalua pauku o ka unahiole, i hoohana 'ia, hookahi pela
loaa ke kumu o ka recurring paewaewa ma ka holomua o Z: keia mea i hoopaa ma
ka panel III. O ka 19 kuahiwi o kona papa kuhikuhiE ona 9 haule maluna o na mea a

pau, 7 ma ka hapalua o'niha; o ka 18 Minima e hui e wale 2 ganzzolligen cia, oiai

ka i koe - a zolligen Hawaii no].
[It E loaa hoi, i ka wa hooponopono i ka mana hoomalu ma Panel mai ka hewa
aie i ole-aahu olelo a me ka pono e noonoo ma ka wehe 'ana ma kekahi ka
ho'miana kpono e malama ia oukou iho. A? Acoeuoaoa, e like me ka
hoonohonoho i na Panel, i ka manawa o ka ole-aahu olelo ma ka oihana. Ka mea ia
e pono ke hoomau aku, no ka mea, laana, ma na papa I a me II o 5 i 5 mm o, ma o ka
papaaina III, ma ka hapalua o ka'niha a oi no ka pau'niha. I ka pkaua, ka mea e
hooili i kia mhele nui me ka papa kuhikuhiE Bestande ka panel. He hiki alaila, e
loaa advantageous e hoakaka i ka papa kuhikuhiE ke keena i ka mea pololei manaoi
hoopkole 'ia i piha nui o na Oihana. A laila, B. eoki Z, I ekolu aiee o ka Bestande e
like me ka ho'kka 'ia ma luna ma ka panel, a puni na loina 380 a me 434 koho e like
me na palena ma waena o ka 11 oihana e hiki ai ke lawa, e like me ka hike ma ka
papaaina iho.]
52. [Eia hoi, ma laila n ka eia, e hike i pololei ia wahi no kela a me keia o ka
makana panel i loko o kona pau loa. Kela ana, he mau mokuna o ka pololei i hoolako
no ia mea, keole noke hoalaala ia ai aka, hookaawale ia e ka w mawaena, nona ka
nui hilinai nui ma na degere o ka pololei ana, e holo kaawale. Keia w mawaena Ua
kapaia ka iniiaiie w mawaena, a i ua haawiia. He mea ia a eia no ka mea, o ka palena
manawa o ka poe a pau panel, e like me ka mea n e kaupalena 'wale no, ma ka mea
kaupaona, aole ma ka nui o ka poe ana mea.]
[I kona k i kekahi i ai nana, no ka mea, i ka equidistant ka papa kuhikuhiE ke
keena i loko o ka mana Panel me ke kokoa. No ka mea, i ka w mawaena o ka
poe kumu ku mea, aohe mea e ae mamua o kela, iniiaiie i, ka mea hiki ole ke pili,
ak, pono e like me mlie, me ka nui o ka nui o na kope o ka poe ana K.-G. - The ka
m o ka panel - no. Ka mea, iniiaiie i,aka hoi, no Panel ole i ka papa kuhikuhi
'Oponopono mai ka ike Hawaii pono. No ka mea, e ai IV Z. B. ka mea, ua like ia me
na wahi umi o E , di Aloha = 0,05 knm.]
[O ka nui significance o ke alo aku o ka iniiaiie w mawaena he wa aka, ia ia i ka
n o ia no ka, , he mea mau mea beige i kkauia i loko o ka papa i loko o ka
malamalama akau.Hanakimi ke hoomaopopo ihoo ia i ka poe wale no e manaoia e
like me ka 'elele o ka iniiaiieanuu, ko lakou mau oaio? U k no lakou; No ka mea,
nolaila, hoi no ka mea, aole e like me ka mea i, aka, e like me ka mea ma ke koho pili
'ano iniiaiieanuu, a me interspersed loko o ka hope uniformly e manao, no ka mea,
ua nele kekahi ana, no ka mea, he okoa papahana, kpono no hoi o ka
makana. Insofar e like me ka mea iniiaiie w mawaena o ka apo ai i paha, e hoopuni
oukou, he mea ka kahahnai o ka w mawaena o ka poe i kapaia.Kona ae mau
palena , he - i , a me ka + i ; ua kokoke ma ka panel ma kekahi pono, no ka mea
o ka mua palena o ka keakea kumu w mawaena coincides me ka lua o ka mua.]
[The He - a Z n loina i pela e paa ana ma o ka pili i ke kahahnai o w mawaena
aku i kekahi i kekahi. Ina o keia hui ua mea hooheheeia, a me ka noonoo, a ua
ho'kkaia ma ka iho, pela no ia e like me ka kapa ole me ka ua haawiia mai ai.]

[O ka pono i ho'kka 'ia n o ke Z i kekahi manawa, e leie i kekahi pala- pala

geometrical e hoohalike ai o ka puunaue Panel. He nuio ia i pili i loko o ka abscissa
laina, a ma ka highlighting i na loina a - i , a me ka + i ka kahahnaianuu pu
ma ka mea hookahi; alaila, e kukulu i ka hope rectangles, kahi o ka mea a ka poe i ele
ele beige kakau no ka mea, e ho; keia e hiki, no ka papa, o ka nui o ka , e like me ka
hana ana o na rectangles he keakea kumu unahiole, i malama e like me ka olua,
no ka mea, wale pili ai e loaa i kekahi kii o n klana o ka papaaina loina.]
[Loaa e like me ka hoohlike me ka hahai hikeiaana o ka waenakonu hapa o
papa I :.]

I ka laau fiku. 1.

VIII. Hoemiia hoi o ka makana Panel.

Oihana mua 53. loa i ka puunaue Panel hou e nee i loko o ka puali ololi, a pela e
lawe i ka uuku la, no ka mea, ia lakou i paa, kekahi hapa e compensate no ka mea, na
paewaewa ma ka aoao o ko lakou mau loina, a me ka hana i kekahi ole-uniformities o
ka olelo kolohe ole nae, i kekahi manawa helu ana i ka hoomaopopo ana kumu, a ike.
ka K.-G. Mahea ka hiki pono, kekahi i kekahi, mai ka iniiaiie hoi o ka makana Panel i
ka hoemi, a e loaa ia lakou ke ku iluna no ka poe, a hiki ke nn 'ole loa caiaiai ma
hope o kekahi i ka mahalo i ka iniiaiie panel ma ka ole hoemi, ka hoemiia panel me
ke koe aka nae, ma i hoakaka ia hoahanau pomaikai ma mua o iniiaiie mua, a he mea
pono e hana me ko lakou ho okumu ala i ko lakou mau mea, a me ko lakou utilization
ano.
E helu mua i ka ka ho'miana o ia iniiaiie Panel iloko o ka maka, ka mea e like me
au i III i ka papa kuhikuhiE ke keena me equidistant kekahi o Endabteilungen me
hoopuehu i kahiki hookoaiai lakou. E hoomakaukau i kekahi, iniiaiie panel o keia
ano, he hoemiia, mahele ana, e like me ka mea i hana mua ma luna o prejudicial i
50, na kumu nui ke keena ona i ka oihana, a iloko ona he kolamu, he like helu o
equidistant, ina e pono ai nele mai ma ka hookomo i ka i equidistant) , pl-kapa.

kapa ole , he iloko, a Dala o ke Z kela o keia mau pauku i like ko. Mahope manaoia
hoemi i ka nui o ka w mawaena holookoa, ma kahi o ka nui o ka iniiaiie i
ka makemake, a me ko lakou kahahnaianuu, manaoi hoopkole ', e like me
hoemiia no ka mea, o ka huina o Z, i ka' ikepili i loaa ma loko o ka hoemianuu i
ka haule ana, e like me hoemiia he, ka mea ka hoemi Z ua beizuschreiben, o ka
awelika o ka poe a pau i hanau he paha, i ka mea dala i ka ia, o ka awelika o ka lihi
hanau mai la , he, i like i loko o ka w mawaena.
E kahaki malama i ka ka ho'miana o kekahi Oihana o ke kumu ona o ka iniiaiie
panel au, e like me ia;
hanau , he 380

381

382

383

384

iniiaiie no 2
1
2
3
3
ka mea,
Ma summation o ka iniiaiie Z kakou loaa i ka hoemi no ka helu 11, oiai ka
hoemiia i ka awelika o ka 5 iniiaiie hanau mai la he hopohopo Oihana mea no ka
equidistance hookahi dala a me ka ia, ka awelika o ka lihi , he , 380 a me 384,
nolaila, he 382, kahi a ka hoemiia Z = beizuschreiben 11th I na palena o ka
hoemi i aka, i ka outermost hanau mai la , he 380 a me 384, a pela me ka hoemi w
mawaena aole 384-380 = 4, no ka mea, a hiki i ka hoemiia w mawaena, ke
kahahnaianuu o ka palena o ka loaa, ai ka holookoa w mawaena, ma kekahi a
me kekahi aoao i kekahi, iniiaiie i waiho loihi ana; no ka mea, ano ka mea
iniiaiie i = 1, pela no hoi i na palena o ka hoemi w mawaena ma kekahi aoao 380 -
= 379,5, mahope iho o kekahi 384 + = 384,5, a me ka nui o ka w mawaena
holookoa hoemi ia i ka likeole o ka elua = 5 ,
A oiai ka mea i hoemi ia i ka iho e like me ka Agena o ka outermost iniiaiie hanau
mai la , he loaa, i like ma ka mea e hoemiia 'Oihana,' oe ke ike i ka nui o ka hoemi w
mawaena aole e like me ka mamao ma waena o elua i kaupalena 'ia kekahi ano, aka,
ma lalo o enlargement o keia mamao wale i kekahi aoao ma ka hapalua, oa i ka huina
o ka a puni ka holookoa iniiaiie i. keia mea paha e hoomanaoia ai, a i ole i
anywhere maoli i kekahi i ka mea hou kaulana.
Ina N equidistant hanau kekahi , a me keia nu ua hui iloko o kela a me keia oihana
o ka iniiaiie panel, pela po ia i ka hoemi papa i ka n manawa i ka i ana o ka iniiaiie
panel. Ano, ma kela a me keia Oihana o papa I a me II o ka 5, ma III 4 keneta kapa
ole kekahi iloko o kela a me keia Oihana. ka iniiaiie i ma I a me II he 1 mm o, ma III
iniha; No laila, i ka ihoemi Panel ma I a me II like ia 5 mm o, ma III like i 1'niha.
54. Alaila, like me ka iniiaiie Panel oukou e lawe i ka hoemi i hoemi ia i ka iho i
loko o kekahi mau hihia, ua ike i ka wa a ka poe ia ia beige hoolaha poihana uku
ho'mi no kaHui Pia aka, o ka mea ma ka w mawaena, e like me ka hike ma ka
hoemi ia i ua poe, IAOEIAaO aiee ka hoolaha aku, i paa ma waena o n palena o ka
hoemiia w mawaena; a ua aka hoi , he iniiaiie Panel basically ho i ka loa w
mawaena, ma luna o ka mea a kona Z puunaue, wale no he uuku mamua o ka
hoemiia ka, ua basically ma waena o iniiaiie a hoemi ia i ka wale no, he pili like. Ma

kahi o ka hoemi A ak, i loko o ka hoemi Panel no hoi i ka w mawaena hiki hoakaka
i ka mea i na poe e ia, a ua hele mai nei ma ka hoemi mua makana Panel i mua o ka
kekahi, a me ka kekahi, ka mea au i hookaawale -self a me ka w mawaena
Panel. Pono no ka mai o kekahi mau brevity I makemake ka hapanui o ke ano
o ka mua -plate; substantive koena unuhi aka, aole ma waena o ka -self a me ka w
mawaena Panel, a ia oe e hiki wawe ka lilo i ka manao o ka poe ma ka kekahi, aka
hoi, i ka hoemi i kekahi o ka-plate ka waena ma waena o n palena o ka
hoemiiaanuu, he, nae, o na palena o nanuu e like me e like me ia ma ka iniiaiie
Panel - he + au, he i ua, wale no ka mea i loko o keia hihia hoemi ia i
ka ai i lawe i ka wahi o ka papa iniiaiie i ia manao ma ka na keia mau hoailona, kahi
o ke ka ho'miana, ua hoomau ma ka hai rula o ka mahele maluna, a me kekahi e pili
ana i keia hahai ana i ka kia, a me w mawaena kolamu ua:
Red. A ke ulaula
mai.anuu
382

379,5 384,5 i

387
384,5 389,5 i
Makou e kau i loko o ko makou ano he kumu hoohlike,o ka ho'miana e like me
ka mea loina hoomau ma panel I hoomau, loaa makou i kekahi pono hahai hoemi a- a
me w mawaena panel:
he

anuu

382

379,5 384,5 i

11

387

384,5 389,5 i

25

392

389,5 394,5 i

31

397

394,5 399,5 i

40

402

399,5 404,5 i

54

407

404,5 409,5 i

63

412

409,5 414,5 i

64

417

414,5 419,5 i

57

422

419,5 424,5 i

47

427

424,5 429,5 i

22

432
429,5 434,5 i
18
Kakou e ike nei i keia hana i nanuu o ka hoemi plaque ma ka hina i ka lua o ka
palena o kela a me keia w mawaena me ka palena mua o ka w mawaena penei e
like me kekahi i kekahi, a kokoke e like me ka lakou mau w mawaena palena o ka
iniiaiie Panel (s. 52).
Aka, aole i hiki ke loaa kahi', i ka w mawaena palena ma ka mua rula i pono, aka,

malama ole i ka ke kahahnai oanuu a palena i iho mai ai no ka hoemi papa e like
me ka w mawaena mokuna, e like me ia i ka ole estimable Aaeuaeeneei
Rekrutenmatafeln, aka, o keia no ka mamao mea ho'ponoia, e like me ka hoao ana
koke aka, wale no keia kali i ka ua, mai hiki wale i kahi ia oukou kekahi, no ka loaa
ana o na Panel ma ka oiaio w mawaena palena; aka, he mehe mea oi pono, pono e
haawi i na palena oiaio, a hiki ma hope o mua rula ma ka Panel. Ina o ka inoa o ka w
mawaena palena hiki mai iloko o ke ano o ka Aaeuaeeneei Panel ma ko makou mau
papa, makou makemake i ko makou mua hoohlike,o ka mea i ai pili aku e kau
-plate i ka w mawaena ele ele.
he

I ntervalle Z

382

380-384

11

387

385-389

25

392

390-394

31
a pela aku

Aka, ia ia ll ia kakou maanei like me ke keakea ana i keia notation ku, i

nanuu a pau, aole kokoke i kekahi i kekahi, aka, e waiho i whi o kela mea keia
mea pa alima ma waena o lkou, i loko o ka mea ia no hoi uhi ana i ka ike maopopo,
o ka mea a ka papaaina, aohe accountability. N nae, he mea hoala keia drawback, a
hiki ai e hapai, i mea coincidentally mau palena ma o ka unuhi aku la ia i na palena o
ka successiveanuu ia ia ma ka Aaeuaeeneei Ana papa.
55. Heaha makou i keia manawa vorstehends wehewehe hoohana 'ana i laana o
Schdelmatafeln, e pili ana i na papa hoohana a pau loa hookahi nui ke keena me
equidistant kaloaa. Aka, makou i keia noi ma ka Studentenmatafel III, e like me ia
ll ka leo e hiki ke loan ma ke kaina hana i loko o ka decisive ala i ka ka
ho'miana au me ka mahae Z , e hea mai ai. E kkou mlama i kia e wehewehe i ka
elua pauku mua o ka papa ku o ka iniiaiie panel III. Lakou poe:
kapa
ole, he

65,0 65,25 65,5

helu Z 6
Kahi i = 0, 25 iniha.

65,75 66,0

66,25 66,5

66,75

19

Ina kakou emi keia mau ano oihana, e like me ka mua rula i eha manawa i ka
iniiaiie i, ua loaa i ka hahai ana i ka loa ke koikoi fractures prone a- a me ka w
mawaena panel:
hoemiia
he

anuu

65,375

64,875 i 65,875

19

66,375
65,875 i 66,875
42
I mea, keia mea i hoemiia ka = 65,375 ka awelika o ka iniiaiie palena , he 65, a me
65,75, a me ka hoemi w mawaena palena 64,875 a me 65,875, ua like ia me ka
hoemi i = 65,375 hapalua hoemiia i.
[E kamailio i keia leo, ka mea i hoomaopopo i ke kumu nui ke keena o ka panel
me equidistant ka , aole ma kaoi demarcation o ka Endabteilungen me hoopuehu
aku i ka makana.A hiki i ka papa 'Oponopono o Table III panai no 65,0 e like me ka
pono me ka 64,75 a, mahope iho o ka hookomo ninini aku i ko ka hakahaka
hoomaka, a me 64,5 paha 64,25. Ia ka 'oni iki o ke kumukuai i ka hookahi, elua a
ekolu pau iniiaiie i makemake e alakai aku i ka pahu hopu. no ka mea, a hiki ma muli
o ka 'oni iki, o ka hoemiia e ka e like me ka hookau' o ka hoemianuu ma ka waena
ma waena o elua e pili iniiaiie i haule, a e noho malie loaa mai ka ke koikoi
fractures. Nota hou mea nui, e like me ka mea i kaulana mau manawa a pau , no ka
mea panel, aole ka beige kakau i nnau pono, aka, i ka poe a pau kahahnai w
mawaena o ka laha. Ua nolaila, aeia, i ka iniiaiie i kaana like, a me ke poomanao,
'anuu proportional mau hakina o ke Z e kala. I like ko, ke ka iniiaiie i halved, no ia
mea, ma kahi o ka w mawaena me na palena a - i, he + i eluaanuu me na
palena a - i, he a + ka, he i hele mai, i kela a me keia Z hoolohe mai. Ka hana
hope, ma ka iniiaiie papaaina III, ua loaa, no ka mea, laana, ma kahi o ka:
iniiaiie
anuu

64,875 i 65,125

65,125 i 65,375

65,375 i 65,625

5
a pela aku

hahai no pu w mawaena, a me Z moo:

kuhikuhi (halved)
anuu

64,875 i 65,0

Mai 65,0 i 65,125 3

65,125 i 65,25

1.5

65,25 i 65,375

1.5

65,375 i 65,5

2,5

Mai 65,5 i 65,625 2,5

a pela aku
Hana e nee aku nei i ke kumu nui 'Oponopono i panai no ka pau a puni ka hapalua o

ka iniiaiie i, a ua aeia ka ka mea 65,0 hoomaka me 64,875, ka mea Hawaii w

mawaena palena, a aole wahi i kaulana cia, ua loaa i ka hahai a- a me ka w mawaena
panel:
hoemiia
he

anuu

65,5

65,0 66,0 i

20

66,5 66,0 67,0 i

41,5
Ke hoike nei ia oe aka, i ka papa kuhikuhi 'Oponopono me 64,5 hoomaka e like me
ka w mawaena kali, ke hopena oia:
hoemiia
he

anuu

65,0

64,5 65,5 i

15,5

66,0 65,5 66,5 i

26
Ma keia ala, ma kaalo a me ka mheleana o nanuu, e hiki mau ke k e ma ka
liilii ka w mawaena palena 'ole he aiee o ka hoemi panel lilo i integer, ina wale no
ka hoemi i ka n ku mokuna, a he mau like no ka ia.]
56. Aka, aia no hoi na papa e like me ka papa IV no ka rai, ma kahi o n Ana ll
aku ma ka papaaina loa, ma kahi i nui ke keena me equidistant ka priori hakuole a
me ka olalo i paka wale no ka mhunehune viable 'uao me ka nele i ka hiki ke
hana. Alaila oe e ka mea e hoomau aku penei.
Mua, hookahi i (60 ) huki hou ma na wahi koke i hooholo ia ma ka nani nui au ia
oukou makemake e ho'mi i. I ka nahehin mau papa o Hawaii no ka mea, e kii, e lilo
ana ko makou papaaina me au i 'ae' ia e hele ma lalo o eha naehana. Ano, e huli
kakou i ka mua iniiaiie i = 42,9 malie aku e komo iloko o ke mua hoemiia w
mawaena, a me kona mokuna mua a hiki hou i keia mea ua loaa, he aha ka mea
lawa, ka mua palena o kaulaula mua. W mawaena = 42 e apono i, ma laila 42,9 i
loko o ka w mawaena mua 42 - 46 kulu 1) . Ka hoemi no ka mea, o keia w
mawaena mea, alaila, o ka huina o ka iniiaiie no ka mea i loko o ka w mawaena 42 -:
46 kulu, di Aloha 1, ulaula A i ka hapalua ma waena o 42 a me 46 i 44. i ka lua o
kaulaula. W mawaena mea ma keia hope 46-50, i ka mea hou wale
kekahi laana Falls, nolaila, i kaulaula. Z = 1, a pela aku, i ka poe he priori hahai
hoemiia papaaina.
hoemiia
he

anuu

44

42-46

48

46-50

52

50-54

56
54-58
2
Ina o ka w mawaena palena me ma kaulele ka coinciding o ka iniiaiie panel, a laila,
wale no ka hapalua o ka iniiaiie i kia mea i loko o ka hoemi Z klana i ka w
mawaena ma ka kekahi hapalua , no ka mea, (e like me, mahope iho o ka mahae
hana Z ) e pili ana i ke kokoke w mawaena.
1) No

ka mea, o ka mea ia mea hiki no hoi e hele hou aku me ke kali mua, i 41, i 40,
i 39, i kahi mea, oia ka mua w mawaena e pili 41-45, 40-44, 39-43. Iloko o kela mea
keia mea o lakou, aka, haule 42,9.Keia haawi likeole hoemi mau papa, no ka mea
hou. aka, ma kekahi hihia, ua lawa ka 42, e like me ka mea mua w mawaena
kaupalena i ka hana.
57. makou e hele aku ai ka makana Panel e like me au, II, III hou i loko o ka mea
i nui constituent me equidistant ka o ke kia ao e Endabteilungen me hoopuehu
i ka hiki okoa, pela mlie hoakaka mea i ka hana me ka hope. Keia hiki ke hana i
na aoao. Ma )o ia ia mea i ka i ka Endabteilungen ma ka hoololiana nele i
ka luawai equidistant, e like me ka mea i loko o ka papa o na oihana, a me ka ho'mi i
k ia mea mahope e like me ka mua kumu, no ka mea, alaila, aole oko ma ka rula mai
ka oihana; ai 'ole ), e pili ana i ka ka ho'miana ma ka Endabteilungen noe, ak,
ua oluolu no i Bausch ike e pili ana ia mea. Ka hope iaoiaeii oia, a hiki e like me kau
e ike, a hiki i ka wale kuluma, aka, o ka mua o ka preferable, mai papa aku e hoolako
kumu, a me ka w e hiki mai ana o kou hahai wale.
Pela no oukou e ike i na wahi ma ka hana iwaena o Hokoana akahai i) ka hoemiia
ka papa kuhikuhi Bestande ka Bausch PAaIEN o ka helu ana o Ana e pkui mua i ka
poe uuku mamua o ka palena mua o ka hoemiia ka papa ku, ae pani i ka pahu a me ka
poepoe ka hike 'ana i ka nui o Ana, a ua oi aku ia mamua o ka lua o ka palena ka
hoemiia ka papa kuhikuhiE ona, he, me ka hoakaka ana o keia mau ana: i kau ai, aka,
e ole e kaupalena ', no ka mea, o oukou nae, ke kikowaena waiwai, aka, ua hiki ole ke
hooholo i ka makemakika hemolele hoi, aole e hike i na keakea; e aho e, ina oukou
mau makemake, e haawi aku i ka manao o ka ka ho'miana ma ka Endabteilungen
ole i ka huina o ka helu ana o Ana, hoakaka i ka huina o na Ana iho i iloko o ka
Endabteilungen, a aole kekahi kaao ka mea, e hoouka hou aku au i ka iniiaiie loa , E
kakou K ka kekahi lima, e like me Vorzahl V , a me Vorsumme V , i ka helu ( Z ) a
me ka puu dala ( AZ ) o ka iniiaiie i kekahi, i ka poe uuku mamua o ka palena mua
o ka hoemiia ka papa kuhikuhi Awai, ma ka kekahi lima, e like me Nachzahl N a
Nachsumme N ka nui a me ka huina o ka iniiaiie i kekahi, a ua oi aku ia mamua o ka
lua o ka palena no keia kumukuai, e like me e , a me ka e ' , oia kahi mea uuku a nui
loa , he puni ka iniiaiie papaaina i na mea a pau, pela no ka hoemi poo kumu a mea
ke keena, a hiki ma ka hoike ole aku i ka V , V , N , N , e , , e ka ' kumukanawai a,
pela ana i ka papaaina oi pono keia mau mea, aka, oiaio ia mea i ka pono o ka
brevity, ka poe wale no ke gula , nalowale hawi kaina.

I ke kaina ) ka mea, aole wale no methodological, ma laila e lilo i ka ka

ho'miana o ka poe a pau iniiaiie panel me ka mau ano keakea kumu
hookaawale i waena o ka papa kuhikuhiE constituents, a me Endabteilungen, a me
ke kumukanawai a hope hoailona ma ka rula, e hana, aka, ua pololei olelo ana wale
no e like me hoemiia Panel pono keia mau mea i hoolaunaia ma ka pono makahiki
ana.
Ina au e hele ano i keia rula, o ka ka ho'miana i ka i = 5 mm o ma ka pau Panel I a
me II, me ka noonoo, ma ka hoololiana nele i kekahi , aole wale no i ka hana a puni
i ka papaaina equidistant, aka, me ka mea mua iniiaiie ikaika he nui wale me neia
pepa hakahaka i ka hookuuole i hele mamua, i ka mua iniiaiie i (ma i 368, ma II
481) mlie hina i loko o ka mua hoemiia w mawaena, pela oukou e hiki, e hooko i
keia kulana, ke kaumaha ma muli o ka koho ka ho'miana, ahu iho 1, 2, 3 a 4 nele i
ke poomanao, 'o hiki ae au, ina ia e hele aku mamua, no ka mea, laana elua, ka mua
ma nele i kekahi mea e palapala in oihana o ka iniiaiie panel i pela;

iniiaiie i
ka

366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375

iniiaiieno 0
ka mea,

a pela aku
Ka muaulaula. W mawaena mahope, e pili ana i ka kahahnaianuu o ka iniiaiie
kali i , 366 - i 370 +, di Aloha 365 - 370, 370 ka lua - 375; : Ka ulaula ,
he o ka w mawaena mua he 368 e like me he kikowaena 366-370, o ka lua 373; a ma
ka summing ka iniiaiie Z hoemi i loaa mai ai kela Oihana no ka mea, no ka mea, o ka
Pauku 1 mua, no ka mea, o ka lua o ka 2, he aha hoi ka luna o ka hoemiia panel:
hoemiia
he

anuu

368

365,5 370,5 i 1

373

370,5 375,5 i 2
a pela aku

Alaila, aole he poe i awakea ka mua elua ma ka lapuwale II kekahi , ua in oihana e

palapala aku pela;
iniiaiie i
ka

480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489

iniiaiieno 0 1 0 0 2 2 1 0 1 2
ka mea,
hoakaka ia mahope haawiia aku e like me ka mua o ka hoemiia panel:

he

hoemiia
anuu

482

479,5 484,5 i

487
484,5 489,5 i
6
58. Ina kakou e alakai mai i kia manawa keia ka ho'miana ma ka pau Panel I a
me II, ua loaa malalo w i ke kinona o ka -self mahope hoemiia Panel, kela mea keia
mea o na mea he nui loa e pono no ka hope kolamu S , ua pili, e kupu ana mai o ka
mea ma ka mea o ka Z o ka Z kolamu, mai ka kinohi mai a hiki i ka ma a o (hoohui
p.) he kolamu, no ka mea, i manao ka mea pili S , ua pili summed;
Ka ho'miana o ka iniiaiie Panel I (vertical loa) a II (papamoe nui)
me kaulaula. I = 5 mm o.
I II
he

S,

he

S,

368

482

373

487

378

492

10

19

383

17

25

497

13

32

388

24

49

502

30

62

393

36

85

507

28

90

398

41

126

512

52

142

403

59

185

517

50

192

408

65

250

522

60

252

413

65

315

527

53

305

418

51

366

532

39

344

423
mau

40

406

537

43

387

428

17

423
mau

542

30

417

433

19

442

547

14

431

438

446

552

12

443

443

448

557

446

448

450

562

447

567

449

572

449

577
1
450
Ka hoohlike luna hoemi Panel me ka iniiaiie, mai a lakou i kaua kipi, he i keia
mau loina a pau o ka nui laul i ka manawa maopopo.
I maopopo i na mea a pau ma lalo o ka papa ana o ke Z ia ia lakou me ka pii i
ka ulu ana uninterrupted e iho mai ana i kekahi i k mkou, ia manawa slimming aka,
uninterrupted no hoi ma ka ala hou, ma keia ke haawi aku i ka pahee o ka makana
hlawa i ka olelo o 17, pela hike a pau hoemi Panel ma mua i ka iniiaiie, mai a
lakou i loko,o ka mea pepehi pomaikai o ka regularity. A wale n ma hope o ka
hoololiana o ka poe Hawaii ma ka hoemi ma ka liilii loa a puni ka piko, ua lilo ia
i regular, e olelo aku i ka ia o ka legalism hookahi hooholo a hakahaka e kaha i ka
voraussetzliche legality o ia mea.
I I elua e pili ia i k mkou Z hike ponoia ana, a no ke mau ala, aole ia ma ke
alanui, e like me ka mea e lilo ai ka hihia, ina lakou e intervening he uuku Z ua
hemo. II ua loaa, e like me ka mau, wale no ka i k mkou Z . Nnana, I hike
wale i kekahiaoao, he N koe nae i ka regular ala, e like me ka loihi e like me
ka Z = 17 a me 19 e loaa, e haawi aku i ko lakou nui, i mea e hahai i pono; a pinepine
mai i i ko na welau a i holookoa ma ka liilii paewaewa, me ka nnole i ka loaa
ana o na Panel nui iho mai ia mea, a pau ka nui i ka wa a ka poe iloko o ka wahi o
densest kekahi, 'o ia hoi, ka mea a ka poe nui me neia i, e lawe i wahi; a ua ike kakou
i ka brevity ma lalo o kna mau 'lelo o ka panel ka densest kekahi a me kona mau
kiekie ae, a me elua ma lalo kokoke i ka pela kakou e loaa kaoi loa e koi i keia
regularity Kora naEsau, e loaa ia hookupaa iho la ia me ka kupono approximation o
ko kakou maamau Kanawai o ka haawi aku. Ano, i ka Kora naEsau o I, ka mea ku
pono i ka waa i k mkou Z ieono i ka lawa kl ao, i ke ano o ka regularity, i keia
mea me ka manao II keu aku (e like me ka mea uuku Ana i) i ka hihia, a me penei iho
ka helu 43 hewa aku i ke kali helu 39 o ka Kora naEsau.
Mahope, ua hiki ke manao mai ka outset i ka Panel II no papamoe loa ka maamau
pololei o ka haawi aku ke kkau i emi iho ae au e emi kupono no ka noho hoao ana
maamau kanawai, e like me ka papa I no vertical loa.
59. Aka, ano ia mea i kupono, Una I a me II e pplua ia i mua o ke alo, ma mua
o ho'mi i k ke 5mm i 10mm, e hana i na Panel invariably mau, ka mea hiki wale ke
hana ma ka hoohuihui elua successively kekahi o ia i = 5 mm o hoemi Panel i ko
lakou mau mea, a me ko lakou pili Z hui i ka huina. Ina o keia ka mea i hanaia i loko
o ka papaaina I ( 58) mai luna pela koe no ka unpaired nui o na hanau i keia
papaaina, he = 448 me Z = 2 hema; aka, aole ua lai 'ia ka -plate 448 hoi consistently
hoomau ma ohui i ka i = 448 i ka 5mm nui i = 453 me Z = k 0; ka awelika he 448453 Ua alaila, hoemi ia i = 450,5 me ka hoemi Z = 2. I mea, ia oukou i loaa i ka hahai
Panel:
Na Panel I a me II, ia i = hoemiia 10mm.
I II
he

S,

he

S,

370,5

484,5

380,5

22

25

494,5

23

32

390,5

60

85

504,5

58

90

400,5

100

185

514,5

102

192

410,5

130

315

524,5

113

305

420,5

91

406

534,5

82

387

430,5

36

442

544,5

44

431

440,5

448

554,5

15

446

450,5

450

564,5

449

574,5

450

Mai ka mua papa oukou makemake, ma ka ia rula, i ka i = ke kaulike 20 mm o

hoemiia panel, etc., ka mea au i kapa aku ai i kaokoa ka ho'miana kapuwai. Me
kela mea keia mea hou kahua o ka ho'miana emi ka panel, a oukou i hope i ka
hookahiulaula. A me kaulaula hookahi. Z mai.
E hana pl wale no ka papa I, ua loaa ma luna o ka ho'miana pili i ka 20, 40 mm
o, etc., mai ka ka ho'miana o ka i = 5 mm o hahai i ka -other:
20 mm o 40 mm o 80 mm o 160 mm o
he

he

he

375,5 25

385,5 185

405,5 448

395,5 160

425,5 263

485,5 2

415,5 221

465,5 2

he

445,5 450

435,5 42
455,5 2
A pela no hoi i na mea a pau, ina i hoemi i ka haawi aku au i kekahi mau hoololi o
na loina, aole hoi no ka mea i loaa, ma ka hooulu i ka i hiki i ka kekahi, a he hiki ke
hookokoke aku i ka ia. A pehea oluolu i ka ike, no ka mea, mai ka outset ka manawa
kpono o ka ho'miana i kaokoa nui i. Mkou hiki ke loaa ma I a me II, ka
iniiaiie i ma ke kahua mua o ka ho'miana e oi aku a emi iho malalo o elima mau
manawa, ma III e oi aku a emi mamua o eha manawa i hiki mahuahua, e oi aku a emi
equidistant (resp. i ka hookomo 'nele i kaequidistant i) iniiaiie i ka pu i lawe ia
mea. A laila poe, ao ke ano i hiki hooholo i ke koho ma keia pili ana. All mau a ua
paa no kela hike lakou mau hihia e hiki Ano, aole paha haawi aku ia mea i hahai
ana, i hiki haole i ke ku okoa ana o ke koho i i kekahi palena a me na rula.
60. He wahi kaua ma waena o ka pono a me na keakea o ka mahuahua a emi o ka
ka ho'miana i hakahaka. Mai kekahi mau mea nui o ke View he mea advantageous

loa ia imalama e like me ka mea uuku e like me ka hiki no ka'' palau ma hope o
mua ( 5) Kkkk ma ka maikai o ka makana kanawai ikaika olelo ana i keia hihia
presuppose a ma keia mau mea hewaio i ka iniiaiie papaaina i loko o koho i kekahi
ka ho'miana, i ka mau, he mau o ka iniiaiie i he; O nui paha ia ina ka i makemake
ia e hoemi i ka mana uuku o ka iniiaiie papa, a ano oiaio hiki ole. No hoi e hahai ana
kikaw e like me ka poea pau, ma lalo iho o ka ua ana, o ka ka ho'miana ma
liilii i ke ka ho'miana aku e laweia mai imua i ko Salisbury mau. E ka mea a pau
ma luna o ka haawi ana i ka palapalaia nui no maoli hoolohe i ka w mawaena ana
ma iniiaiie e like me hoemi Panel me ka nui o ka i ulu, e noonoo pono i ka
hoomaopopo ana i na kumu, pela i ka mea hope (Mok. IX) hana interpolation o ka
lakou mau w mawaena, ua hoohanaia e like me ka kkua, a makou e paha malama
i kaanuu uuku lawa i lawa ka mea interpolation; no ka mea, o na Kane e practically
aneane hiki ole i ka wa hookahi anywhere e huki interpolation me ka lua oko ao e
hooholo i na hehee wale, a me ka hoohlike ma waena o ka ho omaulia a me kilo. A
eia nae au e hoakaka i ka hana a pau ma hope, au i, aole i lawe o nui mahope I ka wa
kaupalena 'ia ka hoohana' ia 'Oiaio o i retributive pono, ua hiki ke loaa ia lakou i ka
popilikia hookele waiwai o ka pono a me ka leo o kekahi loio.
Ke kue, i ka hooponoponoana o n contingencies i ka ahakanaka ku ana o ia lai
ia 'ae i loko o ka iniiaiie panel, a ua loaa i ka e like me ke koi' holomua ma ke ala,
aka, wale no ma ka hoemi a me keia mahuahua ka i ua loaa, a me ka ole he
nui i kekahi maka'inana o ma keia manao, ka emi malalo o ka irregularity
excessively nui. Hele aku la, oe, e hana aku i kou maikai ma n mea a pau au i
nui, a aole nae aole ia e lawe i oi aku mamua i kekahi mau hoololi i wahi ma ka
liilii i loko o ka 'lelo o ka hoemiia panel; mai paewaewa ma ka holomua o ka
outermost liilii Z , ua mau loa i ka manao paa o ka hehee wale, a me n olelo, aole me
ka nui loa honi ole. Aka, ma kahi e, e like me ia i ko makou mua ekolu hpana
Panel, a hiki ka poe ana i na paewaewa aie i'paha contingencies no naahu olelo,
aole hoi e hou kikaw ana i i ka mea aole uuku, a nolaila, i ka nui o ka e manaoi
hoopkole 'equidistant kekahi , aole e lawe malalo o i ka manawa o ka ole-aahu
olelo hoopili like, a me ka enlargement o ka i hana i keia mea a pau Multiplis ka
mea, no ka mea, malalo o keia ano i hooponopono o ka hewa, no ka nonuniform
olelo wale, ua manaoia. Ano, e huli i ka puniu wale ana o ka uku pila. I a me II e like
me 51 ka Maximalma- Z mahope iho o kela a me keia 5 e holumua ai ma 1 mm
o kekahi, ma ka haumna Hokoana Ana o ka uku pila. III ka 4 keneta i holopono ma
0,25 'niha ke kua o ka iniiaiie panel, pela ka ka ho'miana i ka mea uuku kahi
illustrative i ma i a me II wale i = hiki mai ana 5mm ma III wale 1'niha, e like me ia
ma ka papa ( 58 a 62) no ka hihia; i ka nui i aka, e lawe, ia oukou e wale i ka
manawa maopopo, i ka wa i ole ka pololei, e hooholo ia o ka hoemi Z e loaa.
61.Oiai oukou e ano i loaa aku i na kumu maopopo aole kumu e hoomau aku i
ka hooponopono hou makou hpana papa i keia mau luna ka ho'miana anuu, he
hiki n i ka hoihoi, e ike i ka ia, i ka mea pono ma na mea a pau, e manao kekahi loli
ma na oihana mua o ia ka holomua, a i haawi hope mua o na mea a pau no ka papa i
hahai papa o na kumuano nui e like me ko lakou derivation mai okoa ka ho'miana
kahua o ka hoonaauao. I ka manao paa o D pa , ua hana no ko lakou fussiness pono,

no ka mea mua ka ho'miana anuu elua.Mahope iho o ka hoololi i ka papa kuhikuhiE

aiee o ka papa hoololi i na kalele iho deviation oihana, Liliu , Liliu a me ka pa o
ka mua ( 10 A 33) i ke ano haawi, mai i ' , , ,ka m ^ , ka m , me ka ae o ka
huina ka m ma ka haawi pono e manao ala. Ka derivation o ka m ^ , ka m , a aku
o Liliu , a ma ke aloha ' , aloha , he anywhere mai D pa , aole mai ka D i hana
mai ai no. Ka loko mai o ka iniiaiie papaaina A , di Aloha A 1 ka mea i hike i loko o
ke poomanao, 'me. Na kumu i loko e ka pela-kapaia,oi iaoia o Kap.IX, a me X ma
ka mea interpolation o ka piiana w mawaena. Ua loa like na mea a pau hou, penei
Panel o na lala, e hoomaopopo.
Lala o Panel I, ke kaumaha ma muli o ka derivation o okoa ka ho'miana pae .
E = 1mm: ka m = 450; A 1 = 408.5.
i

5 e ka

10 e

20 e

40 e

A2

408,2

408,1

408,2

409,2

C2

408,6

408.6 2)

409,1

411,6

D pa

409,7

410,1

D like a 410,5

409,8

410,6

414,7

?u
? u

+ 10

+12

+ 20

+ 31

- 29

- 40

e,

11,9

12,4

10,4

10,4

pa

0,74

0,75

2)

It i mea kuhihewa o C 2 No ka mea, i = 10 loa aku ka ia cia like no i loaa =. 5 [He

hike keia aka, o ka mea a ka w mawaena ma a C 2 hina no ka mea, i = 10, he palua
nui no ka loaa, e like me ka w mawaena ma ka C 2 No ka mea, i = Huila Wai '5, ka
mea ma ka elua pili ia i k mkou Z ka ka ho'miana kahua i = 5 he pono.]
Ka mea, uaike ai, ma ke kaawale mai ka hope manaoia nei ka ho'miana ke
kahua, ia i = 40, kahi a ka hoemiia panel emi aku ana lakou i ekolu Hawaii wale n
oko ma ke poo kumu a mea Hawaii e like me ka ka ho'miana kahua negligible a
randomly translucent nui like 'ole o kekahi i kekahi; no ka mea Liliu , Liliu , a
me keia wahi aku , , ', ka m, , ka m ' ua negligible loli mamuli o ka mea ia e
hiki ai ke i manao ai, aole, ina he mea wale no e hooholo i ka poo kumu a mea
Hawaii, aole nui hilinai nui ma ka ka ho'miana ke kahua, in wale no aole i ka
lani kiekie loa degere no ia mea, hele aku no ia; mea e lilo i ka puunaue ana o
invoices considerably influiert o ka ka ho'miana kahua o ka hoonaauao, a me ia

n nolaila, hoomau e hana pela, no keia kumu, paha, ina ka mea, ua malama e like me
ka ppilikia o ka makana i ka mea a ka haahaa e hiki ilikai, i keia manawa no ka
maamau o ka makana i loko o n Kora naEsau, ua i . noho Kahi a ka haahaa ilikai,
aole hoi ma ka noonoo ana i ka hiki? Ueony nonuniform olelo conditionally, e like
me ka papa I, II, a me III, ka mea i paa ai, o ka lnai hou wae i e ka palua ana o pono
e hele i ka hana ana i kekahi mau Kora naEsau i ka mea wale no ka olelo pono i ka
mea o oukou wale ke ho oholo mai ka mua haahaa 'ilikai i ka pae kiekie. Aka, ina
kekahi o ia hoi, he papa kna mau 'lelo o ka nawaliwali ka ho'miana ma mua a
pplua hoi i kaaoao mua i ke kii, pela no oukou e akoakoa ai i keia duplication,
aka, alaila e hele hou, no ka hooliloana o ka poe pili ka ho'miana i loko o ka
iniiaiie papaaina.
62. I mea e ike i keia mau hualoaa me kekahi K.-G. E loaa, mawaena o na olelo,
e huli makou, mai papa I, i no ka puniu wale ana me ka m pili = 450 3) i ka papa III
no ka haumna Hokoana Ana me ka m = 2047th
3)

Panel II I hele aku, aole wale no ka mea i kekahi mau analogous keia e like me
au, aka hoi, no ka mea, e kaumaha ana no ka irregularity i loko o n nuclei o ka
iniiaiie panel emi maluhia Anhalt.
In Table I, ua koiia makou, ma ka hana o ka ole-aahu olelo, i ka iniiaiie i = 1 mm
o ma ke kahua mua no elima manawa e ho'mi i; ma Table III, ua malama kakou i ka
ia kumu, ka iniiaiie i = 0,25'niha i ka eha manawa, di Aloha ho'mi i 1'niha, a mai ka
piko 55 oleloia basically ka iaoia mahae Z ua noi ia. O keia wale no, kakou ina
hoomaka mai ia i kekahi kulana o ka mua ka ho'miana 4) i ka ua hana ole fracture,
ka hahai ana hoi o ka makana Panel, a hehee wale.
4)

O ka hiki o likeole hoemi papa, e hoomau aku e kk mai.

Ma n kahua o ka hoonaauao hoemi honua III.

E = 0,25 iniha, ka m = 2047; A 1 = 71.77.
i = 1'niha
i = 8 iniha

iniha

i = 2 iniha

i=4

he

he

he

he

60

60,5

61,5

63,5

98,5

61

62,5

65,5

97,5

71,5

1815

62

64,5

17,5

69,5

823

79,5

133,5

63

66,5

80

73,5

992

87,5

64

68,5

280

77,5

129,5

65

15,5

70,5

543

81,5

66

26

72,3

626,5

85,5

67

54

74,5

365,5

68

108

76,5

113

69

172

78,5

16,5

70

253

80,5

71

290

82,5

72

330,5

84,5

73

296

74

223,5

75

142

76

75

77

38

78

13

79

3.5

80

81

82

0.5

83 0.5
Oihana mua o ka Papa III ma ka derivation mai okoa ka ho'miana kahua o ka
hoonaauao .
E = 1 in. ka m = 2047; A 1 = 71.77.
i

1 e ka

2 e ka

4 e ka

8 e ka

A2

71,75

71,76

71,77

71,64

C2

71,81

71,83

71,91

71,58

D pa

71,99

72,06

D like a

72,04

71,98

72,16

71,54

?u
? u

+ 39

+ 41

+ 70

- 29

-120

- 147

e,

2,16

2,26

e ka '

1,92

1,96

pa
0,75
0,77
E like me ka oukou e ike, e hooiaio aku ma keia papaaina i ka hopena e holo ana
mai ka ka ho'miana kuina no ka mea, I circuiting.
63. Una IV no ka rai me ka m hea = 217, pela au i hele ma mau ho'o ai i loaa
ai, i mea e hiki i ka regular Kora naEsau,aole ioluolu ma lalo o ka hoemi i
= 4 E hiki ke hele ilalo i kahi E = 0 , 5 knm; ka mea, ma ka makamua o ka panel, me
ka hoemi i ka = 42, ke haawi mai ka hahai hualoaa:

. Hoemi i na pae Una IV

E = 0.5 knm: ka m = 217; A 1 = 86.54.
i=4E

i = 8 E i = 16 E i

= 32 E
he

he

he

he

42

44

48

56

26

46

52

64

22

88

176,5

50

60

80

85

120

14,5

54

68

14

96

91,5

58

76

35

112

14,5

62

84

50

66

92

51,5

70

100

40

74

15

108

13

78

20

116

1.5

82

25

86

25

90

32

94

19,5

98

24,5

102 15,5
106 10
110 3
114 1.5
118 0

Mai i keia mea, ua oluolu ke kaulike i ka papa kuhikuhiE Hawaii, ka mea hoi
hike mea uuku loli ke kaumaha ma muli o ka 'anuu ka ho'miana wale n.

Main aiee a papa IV, i ka ho'miana i kaokoa kahua o ka

hoonaauao .
E = 0.5 knm: ka m = 217: A 1 = 86.54.
i

4 e ka

8 e ka

16 e

32 e

A2

86,48

86,67

86.67 5)

86,30

C2

87,60

87.60 5)

87,53

86,96

D pa 90,25

D like 89,44

88,76

89,25

87,41

5)

[O ka like ana o na aiee o A 2 No ka mea, i = 8 A i = 16, a me ko C 2 No ka

mea, i = 4 A i = 8, ua ku pono i ke ano o ka panel IV, penei ka klike o ka elua A 2 o
ia ka mea i loko o ka ka ho'miana 'anuui = 8, ka huina o ka mua, kolu, lima o Z a
pela aku accidentally like me ka huina o ka lua, ha Z he a pela aku, oiai ka
equinumerous no ke kahua i = 4 (no ka mea, a = 82 a me 86) ka like o ka
elua C 2 kulana.]
64. , ke kaawale mai ka waeia ma waena o ke kahua o ka hoonaauao ka
ho'miana mea e loaa i olelo e pili ana i ke koho ma waena o hoemi papa.
Ke koena unuhi o ka ho'miana papa ma muli o ka mea a pau, ke kaumaha ma
muli paha o kekahi o ka auoiaea waiwai o ka poe a pau e ka iniiaiie hanau mai
la he hoololi, na hoemiia panel ke alohaokoa. Noonoo i keia mua no i ka papa ke
keena o ka iniiaiie panel I. O ka hui pu ana o ka hoomaka 'ana i loko o ano he kumu
hoohlike 53, me ka mua , he = 380 ka mua nui mahele, a makou i loaai, e like
me hoemi he 382, me ka hoemi Z = 11th E Ano consistently pl aku nei makou, pela
no ka ka ho'miana,o ka lua o ka papa kuhikuhiE mahele o ka elima hanau he 385,
386 flg. A hoemi ia i = 387, me ka hoemi Z haawi = 25. Ano, aole ua lai 'i ka
hoomaka ana o ka ke kkoo'-aa aku la oelima hanau kekahii kekahi , he mua, pela
hoemi i kekahi mhele e ala mai, oia, e hooki i ka mua elua;

hanau , he 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390
iniiaiie no 1
ka mea,

ia penei:
hoemiia
he

anuu

383

380,5 385,5 i

17

388

385,5 390,5 i

24
a pela aku

Keia mea, e like me oukou ke ike, kekahi hoemiia panel o ka nui ona ma mua o ka
mua kekahi, a kuhikuhi i ka = 380, hoemiia me 382 hoala, ma kahi o keia iniiaiie me
381, hoemiia me ka 383 'auamo aku. A malaila oukou hiki no hoi, ma kahi o me ka
iniiaiie i hoala mai i = 380 a 381, Ealawa me 382, 383 a me 384, a wale, ina oe i ka
mua me 385, hookahi e emi aku i hope iloko o ka ka ho'miana mua, mahele ana ia
lakou, e hoomaka ana me 380, a me 385 incipient n ka hoomau.
he ma no ka nui hoemi kulana hiki, e like me ka heluana i iniiaiie i ka ai ole i ka
mea i loko o ka 'olelo he ka ka ho'miana' anuu manaoi hoopkole '. Ke ole Ano,
ke i = 1 mm o o ka iniiaiie papaaina au i loko o ka mua ka ho'miana kahua ia i = 5
mm o ua mahuahua, ua maanei elima ka ho'miana papa hiki i ka ho'miana i ka 10
mm o umi papa e hiki pela aku no. A ina kakou i ke ano o ka iaoia ) i ka iniiaiie
Endabteilungen ma in ia a me ka ipu he ia mai ana i loko o kaaahu pili me ka nui
o na oihana, ke pili helu o ka ho'miana papa Hoonui i ka pono me ka ma keia.
I mea e no ka maluhiluhi i ka hiki ka ho'miana plies i haawiia mai ka ho'miana
ke kahua, aole ia kakou wale no ka poe i whiia ma waena o ka iniiaiie i kekahi ma
ka ipu o kakumukanawai, aka, no hoi ma hope o ka pali koa mua i ka pela a hiki, a
ma na aoao a me ka ipu i ka hoi i ka ikaika mua he malie o lalo pu mahuahua ka me,
ua komo, di Aloha i elima hiki kulana e like me ka oihana pakahi, me ka eha, ekolu,
elua, a me ka hakahaka a. Pela no kakou a pau iloko o TafelI kahi 368 ka mua
ikaika , he me Z = 1 ka mea e loaa e kau ma luna o ke ahu iho la mua.
he 364 365 366 367 368
Z 0
0
0
0
1
me kaulaula. A = 366 e like me he kikowaena 364-368, a. ulaula. Z = 1 e like me
ka huina o kaulaula. W mawaena na Z ; i loko o ka lua me ka hookuke aku i
kekahi i kekahi ;
he 365 366 367 368 369
Z

: Me ka ulaula, he . = 367, ulaula Z = 1, a pela aku, a lawe aku la i ka hahai elima

kumu:
Panel I (vertical loa) i ka elima papa ka ho'miana
pu i = 5 mm o: E = 1 mm o: ka m = 450th
he

he

he

he

he

366 1

367 1

368 1

369 3

370 3

371 2

372 2

373 2

374 1

375 1

376 2

377 3

378 5

379 5

380 7

381 9

382 11

383 17

384 18

385 22

386 23

387 25

388 24

389 29

390 30

391 28

392 31

393 36

394 33

395 33

396 45

397 40

398 41

399 49

400 55

401 47

402 54

403 59

404 55

405 50

406 60

407 63

408 65

409 66

410 73

411 65

412 64

413 65

414 62

415 52

416 60

417 57

418 51

419 53

420 55

421 44

422 47

423 40
mau

424 39

425 35

426 34

427 22

428 17

429 13

430 12

431 13

432 18

433 19

434 16

435 14

436 10

437 5

438 4

439 4

440 5

441 5

442 5

443 2

444 2

445 2

446 2
447 2
448 2
449 2
450 1
E hoomaopopo i ka okoa papa, hoonee 'ia paha i ka easiest o designation, ma ka
hoomaka ana o ka hoemiia panel, di Aloha ka mea uuku hoemi ia i ka ai
hoemiia E , hana, mahope iho oia i ka mua o n luna hoemi papa ma E , = 366, ka
lua ma E , = 367 e hookohu 'ia pela no.
[O ka hopena o ka ka ho'miana, ahu iho ai i na aiee o na kumu, ua hoike mai ia
ma ka Papa penei:]
Hoa o ka panel I (vertical nui) me ka ho'miana i elimaokoa papa.
E = 1 mm o: i = 5 mm o: ka m = 450: A 1 = 408.5.
e , 366

367

368

369

370

ano

A2

408,7

408,2

408,5

408,6

408,5

408,6

C2

409,1

409,1

408,6

408,9

409,1

409,0

Dpa 410,7

410,5

409,7

410,4

410,3

410,3

Dlike 411,0

410,1

410,5

410,2

410,1

410,4

ka
m,

246

244

240

244

242

243

ka
m'

204

206

210

206

208

207

e , 12,3

12,1

11,9

12,1

12,1

12,1

10,2

10,3

10,4

10,2

10,4

10,3

? u +13
? u - 42

+10

+10

+11

+16

+12

- 38

- 30

- 38

- 34

- 36

pa

0,78

0,73

0,79

0,71

0,75

0,76

E hoailona oukou ia o ka A 1 o ka iniiaiie papaaina, ua like ia me 408,5, a me ka

mea a pau a A 2 ona ma na papa elima, a nolaila mai kekahi i kekahi wale knaka
okoa, aka, ma ka awelika a pau me A 1 balota. Hoi ike i ke kumu Hawaii ' ae ke
kaumaha ma muli o kaokoa henua aka, uuku koena unuhi; ikiokoa e hoike mai i
ka deviation kii, a me deviation puu, a me consequent awelika deviations.
Aka, e hiki ai mamua hai ia pela uuku, o na loina A, C, D , heokoa ka ia kulana,
aole lakou e hana i na mea a pau hoemi papa ma ka ia kauoha. Ka mea, ua o D ka nui
o A, a me Cmoe ma waena o kia mau waiwai, e like me i koi 'ia ma ka asymmetry
kanawai. Ka asymmetry mua ia ll hiki, ua maopopo i na mea a pau ka m , > ka
m no; Ae, he mea no hoi me ke ana i loko o ka w pino o ka asymmetry koi i P =
( D - C ): ( D - A ) loa kokekau wale = = 0,785 no.
65. I ko makou ano ia formative ma Table I ma ka mana o ka hooulu i ka
iniiaiie i fivefold haawiia i ke koho 'ana o elima okoa Panel hoemi, kakou loaa i ka
III no ka mea, mahuahua uku i ka manawa kpono o eha ka ho'miana papa.
Una III i ka eha hoemi papa
Pu i = 1'niha: E = 1'niha: ka m = 2047th
he

he

he

he

59,5

0.5

59,75

60

60,25 1

60,5

0.5

60,75

61

61,25 0

61,5

61,75

62

62,25 0

62,5

62,75

63

63,25 0

63,5

63,75

64

64,25 4

64,5

64,75

11.5

65

15,5

65,25 18,5

65,5

20

65,75

22,5

66

26

66,25 35

66,5

41,5

66,75

43,5

67

54

67,25 60

67,5

72

67,75

94

68

108

68,25 123,5

68,5

137

68,75

151,5

69

172

69,25 192

69,5

215,5

69,75

237,5

70

253

70,25 263,5

70,5

271

70,75

280

71

290

71,25 309

71,5

323,5

71,75

327

72

330,5

72,25 318

72,5

305

72,75

304

73

296

73,25 285,5

73,5

274,5

73,75

248,5

74

223,5

74,25 205,5

74,5

183,5

74,75

165

75

142

75,25 119

75,5

101,5

75,75

87,5

76

75

76,25 62

76,5

52

76,75

43

77

38

77,25 35

77,5

27,5

77,75

18,5

78

13

78,25 9,5

78,5

78,75

79

3.5

79,25 3

79,5

79,75

80

80,25 1.5

80,5

1.5

80,75

81

81,25 0.5

81,5

81,75

82

0.5

82,25 1

82,5

82,75

83

0.5

83,25 0

Oihana mua o Una III, mahope iho o ka ho'miana i ka eha papa.

E = 1 in: i = 1, ka m = 2047, A 1 = 71.77.
e , 59,5

59,75

60

60,25

ano

A2

71,76

71,75

71,75

71,76

71,755

C2

71,79

71,80

71,81

71,80

71,80

D pa 71,91

71,96

71,99

71,97

71,96

Dlike 71,74

71,92

72,04

71,97

71,92

+ 33

+ 39

+ 28

+30

?u

+ 21

? u - 76

-104

-120

-106

-101,5

2,04

2.045

e , 2.12

2,14

2, l6

2.15

2,14

1,93

1,92

1,94

1,94

2,05
1,97

pa 0,80
0,76
0,75
0,81
0,78
Ka mea, uaikeia ka hopena o ka mua papaaina I ma III o ka papaaina e
hookupaa iho la ia pono ia. Keia no hoi hike D i na wahi a me D pa kokoke e like
me ka hoonaukiuki aku, koe wale no ka wahi E , = 59,5, aano o ke koa D au , aole
wale no kpa a ikaika ma ka D pa ka okoa, aka, hoi aku i ka olelo o ka nui
asymmetry emi malalo o A 2 a C 2 no.
66. [E like me ka papa IV contingent, ma ko lakou mau paewaewa hoemi i
= 4 E , ke iniiaiie i = 0,1 aka, E ka mea, pela ua hiki 40 ka ho'miana me n klana
hana maanei basically. Mai ka ia i ka hahai eha papa e, e koho;
Papaaina IV i ka eha hoemi papa
pu i = 4 e , E = 0.5 knm: ka m = 217th
he

he

he

he

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

3.5

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

3.5

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

11

74

15

75

17,5

76

21,5

77

kkel
23.5

78

20

79

18,5

80

15,5

81

19

82

25

83

21

84

24

85

23

86

25

87

30

88

33,5

89

35,5

90

32

91

30

92

27,5

93

22

94

19,5

95

22,5

96

kkel
23.5

97

24

98

24,5

99

22

100 18,5

101 18

102 15,5

103 13.5

104 13.5

105 12

106 10

107 8

108 4

109 2

110 3

111 4

112 3.5

113 3
114 1.5
115 0
116 0
Oihana mua o ka papa IV, ma ka ho'miana i ka eha papa.
E = 0.5 knm; i = 4: ka m = 217: A 1 = 86.54.
e,

41

42

43

44

ano

A2

86,50

86,48

86,59

86,52

86,52

C2

87,90

87,60

87,87

87,85

87,805

D pa 90,19

90,25

91,31

90,58

90,58

Dlike a 88,92

89,44

89,00

88,45

88,95

?u

- 41

- 41

-52

- 45

- 45

e,

11,70

11,86

12,28

11,82

11.915

8,01

8,09

7,56

7,76

7.855

pa

0,62

0,70

0,73

0,67

0,68

Keia papaaina hike i ka ikaika diverging o ka papa kuhikuhiE Hawaii e like me

ma I a me III, ka hoahanau kpaa o ka papa kuhikuhiE n loina, a me deviation hana
i loko o n papa likeole,o ka regularity i loko o ka succession o A , C , a me D , a
me ka pinepine o D i, a me D pa . Hele akula, P consistently emi ka theoretically koi
waiwai .785.]
67. O ka ninau ano aicieeaao, e ka mea i ka likeole hoemi papa oukou i ka
malama i alakai i na hehee wale, a hoao i ka hookumu Kanawai, he aha ka mea hou
loa mau, paa rula hiki ole ae e haawi, aka, paha ka eia e nui auanei i ka olelo ,
Mua, e hiki ia ma ka nana aku ia lakou iho e hoike ia ma pela nui ko makou
Panel ka m, e like me ko kakou Panel he n mea hou o ka hehee wale, he wale knaka
a, ke kaumaha ma muli o ka ka ho'miana, ahu iho, he nui o ka aoao o ka maopopo i
aeia e hooholo i na kumu i nui he mea i eia kahi mea akaka, me e pili ana i keia mea,
o ka hoomaopopo ole ae hoi i ka ho'miana wahi a oukou e paa, a ua nn wale ka
rula, e hooholo i na kumu a pau e remanded loko mai o ka ia ka ho'miana, ahu
iho. Kekahi manawa, ak nae, he hana ia malalo o kekahi mau hoemi papa hookahi,
a me ka kekahi e like me ia i ka ahakanaka ku hooholo ana o ke keakea aku i ka
kekahi mau E hoike mai e like me ka Z. B. makou elima Panel I ( 64), ka hope
me E , = 370 he deviation mai ka regularity, aka i ka hopena o ka hoemi Z: 55,50,73
loaa, ma kahi o ke Z e ala noke i ka i k mkou 73rd Surprisingly, a pau eha koe

Panel hoike i kekahi mea o ke ano keia ano, a ua hoi preferable ia. Keia i ano
kumumanao mai ai, ina mea i kuia i loko o ka 'lelo a me ka ole ala, ke ike ina aole
oukou e hele oi aku i ka okoa kulana. Loa, e lilo i ka mea e koho i ka hoohlikeana
o n hoemi papa e hoike ana i ka iki deviation mai ka nui o ka makana kanawai. K
ia koho hiki incidentally hiki divest, e lawe mai ana i ka hiki ka ho'miana palapala a
pau ma ka pono, a me ka awelika o ka hopena o kokoke mai, wale i keia mea i lawe
mai i ka pilikia a me ka makemake ka mea uuku makepono Umstndlichkeiten me ia.
Ano, e ke lawe i kekahi mau ike i ka waiwai o ka iniiaiie a loko hoemiia Panel, pela
no ka mea, penei ia no ka piha hana o K.-G. e complement kekahi i kekahi ma mua o
ka mea e puku, i mea wale no e minamina i ka nui maluna, e lawe i ka iniiaiie Panel
nui, ana e kaupalena nei e haalele i kona palapala, a me ka noho oluolu me ka ho'mi
i k. Hehe, kekahi i loko o ka iniiaiie panel pololei experiential kumu no ka pau
lapaau o ka haawi K.-G., a no ka mea, o ka ka ho'miana i ka nui o ka i, ke kulana o
naanuu no a pau, a me halved Z hiki paha e lawe mai ma luna o noho kela mea keia
mea ma ke alo o ka iniiaiie panel noho kaawale, i ka mea maikai loa ia i manao ia e
halawai, a ka mea i hoopaa mai ai i ka hiki ke hoololi 'ana, a hiki i ka pana he ano
maikai loa i hana ia hope mai. No hoi, ka makemakika ia hoi, ke hiki ke loaa e like
me ka oiaio ma aole ho'mi i k panel e like me ka mai iniiaiie, a hiki i ka unuhi i ka
lehulehu developmental, a me n mea i negligible. Ku hookahi e hiki e hahai ma hope
o ka pono hoololi o na aiee o ka K.-G. he nui ka ho'miana o ka panel, ae hooholo i
na kumu o ka pae'ina ma ka kloko paewaewa ma kekahiaoao, mai hana me ka
kloko ka ho'miana, a me ka ka ho'miana o ka panel, aia i loko o kekahi hihia i ka
pomaikai o ka lawe ana mai i kekahi regularity e Vorscheine ia ma iniiaiie panel ka
mea, aole i nanaia.

IX. Hooholo 'ana o kekahi , ka , , he , ka m , , ka m

^ , , , ' .
68. E kahaki i ka noi o na folgends e haawiia na rula o kekahi mua hoi o ka
makana Panel hiki ke hoohana ia. It simplifies a me keia aka, kkua ai i n ka noi o
na rula, me ka brevity o na Panel, a pela au i waiho aku mua he uuku, nui wale
mahope iho o ka noaia ana o ka nui o ka makana panel, incidentally, ana, mai wale
ewalu i kekahi o ka Follow kia kkulu panel e ka mea makemake e hana i keia mau
olelo, lawe pono, e hiki ai ke loaa ma kekahi maoli Kane hoi o ka makana panel
palapala noi. Na kolamu S , , S ' ua auxiliary kolamu, ka mea e koke loaa i ko lakou
wehewehe.
Uuku, ana hookupaaia hoi o ka makana panel .
i = 2, ka m = 80, i = 912th
he

anuu

Za

S,

S'

2-4

80

4-6

10

79

6-8

35

77

dala

8-10

10

90

18

72

11

10-12

30

330

48

62

13

12-14

20

260

68

32

15

14-16

10

150

78

12

17

16 - 18

34

80

80

912

304

416

Ma mua panel, oia ke ano o ka Hawaii ma kolamu A, Interv,: Z, Za e like me ka

mua olelo ike i na loina S , , S ' aka, wehewehe penei: Ka mua S , ua like ia me ka
mea mua kumu hoohlike ,o ka lua o ka S , e like me ka mua + lua Z, ke kolu like
me ka mua + lua + kolu o Z , etc., no ia mea, ai ka hope loa, ua like ia me ka huina o
na mea a pau Z , a me keia =ka m no. Hele aku la, kela mea keia mea, i hawiia i
ka like S , ma summation o ka mua , he like S , a me ka Z o ka mea i loaa.
Ma ke kolamu S oia ke ano ki ina hana, aka, noi me summation o ke kumu i loko
o ka kekahi ao ao.
69. Ano, ke kaawale mai ka huina huina A a me ka huina helu ka m , e
hoomaopopo he maka, a me kaoi ka ho'kka 'ana o ka pili aiee, ma ke ano i hike
mua aku; he maka oukou ia mea, ina hookahi no e like me he mea la na helu a
pau Z, ma kela a me keia i palapalaia kekahi iniiaiie paha hoemiia panel, ka ia a puni,
i like ai; ka oi, ina i haawiia mai ia e noonoo ana ia mea i loko o ke kahahnai o w
mawaena kela nae he mea e manao haawi, e like me ka mea i ka waiwai o ka poe
kumu, e, e hooponoponoia ia mea, ma loko o ka w mawaena, kahi o ka manao paa
hana o ka ia, pono i keano kaua w mawaena mea interpolationsmig e hooholo i
ka ua hoike mai ma lalo nei. A hiki i keia manawa ia i ole e kk mai; i hoakaka ia e
ka hana 'ana me ia, a me ka pomaikai o keia e hoao.
Ka ia e interpolated i pahi manao w mawaena, pl-kapa.ano W mawaena, e nui
kona wahi, a me ka nui, e like me au i hookohu 'ia. I ko makou hpana papa, he mea
coincident i ka hele ana ma ka papaaina i ' s nui e = 2, nae, kona kulana ma ke ano o
hiki loli ana hana. Nui n ia i kona, mai ka w mawaena kolamu mua palena me
ka g. 1 , i kona lua me ka h 2 i koho; No laila, ina 10-12 i keano kaua w
mawaena, g. 1 = 10, g. 2 = 12th
E hoi nui;
Z E ka waiwai Z, ka mea ma luna o keano kaua w mawaena I haule,
he e ana o ke kolamu i ka lakou mau I pili waiwai o kekahi, a ma ka piko o I oia,
Z e .a e ka demgeme Ana huina hoonui, ka mea ma luna I , e hina ia
V ka pela-kapaia, Vorzahl, oa ka huina o Z a me V ka huina o Za, i mai ka hoomaka
ana mai o ka papaaina i loko, a hiki i ka hoomaka ana o ka i lawa
N ka pela-kapaia. Nachzahl, a me N Nachsumme i ka hopena o ka i a hiki i ka pauana

o ka papaaina papa koa,

m = H - h 1 , Eingriffsma, i ka uku ana i ka loko , ua moe poo waiwai H i ka mua
o i, di Aloha h 1 makana,
y me = ka m , - V , ano helu, i ka helu ana i ka poe mai kinohi mai ma ka H hiki
helu i ka hoomaka ana o na au i haawi i hiki,
Y ano dala, ka huina o ka , mea, mai ka makamua mai o ke au i H papa koa.
I ka nui, hookahi i:
V + N + Z e = ka m ,
V + N + Z e ka e = i = Za.
Kahi ano no ka hahai wehewehe, i ka w mawaena 10-12 ko kakou au e lawe mai, i
loaa mai ai:
ka m = 80, i = Za = 912;
g. 1 = 10: g. 2 = 12;
Z e = 30, he e = 11 , Z e ka e = 330;
V = 18: V = 138;
N = 32, N = 444;
m = H - 10: y me = ka m , - 18th
E like me ka H kekahi kumukuai ke hana, aka, ua wehewehe kaoi loa ma ka
makemakika mawaena o ka panel i loko o H ano, ka mea ma ka mahele ana i
ka Za = 912 me ka Z = 80 like ia 11,4 e makemake ai, a nolaila, m = 1, 4
poe; aka, ua hoi, ke kikowaena waiwai e like me H malama aku ai.
70. Ka hooholo o ka waiwai puu dala ka.
I keia manao ua hana pono ma summing ke Za, a A me ka Za , ua hoohana
synonymous.
Me na papa uuku e like me ko kakou kumu papa Ano mea i ke kahua, a me
accumulation o Za i pilikia; aka, i ka wa a ka papa ele ele holo mamao
o kekahi o kekahi kia, a ma keia ke ho okumu i Maprodukte Za , ua nui lehulehu, o
ka oi aku i ka mea i ka iniiaiie Panel, i keia ho okumu a me ka summation he loa
complicated, a hiki wawe ka pili i ka ho omaulia ka hewa. Oe hoao ia mea i kekahi o
ko makou iniiaiie Panel; a hiki ma ka ho'mi i k Panel, e hana i ka mea pilikia, albeit
i ka uuku loa, malie malama. Alaila, hoomaikai kupono no ka mea i like pili i iniiaiie
e like me ka hoemi Panel kela kahua, a me ka wahi no n papa hana, e olelo oe,
ua, i (a ma keia hope aku A) me n n mea Hawaii, ak, ma kahi loihi mamua o
oi pono ai e loaa mahope iho o ka mua iaoiaeii au I ka mea o ia ka nele i ka hea, oiai
au folgends auseinanderzusetzende i ka ke S hea. Ka mea, no wale i ka mea a ke
kaina o Za , aole nui o na Panel, e ka mea a ke ano o S e pili, equidistant a me ka ipu
ma ka hoololiana i ka poe i equidistant, i hiki ai laua ke hoopaaia i ka kekahi kaao

ka iaoiaeii o Za e kaupalena 'ia na kahi mea i makaukau i ka equidistance.

Hanakimi hiki Ano, kekahi o ka poe S , ai ole ia, S ' e hooholo i ka
huina ka hoohana. Ina o ka hooholo 'ua hana mua ia ka hoohana' ana i ka hahai
hailula:

ka = iau '- Z , i ; (1)

lua o ka hihia e like me ka hailula:

i = iau , + Z 'i. (2)

He i ka palapala penei manao. Ma lalo o ka m ka huina helu o ka mea i maopopo, i
ka huina o ka mea no ka hana, di Aloha Z malalo E ' i ka nui o ka ' ole luna ihola,
(ka mea o ka hana ana oia ma o ka papaaina ma lalo nei), e like me E , ka mea
uuku i ka ai ole haahaa loa mawaena o keia mau i kekahi , ka mea waiwai, i ka wa
e kokoke ana e summed kekahie ho wale i kekahi apana o ka loa o ka makana papa, e
pili wale no ia i ka hakina, aole ma ka mea a pau panel. Eia, e Z , ka huina dala
o S , i summing e ka mea i pili, emi mai ka hema, a ma E ' no, a me ka mea i olelo
mai ia mea, ka huina dala o S , exclusive o ka lihi hema , ; Eia kekahi Z ' , i ka
huina dala o S exclusive o ka mea i E , e pili ana, i ka ikaika likeole ma ka mea a
ka he o ka diverge kia.
Ano, e ka i kekahi e lawe i ka pau hpana panel, no ka mea, oia ka m = no ka
mea, o ka ia 80, E ' = 17, E , = 3: Z , = 304-80 = 224: Z' = 416-80 = 336; i = 2.
Ina kakou e hoolilo i ka mua lua paha hailula, pela no ia mea i kia mau
Hawaii ka = 912, pahuhopu nei me ka pono o kekahi puu dala Za loaa mai ka mea
o ke kolamu Za k.
A pau ma ke ala hookahi ke lilo i ke dala A no kela a me keia apana o ke hpana
panel loaa, wale i na aiee o ka m , E ', E , , S , , S' Ua hoololi pela, e like me he mea
la o ka summation wale no ka eha , he o ke kia e loaa ai e hana 5-11, kekahi e
loaa; ka m = Z = 47, e = 11, aloha , = 5, i = 2. e na kolamu o S , , S ' aka, e ai e
like me ia e lilo.
S

S,
2 47
7 45
17 40
47
Total: 73 162

30

nolaila,

Z , = 73-47 = 26: Z ' = 162-47 = 115;

a pau,

i = 465th

No ka mea, ia ia ke koikoi, ma ka holomua i nui loa aiee o na laina loihi loa i

loaa S e loaa, e pii i; mea nae e hiki ke hoopuni laau ma ka mahele ana i ka pau moo
iloko o elua a oi aku oihana, a me ko lakou i maopopo hookolokolo aku la ia
vorigem ala e ka hope hui ia lakou. Aka, i ka wa oi aku hiki, ua pono ka hui ana o ke

kolamu S , a me S ' ia ma ke alanui.

Hana kikaw henehene, no ka mea he mea hiki i ka waenakonu o ka papaaina, he
waiwai kekahi , mai ka mea e wela, alakai i ka kolamu o S , pii a hiki i keia pela
aku , excl, ka ia, e like me ke kolamu o S ' excl: C hoomau, summing ka kpono S , e
like me S ' pakahi aku la ia; mua puu dala wela e like me ma mua Z , o ka lua o Z ' ,
a laila mea i:

A = mc + ( Z '- Z , ) i , (3)
kpono ma:
, (4)
kahi ka m , i ka huina helu o na mea a pau e summed ka mea.
71. I loaa i ka S hana i loko o ka hoonoho American ma Hokoana loa (by
Elliott) 1) alakai loaa ole PAaIEN o i ka mea kkau i hiki mai. E a me ka maopopo
ana o kona universality.Ano, ua maopopo e hiki paha alakai, nae, eia nae haahaa 2) ,
aka, e hahaiano cumbersome a me ka hooluhi; I kekahi ia ia, nolaila, mai ke kaina o
kekahi empirical hike, ak, hui aku oia i hoohuiia ai kona palapala noi i keia mau
olelo.
1)

[EB Elliott, ma ka koa 'ikepili helu o ka Amerika Huipuia. Pelelina 1863.

(International ana helu Ahaolelo Lahui ma Pelelina). S. Note ma ka hana ana o kekahi
papa, p. 40.]
2)

[In mea. wale e pono ai Za au mamuli e Z 1 ka 1 + Z 2 , he 2 + Z 3 ,

he 3 +. . Z N ka N ho i, a quidi-ia a eia i ka 2 , he 3 , ... he n , ma ka 1 + i , he 1 +
2 'olelo , ... he 1 + N - 1 i e puku mai ai ma ka suitably contraction o na hoa, ka
hoopahaohao huina o ka palapala. a 1 ( Z 1 + Z 2 + ... Z n ) + i ( Z 2 + Z 3 + .. Z n )
+ i ( Z 3 + ... Z n ) + ... kamakawiwo n a pela ka empirical hailula: e , ka

m + Z i loaa. Like, ua loaa ia lakou e'm - Z , i , i ka wa a ke 1 , he 2 , he 3 ... he n - 1

niioaaonoaaiii. ma ka N - N - 1 'olelo , he N - N - 2 i , he n - N - 3 i ... ka n - i caiaiai].

1. No papa, no ka pololei o ka hoomaopopo ana hilinai nui A , ae hahai 'okoa

o A o ka pololei o ka S - mai kolamu. In he S ma ka aoao hewa, alaila pau keia mau
hewa no hoi, no kela a me keia mua S komo na mea a pau ma hope, a hano hou aku
kiekie aiee o S hiki e hoopuni aole i ikeia ana. N nae, he ua i ka malamalama, a
aole i ikeia kou nalo ana mea o ka mana hoomalu ma ka mea i ka wa hoohana 'ana i
ka S - kolamu o ka lihi hema , a ma ka Z mea, aole i loaa ia, a me ka m e aohe; ka
hui kaina hana o S , a me S ' aka, me ka mea hope, ma ka Z , aole i hoop ai aiee
o S , a me S , ka mea hiki ke lolouila, a me ka Z aiee a pela aku ka huina ka m e

haawi aku.
2. The S - papa hana, nae like pili i Panel me a ole kuapo hakahaka kekahi , a me
ke kahua o S - Wwahiia ana ina a elua ma ka ia rula. aka, he mea aole ia e pono
keia mau mea, i ka noi o ka rula, ma ka hook & ucirck 'ia me ka nele i kekahi me
ka Z = 0, a oi loa aku hoi i ka wehewehe ana i loan kekahi misunderstandings a me
consequent kiai ana i mua. Ma hope o ka hoakaka rula kela ma ka olelo mai
ai, he o ka AYEIE kolamu S e like me ka huina o ka mua , he like S me Z o ka
mea i loaa. Hoi ka hope i ka nele i ka Z = 0, alaila, o ka papa ma hope o mua rula
e S he repetition o ka mua S, a no ka nui nele ka hahai consecutively, pela pinepine
hai S o lakou mua ana i. Ko kakou mau hpana Panel (i 68 a 70) haawi i ka
wehewehe ia mea, aole i ka manawa maopopo, e like me lakou, e like me ka nui
hoemiia Panel, aole nele i komo; ka nui manawa e kaumaha ai i ka iniiaiie Panel,
pakahi aku la ia iloko o ko lakou Endabteilungen. No ka mea, pkole wehewehe aka
makou no hoi hoomakaukau ia nei he uuku papaaina me kekahi mau ipu i ka ma
keakea kumu, a hoopili oiai ka nele ilike, hai S no ka oluolu 'ike no ka kekahi i
kekahi me ia mea aka, me ka ho okumu ana o S , a nolaila, Z o ka 'ia summation,
no ka mea, hana, e kokoke like me ka kekahi helu:

he

S,

50

(2)

(48)

(2)

(48)

10

12

48

11

30

42

38

13

47

15

(47)

(3)

50

204

246

17
dala

3
50

I ka wa, pehea pinepine, ma ka Endabteilungen iniiaiie Panel ka nui o na pepa

hakahaka i kekahi , a nolaila, puana bracketed S hahai ma succession, o oukou, e loaa
ia ia easiest, i keia bracketing like ka huina, wale no ka mea hookahi i e makaala i ka
mea mahope S alaila, aole e like me ka huina o keia mau dala o S , me ka hou Z , aka,
i ka huina o ka mua ka hoololiana kapa ole S a me ka poe hou Z e hooholo. Pela,o
ka moo o S , lawe mua panel penei ke ano:
2, (4), 12, 42, a pela aku,

Pela, a hiki i ka A = 9 me Z = 10 e like S , = 12 Aole e ia e hana ma ka hou o 10 a

hiki i kaaoao mua summed (4) aka, i ka mea a ka mhele ma mua o ka hoololiana
kapa ole 2; i ka rula e pono e malama pono. E hoomaopopo iho kakou ano pili keia i
ka manao kkua o ko kakou iniiaiie panel I (Mok. VII), a he mea e maluna o ke koi
'ia (ma ka manao executable) ka hoololiana ma luna o ka Empty kekahi, nona elua
368-371, 371-376 eha, hookahi ma waena o 376 a me haule 378, i ka hopena o S , e
hana pela;
1, (2), 3; (12); 4, (4), 5, 6 a pela
aku
Ma ka iniiaiie panel III, kahi i = he 0,25 iniha, haule ana ma waena o n elua mua
ikaika , he, di Aloha 60 a me 64'niha pili a pau me ka Z = 1 a me 2, he 15 nele i
ka hou 64 i 64,75 elua , a me ka hoomaka ana o ka manao S , moo e like me:
1 , (15), 3, (6), 7, etc.
He mea nui e kukakuka pu. Keia hoohana no ka nele i ka hana maa, a me ka
pana i ka pololei lawe mai o ka ia maoli i loko o kekahi hihia hoohana ma akahele
hou, no ka mea, o oukou wale no ka mea e ho' ua 'oi aku, a no ka mea ma luna
hooponopono o ka pololei kahua o ka S -Kolumnen i kona hope waiwai me ka
m aelike, a hiki ma olalo i nele i kekahimanawa e pili, a he nolaila, aole ia e malama
ole, aka hoi, i ka wa e ko ai, aole e ku i ka pololei ole ana o ka poe nele , he hoia.
72. Ka hooholo o ka luna, a malalo Dala, kekahi me kekahi. A , a he ' , e
pili ana i ka haawi kumupaa cia H.
No ka mea, laana, e A ka papa kuhikuhi cia, i loko o ko mkou kekahi laana,
papaaina 11,4, loaa auanei ia makou a pau i ka maka ka manao o kekahi, a he uuku
mamua 11,4, oa i = 3 e hoohui p. A = e helu 11, oa ka AYEIE Za e helu ia
i kekahi , e loaa; Eia nae kekahi i ka ma summing i
ka iho o ka loaa = 13 a hiki i ka hopena, di Aloha A, = 468, ka ^ = 444. Koe ma
ka pololei summation o ka lakou mau Za e hiki ai keia mau puu, ma ke ano hikeia
hoi ke S - iaoiaeii loaa.
No ka mea, oi hooholo oukou i ka huina A , e ka manao 'haku o n puuelua, i
ka Vorsumme V , i mai ka hoomaka ana mai o ka papaaina i loko, i ka wa kinohou o
kaano w mawaena au ua lawa, a me keano huina Y , i mai la i ka H , i ko makou
hihia a , papa koa, a loaa ma ka mea interpolation, ma o ka holo ana i keano kaua
dala Y i ka huina huina o ka w mawaena wau , di Aloha e Z 0 kekahi 0 , e hoi e like
me ka Eingriffsma x ka huina w mawaena i ; nolaila:
Y : Z 0 kekahi 0 = m : I , (5)
pela:
; (6)

ma neia hope:
, (7)

I ko makou Laana papaaina, he V = 138, Z 0 kekahi 0 = 330 , m = 1.4, I =

2; nolaila:

A , = 369, ka = He - kekahi , = 912369 = 543,

i kekahi, mai ka ino kanawai loa.
E lawe A i kekahi papa kuhikuhi cia H ana, ka mua formulas e koe i ka ia, koe wale
no ia m ma ka hakahaka = A - h 1 , e aho = H - h 1 e lawe. e like me ka pahikaua
kekahi C e like meH lawe. E like me 82, ua hiki ke loaa maluna o ko makou papa,
me polopelema i ka hope kekimala wahi, knaka, ak, iki okoa mai A , ua like me
11.467, pela m = 1.467; ua:

ka = 912 - A , = 532 i ka 0,055,

kahi i eliminated na mea lewa aaeae me he 380 a me 532 no ka mea wale ma ka
polopelema ka C hilinai ma ka hope kekimala wahi.
[Ina kekahi i makemake ai; he oi aku ka pololei paa o keano kaua dala Y , e loaa
mai, ma kahi o ka noonoo interpolation sharper, waiho, e hele au ma'' lua oko ao,
pela no keia, aole e aeia. No ka mea, o keia no ka oko ao mua, ua nn 'ana i kaao
Products HI ho i ka huina o ka w mawaena i haule waiwai o ka ma lalo o ke klana
wale no ka poe i k haawi ma luna o ka w mawaena pau keia mau loina. No ka
mea, nolaila, ma keia manao, ke dependence o keano huina Y o keano kaua
Ana m mua hooponopono ai i pau ia loli ana e ke ka interpolatedanuu mua a hope o
huahana aiee AZ, e like me ka mea e, e hawi 'ia me ka ae lua' ole a kiekie oko ao
ana'ku. E nolaila, mai ka hookahi wahi o ka Hawaii ia oukou, i ka summation o na
mea a pau uhi ma luna o ka pau w mawaena he kumuhana; i keano kaua
dala Y hooholo me ka nui e hiki oi, mea pono i na loina komo i loko o ke kahua o
keano huina he , i ka nui o keano kaua helu y me , a me ka poe kia pauk ua like ia
me Z 0 m: I ua loaa i loko o ka waena o ka Eingriffsma m , i hookohu 'hapa w
mawaena di Aloha i kag. 1 + m manao punawai, a pela
(8)
Ak, e like me ia i ho'kka 'ia ma luna, ua like ia me Z 0 kekahi 0 m: I : i i ka huina

o ka, hookahi loaa alaila like ai:

, (9)
kahi o ka summation hoailona i pili Index i hookauwa aku ai e maopopo ia mea mai
ka hailula (7). Ma proportional hooholo o Y nolaila, he A , ma ka huina

i hoalaia iloko o mooolelo, a me ka pololei manao ano (8) e haawi aku i ka pomaikai
kpono nui. I ka mea, hookahi loaa no ka mea, o ka A ko kakou hpana papa =
11,4 ka ' = 362,7 ku kekahi , = 369.]
Aka, aole i lawa no ka mea pela achievable pololei, pela hoi, aole wale Y, aka, no
hoi V , a me N e hooholo no ka ka manao i ka hakahaka o kaaahu o ka makana
o ka hookahi-hai mai iloko o kela a me keia w mawaena ma ka noonoo pono i ka
pilianuu, noke e hoonohonoho hou ia ll. Pehea e hiki i ka ae kiekie degere o ka
pololei i ka wa a ka ae, no naanuu ma kekahi o ka poe elua pono e pilianuu, Z: B. i
ka, e like me ka mea progresses mai ka uuku a hiki i ka nui i kaupalena koke penei
w mawaena. Alaila, o ka mua ai, e ai auou caiaiai ma ka eia.]
[Pili i ka Z 1 , o ka nui o na loina haule ana i loko o ka w mawaena o keano
kauaanuu e hahai ana, a me k ia mea i na aiee o ka mua, ka lihi E , no, a me n
loina o ka w i hala, ka lihi E ' , aole huki i nahae ka w mawaena invoiced e, i ka
mua a me ka hope o ka papaaina i nele w mawaena Z = hookui 0, alaila, o ka huina
o ka hooholo i ka pauano w mawaena like pu ia me kekahi 0 Z 0 - 1 / 12 i ( Z 0 - Z 1 ),
ka Vorsumme like V + 1 / 12 i Z 0 , ka Nachsumme like N - 1 / 12 i Z 1 , kahi V , a
me N a pau e ppilikia e like me luna, a me ka huina huina o ka mea pela like i ka
luna ppilikia i kekahi. e hoomaulia i keano kaua dala hou no ka hailula;
, (10)
Eia ke oki, mai loko mai o ka mea,
(11)
penei.
73. Ka hooholo o ka deviation nui ka m , , ka m .
Mahope iho o ka maka manao e loaa ka m , wale ma ka hookui i na aiee no ka
mea, i na loina o ka ua uuku mamua o H , ua; a makou e lawe i ko makou hpana
papaaina A = 11,4 no ka mea, H , pela no keia e hawi mai , = 48, a = m , = 80 - 48 = 32nd

Hana no hoi ia i mau pahi oi paa ka mea, e ku mai ka m , haku o ka Vorzahl V , a

hiki i ka hoomaka ana o na au ke ike aku, a me keano kaua helu y me , a malaila aku
a hiki i Hpapa koa. Aka, o keia mau mea i ka ike o ka m = H - h 1 loaa mai ma ka
interpolation ma ke kokoke loa i kahi o ka like ana;
Y : Z 0 = m : I , (12)
nolaila:
(13)
a ma ia hope:
, (14)
Ina no ka mea, H ka waiwai o A = 11,4 a ma ia hope i ka mua o n loina V =
18, m = 1.4, Z 0 = 30: I = 2, ua loaa , = 39, = 80-39 = 41, heai i ka huli okoa
o ka crude nui i obesity ke haule ma ka aoao e ku pono ana.
E ka m aole ma ka deducting ka m , o ka m hiki e manao pono, ka mea e hiki ai e
pono no ka mlamaana, ak, pela ua ia nui;
, (15)
ka mea i loko o ka ho'miana o H = A mana N = 32 i

hoike.
E paa A e aho C mamua o H lawe. Ma hope o oi hooholo i loko o X. Mok. loaa ia
mea i loko o ko mkou hpana papa knaka, ak, iki okoa mai A , ua like me 11.467,
pela x na loina i koe e like = 1,467 oiai o ka mea no ka mea, A koe. Keia haawi:

,
Na aiee, ua, e like me ka mea hoopili like me na olelo o ka Central waiwai, like i
kekahi i kekahi, e like ke ka m = 40, ma ka ohui ana hou i ka poe uuku a me ka
maikai io supplementary wale no ma ka polopelema aku i ka C hilinai nui iloko o
decimals.
[Keia hoolako 'ana i keano kaua helu y me i hoohana alodio interpolation e
manaoia pololei, e like me ka loihi e like me ka puunaue ana o ka loko o kela a me
keia w mawaena hiki e ea ae ai eaahu. Ina o keia ka mea, aole loa ia pela, alaila,
eoi interpolation, me ka lua, a kiekie oko ao, kekahi degere o ka pololei e hiki ke

loaa. No ka mea, o naanuu huluulu i ka nui o ka ai Z Hawaii i ka poe e kau i ka

interpolation e like me ka mea mua oko ke kumu, aole ia, e like me ka mea e like
hoohuiia ka buzz o ka ke Za - aiee o kekahi ano ma ka puunaue ana o ka kalele iho
iloko o ka pilianuu. Pela loaa no ka mea, me ka ae lua oko, oa me ka hou noonoo o
keano kaua w mawaena koke hahai w mawaena, a no ka mea, maluna ae like pu ia
me Z 1 e hoonoho i ka hailula:
, (16)
Aka, e manao ae moe malie no ka w mawaena koke iho kona Z ma Z - 1 e kheaia,
pl i hana ai e hoomaulia y me ka hailula:
(17)
i mea kolu oko ao i incurred. He mea pono e hoomaopopo i ka mea i intensification
ma ka i ka ho omaulia o y me , ka like puakai ma ka i ka ho omaulia o Y, V a
me N conditionally. I like ko, ka hoohana 'ana o ka hailula (16) ke komo i loko o
mana o na formulas (10) a me (11) result.]

74. Ka hooholo o ka manao lokahi deviation puu ', , bez. i haawi

kumupaa cia H.
Pono kakou i loaa i ka olelo deviation huina 'bez. kekahi loiloi mua cia H, ina
kakou pkahi paa oko '= i - H dala; na folgends mau loa Hawaii e lawe io
deviation dala ,ina kakou pkahi paa oko , = H - A , dala; aka, i ka kanaka
manao paa o ka nui oko ua cumbersome, a hiki wawe ka pili i kanaka i ka ho omaulia
kuhihewa; elua pilikia ma ka manao paa me ka hahai hailula:
= ka - ka m H
, = ka m , H - A , (18)
I mea, ka huina o ka 'oluolu , di Aloha ' ua lawelawe 'ia e ka mea i ka
waiwai H o kela a me keia o ka M' n loina o ka ', ' o ia hoi, ke A heaha ka mea oi
mamua o H , ua pl wale n ma ke ka m ' manao H mai he ' ua unuhi 3) ; ka mea a
ka mua o ka poe maluna n helu kaulike a pau. Ma ka kekahi lima, i ka huina o ka
hopena maikai, ua i loaa mai ma ka loa Hawaii i ka wa o ka huina o ka m , n
loina i , , b . I. na aiee o kekahi , ka mea i emi malalo o H , o ka m , ike H , ua
haalele iho, oia no ka lua o ka maluna n helu kaulike.
3) Aole

ma ma ka mea wale n i hiki hiki mai ana, ina o ka loaa o ka ia nui.

Keia mau formulas pili i na crude e like me pahikaua manao, a me ka poe wale
unuhi ia no ka maka manao ka m , a m , A , a i ^ e maka, ae paa kona
manao pulakaumaka.Ina hou A e like me ka nui waiwai no ko kakou hpana papa, i

mea hihia, no ka m , no ka mea, hookomoia, pela no makou e ho ohana no ka

crude e like meoi hoomaopopo ana i ke ano mua hooholo Hawaii, a heio maka
n , = 48, ' = 32, i , = 468, ka = 444; ua:
maka
, = 48 11.4-468 = 79.2
= 444-32 11.4 = 79.2
Na huina nui o na ia e like me e like me na olelo o ka makemakika hemolele, mahope
iho ooi manao kekahi he , = 39, ' = 41: A , = 369, i ^ = 543; ma neia
hope:
ia
, = 39 11.4-369 = 75.6
= 543-41 11.4 = 75.6
No laila, e hookolokolo pono hou o na puu, wale i ka pahikaua i kekahi mau puu e
like me, ua maka kekahi uuku. [Ina, alaila, ma kahi o ka proportional i ka ho omaulia
o Y , ka luna i oleloia pololei kumu, he mea 'i , = 362,7, ' i ^ = 549,3, ka hopena
oia, he maanei e maopopo ia mea mai ka luna deviation kupono ka huina hoailona i
Index ua pili;
ia
, = 39 11,4 i 362.7 = 81.9
= 549,3 i 41 11.4 = 81.9,
pela elua ae like puu a pau, ua oi aku ia mamua o ka maka kekahi.]
. Keia hualoaa bez A e like me ka H lawe i nui a pau, a me na mea o:
1.no ka mea, o ka hihia i A > he 0 , nolaila

pahi , = maka , [Oi , = maka , +

= maka , - K (19)
= maka , + ]

2.no ka mea, o ka hihia a A < i 0 , a nolaila

::

pahi , = maka , [Oi , = maka , +

= maka , - L (20)
= maka , + ]

Ka iki awkward, a me penibeln hoike 4) ia I hele maluna o, aka, ia oukou ke

hoomaopopo aku i ka pololei o ka hailula i kekahi hoailona homemade, Z. B. iloko o
ko makou laana papa. Eia, A = 11,4, he 0 = 11, a nolaila A > he 0 , i ka ia manawa,
he I = 2, m = 1.4, nolaila, m > I . No laila, i ka mua hihia oia. Ano, he makou
maka , = 79,2. Ka waiwai ona deducted K, i ka , kilo e hele, ak, he
ppilikia ma ka hike o ka noonoo ia Z 0 = 30 e 30 0,6 0.4 = 3.6, a me ka mea,
ma ka 79 2 ihi, he 75,6 loaa luna ma ka hailula. [O ka waiwai Eia, ka
e ^ , oi hualoaa, e hiki ke loaa e like me ka mea maluna, manao paa, he
30 0.6 2 = 2.7, a me keia ua huiia me ia 79,2 81,9, e like me ka mea e lilo. ]
4) [oia

ia mahope iho, a me ke anoe ana o kekahi nui cia H , me ka pili ana i ka mea
a ka poe lalo loa a me ka hoaka o deviation puu , kekahi me kekahi. ' komo,
ma ka pololei i ka ho omaulia mai na formulas;
heio maka n , = ( V + Z 0 ) H - ( V + he 0 Z 0 )
ina H > he 0 = V H - V i ka wa H < he 0 ;
pahi oi ,

ka mea analogous formulas no ka luna deviation puu e ku ana.]

I ka likeole ma waena o wale i loko o ka kikaw hihia o ka nalowaleana aku
o , heio maka n a me ka , oi kahi A me kekahi o n palena elua
o I coincides me ka konu paha, kahi m = 0, a = I , a = I ; no ka mea hoi, mahope
iho o ka i k mkou helu kaulike o ke koena unuhi o ka i k mkou, i ka wa a ka mua
hihia m = I, lua o ka hihia = I , ma na ina o ka waiwai o ka 1 / 16 Z 0 I loaa

mai. [It no hoi ke kino i ka likeole o ka , heio maka n, a me ' , lena,

ina A me kekahi o n palena elua o I coincides, ak, i kia like kona i k mkou
waiwai 1 / 8 No ka mea, 0 I loaa mai ka wa A ma ka waena o I , e hina ia. ] Pela lana a
pau i ka like ke k a L mawaena 0 a me 1 / 16 no ka mea, 0 i , i ka like
a mawaena 0 a me 1 / 8 no ka mea, 0 i ]; aka, na mea i ka likeole a me ka ia I ,
a m i alodio ia lki e Z 0 .
Ano oukou ike i ka pahi , [resp. ' , ] e hiki e hooponoponoia ia mea, no
hoi ma ia mea hooholo wale no ka hiki pono-i-huli i maka, ma keia hope aku ke

k a L i subtracts [resp: a ua huiia me ia], kaumaha mahope iho o a> i 0 a a <he 0 .

In H ka mea, aole like ia A, pela no oukou e hookolokolo pono o na puu, aole i
manao like ole. Ke manao nei, no ka mea, laana: C. na ka hopena no ka hooholo
'ana, uaanei;
(21)
,
Mahope iho o Cape. X. e C ka hopena no ko kakou kumu hoohalike papa ma hope
o ka ho'o 'ana e paa = 11.467, oiai ka m = ka 40th A makou hooholo
Ano, A , a ka 'oi hoakaka ia rula, ua loaa:
, = 40 11,467 i 380 = 78.7
'= 532-40 11,467 = 73.3
. [Resp ' , = 40 11,467 i 374.13 = 84.5
' ' = 537,87 i 40 11,467 = 79.2].
75. E kkou e ana mua specializations i loko o kekahi o ko makou K.-G. a makou
noii ana i ka hoolako mai ka pahikaua ka hooholo 'pomaikai ma mua o crude i
haawiia ma ka manao o ka like ana o na kumu ma ka derivation mai okoa hoemi
papa, ua hiki keikeia e ia i loko o pili ana i ka manao paa o , (mai i ' = m , penei ) nui nui, ma ka manao o ka , (a ' like,) aka, ua nalowale, a koe
kanalua, ma ka manao o ka ' , ma ka kekahi lima kamahao mlie].
I i hana aku ai i nano laborious like i ka 5 papa hoemi i ka puunaue panel o ka
puniu wale no vertical anapuni, a ua lawe aku i 64, a me ko lakou mauoi kekahi
oihana mua pono i helu 'ia ma laila.

E like ma waena maka, aoi kekahi aiee o , a me ka , .

e,

366

367

368

369

370

ano

408,6 408,7 408,2 408,5 408,6 408,5

diff.
0,7

, heio 217
maka n

230

250

193

201

218,2

87,2

, oi

220

220

219

217

218,8

5.2

,heio 2531
maka n

2509

2471

2492

2531

2506,8 101,2

, oi

2528

4292

2465

2479

2509

2494,6 95,6

' , oi

2531

2513

2505

2518

2540

2521,4 56,4

218

Ke kolamu diff. poe i ka huina o na deviations o ka 5 kue kanaka o ka Central ai,

a ma keia ke he ano o ke ana ana i ka oko a ke kaumaha ma muli o ka pilikia. Ke

keakea manga ku e hoopaapaa no , ka mea ma keia hope aku ma ka mea
tremendously, no ka mea, , he haahaa, i ole ai e noho kanalua, no ka
mea, ' , ma ka kekahi lima nui pono e ae i ka adherence i ka klike loa manao
ano ikea ai e maikai]. Incidentally, ka mea hiki ke hoomaopopo i ke kulana E , =
370 e pono hookoe 'ia mai n like me k e koe, no ka mea, o ka haawi aku papa kia
e like me 67 Hike he hanana irregularity Kora naEsau i aole e hana ia mau pono
ana no ka mea i ka ho omaulia ana o na kumu.
Ka mea, iniiaiie papaaina mea, aole e holo i ka poe like me k, no ka mea, aole
lakou i ae loea hooholo i loko o ke irregularity nui, a me unevenness o ka olelo. Eia
nae, i kekahi e noi aku ina he poe kekahi o ka A oia = 408,5, no ka hoolilo o na mea
a pau , a me ka , no ka mea, o ka ka ho'miana i loko o ka papa preferable 5
ka lanakila, aka, e aho ke ano oi aku ka maopopo 'ana ma ka manao paa o A lawe. Eia
nae, I manaoio i keia, no ka keia mau kumu e noho kpono.
No ka mea, o ka derivation o ka kekahi papa kuhikuhiE Hawaii e like
me ka keakea ana o ka irregularity a me ka olelo klike o ka iniiaiie panel, aia ma
kekahi hihia ka hapanui, a mea pono nae hooko ole me ka hoemiia panel, a laila, i
loko o kou manao, nolaila hoi A loko mai o ka ia ka ho'miana ke kahua a me ka
wahi, ka mea i maliu mai i ka ka ho'miana ka mea, aole ia i kahiko waenakonu o ka
lki. o ka likeole ka papa kuhikuhi Hawaii ma ka inconsistency ma keia pili
ana. Ma kekahi hihia, he ana he hoemi panel wale no e loaa kaA mua e like me ka
kekahi hehee wale. Incidentally, mai ka A ma hope iho o n hualoaa o compilations
64-66 o ka hoemi Panel o ka iniiaiie A deviates nui uuku; e hiki no hoi ia i nui
likeole, mai ka adherence a hiki i ka kekahi, a me ka kekahi kaina i manaoia. I ua,
ma ka liilii loa, ma keia manao, , comparatively hookolokolo aku la ia ma ka
papa a pau o ka mua hualoaa ma noi o 5 i ho'kka ' A no ka mea, derivation o
ka , ua haawiia e au wahi a ka ua, mai ka iniiaiie A hiki oholo = 408,5, a loaa i ka
hahaiana i n hualoaa , e like me ka mea , i manga loli ku mua wahi, maanei
ku , ua haalulu ae la ka palapala ma waena o n papa likeole, ua hiki i kekahi mau
mea hoemi ole ia hoololi diff. mua 5.2 wale, he 11,6 folgends ua i ka mea a na
lepo wale i ka detriment o ka hook noi o ka iniiaiie A me ka mahalo i ka ho'kka
'noi o ka hoemi A hiki ke ano.

366

367

368

369

370

ano

diff.

,hei 217
o maka
n

230

250

193

201

218,2

87,2

, oi

217

224

219

216

218,6

11,6

e,

217

Ke kaulana deviation no, pela no oe i ka a pplua hoi o ka , mua a ma ia

hope;
a

. (22)

Untriftig e like me Elliott hana i loko o kona hoonoho ma American Hokoana

Ana, e like me ka mea a pau o , = , : , a me ka = ' : ' di
Aloha = ( , + ') e makemake ai e hooholo; no ka mea, aole wale no holo i ka
k' i ka 'iini o ka palapala GAUSS rula aka, malama ole e hele ana i ka likeole
paona, a ka , ai ole ke kaumaha ma muli o ko lkou derivation
mai , a hoouna' n loina; mahope iho o ka mea a ke pono ala;
(23)
ka mea.

X. hooponoponoana o Kamehameha a me ka pili ana o ke

kumu ano o ke kumu Hawaii ekolu
A, C, D, hou R, T, F.

76. Ma waho aeo ka a pau i pili e ou ekolu papa kuhikuhiE cia, ka makemakika
mawaena o A, ke kikowaena cia C , a me ka densest waiwai D , he. Ekolu, heokoa
ka wahi i noonoo ma ou nei, ka mea au i mahele waiwai R, heaviest waiwai T a me
ka palena pau pulakaumaka waiwai F hana keaka.
Maopopo i houluuluia ma kona papa kuhikuhiE oko ao i ka penei.
Kona waiwai R , ka waiwai o kekahi , me ka mahalo i ka mea ka ^
= kekahi , = A , e like me kaaoao pale o ka poeo Hawaii like me ka huina
o ka poe uuku, a nolaila, kela mea keia mea o lakou like no ka hapalua o ka huina
helu o ka 's.
Makemakika aha A , i ka waiwai o kekahi , me ka mahalo i ka mea
a '= , oa ka huina o ka olelookoa, ua like ia me ka huina o ka io; a me ka
Mal. nona 2 o ka palena iki.
Central cia C , ke kumukuai o ka , ka hoahanau ka m ^ = ka m , 'o ia hoi,o ka
heluana o ka maikai deviations like me ka helu o ka io deviations, a ka mea, he
palena iki.
Oeia waiwai D, ka waiwai o kekahi , me ka mahalo i ka mea a ka deviation kii o
na aoao elua ka m , : ka m ^ e like me ka awelika hewa o keia hoopunipuni ana o
ka ia e ka , e ka ' hana ana, a me ke Ana Z he i k mkou.

Heaviest i ka waiwai o ka waiwai T, he , ke Ana huahana Za , oia ka i k mkou.

Kaumaha deviation waiwai F, ke kumukuai o ka , e pili ana i ke Z ka mea, he i
k mkou.
I e, nae keia mau loina, aole hoi ma ka mua o ka papa, ak, e like me ke
kaina, A , C , D , R , T , F ia mai ana.
Kaawale mai A ka mua aiee e like me na aiee o ka mokuna mua o ka maka a me
kaoi ka ho'kka 'ana, ua hiki hoi, nae, i ka wa a he mea ole ia ia ka hanohano. Ka ua
liilii hoi o ka makana papaaina e like me ka mea, uaanei, e kahaki i ka derivation, a
me ka hihia o hoohana lepili e noho iloko o ka, 9 a me 10 i hike ano. Bez. A e
hele nei ka m , , ka m ^, i ka , , ', a me , , ' iloko o , , "ma.
77. makemakika ke ano o A .
Ka makemakika waena o ka poe Hawaii i ka hui hahai ekolu ano iloko wale;
1.Ka waiwai ia, mamuli o ka mea a ka mea i ho'kka 'ia e lilo i ka puu hapa o
ka huina o ka ma ko lkou nui ka m oia , nolaila;

(1)
ai ole ia, insofar he ma summing ke Za e loaa, = HI: ka m ;
1.i ke dala o ka maikai deviations 'mai ia ia me ka huina o ka io , aia no
ia ma kona lung Hawaii,' o ia hoi:
= , ai ole ia,
- , = 0; (2)
3) i ka huina o na mika phoonui lua o na deviations mai ia malalo o kekahi
Hawaii mea, ma ka pokole:
2
=
'
+
,
2=
pale
na
iki
(3)
Ka mua waiwai o A e kau ana pela pu me ka solidarity, a me ka mea i ka manawa
like me na mea e ae i haawi mai ai, a ia ia e hiki ke ho oholo i ka ia hualoaa ma hope
o kela a me keia, ke ole ia ka derivative e pili ana i ka waiwai mua e lilo ana i ka loa

he mea hiki. No hoi, aole lakou he poe kuokoa ana o kekahi o ka makana kanawai
o ka ae hoolilo ma luna o ke Kane hou, aole wale no i ea ae e like me infinitely
hemolele, aka, o kekahi finite helu o ka loko o moolelo kaulele o ka makana.
I ka paiapili o ka lua a me ke kolu o kau me ka muaia e ka mana hiki ke loaa i
keia ala.
Lua o ka olelo . Kela olelo deviation o A , oia , he ^ - A , kela mea keia mea io i loa
Hawaii A - he , , ma keia hope aku ke kino;

=
( he
-A
)+
( he
A)
+ (
4)

,=
(Ahe ,
)+
(AA'
)
+

nolaila, ina ' ka nui o ka' oluolu, , oia no ka io deviations,

=
ka
-
A

,=
,
A i
,


- , =
i + kek
ahi , (+,)A(
5)
ai ole ia, no ka mea, , he + kekahi , = kekahi , a + , = ka m ,

- , =
i - ka m A , (6)
a no ka mea, A = i : ka m

- , =
he - i = 0 (7)
Ekolu kau . E ka cia bez. nona ka 2 o ka palena iki, mua e like me ka ike ole
= m kau, pela no makou e loaa;
= ( he - m ) + ( he - m ) + +
( i , - m ) + ( he ' - m ) + (8)
Oiai oukou e, ina kakou lawe i ka hopena maikai deviations e piha Hawaii e like me
ka 'oluolu, i kekahi io deviation ma kahi o ka , - m a pela aku, aole i m - kekahi , e
hoonoho a pela aku. aka, ( he , - m ) 2 , ua like ia me ( m - he , ) 2 , ka mea i ae ia i
ka mua waiwai o ka e hoomhala i loko o ke ano i hike. Ano, e hele makou i
ka palena iki waiwai o ka 2 , ma o ka holo ana i ka palena pau o kona makahiki
bez. X , ua like ia meole; keia haawi:
2 [( he - m ) + ( he - m ) + +
( i , - m ) + ( he ' - m )
+ ] dx = 0 (9)
pela ma summation o na mea a pau , he a - m

he
-M
X=
0,

, (10
)
78. Ina i ka makemakika mawaena o na Kane hiki ole i ka like overriding hoihoi
e paa mamua, no ka mea kino a me ka Astronomical Malehre, pela no ia i haawi
ak,o ka hoohui p 'ia o kona papa kuhikuhiE ano ekolu no ka poe i makemakika
hoon panee, Heaha ka mea hou aku hiki ulu ana i ka pilina ma waena o elua ana ua
hua mai e ia. Ku D o ia n pakahi aku la ia ma ka mea i oi aku ka nanea, a me ke
akahai o ka pololei i maopopo ai i ka pono; o C ka mea, ua malie loa ia mea, aka, e
me ka helu ma ka Ia manawa, komo i ka nui o na discrepancies ma ka klike ai i loko
o ka lua o ka hiona, he mea i oi aku ka nui hoopanee e like me ka C. n hoi e hiki ai
e ka hoolaha. W i keakea kumu nui o ka , ma ka haawiia helu hapa iki o ka ia nui
i ka kaulele papa ma ka mea a lakou i komo i loko o ka palapala helu i pili ai mai kela
mea keia mea o lakou i ka A pela 'ia, pl e hana ana i ka makemakika mawaena
o A me ka nui Agena ka nui o ka . Aka, Ina o ke kaina hana, aia e like me ka manao
paa o C, no ka oiaio, aole hoi i ka Media, aole hoi awelika o ka likeole
spezialen C nui kamailioana me ka o ka totality o ke ola C . Ma ka lede i kulike ai
me ke D, no ka oiaio, eia nae ka D, aka, i ka awelika waiwai o specialy D me ke D o
ka totality o ka .
Hope nakinaki aku la me ka manao paa o A penei mea hiki lanakila. Ina kekahi i
ka A , he K.-G. mai ka puunaue panel me, aole he uuku ka m hooholo makou e ole
wale no ka pono nui "ole." ke kumuhana mea o keia panel ma multiplication o A me
ka m, aka hoi, ma na olelo o ka probability, ai ka pono nui o ka mea no kela nui a
uuku ka m ma ka hoonui ana kekahi wale A me ka poe hou ka m loaa me ka ko
Salisbury mau kauoha pela paha kuhihewa, hookahi keneta wale ka puu uuku ka
m oia, a me ka mamao o ka m, e ka mea hookahi p, deviates mea. Conversely, oukou
e noho maluna o ka heluna o na kope m, ka mea e pili ana i ka haawi nohona
nuiole. e haawi aku, e hooponopono wale ma kau ka m =ole. : A . mai i = M
= ole . , No ia mea, m =ole. : A.
Keia e puhi ia e lilo, no ka mea, Laana, pono keia mau mea i ko oukou makemake
e hooholo i ka makahiki i manaoi hoopkole 'ia i hawi nui o na kanaka randomly
e loli iki nui.Aole hoi ka Central cia, a hiki i ka densest waiwai e ae no ka hoohana
kpono.
79. Malia paha i kekahi o ka A okoa K.-G. a hiki i ka nui loa kekahi he okoa
oihana o ka ia K.-G. makemake e kikoo aku i kekahi mau mea, a me na mea a pau,
ina keia A mai okoa ka m ua loaa eike ina ka definitive 'ano me ka' ole me ka nn
'ole i ke' ano o ka ka m e huki. He A 1 , A 2 , A 3 ... kikaw mea, hoahanau o ka
m 1 , ka m 2 , ka m 3 ... holo Ana. Me ka pili ana i ka unuhi o ka m , ka mea ma ka
nnau no ke A e:

, (11)
kahi N ka helu o A: a nayce n ka i n o ka m aka ia e lilo.
(12)
ae ae pu o ka Agena, a ua loaa ka wa o ka huina o ka a hiki i ka huina huina o ka
m mhele.
Ka mua, 'o ia hoi ka singular inoa, i ka la mahope o ka huluulu
manao. Kaumaha ma muli o ke ano o ka hana i kekahi, a me ka kekahiano o ka
hope overdraft e preferable. Ina i ka agena o ka kino loa o na Pake, Negroes, Malays,
Americans a me ka poeEulopa o Caucasian lhui mea e hooponoponoia ia mea,
e; Aka, na ka poeEulopa i ka 1000 ana mai kela a me keia o ka kekahi o kia lhui
kanaka, wale 10 - 20 degere mua; ao ka lua,o keano o n mele huki e
inadmissible; no ka mea, e like me ka oluolu i ka ike, makemake ka awelika kino loa
o kia mauano o kia lhui kanaka, no ka mea disproportionately predominant
kaumaha, a na ka poeEulopa, no ko lakou akea ka m loaa kokoke loa aelike me ka
poe o ka poeEulopa, a me kaio i ke definitive meaano nui, ma ka hana konohiki a
me ka lua ka m ua paa, a hoole aku paha i ke ano o ka hana. Eia ka singular ano o na
mele kikoo, oia wale no ka mea mua, pono keia mau mea; a i ole na mika a pau o ka
ia nui, ho'mi i k wale no i ka maluhia o ka hoolako 'ana i ka hihia a pau o ke ka
m ua like mawaena o na mea a pau Ahaawi. (. E nana 14) loa disparate mea e haawi
ala i oi aku mamua o mua o ka lua o ka mea e hooholo 'ana; ak,o ka hana A e hui
mai okoa oihana o ka lkahi Haawina ma luna o ka loina o ka lua o ka mea i
maopopo ai.
He hiki no hoi ia e ia mea. ma kahi o okoa A i makemakika olelo mai okoa C a D i
ke hoonee, a he mea hoi no ka AYEIE hookaawale i waena o singular a me ka
summarischem mea, a malalo o na ia, ao ke ano o ke koho ana o kekahi, a me ka
kekahi.
80. Media C.
Ka papa kuhikuhi hana o ka makemakika mawaena o A ku ei ka hui
Media C mahope ka papa kuhikuhi ano ekolu.
1. O na haawiia mai e kona ho'kka 'ana i ka waiwai, e like me ka mea hou i
ka' puni e like me uuku he , e loaa mawaena o lakou iho.
2. Ka waiwai o ke ao hookahi dala o ka maikai a me ka io deviations e kaukai
maluna o lakou, i ka m ^ = ka m , = m.
3. O ka waiwai i ka huina o ka olelo a me ka io deviations mai ona aku l ma ka loa
Hawaii emi malalo o kekahi Hawaii, pela bez. ia ka mea, he palena iki.
Keia mau waiwai a pau ma ka solidarity i kekahi i kekahi, ae noi aku i kekahi helu
ana i ka hoohana ana i ka hana hoi o ka makana kanawai, e like me ka papa kuhikuhi
ano ekolu o Apili.

Ka implication o ka lua ano o ka mua, ua pakiko-akaka, a pono ole Erluterung.Der

paiapili o ke kolu o ka papa aka, manao ia ala.
E ka waiwai o ke kolu o ka waiwai, ua lilo, initially e like me ka ike ole = m , ua
kau, i ka huina o na deviations me ka manao e m ma kona loa Hawaii e kau ia penei:
= ( he ' - m ) + (he - m ) + + ( m - he , ) +
( m - he " ) + (13)
I mea e loaa i ka palena iki o keia mau dala, loaa auanei ia makou ka ia bez palena
pau. X i like ai 0; ka mea i hawi mai:
- M'dx + ka m , dx = 0 , (14)
nolaila:
ka m = ka m , , (15)
ka mea hoopili like me na olelo o ka Central waiwai.
I mua i keia waiwai o ka Central cia ma ka hoonoho 1) hoao iho la maluna o ka ia, a
pane ma generalization o ke ala e hiki aku ai i helei nui hopena a me ka mea au, aohe
kumu aka, maanei.
1) [Via

ka auoiaea waiwai o ka mea uuku like huina, i ka ai, a me ka hana

generalization; Memoirs o Balanced a me phys. Class o ka
Royal. Schs. Gesellsch. d. Wissensch. XI. poe; 1878. pa L - 76.]
81. No ka mea, ke kikowaena cia apo ai i ka hahai ana ano no na Kane.
E manao ia oukou a pau kope a pau o ka K.-G. hana ma ka ipu he nui, no ka mea, i
mea e hiki nn i ke ao nei ia iho, a huki aku la i ke kope wale, ke probability e i keia
ku, he nui a he kope uuku o ka C extract, a ma na mea he Loko e maoli i keia ia
probability hoola mea mahalo nui aiee mamua o C , ke probability o ka huki mai i ka
liilii mea, hoahanau uuku Hawaii ma mua o C ma mua o ka probability o
extracting ka nui kope. Hele aku la, E hiki anei i hookahi C ma ka ia ano e kii mai i
ka waiwai o ka K.-G. kapa aku, e like me ka mea i kapaia ka hewa o keia
hoopunipuni paha o ke kilo 'o ia hoi pela, a hiki i ka likelihood o ua kawowo, a
underrun, ua like.
I ka pono mau alanui, a kau akula ma luna i ka Verteilungstafelm o KG, notably
Rekrutenmatafeln ka mea o na kope e hele maluna a malalo o kekahi nui kali, wale
no ke helu, aole i ka nui o ke dala, ua haawi mai ai, ua eliminated ka manawa kpono
o kekahi pala- pala makemakika e makemake ana e huki; a laila, ma kahi o ka
hookahi Central waiwai, ka mea hiki ke manao pono, ma ka helu wale, e kikoo aku i
keia mau like me k Z. B. waena okoa hoiliili ana a me na wahi ' ae ma kahi o na
ana i loko, ka hana, ka mea au i hana ai ma ka manaoe hana longtime Aaeuaeeneei
Hokoana Ana ua mlama i n'ina likeole o Pelekiuma, ke ainii a me ka parallelism
aku e olelo i keia mau ana ma o ka manawa, a me ka lewa.
82. O ka derivation o C , mai ka lohe ana o Hawaii kekahi , a ua kauoha e like
me ko lakou nui, ma ka rula mea e hanaia ma loko o ia mea helu aku kela a me keia

hope o ka lalani a hiki i ka waenakonu a hiki i ka hookahi dala o na waiwai, a me ka

waiwai a waena waiwai ma waena o elua aiee e like me C mea i loko o ka
convergence ma waena o n helu elua, aka hoi ana i na olelo o C, e loaa na kapa elua
o ka ia nui o deviations, a nolaila, i ka hookahi dala o ka okoa Hawaii a puni iho, a
mawaena o lakou iho,ae n hoi lawa. Aka, heokoa hihia elua; mua, kahi a
ka kekahi , a hiki i ka mea hookahi nei ma keia mau helu, a me ka poe elua ka , ma
waena o ka mea hiki i ka hopena o ka helu, ua noonoo, a ma kahi e, e like me ka nui
i loko o ko mkou hoi o ka makana Panel ka hihia, me ka Z> ua hoopilikiaia. 1
E helu initially ka mua alodio translucent hihia maka. No ka mea, o ka maka mua
Ano, ma luna o ka noho alii,ikea no ka'hinu iho ma keia hihia, a ina o ka nui o na
loina ka m uam Hawaii, e helu i lalo ma kekahi, ao ka kekahi aoao, a me
ka m- la waiwai e like me C , pii p. Manawa, he mea oluolu ke ike i keia helu, e
like me ka mea hana, mai kekahiaoao, ao ka kekahi, hiki aku ai i kaokoa
waiwai. No ka mea, ina, no ka mea hoohlike o ka penei moo o eha n loina .:
he, b, pela aku, b
haawi mai, pela no oe e ke ka m la, di Aloha ka 2-ko waiwai o ka poe i koe i loko o
= e, mai pono loko = C loaa. Ai ole ia, Ke manao nei, ma kahi o ka pololei hookahi
lai m, Z. B. 5 ma ka kukulu ana i ka penei moo:
he , b, pela
aku, D , E ,
pela e ka 2-ko waiwai o ka waiho ana ma waena o e , a pela aku, pono ma
waena pela aku , a me D , ike, nae, wale no e o ke kumu o rula hoopili like i
kekahiaoao o ka poe a nui aiee a puni iho mamua i ka kekahi ma lalo o ka loaa. By
Ak, lawa i ka koi 'ana o kekahi e like me ka klaoao a hiki i ka ia C e hele mai i
loko pololei e like me lai mika , i ka wa a ka ( ka m + 1) ko waiwai (' o ia hoi ka
waena ma waena o ka m , a ka m + 1) no ka mea, ai. In mea, iloko o ko kakou
kumu hoohalike me ka pololei no ka ka m = 4 e kii mai i kekahi a me kekahi aoao i
kekahi waiwai ma waena o e , a pela aku , ma o ka hana me ka lai ka m = 5, ina
laua i ka cia pela aku .
Ina Ano, aka,, e hoomau aku i ko kakou puunaue Panel ka lua o ka makou nae
wale hihia o ka uku hoopanee ia mea, i ka helu pono ia ana mai o naoaoelua i loko
o kekahi o kahea 'ole ma waena o elua i ka heaana, a me ka Z Komo> 1, pela
makou i makemake ma hope maka ka hooholo ', ma keia , no ka mea, o ka mea e
hopohopo nei , he manao i haule, a me ka C mua hihia me ka mea i hooponopono
coincident ai' ole ka hihia mawaena o ka poe elua ka haule, ae loaa e lawe e like me
ka mea ma waena o n elua i loko o kekahi nele o ka noho. A pela e loaa e pili ana i
ko kakou hpana polokalamu pakuhi ( 68) 11 me ka Central waiwai e, ina kakou
hahai mua rula 81 = helu 40 mai na aoao elua, ua i loko o kaka hoomana =
11 Z = hiki 30th
Aka, e loaa i ka sharper ka ho'kka 'ana, loaa auanei ia makou e noonoo i ka Z ua
haawi = 30 kope ma ka w mawaena o ka 10 a hiki i 12, ae hiki mai me ka nn' ole
ia, ma kukakuka ana o ka interpolation o keia e like me kau i lawe w mawaena aku

o ka'like C ma ka helu mai na aoao elua o ka, aole ( ka m + 1) , aka, o ka

m kope, e like me ka mai kinohi loa maoli ikea. In mea, ma ka pono, mai ka piko mai
(di Aloha (ma ka wahi o ka papaaina,) no ka 40-ko ka m la) e komo cia, loaa
auanei ia makou e lawe i ka mooolelo (ka mea pololei iloko o ke kolamu S , hiki ke
heluhelu) ia mai i pau ana o ka ma mua w mawaena, pela aku a hiki i ka luna o ka i rich 18 kope; A nalo e hooko aku i ka 40, aole hoi 22 specimens i ka w
mawaena I encroach. Ano makou hookomo i loko o kia w mawaena kea 22 a hiki i
ka huina helu o ka 30 I hoi, pela ka hoomaka ana o ka I, di Aloha aku 10 nae
zuzufgende cia m, pl-kapa. Komo ma I, i ka nui o I, di Aloha i ka 2, penei:
22 : 30 = m : 2,
di Aloha

m = 44 / 30 = 1.467
C = 10 + 1.467 = 11.467.

E hele oe i ka helu, mai lalo maluna, i waiwai 32 kope i ka w mawaena au , pela

nalo 40 malie 8 i loko o ka w mawaena au e haule iho, o ka hapa I - m lawe ia ia
mai m i lua o ka palena o ka i, di Aloha hiki aku i ka 12 bar. Ano, aole makou pani
hou aku;
I - m : I = 8 : 30th
Ano, no ka I = 2, hookahi i
30
(2
-m)
=
16,
kpono i ka mea i loaa i loko o m i ka mua palena 10 luna = 1,467 hooholo i ka mea
i C hoike = 11.467.
Ano, e like me ka lua o ka manao ano e m mai lalo ma ka ia? Acoeueoao e like
me n hualoaa mua, aka, o keia ua hiki, e like me kakou e hiki no i ka manao paa o
ka kakou Cmaio ma keia, a ua loaa no ka manao paa o ka C mahope hailula 2) :

, (16)
kahi g. 1 e like me ma mua o ka loiloi mua cia, a me ka poe mua palena o ka
interpolated w mawaena, Z 0 , ke Z i kia w mawaena, y me ka helu p i loko o ka
ia, i ka helu ana i ka Vorzahl V e hoopulapula e m e hele.
2) [Ina

ma kahi o na mea interpolation, sharper, 2nd me oko ao ana, pela no e

loaa m = C - h 1 ma ka hooponopono i ka helu kaulike (16) o Mok. IX paa ma luna,
ma ka hooponopono i ka helu kaulike (13) haawi i ka ia mokuna, ua loaa.]

 83. Youia waiwai D.

Ina kakou hoakaka i ka densest waiwai mua pokole mamua o ka mea, mai ka nui
mai o ka mea nui, a me ka nui o ka haule ana, pela e hiki ole e like me ka mua ka
papa kuhikuhi n loina elua, mai kekahi helu o ka waiwai i loko, a i ka wa pau ole
wale no Kane he kupono, aka, no ka lakou mea nui significance 3) . I mea, me ka
hahai ana i laana makou hoolako, keakea kumu kau o ka elima. A ma:
1, 3, 4, 6, 16,
pela, e loaa ia kakou ka makemakika awelika A = i : ka m = 30 : 5 = 6; e like me
ka Central waiwai (by coincidence ka helu o ka akau a me ka hema) C = 4. Aka,
heaha ka waiwai e makou e like me densely waiwai, no kela waiwai ia ll ana wale
no, no na mea a pau. 1 Other moo e hiki ke kkulu i luna ia ana, a ma ia mea, eia nae
okoa , no ka mea, maokoa kahihia i ka ia i k mkou Z aka, ma oi aku mamua o
ka hai mea, aole e hooholo i like me D no ka hike. Aka, ma ka puunaue Panel o K.G. nui ka m , satisfying i ka pono a hiki i ka holomua 'ana props, ua kekahi mau hihia
mai ia wahi aku, a hiki i ka wa o ka hihia, me iniiaiie Panel, i ia manao i loko o ka
papa Mok. hiki VIIfinden ma kauoha ia ka ho'miana i loko o hoopau ia i ke ala o
ka poe i k mkou Z wale maluna o kekahi o ka hoemi a e hina ia. Ka mea, o ka papa,
aole e hoopoina i ka mea i kekahi i ka pau i k mkou no ka hoemi i,kahi mea i
palapalaia beige, pili; wale ae i ka manao paa o ka densest waiwai i loaa, i ka mea
wale oi aku a emi He kokekau wale i ka maikai,o ka mea holoholo i infinitely
nui ka mme infinitely uuku i pono nana e kuai, a me ka mea e hookokoke ma hope
aku e hike ano hiki. Nui i kekahi olelo hiki i keia waiwai ka mea e loaa iloko o ka
w mawaena, i ka w mawaena ma ka papa, no ka hoemi i hookomoia e like me kona
kahahnai w mawaena.
3)

e maopopo ina ka pela a hiki i k'' 'ana assumption i ke kilo hewa einwurf me
Beobachtun'ewe symmetrical W. bez. i ka makemakika kilo 'o ia hoi, e erroneous,
pela no ka nui nui o ka poe e D ana i ke kino a me ka Astronomical Malehre. [Chap
Eia About uku pnai.. XXVIII.]
I me ka symmetrical W. : Na deviations bez A i ka densest cia D me ka nui loa,
me A a me C coincide, ua oleloia kekahi mau manawa; mahope iho o ka
generalization o ka GG, no ka mea asymmetric W. o K.-G. aka, oia kekahi hoomano
kamailio e pili ana i keia manawa, a laila, 'aole i ke kumu o ka waiwai ekolu wale no
o ka A aole hoi me ka C, nae, o ka heluna o ka 33 ka waiwai, i ka mea a ka mea nui
solidarity kokoke no: 1) ka mea, he precisely ka densest ma ke ano hike , 2) i ke
ana ia kanawai, a me 3) i ka poe elua, kolamu GG, oia ka ia mahalo, a laila hilinai
nui, i ka mea e loaa i kekahi mea o ka makana kanawai no ka like deviations, na
deviations e like me ka makemake ia ia i ka ai ole C pono ia e hana e kaukai.Hana
nui ana ke hooloihi i D ka nui paha waiwai o ka K.-G. ho i ka penei, ao ke ano.
Ina e hookomo mai ke totality o ka hookahi K.-G. i kope mahope aku moolelo

kaulele, pela no ka waiwai o D oi paha mamua o kekahi meaokoa aku e lawe, ae ai

ia ia ma ka , me ka, kona, kokoke like ia e hele mai ana, aka, verschiedenenW. ke
kaumaha ma muli o lkou ma luna o kekahi, a me ka kekahi aoao o D haule ana.
Mahope, surpasses ka nui o D no K.-G. mai oi aku mamua o hookahi helu o Hawaii
nei o kekahi nui waiwai, me ka wahi no ia mea mau koe kaulana ma na waiwai a ka
mea aole like me ia mau mea, a me ka piha ano o ka K.-G. hookomo; no hoi oia he
pl loa na keakea e ku ei kekahi, i kona nui pololei e hoohalike ai, ua cumbersome, a
me ka hana i ka ho omaulia mau khea, i ka mea,aole e pono no i ka kekahi. A laila,
e ano e hele ana iloko o llii; aka, I makemake verspare ka 'ano complicated kk o
kona derivative i na mea a pau ma luna o kekahi mokuna, e kkkk i ka papa
kuhikuhiE loina ekolu.
84. wah cia R.
I ka waiwai a pau i like ka nui o ka ua e noho mawaena o lakou, a me ka mea no ia
i ka wahi palena ma waena o ko lkou nui i ka makua uuku a nui me ka i aku, e
hookupaa oe, ina ma ka summing ka puu uuku , he ua pono nui ia e hua mai, e like
me ka summing ka nui o ka.
[He mea ma luna C. No ka nui o na luna, a ma lalo C noho ai i kekahi mea na
kpono, i na olelo o ka C malalo'like m, no ka mea, nolaila;
.
no ia mea, he Hawai i no ke kumu wale no o ka waiwai ka mea, ua oi aku ia mamua o
ka huina o ke keena C hiki e hiki. He mea pela i ka manawa hookahi n ma luna
o A a ma luna oD, kaumaha A a D , ua emi malalo o C oia, no ka mea malia paha e
lilo ma lalo o kekahi, a me ka kekahi o keia mau kumu Hawaii elua, i ka wa hookahi,
a me ka kekahi, ua oi aku ia mamua C no. Eia nae, initially kona kulana me ka nn
'ole i ka nuiikeia e like me ka mua presupposed A e hooholo kuhi
ia R maluna A wahahee.]
Ano, e i , , he ' nui' ana ma lalo, a me luna o R, A " a ka" nui
'ana ma lalo, a me luna o A, pela helu ia = ( A "- A ") keu, oa e like me
ka nui aiee a ma a mai ia R e hiki.
Maopopo . Ma hope o contemplation o ka laina noaia

| |
AR

i ka lalo dala o ka bez. R like me ka lalo huina bez. A eia ka huina ma waena o A a
me R, i wela, di Aloha
A , = i " +
.

: Ka luna puu dala bez R aka, ua like ia me:

- ,

i kekahi = ka

no laila, no ka mea,
A , = he ' , ka " + = he " - ,
, (17)
no ka mea,
A " = , A - ,
A " = A + ' ,
pela no oukou hoi i loaa;
(18)
Keia mau specializations mea i hoohana i kekahi o ka makana kanawai, koe wale
no ka mea i ka maka, aoi manao e hiki ua differentiated ma ke mau alanui. [Ua noho
pololei ia a hiki i ka w pino o A maluna R mea, aka he alaila, io, a ua lawe
nolaila, kona lung Hawaii ma, di Aloha ilalo i ka liilii n loina i ma A helu aku ai a
hiki i R.]
I ko makou illustrative hoohlike ka mea, mahope iho o mua manao A = 11,4,
i kekahi " = 369, i kekahi" = 543, ma keia hope aku Liliu Ura ka
poe o ka hiki mai? = 87; keia puu dala makou he 11,4 keu, oa e like me ka nui i ka
helu ana i R e hiki eia ka w mawaena 10-12 me ka Za = interpolate 330, e hiki aku ai
i 2 87 : 330 = 0.527 e hoouka hou aku au 11,4; ua R = 11,927. [Eia nae, Ina, e like
me ia i ka w i hala ( 72) 'he ' = 362,7, 'i ^ = 549,3, nolaila, = 93,3, pl n
nolaila ke koena unuhi R - A = mmai ka helu kaulike. 93 , 3 = (11.4 + x) 15 m , e
imi i ka waiwai 0,533; ua a me ka luna Hawaii kpono kou coincident R = 11,933.]
[Ano, ma kahi, e like me ka hiki maanei, R e like me ka hana ana o A e hooholo,
he hiki loa ma laila hana o C a D ua loaa; alaila, o ka papa A " , A" a ma kulike
ai me ka deviation kii, a me deviation huina bez. C a D ma bez. A i. Loaa e like me
na n mea hike aku o C hoomaopopo ana: = (bez. C ) , na n mea hike
aku o ka D ku e: = (ka m ' - ka m , ) D + . A, R pono, me ka hahai ana e
loaa i ka hooholo ma mua na ka papa kuhikuhiE waiwai. Keia hana ma ma ka ohui i
ka kekahi , mai na kihi aku o ka puunaue papa, i ka w mawaena kipa, i mea R hele
mai i ka moe, a laila, i keano kaua dala i loko o kiaano kaua w mawaena Y o ka
type hooholo i ka Vorsumme hoomahuahua ma keano kaua dala e like me ka
hapalua o ka huina dala o he mea. Keia hiki aku ai, i ho'kka 'hoohana' ka ( 69)
inoa i ka hailula:

(19a)
ai ole ia,
(19b)
kaumahaia me ka lokahi, me ka olelo 72, ka Eingriffsma m , 'o ia hoi, ka uku ana
a R , ka haahaa kali h 1 o ka w mawaena au helehelena, e like me ke ana ia
m: I = Y: he 0 Z 0
a oi precisely, e like me ka helu kaulike.

ppilikia a me ka g. 1 ua huiia me.]

[Hope, hewaio e oleloia ia i ka wahi o ka R mamua o ka mea o loko o na aoao A,
C a me D o ka i kalele iho o ka puunaue panel. Hana increasingly o kela a me keia i
kekahi mea, a me ka ia dala, pela no hoi o A, C a D nui ma ka hookahi dala, a i ka
oihana, ua mlama 'ia ma loko o ka panel; , Ke hoakaka mahuahua nae ke kumu i
approximation o R i C o keano e ma mana loa propagation R me C coincides. Keia
penei pololei mai i ka mea i waena o C a me R he makemake ko dala o kekahi , di
Aloha , mau like e (bez. C) , a pela i mahuahua ka laha ma luna o ka w
mawaena loa uuku a me ka uuku.]

85. O ka heaviest waiwai o T.

Kela a me keia mea i haawi i ke kaha i ka hookolokolo 'ana i puunaue papa
kakou, nui ka olelo ana, ke kaumaha ma muli kona nui, a no ka pinepine ia i, he okoa
huahana Za , a he mea hoi mahope iho o ka ninaninau aku, no ka mea o ia huahana he
i k mkou. Mua, ke hoike nei no i ka mea coincides me ka densest loina. Aka, i ka
wa o keia ll wale no ka nui o ka Z , aole i ka Za e. He mau Hawaii ka mea, ua oi
aku mamua o D , a oiai lakou ana e like me ka ke nn D , haawi mai la ia lakou, aka,
i ka kekahi palena, i ka nui o ka like i ka Za , aole lakou e hawi i ka lanakila.
Ma kekahi hihia, T pono mamuli o ka oleloaoao o D moe ana ilalo, no ka mea, i
ka wa poh nui hele i na loina i lalo D o kekahi e like me ia emi ana. Ma hope o crude
ai iloko o ko kakou laana papa e T me D i ka ia manawa ma ka = haule 11, aka i ka i
k mkou no Za = 330 loaa. Mahope iho o oi hooholo aka laua e haule pu mai
kekahi i kekahi, a me kekahi i ka wa o ka elua kapakahi GG, ua ea ae ai e pili, e
hoohana i ka hike ma n mea a pau i keia hailula:
, (20)

Mai ko kakou Laana papaaina 68 hiki e loaa mahope iho o ka mokuna ae e

hookaawale ana ia hana
D = 11,6, e ka ' = 1,9;
keia hope aku
T = 12,1.
Ano kekahi e ninau, heaha la ka ka empirical manao i ka pela hooholo waiwai
o T ka i k mkou o Za , e hina ia. Ma keia mahalo, hookahi i ka hoomanao ana
mahope iho o kaoi, mkai ihola i kela he mea hoi o ka makana panel nae he loa w
mawaena o ka nui o ka poe i ho i ka papa, o ka mea a ke ninau kekahi , oia ke
kikowaena. A me n loina T = 12,1 No ka mea, o ko makou hoi o ka makana panel,
ka mea i = 2, i mai la ia mawaena o naanuu a pau o keia panel ka nui o ka w
mawaena 2, i ka piko o ka mea a T = 12,1 hoi, oa ka w mawaena 11,1 - 13,1
nui Za he, mamua o kekahi w mawaena o ka nui 2.
[Keia i kia manawa, i loaa aka, aole hookupaa iho la ia; no ka mea, Za i ka w
mawaena mai 11,1 ai 13,1 ua like ia me 296, oiai ke iho o ka w mawaena 10 - 12
like 330th Eia nae hoi, aole ka inaccuracy o ka poe maluna theoretical hooholo 'ano
o ka T AeAaO, aka, wale aaeaaaaony i ke kumumanao ninau aku kulana o ka
heaviest waiwai, aole ia' aohe pono me kona, ma ka panel empirically hike kulana,
ka mea ma ke alanui, he ia e manao mai i ka outset. I keia empiricallyia a hiki i ka
wa a na Panel K.-G. ka mea, aole kpono okoa, ua akaka ka hahai ana i laana mai.]
Ka puunaue panel, no ka mea vertical iwi poo anapuni me i = 5 mm o ( 58) ka
mea e hooholo i ka D ma o ke ana ia hana;
D = 409,7, T = 410,1;
a maanei ma ka w mawaena mai 407,6 ai 412,6, i ka nui Za , e hina ia. Ina maoli
loaa i keia, e hiki ia empirically ma ka puunaueaina E kaha makau i, a me ka makou
koho, e hoohalike i ka w mawaena o ka densest waiwai 409,7, di Aloha mahope
kpono hooholo mai 407,2 ai 412,2.
E like me ka iho ana o ka lakou mauanuu, ua i hou 'ana i ka puunaue panel, no ka
mea, o keia mauanuu ia lakou iho me ko lakou Za , ua i hawiia i loko, aka, i ka
w mawaena o ka nui loa cia, a me ka mea o ka densest waiwai,' ano ma waena o
nanuu o ka haawi panel, he mea e e hoomaulia i interpolationsmig ka like ana o
keia Za hoopakele kela mauanuu, a ma ka summing mau mahele a elua i ka iho ana
o ka w mawaena, a no ka mea, D mamua o ka mea T i kau, loaa aku ka mea, aole au
makemake nei au mamuli 4) . Hele aku la, I loaa i ka luna kumu hoohlike, i
ka iho ana o ka densest waiwai 26631, ka mea a ka T like i 26656, pela e like me ia e
manaoia, o ka hope loa uuku, nae, e like me ia e koi aku, aka, iki nui ma mua o ka
mua. [Aka, aka i ka theoretically hooholo (20) he mai T N Mea Likeole e laweia
mai ka papa o ka empirical; no ka mea, no ka mea , he = 413 hualoaa ma ke ahiahi oi
loa aku oukou Za = 26845th]
4) [Ma

keia hihia, ua Nohie e like me ka hopena o ka mea i = 408, a he = 413, he

pono ole Z = 65 keia bila kanawai, a kakou e imi i ka Za no ka mea, D resp. T like me
65. D niioaaonoaaiii. 65. T .]

. Maopopo No ka T ua oi aku ia mamua o D , pela makou i

T = D + , (21)
kahi He maikai deviation o D oia, ae hooholo , ma
Za
=
Z(
D+
)(
22)
Hoopaa i keia waiwai e loaa i k mkou helu kaulike e pili ana i differentiate, a
hoonoho ihola i ka palena pau me kaole, makou naau kupono i ka dashes i ka Z,
he, , e omit ka poe i manao e pili aku i ke kahua o keia mau aiee ma luna D e K
ke ,
Pela kakou;
, (23)
o ka mea a ka hope cia Z no. I mea
e loaa, ua Z e like me ka hana o ke E
kheaia, ka mea hiki ke hana ia e makou ma hope o elua kolamu GG ka likelihood
ka lki. No positiverseits o D kuu kaumaha. Mahope, e like me ka mea maopopo
loa, i ka probability ka waiwai
, (24)
kahi H = 1: E
: I ka maamau ala presupposed nui ka m aka,
hiki ma Z: m? ' hoohikiia, pela
, (25)
ia penei:
(26)
a no ka mea,

, (27)
pela:
, (28)
kahi Z ua eliminated e like me ka hoomaopopo like ololi, a me kekahi, me reversal o
ka hailona a me ka noonoo i ? h = 1 : E
, UAIAaIN ka hahai quadratic helu
kaulike;
2 + 2 D - e ka = 0, (29)
mai i hiki ke manao.
Keia mea mua;
(30a)
o ka mea wale no i ka luna hailona he pono; paha:
(30b)
a:
(31)
86. palena pau pulakaumaka waiwai F.
Hana e hiki ai ke olelo i ke ano deviation waiwai, a me ka mea nui i ka waiwai o ka
mea hookahi, a he ppilikia analogously, i hoakaka ia e hiki ke kapaia ka loa
deviation waiwai.Malaila lakou i noi mai, e ka mea i kapa o ka nui Za , maanei
oukou noi, e ka mea hina ka nui Z , a i hoakaka ia ma ka auoiaea o ka haawi mai
ka papa kuhikuhiE Hawaii H me ka i ka manawa hookahi , he = H , ua haawi
mai ai, i ka mea i kapa o ka nui loa Z , he waiwai no kekahi o ia hoi, ka mea
hooponopono , he coincident Hawaii. Ia manawa paipai i ka analogy ke aloha i loko
o kia wahi. Ka i k mkou o Za , ua kuokoa o ke kumu Hawaii i mea makemake e
makemake ai, no kiao ia i ka maoli cia o kekahi a me n kumu ia , no ka mea, mea
hoololi, koe wale no ka mea he mea i ka ho omaulia ana o ka nui Za pono ma lalo o
ia auoiaea mai D i ko kakou nui hoi o ka makana kanawai hiki ka mea. Aku i ka
waiwai hilinai nui no ka mea, , e, e manao mai oia i ka lakou hoopuehu, mai na
aiee mai, me mai o ka papa kuhikuhiE Hawaii, hilinai lakou ia lakou iho e like me
ka nui o ia mea. It koe, me ka i ka ho omaulia ana o ka mea kaumaha ka -value like, e
hiki ia lakou a hiki i ka heaviest cia wale n ma n n mea hike aku o D hana ke
kanaka ma muli o ko makou nui hoi o ka makana kanawai, a me ka applicability o ka
hopena e hiki ke Nyos i ka nele o ka hook 'ana i n props. Eia ke oki, i ka analogy,

aole ia i hoopaa i loihi iho, e like me ka mea maamau wale i k mkou i ka Za ' ke
komo iloko o kela a me keia haawi aku panel; oiai ka mea, no ka mea, kela a me keia
aoao o ka poe koho poo kumu a mea waiwai, he mau k mkou o Z resp. Z ' "a
me Z , , pkole F' a me F , he mea haawi ma ia auoiaea o D mea malalo iho o
na mea a pau pili i ka ho omaulia.
Ma ke ala o ke kaha kii makou e lawe i ka papaaina uku ho'mi no ka vertical loa
o ka puniu wale no ( 58) me E , = 368, i = 5, no ka mea, e like me ka 61:
D = 409,7,

= 14,9:

= 13,0;

Loina a pau e hiki mai ana ma ka i ka ho omaulia i noonoo; a makou lkou i

ka kekahi , a me deviations o kekahi o D, b . i. , e hahai ana ma ka papaaina papa
ae hui Hawaii;
D = 409,7,

= 14,9,

he ,

Z,

Z, ,

383

26,7

17

454

388

21,7

24

521

393

16,7

36

601

398

11,7

41

480

403

6,7

59

395

405,5 - D

0 i ka 4.2

55

115

he '

'

Z''

D - 410,5

0 - 0,8

10

413

3.3

65

214

418

8,3

51

423 mau

423 mau

13,3

40

532

428

18,3

17

311

= 13,0.

Eia ke ike nei kakou A no ka mea, pela loa e lawe i ka ae kapa, e like me kona
kokoke loa i kahi, me ka i D emi ma kela a me keia aoao, no ka mea, e ulu
ana; conversely, wehe 'ana i kekahi e D. Ina Ano Z ae Eia hahai i inverse pilina, ka
mea e noho a eia ma ka pau ana o na waiwai, aka, o keia mea, ma aole o ia hoi,
ka hihia, e like me kekahi hoia hiki mai ka hope kolamu, ka mea no ka
mea, he , aoao i k mkou o Z , , pokole F , , ma , = 16,7 a me ka , = D
- , = 393; a ma ka ' aoao i k mkou o Z' ' , pokole F' , ma = 13,3 a me ka

^ = D + " = 423 e wahi. [Pela Hawaii hoi hoailona ia me ka lae manao 'o ia hoi
alodio interpolation, ka Maxima o ke Z .]
E like me oe ke ano ike, he oiaio no pela empirically ka manao o lakou i k mkou
waiwai a pau o Z , , = F , kokoke loa i na loina haawiia mai maluna, e ,
=
14,9 a me ka poe i k mkou waiwai i loaa empirically ma ka Z ' "= F' ana ma ka ' aoao kokoke loa i na loina haawiia luna, e ka ' = 13,0; a ma ka oiaio, oia no ka
hopena o hope e hookumu hoakaka no ka validity o ko kakou haawi aku kanawai i

(32)

Aka, [oukou hooholo interpolationsmig na loina , = 14,9 a me ^ = 13,0

pili Z , , a me Z ' ' e noonoo ia i = 5, pela i kekahi Z , , = 563; Z "= 529,
hoohlikelikeia ia i ka maoli no i k mkou aiee o ka papaaina ke lilo i ke degere o
ka similarity ma waena o ka poeike theoretically kauoha a empirically imua loina.]
[Hoike. Ina, no ka presupposed e like me pololei ia elua-kolamu GG:
, (33)
kahi H '= 1 : E'
' ' waiwai:

, he mea ia e loaa i ka i k mkou helu kaulike no ka mea, Z

(34)
e pili ana i ' e differentiate ae, e kau like i ka palena pauole. Pela loaa:
, (35)
No laila, mai ka coefficient o ka (1 - 2 hora ' ' ) ma kona mau ano hiki ole nalo,
paha

. (36)

Like, e hahai no ka mea, o ka lalo deviations;

, (37)
He nui na ano, aka, e ka '
a me E ,
me ka reciprocal uuku hale deviations,
no ia mea, i ka theoretical significance o ka deviation kaumaha cia F' a me F , e pili
ana i D pono no e kahaki i ka haleawelike deviation o ka luna, a malalo loina.]

XI. Ka densest waiwai.

 87. [Mai ka densest waiwai e like me ka auoiaea o no K.-G. ninoaaeyao he

kumuoihana i loko o na Kane i koi aku e loaa ka makana kanawai, e like me ka mea
he kk o kona makemakikaano, a me kona pono i ka hope, e hookupaaia
makemakika paa. , He mea nui maanei, e like me ka D au i koho ia empirically
densest waiwai hergibt ka panel mai ai ka Dpa i koho theoretically paha waiwai a pau
o ke haawi aku kanawai e kaawale, ae hana i kela kaawale.]
[O ke ola ana o D i ma muli o ka mea a pau no ka panel ka mea, he K.-G. ka nui o
na kope o ka nui o ke aupuni, aole ikaika ma aka, e ku, ae haule iho lakou. E like me
ka loihi o me ka maka hooholo no ka pono e like me ka mea beige kakau i ka ike pili
a nolaila ke ana ma waena o ka poe i ka papa ele ele uhi i n loina a pau mamua,
aole nn akula au i hana, wale no ka nui e hiki ai ia pilikia i ka hooponopono koi e
like me ka densest waiwai ; a aole hoi alaila, aole ala e, i ka w pino i kekahi mau
Kime Pookela i ka ia i k mkou Z loaa ke kanalua i ka manawa ma ka mea kpono
ai ka densest waiwai e hapai, 1) . Ina, nae, noonoo i nanuu ma waena o ka poe
ana i wale no ka kpa a he uuku o ana specimens, a me ka huahelu maopopo e aie i
ko lakou ola, oiai ka kona palena kau o na kope o K.-G. me ka haahaa i na mea a
pau, e moe ana mawaena o na ihola i ka haawi, pela no oukou e nana i ka haawi papa
loina wale no i ka pale ma luna o ka mea a ka loiloi pilina ma waena o Z , a
me ka kukulu ai. Ka ia i lawe, alaila, o ka densest cia hualoaa ma ka alodio ano e
like me ka i k mkou no n kkulu papa.]
1) [Na

Kupuna i kaatikala o elua ae like, hookaawale ma waena Hawaii i k

mkou Z 'aole i manao e like me keia mau mea i ka helehelena o eluaokoa densely
Hawaii, a pl ka Mi-noii disparate K.-G. i ka mea a ka puunaue kanawai, aole
pololei e pili, hike.]
[I ka makaukau ana o keia ooieoeiiaeuiiai pili he ano e hoia i - ka mea, ua mua
hooponopono ma ka inaccuracy o ke ana, a me ka consequent ola o iniiaiieanuu
- no ka mea, o ka papa, aole e like me ka kanaka aiee o keia papa, aka, e like me ka
huina o n loina; ka mea i kapa aku i ka likeanuu, nolaila, e like me integral
Hawaii, lawe no n palena o nanuu, he e pili. A, i na loina o ka interpolation i
laweia mai iloko o ka hoohana 'ana, ka mea hele mai i ka nui o na kope o ka nui
o ka, nui me , ua hoike mai la,, i loko o kekahi huahelu e like me ka a pau ka
naauao hana a pau o ka ke vorauszuset-zen a me na mea haawi no ka mea, o ka panel
e hooholo kona coefficient no ia mea, ka huina o , D i, ko lakou mau integrals ma
waena o n palena o ka hana i hpaianuu, me ka haawi mai ai, no ka mea, o ka papa
no ka loa iaanuu ; oia no ka helu o ka poe pili interpretative, successiveanuu o ka
pae o ka ea papa, a me ka helu o kaukai coefficients e e hooponoponoia ia mea, a ua
ulu ana me ka puka helu o ka poe i ka manawa hookahi n, ke degere o ka pololei
k.]
[Ina pela nae ia, no ka lohe ana o ka waiwai i, ka i loko o ka w mawaena, me ke
kikowaena o ka 0 , a me ka Z like me Z 0 moe, he i ka ikaika, a ma ka laina hana

o ka hike 'ia paha ma ia o ka lua o ka degere e, e like me ka mea i loko o ka hihia

mua, wale no ka Z 0 o ka w mawaena iho, i ka lua o ka hihia i ka Z kekahi o ka poe e
pilianuu elua, i ke kolu o ka hihia, ke Z e hoohana i ka kokokeanuu elua e
hooholo i na ia a eia i. Hanakimi loaa i ka wa a ke Z i ka ai e moe ana i ka luna lihi
w mawaena me Z 1 , e waiho nei iloko o ka kekahi olelo me ka Z - 1 pili, a me ka
mea assertive ana mailaila aku a puni o ka panel w mawaena nui i mua okoa no ka
manawa i kapaia, ma ka hihia mua.
; (1)
i loko o ka lua o ka hihia;
paha =

; (2)

i ke kolu o ka hihia,
; (3)
Formulas kona laul, ma kela a me keia hihia ma luna o ka w mawaena me na
palena o kekahi 0 - i, a me ka 0 + i kl].
[Ina oe makemake e hoopii aku i ka pela kkulu ooieoeiiaeuiiai dependence
densest ka hooholo i ka w mawaena, pela wale ka hailula (3) proves keia mau mea
kkua ma; no ka mea, (1) mau consistently hoopakele ikaika oia, (2) e mhuahua ai
ole mau decreasing loina. Mai (3) aka, malaila no ka i k mkou waiwai a densest
waiwai;
, (4)
aka i wale 2 Z 0 - Z 1 - Z - 1 > 0 , Ina no ka hope cia emi malalo oole, ho ka ho ka
palena iki, aka, he 2 Z 0 - Z 1 - Z - 1 = 0, (3) he linearly a me ka hoomaopopo ana i k
mkou unusable. E no hoi, e like me i kauoha ia, me ka i k mkou i loko o ka
hookolokolo aku la ia w mawaena nei, pela e pono ai na Z 1 a me Z - 1 , kela mea
keia mea no ka mea, iho, malalo o Z 0 e].
[Ma kahi o ka piko , he 0 i ka manao paa o ka densest waiwai ma na palena o ka w
mawaena: g. 1 = i 0 - i a me ka h 2 = i 0 + i hai aku. Kakou loaa ina ka - h 1 = m ,
ua hoonoho:
; (5)

kpono ma ka alodio like;

m ( i - m ) = ( Z 0 - Z - 1 ):
( Z 0 - Z 1 ) (6)
penei.]
[O ka manao paa o D i hana iho pela 'o ia hoi ma luna o formulas ma mua o ka w
mawaena me ka poe i k mkou Z , oa ka maka kekahi densest waiwai, kii' ia, a laila,
i ka wahi oD i loko o kia w mawaena, ma ke kokoke loa i kahi o ka like ana (6) he
ppilikia a mai na n helu kaulike (5) ai 'ole (4). Ina he mea wale n i k mkou , no
ka mea , oia no ka pololei loaa pono, a me ka hele sharper interpolation noonoo pono
i ka Z o ka eha a oi e pilianuu nui, aole pono. Ae oukou loaa a hiki hoi ia ia iho i
pono keia mau mea ai, i ka wa elua e pili i k mkou no ka maka hooholo o ka
densest waiwai e hiki ai e maopopo. Oia, i ka wa Z 0 = Z - 1 , m = 0, ai ka
wa Z 0 = Z 1 , m = i , i ka mea mau i ka pono palena o ka elua, a me ka poe i k
mkou -z lolianuu e like me D au i loko o koi ua lawe.]
88. [Ma keia aoao, na loina D i o kaokoa ka ho'miana mauanuu, a me hoemi
papa o VIII. Mok. mau hailona. Ka mea e, e malama ia ma ka hope Mokuna. He
hiki nae ohiia no ka hihia i elua e pili i k mkou -z hoike hou aku ai i ka sharper
hailula i loaa. Ae, he mea e lilo ia i kekahi koi 'ia - i ka aneane e manao ai, i ka wa
pono, e hiki ke kpae' ia e hoololi i ka ka ho'miana, ahu iho - ekolu succedierende i
k mkou no ka hoolako 'ole' o ka poe maluna formulas e pono. A laila, he w
mawaena huiia mea ulu i ka mua unrecognized ke e hooholo e like me ka hana ana
o ke kolu o ka degere e hiki ai. He mea keia mea ma luna o ka w mawaena me ka Z
= Z 1 hahai w mawaena me ka Z = Z 2 . Ina kakou ano, mamua o ka = g. 1 + m ai
= g. 2 - ( i - m ), i kahi g. 1 a me ka h 2 , ka lalo a me ka hoaka o ka palena o ka w
mawaena, me ke kikowaena ka 0 a Z = Z 0 ua pela aicieeaao :
= + . ( i - m ) - ( i - m ) 2 - ( i m}3;
12 i = 7 Z 0 +
7 Z 1 - Z - 1 - Z 2 ; 12 i . = 15 No ka
mea, 0 - I5 Z 1 - Z - 1 + Z 2

4 i . = Z 0 + Z 1 - Z - 1 - Z 2 ; 6 i 4 =
3 No ka mea, 0 - 3 Z 1 - Z - 1 + Z 2 . (7)
It penei e like me ka i k mkou waiwai i ka wa, no ka mea, laana. Z 0 = Z 1 a
me Z 0 > Z 2 > Z - 1 :
, (8)

Hanakimi loaa hou;

Ina Z 2 = Z 1 = Z 0 ;
I ka wa Z - 1 = Z 1 = Z 0 (9)
mahope iho o ka mea a ke kulana o D 'olelo e loli, ke kaumaha ma muli paha kekahi o
ka poe i k mkouekolu Z E hoomanao i ka hahai ana paha ka mua w
mawaena. Keia maopopo hiki wale no ke loan e hea aku ma luna o ke kokokeanuu
elua.]
[Keia mea i hanaia mai ai e Z 0 = Z 1 = Z - 1 kuhi ae hoola i ka hahai w mawaena
me Z = Z 2 i ka mua w mawaena me Z = Z - 2 lawe i noonoo, ua loaa no ka hooholo
'ana i ka i k mkou, no ka mea, m = i - h 1 , ke helu kaulike;
+ 2 . m + 3 . m + 4 m = 0;
12 i = - Z 0 + Z - 2 ; 8 i . = Z - 2 - Z 2 ; 6 i 4 = Z 0 - Z - 2 ; (10)
24 i 5 = - 2 Z 0 + Z 2 + Z - 2 ;
me ke ano:
2 . + 6 . M + 12 m <0th]
89. [Ia pela ka ola ana o D i, he kuokoa o ke ola ana o ka puunaue kanawai, a me
kona manao e hiki ke loaa i loko o successive approximations ma interpolation, oia
ke ola ana oD pa , pono ma ke ea o ka makana kanawai, ko kakou hihia ma ka elua
kapakahi GG ninau mai la, a me kona i ka ho omaulia ana o ka haawi papaaina loina,
ua pono no i kona mau waiwai mathematically formulated. He makemake no, i ka wa
a ka inevitable,'paha contingencies e ole ole i ka uku ana i ka puunaue kanawai, ka
densest waiwai mai ka outset i nano a pau i D pa noho, nolaila, D i = D pa e; a ina
alaila, aole pono i koe, i hou i D i koe D pa e hoomaulia, ina aole ikaika mau
hua'lelo waiwai ma keia hihia D pa e kaumaha nui e malu ai mamua o ka
approximations o Interpolalionsverfahrens. Aka, insofar aole pono hoopili like me
ka hoololiana o ka papa aiee na olelo o ke kanawai,aeae D au , a me D pa ma ke
kaawale; a he mea pono e kokoa o D i hoi D pa , ua paa i loaa ma ka oko ao, ma
ko lakou mau kahua, he ana o ka applicability o ke kanawai o ke haawi aku, e like me
ka D pa o ka Augangswert oi aku kupono e like me ka D au i loaa i ka palapala noi o
ia kanawai.]
[E D pa , ho'kka 'ia ma solidarity e pili ana i ka poe elua kapakahi GG, ma ka
waiwai i ka helu o ka poe luna, a malalo deviations e pili ana i ka ia hana e like me na
averages o ka poe luna, a me malalo deviations, ai ole ia,

ka m ,: ka m ^ = E , : E . (11)
Mahope mai o keia waiwai o theoretically paha waiwai, he emanation o ke hawi
kanawai, e like me ka mea pono ma ka assumption o ka validity o keia kanawai mai
ka outset i hookahi, a hookahi wale no ka waiwai i koe ma ko kakou haawi aku papa,
a kokoke D i mea eimi. N nae, he mea hoihoi e hoike ia D pa kekahi lima, aole e
like me A a me C, aia i koe ma kekahi panel, a ma ka kekahi lima ana i mau Edition e
hiki ai.]
[No ka mea, o keia mea makou i ka puunaue panel me equidistant i ka pono imua o
kona Z mawaena o ka poe i kekahi manawa a eia i, ka kekahi manawa ma ka hookahi
lau o ke pili i ka oweliweli.]
[I ka mua hihia, ke Z k haawi ma ka pau panel; ia mea, nolaila, mawaena o na
palena o ka = e , a me ka = e :
=,
kahi mea, he ikaika oia ano; a no ka mea, i ka loaa;
E , = ( A - B ), e ka '= ( C - He )
ka m , = ( he - e ), ka m '= ( e - he ) ,
no ia mea, kela mea keia mea i ka waiwai o D pa paa.]
[I ka lua o ka hihia, ua loaa ma ka interpolating ka ana hoi o ka makana;
= ka
a ua koho e like me na palena i = 0, he = pela aku , hookahi loaa e pili ana i ka
makemake A:
;;
;

no ia mea, e like me poihana i ka helu kaulike.

E , ka m ' - e ' ka
m,=0
wale no ka elua loina i = 0, a me ka c ? acoeueoao no ka mea e , a me ka m , resp. E
' ae m ' ua like aiole. O keia mau palena, nae, iloko o kela a me keia panel, mai ka
outset ke kulana helu kaulike no ka mea, D P hlwai aole i loaa ia lakou e like
me D pa i Hawaii ma ka kuleana. Aia no ia mea iloko o keia hihia, aole he D pa i
loko o ka papa.]
[No keiaatikala, ka mea i ikeia pono e hoolako i criterion no ke alo o ka D pa e
noho. Mau helehelena i loko o ka alodio ano ma ka penei e noonoo. Oia ka hoomaka
ana o ka panel ia akulla E , : ka m , > e ka ' : ka m ' , no ka mea, i ka pau ana o

ka E , : ka m , <e ': ka m " , makou e no ka awelika waiwai o E , : ka

m , = E' : ka m ' e, mai ka puu e , : ka m , a e' : ka m ' ku i ka ana hoi o ka
makana o ke Z i loko o ke kanakaanuu mau hoololi hou no ia i ke kulana o ka
waiwai, e ka mea a lakou i hoohuli i. Ano, nae, i ka wa ia ke Z oE , , Z ia o E ' ,
oia a me ka poe malalo palena o ka w mawaena o E , me ka e , ka luna palena o ka
w mawaena mai E' me C , ua haawiia ia, no ka mea, i ka wa kinohou o ka panel :
;

no ka mea, i ka pau 'ana o ka papaaina.

;

It i koe ma kekahi hihia, nolaila, he cia D pa i loko o ka papaaina, ina:

,

No] (12).

90. [No ka mea, ke i ka ho omaulia ana o D pa i initially malama wale ka like ana
(11), no ka mea, Ho'kka 'ia nui. It hiki, nae, no ka like ana o ka waiwai o na
waiwai D pa hoike i lilo ia i loko o ka ia ala i ka i ka ho omaulia e hiki ai;
1.Ka makemakika waena o lalo o D pa noho ai i kekahi , di Aloha A , : ka
m , hoopulapula i ka makemakika mawaena o ka poe maluna D pa e waiho
ana A , di Aloha i ': m , ua like ia me ka makemakika mawaena o na mea a
pau i ka, hoomahuahua aku ma ka D pa ia. nolaila:

, (13
)
2) O ka likeole o n averages o ka poe luna, a malalo deviation o ka pili D pa , ua
like ia me ka likeole o n loina D pa iho, a me ka makemakika mawaena
o kekahi; penei:
E , - E '= D pa - A. (14)
Ka hope pilina me ka helu kaulike (11) hiki aku ai i ka hou Maui;
, (15)
kahi ? u = ka m ' - ka m , : Ma ka pepa a me ka unuhi (14) a me (15) hou e loaa;

(16)
I ka oiaio o (13) i hoolako 'ia e hookomoia na aiee o
,

(17)

kpono ma ka like ana o ka (11) helu kaulike e ' ka m , = aloha , ka m ' o ia

hoi, he mea i ka ho omaulia helu kaulike;
(18)
loko, a ma ka ia
;
ua hoonoho. I mea, ia penei, mai ka pela kpono helu kaulike;
(19)
ma ka mahele ana ma ka m hailula (13). n nae, in keia hailula lanakila 'o ia, a
laila, mai kona wa A , : ka m , a i : m? ' mai (17) ma ka D pa , a
me E , kekahi me kekahi. e ka ' olelo ua pololei ka helu kaulike (14).]
91. [No ka mea, makemakika manao paa o D pa ano i ka helu kaulike (13) ka mea
pono kokoke loa i kahi. N nae, he mea e ka ike o ka w mawaena, ma ka D pa hina,
i koi 'ia no ka waiwai o keia waiwai ma muli o ka deviation kii, a me deviation puu,
a, aole he piha hooholo e like me ka ka mea hiki, ae. It pono Nolaila, kahi ua ike, o
ke Z. B., ma mua o ka ho omaulia o D i hiki ke kuai, nalo, tentatively hai i ka hiki i
kekahi i kekahi w mawaena, a ina aole ulia, ua laweia ka pololei w mawaena no
kekahi w mawaena , ai, nae, i ka hopena o ka holo mua, ai nele hoakaka e ho ololi i
ke koho ana o ka w mawaena ma ka repetition o ka ho okolohua. Hoolako i ka
papaaina, aole nui abnormalities, pela no ka mea, e lilo ia i loko o kia mau ho'o
wale n i koho ma waena e pilianuu.]
[Ina mea i like i kekahi w mawaena, i ka piko o ka mea i 0 , ka haahaa palena o
ka h 1 a me ka Z like ke Z 0 ua koho e like me keano kaua w mawaena, a no ka
ia V , N , V , N he ppilikia, e like me ka crude hooholo e like me ( 13):
; (20a)
paha:

; (20b)
kaumaha D pa , ua emi iho malalo o a oi aku ia mamua o ka 0 . Pela, he mea ka mua
hailula pili i ka wa a ka 0 - D pa <i, i ka hope, ina D pa - i 0 <i aicieeaao.
No ka mea,oi hooholo 'aka, o ke kokoke loa i kahi;
(21)
e hele ma kahi Y ano dala, y me ka helu hooili. Hookomoia maanei i Cape. IX,
hailula (8) a me (13) ka wa m ka Eingriffsma = D pa - h 1 Hike 2) :
;

makou loaa i keia helu kaulike no ka m = D pa - h 1 ;

m - m + . = 0;
;
; (22)
;
me ka proviso i x ka mea maikai, a emi iho malalo o kau ia.]
[Ina kakou i noho ai i ka noonoo translucent, aka, emi pololei hailula (6) o ke
Cape. IX, oia Y = i 0 Z 0 m: I hoohana, pela makemake ma kahi o (22) i ke kolu o ka
degere helu kaulike no ka mea, m n hualoaa; ka mea, e pela i ka lilo o ka pololei no
hoi i ka lilo o ka computational pono hopena.]
2)

[N nae, i kia hoolako 'o ia hoi, he mea ole i ka pono ke D pa aku i kekahi e
moe ana ma ka ia w mawaena papa kuhikuhiE Hawaii H ua pili i ka hoopii aku i
ka kikaw waiwai o ka poe koho H e loaa simpler n helu kaulike.]
[No keia mea, e like me ka helu, a me na puu o lalo, a me luna H Aia kekahi ma ka
m ^ , ka m ", A " , ka " hoohiki, hou D M - H = m" a ma waena o D pa , a
me H e moe ana i ka i ko lakou helu ana e like me ka ia y me ^, i ko lakou dala e
like Y ' ua waiho pela ia;
;

Hana loaa alaila, mai ka hookokoke mai:

(23)
no ka mea, m '= D pa - H ke helu kaulike ;
m - m + . = 0;
;
; (24)
;
no ka mea, o ka H = g. 1 merges iloko o (22). Mai ka mea pono e m ' ? Acoeueoao,
ma ka olelo, a emi iho malalo o g. 2 - H (kahi g. 2 , ka luna palena o keano kaua w
mawaena mea,), ai' ole io, a me kona mau loa Hawaii e emi malalo o H - h 1 . Aohe]
[Keia helu kaulike ano N hualoaa ma ka wa a kekahi me ka makemakika
hemolele A ai ole ia, ke kikowaena cia C , a me ka vagina cia R i loko o ka w
mawaena mai D pa e hina ai, e like me H , ua wae aku, i keia olelo:
1.He mea e: H = A : m = D pa - A ; alaila, ua:

; (25)
kahi , a ' ka deviation huahelu, ka huina huina o na deviations bez. A makana.
1.No ka mea, alaila, H = C; m = D pa - C, alaila hopena:
; (26)
kahi A " a me ka A" i C hai aku.
, He mea pono 3) Eia: H = R , m = D pa - R, alaila aicieeaao:

; (27)
kahi m + ' a me ka m e pili ana i R poe e lawe.]
[O ka laul o ka hoolako 'ia' hana, e waiho loihi ana, ina o ka hanana i D pa , he

displacement o keano kaua w mawaena mea a me ka hina o ka nui waiwai i ka mea

a ka bila pili ia i kokokeanuu paha, ma na olelo e, keano kaua w mawaena o
abutting wahi elua kokokeanuu haku. Ke Z 0 keia ahupapa w mawaena mea, alaila,
haku o ka proportional i ho'kka 'Z pu kona wahi, i ka bez. noho i ka papa kuhikuhiE
cia rula.]
92. [Mai keia mau formulas e nui preferable (26). No ka mea, (27) pili ia i kekahi
wahi panee poo kumu a mea waiwai, ka mea kiko' i ka ho omaulia a hiki ma hope o
Ch. X (19b) pono i ka poihana o ka helu kaulike o ka lua iho; oiai (25) ma ia mea i
mea keakea, makemakika sciences A o ke kahua ma lalo o na kanawai o D pa e C , ua
hookaawaleia, a pela, emi pinepine o C me D pa , e lilo i ka meaanuu. Eia, ka
mea aole e haha aku e like me ke keakea i ka helu kaulike (26) ka ike ana o ka elua
loina A a me C erheischt, mai ka mea pili i ka D pa mau no hoi A a me C he
ppilikia.]
[He mea kpono nolaila, i ka ike ana o C a me ka A e hookupaaia ma ka helu
ana D pa , e lawe (26) i ka simplest e hiki ano.]
[No ka mea, o keia mea ka makou e puunaue (26) ma ka m m , ae kakau iho i
ka helu kaulike e like penei:
(28)
Ina kakou ano,
, Ie

makou loaa:
, (29)
no ia mea, he mau hapa e hoohalike ai i ka , ua haawi mai ai, i converges hoomaka
koke mai 2 Z 0 ( C - A ) : ( I .) no ko kakou Panel ka mea uuku Hawaii]
[Ka hooholo ana o ka Bila Kanawai, oia pela ke ala e hooponopono ai i ka hlwai
hoolohe
;
sequentially:

1 = - 1;
;

;
Etc.
hooholo a hiki i ka bila i hele aku ai ke hooki, mai na loina i loaa ma ka waiwai o
ka m = D pa - C ua loko. I ka Ia manawa, alaila, ma ka alodio ala, i ka waiwai o n
hualoaa
like

.]

[Mai helu kaulike (26) mahope iho, hoi, i mai la ka empirically ka manao o
Hawaii ka papa kuhikuhiE A, C a me D pa ua ko ka ke aloha kanawai ma ka outset i
loko o ka rula ana no ko kakou Panel hulimahi. Lawe mai i kekahi o ka mea e helu
kaulike i loko o ka palapala.
.
ia penei wofern
.
i A - C a me na m , di Aloha D M - C, aole hoi i ka mea ia manawa, olelo ikaika mai,
aole ka poe i io. Nolaila, he mea no ka mea i hoakaka ia ke ano, oia ka mea e piha e
puunaue papa,
kekahi A > C > D pa , a me A < C < D pa ,
e like me ka pono o ke kulana kanawai ia mea.]

XII. kumu
komo kia mau mea nui asymmetry o deviations e pili ana i ka makemakika
olelo a me validity o ka asymmetric hoi o ka makana kanawai mea e pili ana i ka
densest cia D iloko o ke ano o ka generalized Gaussian Kanawai (Mok. V) ka nui
hihia.
93. I ka ( 4) i i hliu mai i ko hoi oko ao ma waena o nui a me ka inessential ai i
ka nui a me ka mailuilu (ai ole kaulele) asymmetry o deviations e pili ana i ka papa
kuhikuhiE waiwai e like me ka makemakika hemolele a densest waiwai e
hoomaopopo. E kkou e huli i keia kilo i keia manao, mua, i ka makemakika
mawaena o ka A. He mea kekahi i hiki me ka symmetrical W. deviations bez. A ma
ka'paha contingencies hookaawale iwaena o ka mamao o na ihola E ', E , o A , a me

ke koena unuhi make mawaena o ka helu ana i ka hoop aku deviations " a , hiki
i waho mai, a pela oukou e nana i ka helehelena ninau aku i ka mea i hana i ka lula
'asymmetry bez: i, i mea, aole e kaukai ma'paha contingencies, o kekahi n hana a
incidental, i hilinai nui maokoa. Kaawale mai ka manawa ma ka Mok. II 'oia mau,
iki vague helehelena, a ua hanohano na Kamehameha nui mai inessential ai, he mea
hiki iloko o keia hihia e hookumu' ia i ka hua ma maula'paha contingencies like no
one ma waena o ' a , he likelihood paa, ua hiki hoi ke ao ia ia ka poe e kii mai ka
nui hiki ke haawiia mai. E like Ano, e like me keia paha like, ua oi, ua hoonee 'ia
paha ka asymmetry mea wale huikau, a malaila ua hiki rula e hooholo i ka degere o
ka improbability, eia nae aole lakou he poe aole he piha pono i keia achievable; mea I
(Land) i hope, i na olelo i 31 A i kapa aku i ka probability formulas XIV.
MOKUNA. A pela no oukou ke ku e like me ka pili ana n lae i predominant
probability, hihia wale no asymmetry me ka mahalo i A e paa no ka nui a me ka imi i
hoao kanawai me ka nui loa asymmetric hoi o ka makana o kahi a ka
hoahanau A resultant paha waiwai o Liliu , aole nui aku la ka pili '.
I ka mea, ua lawe aku au mai ka outset ka mea pela, aka, mahope hoomaopopo mai
iau, e like me kaulana ma 32 o keia mua aku maoli, pela e pono ai ka ikeia E
hoomanao i loa misses ka maoli omaka. He mea uaua ina ka symmetrical W. o
likeole A e nui presupposed hihia, a wale e like me kekahi e lawe mai i ka outset ma,
a ua hoolako malie ma Quetelet, 'ia e ae aku, ka mea makemake e lilo pakahi aku la
ia, hele aku la, a kamailio Me. Aka, o ka hihia aicieeaao, ina e aho i loko o ke ano o
ka ua prejudicial outspoken e nn i ka nui asymmetry, oia ka nui hihia, ka mea i
waena o ka lehulehu degere, ma ka mea a ka asymmetry ke hiki mai i kahi o lakou i
nalo, e like me kuikawa, a me ko lakou ikaika paha ole 'ia hihia he.
94. Alaila, he kumu paleana ma waena nui a me ka non-nui asymmetry ka mea,
aole e hana; a pau K.-G. hiki, He pono e hana asymmetric W. malalo iho o ke ano o
ka noonoo wale ia me ka finite ka m no ka mea,'paha contingencies ka nui a me ka
olelo o ka asymmetry hiki oko randomly mai i ka mea i mana loa ka m e huli mai, e
noho nui; a me ka u ma kumu e manaoio, he mea ia e hiki ma loko o n manawa a
pau e like me ka keia probability formulas asymmetry e pili ana i ka hiki o hiki mai e
wale accidentally, e like me ka helu ma ka 33 kanawai o ka asymmetry e hoopaa i
loko o ka iho unexpected lehulehu.
Ano, ke hai pono aku, nae, i ka mea, ua hiki mea', a hiki i ka mea huna malaila
hiki ke loaa i ka wa i nawaliwali asymmetry, e like me na mea he nui i loko o ka K.G. o VII: A VIII. Mok. i, i kue i ka inevitable contingencies no ka finiteness o ka m ,
aka, i ka luna-hookumu Kanawai o ka asymmetry hookupaa iho la ia me ka mea
kupaianaha ka lehulehu, a me approximation.
E lawe, no ka mea, Laana, ka iwipoo Ana. 450 kope o Europa Kalevari haawi no
ka vertical loa (ma i = 5 mm o E , = 368) 220 io, 230 maikai deviations o A 2 , i ka
ua iwi poo no papamoe loa malalo o kpono olelo i 226 io, 224 'oluolu oko ao, oko
ao ka mea nui nui mailuilu, aole e ulu ma i'paha contingencies; aka, haawi aku i keia
mau hihia, a me na mea e ae o ka ia aoao o ka oko ao, aole emi maikai hoiaio n
ia o ka hookumuia asymmetry kanawai e like me examples o ka nui asymmetry i ka

mea au iau i mamao ike wale no e wehewehe no ia mea, ke okoa hehee wale, i ko
lakou pili i ka pili kanawai hai aku, loli ana e ke'paha contingencies e pili ana, ua
mau mea hoololi iloko o ka e like me mamua, a me nahehin i ia 'Oiaio, a ma ka ia
like, a ka mea makemake loa wale no ka piha Hawaii ma mua o ka loio i oko ao, a
me ka lki. o ka hehee wale ae aku, i mea ole koi, i keia mau ia, a proportional loli e
like successes, aka, wale no mamao i ka leeway e e i na kanawai i koe,aole i nui
aku. Keia manao ai e makewai o ke ahiahi, he oi aku ka hookolokolo pono
makemakika kkkk; ma ka anticipation o ia i loko o kekahi hihia, o ka mea koe ia
a hiki i ka nawaliwali degere o ka asymmetry me ka mahalo i A Hooia puunaue
kanawai o ka asymmetry nae hoao i ko lakou validity, pela pilina me ia iho, e hooiaio
i ka lehulehu, he oi aku wale incidental asymmetry 1) .
1) [lakou

e hoohalike ai i keia theoretical derivation o ka asymmetric hoi o ka makana

kanawai pauku 136, mahope iho o ka mea a ka papa kuhikuhiE Hawaii wale n i nui
like 'ole o ka aoao, I ole 1:
okoa,o ka hope ua e presuppose uuku ia i ko lakou
2
mau kihikihio wau , a 1: m finite' Oiaio e ku pono ana, e hiki no e malama ole.]

He Ano aka, e like ma ka hoohalike hike no ka mea, K.-G., pela ka noi o ka

makemakika probability formulas e hoomaopopo nui a me ka non-nui asymmetry he
nae nei. hiki e detectable Makemake 'ia i mau no ka mea o ka nawaliwali asymmetry
i ka asymmetry ke hiki e pono hopena e pili ana i A; ka mea, ua hana mai ai me ia
mea, ina o ka factual hookolokolo 'proves ia lakou i na kanawai nui asymmetry
hoolohe; Eia nae, mai keia mau formulas aka aua kekahi theoretical ka hoihoi no ko
makou wahi, I makemake e hele me ka folgends mea hiki kumu i loko o n mokuna i
hahai ia ia, e loaa ia ia e hookumu 'ia ia mea.
95. Ina Ano, i na mea a pau i na kumu a pau, e ka mea e hana kakou lawe i ka lula
'symmetry he nui asymmetry pili i ka palapala, a me ka generalization o ka GG, ma
ke ano o 33 i olelo ia kanawai, ma laila n i ka eia.
1) No ia mea Hehe hihia o no ka nui ? U: m malaila, kahi e hiki ole nele ma kahi
loihi aku e kii mai i ko kumu, ke alo o ka nui asymmetry no A , pela, hiki aole loa i
ka lula 'symmetry bez ka nui hihia A e imi; pono aka, ina kekahi Nui no K.-G. e pili i
keia manao, i ka nui asymmetry ana ma ka mea nui symmetry a me ka asymmetry
nawaliwali e like me kuikawa hihia.
2) Ina hookahi, a me ka ia K.-G. He mau makahiki kokoke loa i kahi ma ka pili nui
asymmetry, elua-kolamu GAUSS hoi o ka makana kanawai ( 33) a me na rula no ka
nui symmetry, alodio GAUSS hoi o ka makana kanawai ( 24 FlgD.) makaainana, i
ka mua o ka makana i ka ho omaulia mai ka outset ua wehewehe aku i ka mea pono e
hiki ia lakou empirically okoa ka m ^ , ka m , bez. D reproduces naoaoelua
pololei, oiai ka hope no ka empirically okoa , , bez, he ia waiwai ( '+ , )
= m nei, a pela no ka pono eoi aku ka uukuaoao ma ka like nui aku i ka empirical
deviation helu he nui ma mua ma luna o ka poe kekahi. I keia, ma ka rula, o ke

hoohalikeia invoice aoao hoomaikai aku la lakou pomaikai, no ka Bila Kanawai,

mahope iho o ka generalization o ka GG no ka asymmetry e ano n keakea ole ia
iloko o na kanaka puunaue olelo o ka M ' ' a me ka m , ,( 27) no ka nui a me
ka ma ka nui keakea e ku ei ka helu hope o na mea GG paio mach-ko; aka, ua holo i
mamao like me k, ke ku ka hihia.
3) Na kanawai o ka nui asymmetry i 33 no ka hihia o kekahi pono nui m + a me
na hana i ho'kka 'ia ma ka Mok. IV i hike mai ua hoonoho props ae e hoomau
aku i loaa kona theoretical hoaponoia, hoopaa i loko o ka keia hoopaaia i loko o
nui me ia e hookokoke aku i ka maikai koi, e like me ka mea hiki wale ke manaoia
ma ka, aole loa excludable'paha contingencies, a ma ka Ia manawa pela hooiaio i ka
pololei o keia kumumanao.
Pela ka mea, ua mua o na mea a pau e pili ana i ka proportional kanawai. E like me
ka wehewehe haawiia he mea ia e pili ana i ka waiwai, i ka mea a ka poe nui me
neia , Kaneohe pkole e pili ana i ka hea ka waiwai, i ka nui o ka hoop aku
deviation e like me ka nui o ko lakou kaulana Hawaii, di Aloha ka m , : ka
m ^ = E , : E 'hoi, ka mea nana e hoole i ka waiwai e pili ana i ka mea pili i kia
lki i mea ma kona Z -Maximum pono kekahi densely Hawaii e coincide. Ano ia
makou i ka makana panel ma kpono ka ho'miana i ka papa ana o ia , ua lawe mai
ia i ka hookolokolo 'ana i kona mau kanawai, a me keia ua hiki, ia kakou ke loaa ia
ia e like me ka manao ana o ke klana waiwai a pau e pili ana i ka ia ka m , :ka
m ' = e ka , : e ' hana naauao, ma ka w mawaena haule, e ka mea a ka nui ua haule
ana, e like me ka mea hiki ascertain ina kekahi lima na papa hoike i na kumu apau,
ma ia ano kekahi D pa , ma ka kekahi lima ma luna o ke kinona o ka w mawaena
papaaina hoonoho iho la hoi o ka makana panel mai i ka derivative ua hana, e lawe i
ka manao. Ma o ka Cape.Aka, XI hoakaka ia interpolation iaoia hiki e ke D hou
pololei hooholo i nanuu, kahi ka mea, e like me he hookahi mea pololei ma ka nui
o kona Z imi e hooholo, mamuli o ka mea a laila, o ka papa i loko o ka papa o na
kumu, aole nae i hoiaio o ka proportional kanawai ma i loaa ka mea e pili ana i ka
densest cia helu ma ka D pa maoli ka m , : ka m ^ = e , : e hoi e like me D pa , oia
iho, ma mua o ka waiwai hooholo i loko o ka mahalo o ka mea aia no kia
pilina. Ano, nae, e ke koa o keia nui ma lalo o ka aoao o ka ikaika i'paha
coincidences, a me ka noho lakou malaila ka ho'miana kulana paa i loko o ka w
mawaena me ka i k mkou no lakou iho, hule i loko o ka w mawaena
kokoke; aka, e maona ai a laila, nui hele e huli i ke ka ho'miana i Ihova ke
hookomo i ia i loko o ka AYEIE w mawaena.
A malaila, nae, makou loaa i loko o ka sharpest hiki haawiia no ka mea, e like me n
loina D pa i baseline no deviations i panai ai i na elua-kolamu GG, me ka Random
perturbations, nae, o nao ia wahi i nalo, aka, o ka poe o ka ia oihana wale no, me ia
hoi ma ka puunaue hewa o ke kilo, me ka mahalo i ka makemakika olelo ana ae e
tolerated, e like me ka Bessel e like papa 2) hoao ia ma waena o kilo i ka ho omaulia
a.
2)

[kumu astronomiae, Sectio II, p. 19. 20.]

He aha ka mea e pili ana i ke kanawai ke aloha, mamuli o ka mea a ka Central

cia C , a me ka makemakika hemolele A kau-aku la i ka aoao hookahi o ka densest
Hawaii ma ke ala oC ma waena o A a me D pa hina, pela no oukou e noho malaila,
me kona hopena ole koe nae a hiki iloko o na wahi nawaliwali no one: ka m iloko o
loaa hoopaa i na papa o ka poe kumu, a me ka ikaika, e hliu mai i ko ke ike i keia
mea e like me ka allerschlagendsten maopopo o ka nui asymmetry, no ka nui
symmetry e D pa , C , a ke oko wale no ma ka'paha coincidences, a laila, i loko o ka
indefinite ae hiki hoi ke i keia la. Aka, no keia mea, aohe mea e haawi aku. He hiki ke
hoike o ia i ke kanawai ke aloha, he pono no o ka proportional Kanawai 3) , a nae
ia D pa , ua manao maloko o na papa o na kumu ma ka proportional kanawai, e alaila,
o ka papa no hoi i ke aloha Kanawai e pili ana i ka ia hoopaa aku hoi no ka hiki ole
ke hoao ia mea, i keia nui ka poe i k mkou Z hoopili like me ka mea hiki
fundamentally mau ke hana wale no ma ka pololei e like.
3)

[uku pnai. ka hopena o ka mokuna.]

Ku ei keia o ka holo ana i ka -Gesetze, kahi o ka mamao ma waena o D pa , C,

A ua loaa ia ia kekahi waiwai, ka validity o ka elua-kolamu GG mua me keia mea, he
pono no o ka proportional kanawai, a pela, haawi insofar e like me ka mea i loko o ka
hoao ana hookpaa me ka hookokoke mai, e like me ka mea e ae i'paha
coincidences, aka, me ka nui loa, e hoike mai i ke ola ana o nui asymmetry, kahi e
like me ka mea i loko o solidarity me ka elua-kolamu GG.
Eia ke oki, nolaila, i ka nui mai o na papa o na kumu, a me ka hai mai ia e like papa
ma waena o hkilo ana a me ka ppilikia haawi aku ai, e lawe ano o ke alo o ke
asymmetry hele mai hoi i ia: a) e like me ka proportional kanawai kekahi D pa me
ka pono i haawiia mai D i pela pili coincides mamua ae'paha contingencies; b) i na
deviations, mai ka mua ma ka aoao e like me ka pololei e like me ka hiki
ia D pa panai ai i na elua-kolamu GG manao uluku; c) i ka - ua halawai Kanawai
me ka lawa approximation. He mea maopopo i na mea a pau i ka hook 'ana i n
requisites o ka Cape. IV, ua holoholo ana a pau i ka holomua 'ana o K.-G. e
hlwai. Ina ano nui pili i n ana hoohlike i hoakaka ia malalo iho o keia mau mea,
nae, he hopena ma ka pono kaatikala o ka nui asymmetry, e holo ana mai ia mea.
4) Eike mkou e pili p ana K.-G. e like me ka hahai ano he kumu hoohlike,
pela, aia no anei kekahi mau hihia, kahi i ke one o ia mea ma ke hoolilo i ka m mea
he uuku, e noho i loko o na mea a pau, i ka manawa kpono o ka dependence ma
purely kaulele asymmetry i koe, ma ke ala, aka, ma na mea a pau ia accordant a
Abwandelung i n 'ikamu i ma ke kanawai mahope iho, e like me ka mea
incompatible me maula randomness.
A he mau mea me ka Hokoana Ana he okoa'ina, a hiki i ko lakou ua manaoia e lilo
ana, i ka asymmetry me ka manao e A loaa mau 'oluolu, me (Geneva, Freiberg) i kela
la a me ka malama nui io no na malama, no ka mea, heano o ka abdominal a thoracic

Text original
Contribuu a millorar la traducci

hui, ma knaka ( ma Boyd) mau loaa io. , I ka thermal ka malama deviations ma

kekahi lima i ka olelo o ka asymmetry huli i ka holomua o na malama ma ka
makahiki me ke kanawai, a he mea ikaika i ka wa hooilo malama, emi io iloko o ke
kauwela malama, ma waena o ka'ina i loko o ka waena malama. Ka rai, he u make i
keia luna lala ikaika, hoonwaliwali ma ke kaolo i ka lalo lala, a me mokomoko ana
ma lalo i ka io. Ua like lepo, eia nae ka mea hiki m a pau o keia mau hihia e lawe
uuku lawa i ka kpaa ai regularity e, e Nyos ole ia, e nalowale, ina aole ka uuku o ka
m eo i ka'paha he ulia pakalaki i ulu ole; aka, o ka ka m , ua, aia no ia ma kona
kauoha lawa e pale ia mea. Aka, ina aole nui asymmetry ola, ka mea e loaa no hoi ma
kekahi nui o ka m ke lanakila ia ka ikaika paha loio superiority ma luna o n
contingencies. Ka mauatikala o ia hihia, ua alakai mua mai iau mai loko mai o ka
nui asymmetry ma na mea a pau i ka nui klana ma loko o n wahi o K.G. attributable; a indisputably na hihia o keia ano keia ano e loaa ina wale lawa
haawina me ka lawa ka m pili vorlgen ia mea.

XIII. Makemakika ka lki. O ka huina lakou o ko nui a me

ka non-nui asymmetry.
96. E kekahi, he waiwai H e like me ka wahi ho waiwai o na deviations, a he mea
asymmetric W. (nui asymmetry) ia me ka mahalo aku, pela no, aole o ka
hookipaia'paha coincidences (kaulele asymmetry) i ka like u make ma waena o ka
manao lokahi oko ao wale ma ka like ana i ka mahuahua paha ka ho'miana resp. ulu
a emi iho. I mea, ia ia ma ka haawiia mai ia auoiaea -m like m, pela oia i makemake
ai i n -maliger hou i ke kilo i kela a me keia kope hou o ka hookahi mea ka ia
cia xn ike hiki, pela no hoi ma o ka haku mele 'ana o ka n moo o na loina i loko o ka
hookahi ana koena unuhi m ma ka nx hele. Ina, nae, loa iho la ka nui asymmetry aku,
a kaukai ma o ka unuhi wale ma coincidences'paha, alaila, ina kakou i ka
auoiaea ka m ke koena unuhi y me e loaa i ka oko ao ka n -fold ka m ka mea,
aole HI ai, no ke kauoha a me ka nui o ka unuhi Random e hoololi ana i ka olelo, e
ae, he nui ka olelo ana i ka piha kpono, undetermined meaaoao, waiho i keia, no
ka definitive like hoololi, e like me ka loihi o ko oukou hoonee i ka nui loa o na
likeole, a ma ka awelika no hoi ma ka liilii loa, i ike rula ma kahi o ka pili n ano
pili . Ina e alakai mai i kia manawa i ka hoohlike i ka n -fachende ka m e like me
ka pa alima o ka hoohlike n -fachung ae i hookohu 'ia i ka nui o ka n -dependent
1) :
aiee o ka n e like me ka Index, pela makou e kau loaa
ma ka hihia wale nui asymmetry:
? u N = nx 1 (1)
ka hanana wale mailuilu asymmetry:
(2)
a ina o ka coincidence o elua;

(3)
kahi NAHI 1 , nui kna kamailioana, me ka m 1 i like paha kaiewaewa hoailona; no
ka mea, oiai m iloko o ka hoololi mai m 1 ma ka nx 1 's, he malama' oluolu paha io,
Rich-tung, key me 1 i ka hele ana ma y me 1
e kaulele malama i kona olelo, a nee
me kekahi mau olelo hooholo i koe therebetween; a makou e lawe y me 1 i loa
Hawaii, pl n mkou e loaa ai e waiho ma ka noonoo o keia ka maopopo ':
(4)
a me ka auoiaea ka m iho, kahi n = 1,
Liliu 1 = m 1 y me 1 . (5)
Hookomoia Ano manawa, N = 100, i kekahi manawa = 1: 100, pl mkou e loaa
pili:
no one 100 = 100 m 1 10 y me 1 , (6)
. (7)
A i ka wa a pahaneri ka mahuahua o auaiaea ka m ka auoiaea ua like me (6) m i 100
manawa, ke auoiaea y me wale i ka 10-pa mahuahua, a e N i nui loa, pela makemake
ka definitive y me, oa ka 'paha contingencies e kaukai likeole aku i ka nui
asymmetry e kaukai m nalo; Conversely, e like me (7) no ka mea, i ka ho'miana o
ka auoiaea -m i 1 : 100, ka auoiaea mma 1 : 100, ka auoiaea y me wale i 1 : iho mai
10, a me ka poe kahiko e, i hoi ka ho'miana o ka m hiki noticeably nalo aku i na la
mahope, ka mea wale insofar, aole loa ia laua, me ka mahuahua ana o ka m oia, e like
me ka m , pii p loa, aka, hiki e hoemi wale i ka 2, he mea koe he koena
unuhi make ola ana. Aka, i nui ka mea, penei i ka nui asymmetry maalahi ma nui, ke
N hana i ka mea uuku ka m predominates ole makou i keia e like me ka mahuahua
iloko o kona piko a ikaika e like me ka ho'mi '-iho ma ka mea kaumaha olelo ia
auoiaea ka m hiki, noonoo ai oukou i mau lawe ia , ka mea o ka papa hilinai nui ma
ka pono, no ka mea widest hiki ka m noi e loaa i ka nui asymmetry unduly pilikia ma
mailuilu.
1) O ka waiwai o ka m , he maanei consistently me ka poe maluna notation, ke
Index 1, e like me ka ka mea o ka la i gangs- ka m , kahi N = 1, lawe kahi waiwai o
ka m K, e like me y me. [Hoi e hoailona oukou ia hailula (3 ) e hawi wale i ka
schematic
e hoohalike
Contribuu a millorar
la traducciai no ka hui o nui a me ka non-nui asymmetry me ka hike p
aku i makemakika sciences y me 1 ka ia cia e like me ma (2) ho. I mea, he okoa na

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loina. No ka mea, ua nn 'ana i mailuilu asymmetry hehee ai y me 1

mea ole oi

aku mamua o ka mea i manaoia e W. awelika fluctuation o ka waiwai o Liliu n, oiai

hookumuia ma ka nui asymmetry hoa nx 1 ka loa. Value o ke one n ho; ka awelika
kakali ana i oko a puni ka loa paha cia, e hilinai ma ka hope, a pela he okoa Hawaii,
ke kaumaha ma muli o ka-ka loa paha cia he 'Aohe paha he finite nui.Uku
pnai. keia pepa i ka mokuna ae, ( 101).]

XIV. Formulas no ka mea uuku, a me ka poe paha waiwai o na

kalele iho purely kaulele asymmetry unuhi make .
97. Ina ua oleloia hiona e maopopo i ka nui i haawiia o ke N hana asymmetry,
ka mea e hooiaio aka, i ole ai lakou loaa ole loa. No hoi oukou e hiki ma ka
mea,aole loa Mlama i ka lula 'asymmetry he makana, aka, wale i ka ikaika
manawa kpono no ka ia mea, i na mea a pau i ka oi lumai, ka nui aia no i ka luna he
meaano a pau i ka moolelo kaulele a me ka hui.
Aka, i mea e hana iki nui definite probability hookolokolo, he mea pono ke ike i ka
likeoleoukou e manao ai e loaa i lula 'symmetry ma maula paha e W. a me averages
ia.
Mawaena o ia paha koena unuhi au i hoomaopopo i ka mea e like me pinepine ma
lalo nei (aole ma) i loko o ka nui, ikaika olelo ana, mana nui o na hoopii, e i nui
aku; malalo meakino ole awelika o ka loaa wa ka i n manawa i hai ia mea, me ka
haawi mai ka m Hawaii loaa mai Liliu hou ka nn 'ole o ka hoailona, a me ka
helu N o repetitions hook mhele. Ma ka mea, aole makou i kekahi, a me ka kekahi
o ka poe elua aiee i loko o ka w pino o ka lula 'symmetry manao nui, ia kakou e
kela mea keia mea, loaa ma ka haawi Agena paa waiwai o ka one e like me ia. He ma
mua o kl mau aiee i ka mea kaumaha keia, pela no oukou e loaa e loaa ia ia ke loa
lealea i ka mea hiki ke loaa i ka symmetry, no ka mea unlikelihood o ia mea ulu, me
ka nui o ka puni pii, maanei no ka nui asymmetry o ka hoailona o ka u make e noho
loa e kii mai. Ina he koe considerably malalo o keia mau waiwai, loaa auanei ia
makou he nui W. kokoke i ka symmetry a asymmetry o dubious liilii hoailona. Ae, e
hiki n huki hou pololei hopena, ke kumumanao ao, a me ka hoao ana hoia ana, i
ka likelihood ka lki., Na mea i hanaia e GG no ke kilo lalau i loko o ka manao o
ka ike tabular representable integral ia iho i ka lula 'symmetry i ka u make p i hiki
ma ka heihei' e ka mea mamua o ka awelika ole paha u make e kau palena like
W . malalo e like loa me ka noonoo ole awelike ole paha pono ana kikowaena.
Keia mea oi loa o ka pae'ina, a stricter ho'o ai ma ka hahai elua mokuna ma ka
kumumanao, ai empirically a me ke noi ua hoike mai ai ia mea. Here I kali au iau
iho e aie prejudicial hahai ka papa kuhikuhi mahele a pau, i ka poe kupono e haawi i
ka mea nui Anhalt.

. 98. It lawelawe 'elua okoa hihia, ka maoli maikai wale hihia i na loina o , mai
kaoiaio A e manao, e like me ka mea e lilo ia e loaa mai loko mai o ka mana nui o
ke kanaka Hawaii, oa ma lung maamau hihia, a me ka hihia o aku o ka lanakila,
kahi lkou mai ka pololei ole ma kekahiaoao o ka mea e manao ia e like me ka mea
i loaa i ka finite nui o na loina. First hihia, ua immaterial, i na kanawai o ka puunaue
hoolohe i na kanaka Hawaii ma ka nui a me ka helu, aole no ka nui, wale no ka
heluana o lkou ma ka ia W. a + a - ua noonoo ana ia manawa, a ua hiki ia i ka ike
eke kala, me ka like helu o ke keokeo, a me eleele ua mea poepoe nei ma kahi o + a
- e like me ka olua e hoomaulia. Hope hihia i no ka theoretical i ka ho omaulia o ka
awelika a paha u make i kanawai mau no hoi o ka makana i lawe ma ke ano he kumu,
no ka mea, ma ia hope aku i ka awelika, a reasonably paha deviation o ka wahahee
mai kaoiaio A kuhikuhi, a me keia hou ma ka nui o ka awelika, a paha u make ana
o ka ole. Makou ka wahi a me ka lua o ka kpono, hoolahaia ka GG Random
deviations mai ka ka mlamaana konohiki i ka mea i na poe ma ka luawai, ike
integral, mai keia puunaue mamua o maamau no ka maikai hihia o ka kpono kou
symmetrical K.-G. e pili.
Ano, e U ka awelika, V ka paha , a me ka pono ( 97) i hoakaka ia hana ma lalo o
ke ano o ka hihia mua, U a me V ma lalo iho o ke ano o ka lua o ka hihia 1) , loaa
auanei ia makou, i ka mea uuku loa ka m remarkably pili hahai hae ai:
(1)
, (2)
, (3)
, (4)
maukala = 0,79788 0,90194 i 1,
haalele 0.67449 = 0.828 97-1,
maukala = 0,48097 0,68212 i 1,
haalele 0.40659 = 0.60916 i 1.
Ma na aiee o U a me U , oia ka luna hoailona pakahi o 0.5 a 1.5 No ka mea, lai, ka
mea ma lalo no ka mea, i hiki ka m e hoohana.
L) V

, a me V ana maanei i kekahi ano e ae mamua o ka mea i heluia ma ka 10th

99. No keia hopena, i ka hahaiana i ka manao hoopuka. All eha formulas a pau
ma ka rula wale e like me kokekau wale no ka mea nui ka m loko, a ma keia
derivation ka entailing corrections 0.5 a 1.5 o na loina U a me U (i ke kaulike e ku e
nui ka m nalo)aole i loaa. Aka, ua loaa empirically ia ma ka hoopili i ka ia a hiki i
ka pili formulas i ka uukuka m - : Ua aneane i ka mea uuku - ilalo i ka remarkably

pololei ma mua ole

A holomua? Iaea 0.5 No U mea, i ka waiwai o ia mea, no kela a me keia lai, a
me ka ae nui pono ka m , oia ka ia nui, a me ka pomaikai o ka iaea 1.5 no U i ka
waiwai no kela lai, a me 3 naehana hou precisely ka m , ua like. Ma ka haule i ka
loa kiko' formulas no U, aka, i ka nui ka m , uaoi aku ko lkou cumbersome e
hoohana, hiki ke hoiaio 'ia ka mua pomaikai ana, mai ka mea uuku a hiki i ka
nui ka m he pololei, a me universally i pololei ia; i ka mea a ka lua ma kia, ua hiki
ole iau ke ia me ka maluhia, aka, wale no mamuli o ka ma Mok. XVI hahai
empirical hualoaa hoopaapaa ana i keia pomaikai i pili, e like me ke e manaoia ma
muli o ka maopopo 'ana o ia mau hualoaa, hike; no hoi oia i ka theoretical
derivation o ka haawi formulas no U a me V , aole loa i maopopo e like me ka U a
me V, a he manawa e hana e like me ka pono ma ka poe wale no ko kakou keia
hookolokolo 'ana i ka pili, nae, o ka mea U , a V oi aku i na hookolokolo' ana i
loaai ka waiwai, i loko o kia mau mea i ka palapala aie i loaa mai ma ka loa, loa
laborious iaoia o kou, empirical noho hoao ana hualoaa no U a me V e hoohuli i ke
115th
E pono e hoailona oukou ia ia i ka mua formulas hiki ke hoopili hoi i ka hihia ina,
ma kahi o ka ka m , he hookahi moo ka summatorische ka m hou, e pili ana i n
dala loaa puke, ma, me ka ia, a okoa ka m i n knaka apau i ma keia mea ka
m no ka m hookomoia iloko o ka mua formulas; wale no e pono ai keia kulana e
mona ai na coincidences i loko o ke kanaka hopena ua ma luna o ka nui o ka make i
ole, e like me ka pono e hiki ke manaoia k kaawale o kekahi i kekahi, a nolaila, ma
ka aggregation o kaokoa ka m ahupapa a pela e compensate, me he mea la me ka ka
m ia moo hookea.
100. Aka makemake e hookiekie ana i kekahi theoretical pili i hiki oluolu intrude
maluna noonoo o ka mua formulas.
Ma hope o presupposed i loko o ka mua formulas ka ia probability o 'a me , i
noho ai iloko o ka eke me ka pau ole keokeo, a meeleele kala, a pau i ka "a
me , ke kmaa e lawe i like ka helu o elua; a i ka wa a pau i ka mana nui e holo
ana, i ka ka m o ka huakai pela e mana loa, pela e ma neia hope i ka like u make iole
a me ka io ia ma kela a me keia repetition o ia ka huakaiole, pela no hoi ka awelika,
a paha likeole, i ka hailula, he , me ka m loa e ulu ana, a me ka m = aloha pauole,
waiwai o U , V, U , V e hiki ke loaa.
Mai kekahiaoao, nae, ua maopopo ia me ka hooulu ka m , me ka laul o ka hiki
accidental hookaawale iwaena o ' a , pii p, a ma keia manao, nae, ulu o ka
waena a me ka paha likeole me ka m hiki e manao, ka mea i foreseen aole kali,
mahope ma mana loa ka m ma ka mea, he mana loa unuhi hiki ke manao ia.
Keia' ae antinomy ku aku i loko o ia, in no ka awelika, a paha koena unuhi ma
infinity ka m formulas ia oe iho i mana ma ka like, oia ak, e like me ka
proportional, e like me ka nui o ka lua o ka papa, e ku e ka m o ' a , a a me ka
m ua o ka ia aoao, ke kino, no ia mea, ke i k mkou o kia makemakika, ao ke

ano ', ka mea hiki ke kauo, noho like e , a' : , hiki i ka mokuna o ka ia e like
me keano o ka symmetry paa oia i ka wa ua o , oko a ma ka mailuilu haalele
ku e na nui.
No hoi oukou e hiki paha auanei oe i ka mea pela; No ka infinity hiki ke manao
hoonuiia e kekahi infinity, i Hike he infinity, ia penei ia kakou wale unuhi i ka
mana loa helu kala, aole ia mea i ka integer, a ia hiki ma ka liilii loa i loko o n alii
e kpae infinity ka nui o keokeo, a me eleele kala ia ia mawaho, i ka m = keia
klike n ke ole ka supervened i olelo no ka loa infinity.
Hehe, e hiki ka mahina i hoopili like kekahi mamua e ka luna kinona o formulas, a
hoaponoia hiki i ka ia e ku e kekahi pili i ke kumumanao, ka mea hiki e waiho aku
vorigem, ao ke ano.
O Ka lua, i kekahi hookupaa hiki i, e like me ka mahuahua ka m i ka likeole o ka
oiaio a me ka wahahee he nui a oi aku ho'mi i k, a ma mana loa ka m vanishingly
uuku, oia ka ka poe hewa, aka, e like me ka mea maluna formulas A ana U i ka
oiaio A ppilikia U kekahi ma nui ka m noticeably ua ikaika aku ka lki, ka mea
kiko' paepae no ka mea mana loa ka m ma kahi o 1 he oiaio, ua
(5)
ka mea.
N nae, i kia i n knaka, penei kumu: O ka huina o na deviations, ka mea moe
ma waena o ka oiaio, a me na mea wahahee, a me ka mea a ka likeole o ka U a
me U hilinai nui, o ka papa, emi me ke kokoke loa i kahi o ka wahahee aku i ka mea
oiaio, aka, me ka nui o ka ka m i; a ma keia manao o ke kokoke loa i kahi o na Luna,
ma ka nui o ka m , he pono e offset keia no ia mea, ua ikaika aku ka lki me ka
hooulu ka m mai i waho; a, a hiki ma mana loa wanaao o na Luna ma ka mana o ka
infinity ka m nae he mana nui o n mea infinitely liilii ma waena o n elua ua manao
mathematically wahahee. Ma keia manao, o ka hoao ana, ua liloano nui. E like me
ka mea i oleloia ma ka 115, a me kekahi like cia o U , a me Uua loaa no ka m
= 10; 50; 100 moo i ka waiwai U : U like ia me 0,554; 0,558; 0,608, ka mea okoa
o ka theoretical pili ana, a no ke kpaa wale n ma loko o ka palena o ke kakali ana i
ka maopopo, ka mea maoli no ka lki o elua Hawaii me ka nui loa oi aku ia
mamua, no ka mea kanaka loina.
Ke kolu, ka keia mau mea e hiki ke hoomaopopo. Ke kaumaha, ua manaoia
deviations mai o na mea oiaio, a wahahee, ka huina haule ana okoa mai, a pela no ka
emi ana o ka hewa laau, no ka Bila Kanawai, mai ka piko oiaio, ka mea uuku i ka
awelika o ka palapala ka m , a nolaila, i ka wahahee, oia ka mea. Aka, i ka likeole,o
ia ma lp ano ka m kokoke vanishingly ana, e like me kau i olelo ai ma ka kaawale
hoonoho 2) theoretically a empirically hoike i ka oiaio huina awelike ka hewa ka
mea
e
hele, heaha ka pilina me ka hooulu ka m , ka mokuna koke mai
ana. Ku e manao ana i ka awelika likeole o ka nui o ka maikai a me ka io deviations
ua considerably okoa ma mua, mahope iho o ka luna kali lki U : U = e haawi i ko

0,6028.
2)

[ "About na corrections i ka pololei manao paa o na loina," a pela aku iloko o na

hoike o ka Royal. Schs. Society o Sciences. 1861.]
Keia ke hoolilo ia lakou iho maopopo penei. Ina o na deviations loaa ka ike
maopopo, hiki ke manaoia mai ka konu oiaio, e ma finite ka m , aole wale no i ka
helu, aka, me ka huina o ka ia e like ma naoaoelua ma kaulele. Ano, ua hanaia ka
mana o ka hewa laau i ka huina o artificially i naoaoelua like, e like me ka mea,
eia n i ke ano o ka makemakika hemolele, a me ka mea e loaa e manao ai ma keia
hope aku, i ka huina o na oko, a me ka mm holo likeole i loko o ka mooolelo o ka
pololei ole o ia hoi, loa nalo i ka wa a na oko ao ua proportional. Keia mea, ano, aole
loa ia pela; aka, ma kekahi hihia i kekahi mea a pau i ka nalowaleana o ka heluna
likeole i loko o ka hoololi mai ka oiaio i mea wahahee loa pono e pili i ka he nui ka
ho'miana i loko o ka heluana o ka like, e like me ia i ka hoahanau U : U huli.
E like no ka nui asymmetry, e like me ka mea kuhi ia wale uuku pakeneka ka
ho'miana. (. MOKUNA XIII) e like me maluna kaulana, aole nui, aole hoi mailuilu
asymmetry e hiki n oi uuku ka m hoomhala pono; ma aka, i ka deviation o ka
wahahee mai ka oiaio o ia hoi, awelike e like me ka manawa e like me ia ma ke ano
ku ei ke ano o ka nui asymmetry loaa i nui ka m ma kahi o ka uku o ke keiki ia mea
ma ka nui asymmetry.
101. [Hou. Eia ke oki, ma ka mea o ka hoololi 'ana i ae aku i ka luna formulas, no
ka mea, i ka hihia o ke asymmetryano nui e hoolako, a ma ia manawa e ho'o i ka
validity o ka haawi XML i loko o ka mokuna o ka lau, he nui, a non-nui
asymmetry, ua hoomaopopo i ka wa kpono kou asymmetric K.- G. ole mai ka
makemakika hemolele, aka, o ka densest loina, ua basically ea. E pili ana i ka
weuweu waiwai i na probabilities o ka maikai a me ka io deviations he alaila, aole
ia, aka, e like me ka theoretical ka ho'kka 'ana o ka densest waiwai, na ka lki. O
plua noonoo ole awelika deviations e ka' a me ka E , eae. No ka mea, o ka like
ana e ka ': E , = ka m :' ka m , pela Ho'kka 'ka densest waiwai, i ka huina helu
o na kope i loko o n klana ' e : E , haawi ma na kapa elua o ka densely waiwai, a
nolaila, precisely keia pilina, ka probabilities P a me ka Q = 1- pa manao no ka
maikai a me ka io deviations. Ua like no ka K.-G. me ka haawi E ' a me E , bez. ka
densest waiwai 3) :
,

(6)

A laila, mua ka mea paha likeole o ka maikai a me ka io deviations no kekahi

mea ka m like ia:
ka m ( P - Q ). (7)
Eia, i ka wa a ka awelika, a paha deviation mai i keia waiwai mai loko mai o ka mea
ala ma ka U a me V haawiia aku e like me No maluna o ka awelika, a paha deviation

mai kaole n loina hanaia, ua loaa pu ana ae i na corrections;

(8)
V = 0,6745

(9)

Nolaila, he mea ka paha palena o na oko ao , a me ka ewaewa ole

( P - Q ) ka m 0,6745

(10)

'o ia hoi ka mea, he 1 e pili aku i 1 i ka malama ? u oi aku mamua o ( P - Q ) ka m

- 0,6745

, a emi iho malalo o ( P - Q ) ka m + 0,6745

he].

3)

[No ka mea, ke kk oi loa o ka pae'ina i ao ia ma haahaa asymmetry ka

makemakika lapaau o K.-G. aeia mai, -P a me ka Q wale no i nui like 'ole o ka aoao
o 1:
kahi m? ua i ka huina helu o na kope o K.-G. ka mea e pili ana i
heokoa.]

[Keia hoolako 'ana o ka paha palena ke mea, ua'koakoa ka hui pu iai ia lki o
ka nui a me ka inessential asymmetry huai ae ia me ka lokahi, me ka olelo o ka
Mokuna mua ma lalo o lula' asymmetry o ka poe e kii mai non-ole palena pau
waiwai u, ua maopopo ia e mailuilu asymmetry ka ao ao oko a hiki i keia paha
kumukuai , Ka mea hike, i loko o ka hailula (3) no ka hoakaka MOKUNA m 1 =
( - pa Q ) ka m; NAHI 1 = 0.6745

i kau, a me ka mea a laila, ma ka hailula

(2), kahi P = Q = ua ea ae y me 1 = 0.6745

i waiho ai.]

[Man hea ma ka hoakaka olelo a e kii mai ia u, a me ka awelika, a paha

fluctuation a puni keia nui i ka wa a ka probability i waena o ka m deviations ka
m ' oluolu a me ka m ,loaa io no ia pela ? U = ka m ' - ka m , , like me:
(11)
e puhi ia mau mea, a malalo iho o ke ano o ka waiwai nui o ka m , me ka kokekau
wale waiwai:
(12)
loko]

XV. Probability i hoakaka ia no ka kalele iho o purely kaulele

asymmetry likeole One na n mea hike aku mai ke
kikowaena oiaio.
102. I nui, e hiki ai ke loaa ma K.-G. mawaena o ka nui o ka maikai a me ka io
deviations ', , bez. ka makemakika ke ano o A koena unuhi ? u = '- , mai i na
hana mana, ina oia ka mea wale no i ka nui o ka ia W. ae oko ao, aole ma ka'paha
contingencies no ka finiteness o ka m , he explicable, ai ole paha ke komo ana o ka
asymmetric W. o deviations i na aoao elua e lawe i cooperating no ka mea,'paha
contingencies ma ka mea finite m, me ka i kekahi mau mea i hana, aole e hiki ke nalo
ole ia, aka, no laila, pono e p wale n ke i ka unuhi loaa. Eia About i probability rula
e hiki ai ke olelo iaoiai no ko makou ao ana, aole kahua nui, aka, nae he kuala no ka
mea, o ka mea i hoakaka ia ma 94, i kauoha mai iau, aole no ka maluhiluhi i keia
kumuhana nei, ae makemake e hahai mai ma kona makemakika hohonu, mai i kekahi
mau mokuna o komo mai iloko o ia mea.
Ka mea, he pono ole, ka mea e hiki ke olelo a puni ka mea,o ia ka mea i oi aku i ka
like u make i loko o loa cia like i ka huina helu o ka m oia, a me ka nui ka m ua hiki,
pela ka emi ana paha oia i ka hana o maula'paha contingencies, ai ole ia, e like me
kakou iki ke i aku nei au ia wale randomness o ka like, i ka nui paha ka
Mitabhngigkeit asymmetric W., ma waho, nae, ua hiki ke hook he piha pono ma
keia ala i na mea a pau. Aka, pono e hiki hike 'ana i nui i kekahi symmetrical W. ke
kaulele meakino a paha like no one ma waena o ' a , he mea kaumaha ma muli o
ka nei mau mika hiki ke manao ia malalo o lp oko ao, pkole U , ua maopopo i ke
koena unuhi , ma ka oftmaliger repetition o ke kilo ma lalo iho o ka ia olelo me ka
ia ka m , e like me ka makemakika mawaena o na loina i loaa ma keia ala e mau mai
kope hou o ka ia mea , a hiki keikeia (i loa cia); malalo paha oko ao, poko V , ka
waiwai ka mea, ua like me pinepine oi e like me ia ma lalo nei, ka mea mua o ka mea
e pili ana i ke One n loina o ka ia e like me A bez. o ka waiwai, i ka lua o ka ia e like
me ka poe Media bez. o ka Hawaii,o ia. Ma ka wa pau ole oi aku hulimahi Ano, e
like me ke kumumanao o ka probability determinable, purely kaulele meakino a
paha ? U . Hawiia i loko o ka puunaue panel, niioaaonoaaiii U a me V, pilikia ma
ke one , ua mamua, pela ka emi ana paha ka dependence ia mea, ua o maula wale; a
he hiki i hoakaka degere o ka improbability, ma ka like ana o ka oi, no ka mea, i na
rula i ike i ka mathematicians, ka mea au e makemake ole e elaborate maluna iho.
Ano, he mea ma mua, o ka papa, i ka hoomaopopo ana i na olelo o ka u make ana i
ikeia mai ka ipu mai o probability ma lalo o ke klana a pau i loko o ka mana nui o na
helu aka, o ka mea nui o ka keokeo, a me eleele ua mea poepoe nei, ua kkau 'ia ma
ma contraction o ka ka m , he kala like W : no ka mea, o ka huakai o ka keokeo, a
me eleele mea poepoe nei kekahi ma laila, ma muli o ka mea a ka mm koena
unuhi , a ina ua e lilo i na kalaole, randomly aka, me ka hou, e olelo aku
nei iloko Loko o kela a me keia ka m kala koke ka heluana o kekahi, a laila na n
kala nui koke, kekahi manawa, e emi ma mua o pokole, he kaulele like no one , ua
loaa e kaulele nui ma moolelo kaulele olelo. Ka mea, aole e hiki ia wale no ke

ppilikia, aka, hooiaio ma ka ho'oana i ka nui o ka hihia o na mea he nui, (pololei

olelo ana, he mana loa helu) Loko waena a me ka paha make iloko o lung waiwai, a
he mea maopopo i ka hopena o ia mea, i ka Central a paha waiwai o ka make , e
hoouna i n mea i ka poe kapa ole coincidence ma waena o ka nui o ka maikai a me
ka io deviations mai ka arith-metic averages o K.-G. holoholo symmetrical W. ia me
ka mahalo aku i ka mea i loaa. Ano, nae, e hoomau ( 109) i 'ole e hoakaka ia, ao
kona kino EYI o ka hopena mai kekahi i ka kekahi hihia impracticable; aka, e ka hele
mai loko mai o ka hihia wale ana no, a me kekahi mau hana hoihoi, ina aole au i
kuhihewa, mua ike ole he kini, e hoao aku i hope i ka nui complicated, ka mea
kaumaha o nokoa i kekahi; Koke kakou e-olelo mua i ka hopena o ka huakai o
kala mai i ka ipu ma lalo iho o ka haawi ana, a owau no iloko o ka nn 'ole i n
hualoaa no ka mea, nui ka m kkoo i ka poe e puhi ia I i ka "Recherches Surao
probabilit o na jugements" o POISSON, a Memoirs o HAUBER ma ka 7th, 8th a me
9th ka leo o ka Pai o Physics, a me Balanced o BAUMGARTNER, a me Ettinghausen
loaa, a me na aina, ma na wahi 1) hiki ke loaa, nae, au no ka uuku m, no ka mea, mea
nei kau i ike ai, aole hookolokolo ' wwae ma luna o ko lakou hana noii pono'.
L) [e

like ma Meyer ka hai'lelo ma probability kumumanao, e pili ana i ka

iapaau ana o BEBNOULLI'schen theorem; Mok. III.]
103. Ano, ke loaa mua i ka nui? Acoeueoao ma muli o ia mau kumu, a me ka
likelihood ia lki o nanana i nui loa ka m , a me N kekahi i kekahi, hoolohe i ka
hookahi kanawai o kaulele oko a ma lalo o ke klana ' i loko o ko lkou mau
nohoana, i ka wa a ka deviations mai ka makemakika hemolele mahope iho o GG
ke kilo kuhihewa, a me ka mea nolaila, ina Q 2 - ka awelika o ka mika phoonui lua
o ka hiki na mea a pau no one ma ka haawi mai ka m , ua ma waena o Q , U a me V i
nui ka m , a me n no ka ia lki e like me ka GG ma waena o Q 2 , , a me .
f, ina Q 2 ka uuku huinahalike hewa o keia hoopunipuni : m, ka noonoo ole
awelike hewa o keia hoopunipuni : m, a me ka w, no ka hewa o keia hoopunipuni
paha. He aha:
U=

= 0,79788 Q log 0,79788 = 0.90194 i 1 (1)

V = 0,67449 Q log 0,67449 = 0.82897 i ka 1 (2)

V = 0,84535 U maukala = 0,84535 0,92703 i 1 (3)
Mahope o ko lakou hana noii aka, I loaa i ka hahai ana elua, iloko iho, aole
uninteresting pohihihi i no ka nui loa, ikaika olelo ana, mana loa n koe pololei i
pololei ia, e like me ka me nui a liilii, nolaila, e lewa He kokekau wale n pl, i ka
nui pinepine ka huakai kekahi o kela a me keia ka m Hoomau mea poepoe nei
kekahi, ia i kela 2 a 10, a 100, etc., no ia mau mea;
1) e Q 2 = ka m
2) i U mea no i haawi lai, a me ka 1 hou precisely m, oa no ka m = ka mea, etc. 1
a me 2, 3 a me 4, 99 me 100.

 104. Next ke ala e loaai ka makemakika matic lima ma mua pohihihi.

E kela m, no ka mea, laana, e holo ana 4 kala mai i ka ipu i loko o nnau, ka hahai 5
hihia e hiki ana;
Special helu o ka paa keokeo
, a me kaeleele mea poepoe nei
kekahi

?u

4 W.

e Min.

+4

3 W.

1 BL.

+2

2 W.

2 BL.

1 W.

3 BL.

-2

0 W.

4eleele.

-4

Nui, no ka mea, haawi m, he ka Loaaia u make loina ka m + 1 ka wa a ka maikai a

me ka io u make e hookoaia, nae, wale ka m + 1 No ka mea, i hiki m, ( ka m
+ 1) no ka mea, lai ka m , ina make e loa Hawaii, he mea maikai a me ka io e like
me ka ewaewa ole i ka heluia. No ka mea, kela mea keia mea, aole i nui ka m ka hiki
he u make wale loaa empirically ma ka mua noaia, a me Ano, ke ninau oia, i na
manawa he nui me ka i hele pinepine mai Loko mai ka m, a keia hihia o 4 ua mea
poepoe nei kekahi o ka hiki , a ma ka like ana i ka huina helu o ka hiki u make ia
ll , a me ka hua olelo i ka mea a kela a me keia W. make i hana ai. E keia
W . Found ma ke ano hookahi e hike. Hoonui loa a lailao kl kanaka o Liliu i
kona W., a me k kia mau huahana, pela no oukou ia mea, ma ka rula ike no ka
probability kumumanao, ka mea kiko' 'O ia hoi , a me ka mea a makou U i kapa
aku ai. Ma mua malia paha, he ai ka huina o ia mau huahana, aole hoi i ka huina o ka
W . Makemake anei ka mea e mahele aku i ka waena a me ka loaa; aka, o kela kanaka
W. hihia e like me ka hapa waiwai o 1 ho, a me ka huina huina o keia mau fractional
Hawaii, he 1, ka mea i ole ua mahele pono. No hoi, ua loaa i ka awelika u
make 2 , makou Q 2 kahea, ma ka summing i n huahana o kela a me keia one 2 i loko
o ko lkou niioaaonoaaiii W.
He nolaila, e pono ai ke U , a me Q no ka mea, i haawiia mai ka m e loaa i kia
hiki , a kkau 'ia no ka hana ma luna o kekahi laana, e hooholo i ka W. o kela mea
keia mea e like me ia mahope iho, a laila e lawe e like me ka haawi mai i ka huina o
n huahana.
I mea e ka W. o ka u, pkole W [ one ] a W [ '- , ], malalo kaawale o ka maikai
a me ka io Hawaii no ka mea, haawiia mai ka m ka waiwai, he kanaka i ka eia,
mathematicians ike hailula 2) :
, (4)

kahi 1 : 2 . 3 ... m ka huina hoonui o na integers mai 1 ai. ae aku a me ke komo pu

o M o ia hoi, e like me ka a , i mea hihia, nae, i a , = 0, ka waiwai
1.2.3 ... ' ole 1.2.3 ... , ka mea e equated. 1
2) a

emi mai pushes oukou i ka ia hailula e like penei:

Ana keia i ko kakou hana ka m = 4 e lawe ' no ka mea, o ka helu ana i

keokeo, , no ka mea, o kaeleele kala, 1 2 3 4 = 24,
'

?u

+4

+2

-2

-4

, ua loaa:

W[u
make ]

Ano, e lawe mai no one i loa Hawaii i hoohana i kona hoailona, e like me kakou i
hanai, no ka mea U , ua lawe e like me ka awelika o n alii e kpae Hawaii, pela
lua mai, no ka mea, lai ka m ka W., no kela a me keia, a, no ka mea, he like m, e
like me kahi ka m = 4, no ka mea, kela one me. Koe no ka mea, Liliu = 0, a ua loaa i
ka mua kumu hoohlike e palapala aku pela;
make W [ make]
4
2
0

Ka kpono 'ana i ka lai ka m = 5 a me 1 i oi precisely ka m = 6, he:

no ka mea, ka m = 5

 make W [ make]
5
3
1
no ka mea, ka m = 6
mak W [
e
make]
6
4
2
0
Aka, [ka mea, penei U = 1, Q = 4 No ka mea, ka m = 4: U = 1 7 / 8 , Q 2 = 5 No ka
mea, ka m = 5 a me U = 1 7 / 8 , Q = 6 No ka mea, ka m = 6, pela e huli i keae i ka
luna pohihihi eQ = ka m no ka m = 4, 5 a me 6, a me U no ka m = 5 a me 6
UAIAaIN ka ia cia. Like, no ka mea, kekahi ka m ma ka pololei i ka ho omaulia e
hooiaio ai hiki ke loaa.]
[Eia nae, ma ka mea e hooiaio i ka elua manao i loko o ko lkou generality, K
hookahi Q a me U i maopopo ka dependence o ka m , ma Q ka m , a me U ka m , ae kau
mua.
, (5)
kahi o ka summation ma luna o n hui ( ' , , ) = ( m, 0); ( M - 1.1), (1, ka m
- 1). (0, ka m ) e ia mai, no ka mea, i '+ , = m. Penei ( ' - , ) = ( + ,)
- 4 , = ka m - 4 ' , a ua loaa e hookomoia ka hope cia;
, (6)
no ka mea,
.
ina = 0, a , = 0, pela no ka lua o ka huina pono nae e pili ana i ka waiwai hui
(he , , ) = ( ka m - 1, 1), ( ka m - 2, 2), (1 , ka m - e hohola aku 1), a me ka
mea e hiki no ia Qka m 2 ho i ka penei pepa;

, (7)
N nae, he mea ka mua dala e like (1 + 1) ka m : 2 ka m , ka lua, ua like ia me (1 +
1) ka m-2 : 2 ka m-2 , e like me ka hiki ke ike koke, ina ua ulu na mahele e like me ka
binomial theorem, a ka waiwai o kela a me keia o na puu elua, ua like me
hookahi. Nolaila, i loaa mai ai:
1) Q ka m 2 = ka m 2 - ka m ( ka m - 1) = ka m .
He mea no hoi kau i kekahi i ka m , a he 2 kuhi:
(8)
no ka mea, ma kahi o 1 uuku lai ka m = 2 - 1:
(9)
ae ana ina ka mua summation waiwai ma luna o n Leomakana: ( , , ) = (2 ,
0), (2 - 1, 1), ( + 1 - 1). lua o ka hihia ma ka waiwai hui ( , , ) = (2
- 1, 0), (2 - 2, 1), ( , - 1). He mea hoi ma ka mua hihia = + 1
+ , , = - 1 - , ma na la mahope hihia = + , , = - 1 - kau, kahi o
in ka Hawaii - 1, - 2, i eae 0, i ka mea i loaa i ka hahai ia e hoohalike ai:

; (10)

; (11)
Eia nae, mai no kekahi olelo integers , a V 3 ) :
, (12)
pela no hoi:

(13)

a ua loaa ma ka mea ka ho'miana;

.]

1.

105. Ma ka mua elua e puhi ia mea, ua kkau 'ia ma ka helu pilina, ka mea ma na
formulas (1), (2), (3) ke kanaka ma muli o ke applicability o GG i ka likelihood ka
lki. , A ma waena o n aiee o U, Q a me V kau ua, a ua noho ai ma ua hala aku la
mamua, aole nae [alodio] ke kaumaha ma muli o n loina U a me V ma ka nui o ka
m ma mua, e like me kakou e makemake hou ia. Hookomoia Ano aka, ma ka maluna
formulas, ma ka Theorem 1) ke kumukuai
o Q , pela e hele kakou i ka hope o
4)
elua formulas i hana i ka Pono :
U = 0.79788

(14)

V = 0,67449 , (15)
Formulas e hiki ke loko mai o ka formulas o na kumu e hike 'ia ma ke ala, i hoolei
oleano nui hou, ua mohai aku pela; nei e ku e hiki lilo i ka hoohewaia e 2 ) e hahai
ana, ke manao nei au, i loaa mua i ike? iaea o ka hailula (14), e ka mea i p kula i ka
eia.
3) [It

proves keia ano pono' ma mua

kau a laila sequentially

no ka mea, = 1, 2, ... - ma 1

caiaiai.]
4) [hanakimi hea ma ka ia hailula no U , ina ma ka maluna hoohalike ai U 2 , a

no ka mea, o ka pono io iloko o ka unreduced ano

e aka mahope iho o ka Stirling hailula (2 )! = (2 ) 2. exp [- 2 ]

a ! = exp [- ]

e puhi ia; alaila, loaa ma ke koi 'ia ka ho'miana

paha

Eia nae, mai pela wale no i approximation i ka waiwai oiaio o U 2 = U 2 - 1 ua

loaa, he mea kpono no ka mea, liilii aiee o 2 , a me 2 - 1, no ka oi pololei
hailula
.

ka kokekau wale aiee o (2 )! a ( )! malie, he ololi

resp.

e hoakaka ia; alaila, loaa

;

Pela, no ka mea, hiki m ka hailula:

;

no ka mea, lai ka m ka hailula:

,

Hana pela Amelika Huip ma keia aoao, ua helu 'ia ma lalo nei (16)? Iaea no ka
mea, U. ] .

Oiai ka maluna e puhi ia 1), a me 2) no ka mea, o kekahi poe uuku a me ka nui ka

m iloko wale lawa nui N noho i pololei ia, i na formulas (14) a me (15), e like me na
formulas (1), (2) a me (3), mai a lakou i hahai i ka nui, ikaika olelo ana, mana loa ka
m mua, me ka nui n koi mamua. 1 La lakou aka, no ka uuku ka m i loko o ka
infinitely nui pili e like me 3, 4 a 5, a lakou i makemake, a ma ka waenakonu o ka
mana loa helu Loko, iloko o ka markedly ino? Acoeueoao, nae, ia manawa i loko o
kekahi hanana hapa o ka nui loa ka m , he remarkably pololei result haawi aku. Aka
makou e puku i ke hailula (14) ma ka penei:
U = 0.79788

(16)

hoohana 'ana i ka luna ae' ia i ka pololei, i ka lalo no ka mea, lai m, makou mea
like me ke koi 'ana o ke kau pu 2) ae loaa ia laua empirically i keia hailula a hiki aku
i ka huna uukuka m ' Oiai haahaa, aole loa, aka, aneane e like me ka mea kiko'
theoretical helu'kau, ka loina o ka luna i hoakaka ia? ooia like pololei no ka mea
uuku e like me ka nui ka m hiki ke loaa, wale ia no ka mea, nui ka m ka mea, aole
hiki i ka bila kanawai. Ma ka mea i loaa mai ma ia hope hahai likeaina:

Hoohlike o ka kiko' aiee o U me ka ppilikia ma muli o (16).

ka m

pono

0,797 88

diff.

1 make.
2

1,0000

.9772

- 0,0228

3 make.
4

1,5000

1,4927

- 0,0073

5 make.
6

1,8750

1,8712

- 0,0038

7 make.
8

2,1875

2,1851

- 0,0024

9 make.
10

2,4609

2,4592

- 0,0017

11 u.12

2,7070

2,7058

- 0,0012

15 u.16

3,1421

3,1413

- 0,0008

25 u.26

4,0295

4,0291

- 0,0004

E like me ka oukou e ike, na mea a pau e like me ka hailula (16) palupalu ppilikia
aiee o U i ka hua o ka kiko' ho, aka, e like me ka m = 1 a me 2, ke deviation ua loa
mailuilu, ua ika m = 25, a me 26, wale no 4 naehana. 4 kekimala a emi me ka mea ulu
i loko o ka ka m no hoi ia. Lakou ka uncorrected hailula (14) me kekahi poe he
uuku ka m nui oi aku deviations mai ka kiko' n loina; ma ka m = 25 ka mea, ua ua
hoemi i - 0,0401, ma ka m = 26 Aole nae + 0.0389; a ma ka nui nui wale ka m , e
noticeably nalowaleana aku ma hailula (14) e like me ka hailula (16).
106. Heaha ka waiwai V ma kia, e like me ka mea ia e haawiia mai ma ka rula
precisely ma ka hoohuihui ka cia ? U mau i pili i ka mea a ka likelihood o ka nui a
me ka ewaewa ole i ka probability o ka uuku ? U, aka, o makou, e ho'o i keia ma
examples me ka uuku m, e like me ka mea maluna me ka m pili = 4, 5 a 6, a hawi
aku i lkou i ka waiwai ia nei, aka, he aha n loina makou makemake e lawe ia ia,
pela ka probability huina o ka poe nui a me ka nnn hoi Liliu ole kaulike, a ina ua
ko ka ia, ina loa ninau mai kakou i kekahi waiwai no ka mea, , ma waena o elua o
ke one huli i hoolaaia e 2, Z. B. me ka m = 5 waena o Liliu = 3, a me 1, kahi ka m =
6 waena o Liliu = 2 a me 0, ma waho, a hiki e like me kau i ike ai, he ka naauao
loina no ka mea, he oi aku pololei ka manao ua hiki mai, ka mea nae i ole ia he
nui m, i 2 Ak nae ke kino no ka loaa i ka hailula (15) ae. Ia manawa, he mea no
ka uku kuala, he io no ka mea, uuku ka m ho'o nei i keia rula.
Ka nui o na aiee no ka mea, ma luna o kailikai i kekahi o ka K.-G. mea i palapala

ia, ma loko o ka iniiaiie a hoemiia panel, mahope iho o mua clashes maoli hohola
ma luna o ka loa w mawaena e manao, i na palena no equidistant i loko o ka waena
ma waena o elua ka haule. E kakou e hoohalike i ka equidistant u make me ka
equidistant ka pela e hiki ke hoomakaukau e analogy na probabilities i kela a me
keia Liliu loaa, me ka manao, hohola iho la maluna o ka w mawaena o ka nui 2, a
ma ia hope like me ka mea ala e like me makou, ke kikowaena waiwai o ka ka poe
ma ka interpolation w mawaena, i ka mea e hina, loaa (82 ike .), e like me ka
Central waiwai o ka u, di Aloha V, loaa ma interpolation o kona w mawaena. Aole
au e olelo aku i keia manao, he pololei; no ka puunaue ana o Z ma K.-G. ua hawiia
ma keano o n mea e like me e pono ai, e ku e ia ma ke one kapa iho e kekahi mea, a
aole i hookahuli ai i ka hoolako 'loaa ma ka interpolation me ka klike loa. Ia
manawa noho ak,o ka ho'oana i ka hana i ka mea i hele mai i waho, a me ka
haawi pela i loaa Hawaii hiki i ka m me ka mea nui ka m ma ka hailula (15)
hoohalike haawiia mai. Aka, ma kahi o ka wale interpolation me ka mua oko ao I
loaa i ka hou pololei me ka lua oko pili nei, a loaa i ka hahai hualoaa:
Ke kapakai a ka interpolated V me ka ppilikia ma muli o (15).

ka m

interpolated

0,67449

diff.

1,0000

.9539

- 0,0461

1,1716

1,1682

- 0,0034

1,3837

1,3490

- 0,0347

1,5072

1,5082

+ 0.0010

1,6667

1,6522

- 0,0145

1,7912

1,7845

- 0,0067

1,9117

1,9077

- 0,0040

2,0372

2,0235

- 0,0137

10

2,1328

2,1329

+ 0.0001

15

2,6168

2,6123

- 0,0045

20

3,0241

3,0164

- 0,0077

25

3,3733

3,3724

- 0,0009

Ka mea, uaike i ka hoohlike 'aole n me ka nele, ma o ka' ikepili i loaa mai ma

ka interpolation V Hawaii a hiki i loa aiee o ka m , aneane e likeae me ka poe i
malama i ka hailula (15). A koe wale no ana i na oko ma waena o ka pili i n loina
hahai aole regular papa, a me ko ka hapanui ppilikia ma (15) Hawaii, he trifle uuku
mamua o ka interpolated n loina, a me kekahi mau (no ka mea, ka m = 5, a me 10)

ka ae i kahi, i ka mea aole i ka nn 'ana i ka ho omaulia kuhihewa, e like me kau i

hoomaopopoiai au iau iho ma akahele hou.
[He kia ao ae like, nae, hike i ka interpolationsmige ai, ua pili wale ma no a
hiki i ka hailula (15) ka paha waiwai o ka one ho me ka lawa approximation. Aka, i
keia - ka derivation o ia hailula e hahai mai - wale alaila, oia ka hihia i ka wa nui like
'ole o ka aoao o ka 1 :
e malama ole, pela no ia e lilo no ka uuku ka m hookauwa
aole ka hailula (15), malie o ka interpolation ano me ka pono, e aho makemake i ka
pololei o ka hooholo 'ana o V chatting. Ia e hiki ke maheleia iloko o successive
approximation i ka waiwai oiaio ma ka mea o ka empirical hailula o MAC LAURIN,
i ka mea hoi i kapaia Euler ke summation hailula, lanakila. Oia, aia oia ke kumu nui
o ka empirical hailula mea ia ia: The i ka ho omaulia ana o ka discrete dala, hoi mai
malalo o kekahi olelo, ma ka hoohui 'a me ka differentiation, a pela ka ikaika loli
ka' aoao o ka hoohana 'ana ma kahi o ka mai w mawaena aku w mawaena lele i
loko o hoololi huina waiwai Ina o keia ka mea i hanaia no ka mea, o ka huina o na
loina W , Liliu ], pela no e hiki i ka make , ua paa, e ka mea i ka huina o ka
upstream a lalo iho n loina like pu ia me , a ma i V ua loaa mai nei.]
[He aicieeaao ano oia i ka First hoololi '( 110) e kuhikuhi mai i ke ahiahi, a
lai ka m:
V = 0.674 489

- Kii

1; (17)
wofern nui like 'ole o ka aoao o 1 :
manaoia, ka poe o ka mea 1 : m? Ua malama
ole. I ka heihei like ka nui o ka aoao o 1 : m no hoi oukou, e loaa ia oukou;
1.no ka mea, o ka m = 2

; (18a)
2.no ka mea, lai ka m = 2 - 1
; (1
8b)
kahi i ka waiwai o ka C ma ka mea o ka Halau papaaina i loko o n hihia no ka
haawi = ka m resp. (m + 1 ) mai:
(18c)
, E loaa no i na formulas elua (18a), (18b) ho okumu i ka Analog o (16); lakou i loaa i
kailihune i ka nahehin V no ka hoi ka m , a me ka ae eia lai, ua kau like, a
me'like makemake ina e
me ka ole o ka lala 1 : 16 . e hoonoho ma (18c) like ia
me 0,67449]
[No ka mea, like me k o ka mea kokekau wale formulas ekolu (15), (17) a me (18)

nona ka V sequentially e like me ka V 1 , V 2 a me V 3 ua haawiia i, ka hahai

compilation mea hoohana:
ka m

V1

V2

V3

1.349

0.349

0.565

1.508

0.508

0,529

1.652

0,652

0,827

2.023

1.023

1.043

10

2.133

1.133

1.267

11

2.237

1.237

1.257

20

3.016

2.016

2.111

100

6.745

5.745

5.786

1000

21,329

20,329

20,333

107. No ka mea, ma ke kaawale mai ka interpolationsmig hua V a pau mua ai,

ua nn 'ana i unambiguous makemakika kumu a me na puhi ia, pela e pono, nae,
aole au e hele mlie he empirical noho hoao ana hookahi ka hoon, aole i ka mea a, o
kekahi no ke ano o ka noho hoao ana hoon e haawi aku oukou i ka hoihoi ma Waiho
hou i ka probability ipu, kekahi hapa no ka mea, ko lakou mau hualoaa haawi kekahi
PAaIEN o ka mamao oukou i ka kiko' cia o Q a me U i haawiia mai m, ka mea ma ka
rula i paa mai ka mana n presuppose i nui, aka, nae finite n, e like me ka mea
empirically, e olelo oe ke kali hope aku.
Ka mea i hoopaapaa ia i ka ipu, me infinitely nui, ma ka loa like keokeo, a
meeleele ua mea poepoe nei kekahi manao loa kpono, i mea e hiki wehewehe i ka
mua pohihihi, aka, ua ka ipu hiki ole ke hoomakaukauia, a hoi aku la lakou i ua finite
ma ka ipu me ka nui o ua mea poepoe nei caiaiai, ma ka mea hookahi o
ka M zurcktut kala mahope iho o kela a me keia holo ana, ka mea e hiki ai ke hana
maikai, e lilo i ke kaina hana ma na mea he loko loa manak, a me ka iecaianoaaiiie
o ka loa kaulele lau, he kala mua o kela a me keia hou papa ka apuepue reachable,
ua nele hoi i ka maoli mau ana i ka iaoiaeii impracticable; I no hoi au i ike i ka loa i
hoohana 'ana paha ia mea. Aka, he mea ka like o ka ipu i loko o ke kahua kaua i
unuhiia lanakila helu o ka lottery, e olelo oe, o ka mea a ka poe e like me keokeo, me
ke lai, a meeleele mea poepoe nei kekahi, ai ole ia, e like me ka maikai a me ka
hopena maikai 'deviations o like W., ka mea' oluolu, na kekahi e hiki ai ke lawe e
like me ka io.
Hiki i keia hopena, he mau mea (i loko o na 50s) ma ka pili Aupuni o na kahua
kaua o umi Skona lotteries mai ka makahiki 1843 a hiki i ka 1852 no 32000-34000
helu ver-hana, kahua, ma ka mea o ka lanakila helu mahope iho o ka kaulele kaina i
ka mea a lakou i huki ua, ua, e like me ia 28904. 24460; 32305; 16019; 157; 3708; 16

928 etc. Ano, eia nae ka nui o na kumu i kela makahiki lottery he mau he finite helu
wale no, a me ka poe nui e holo ana ua i uhi i loko o ka huila o ka pomaikai, aole nae
me ka hoohanaana o n helu kahiko, aole ia e loli ma ka likelihood lki o ka poe
hope mai, e like me ka mea i ke ano o ka palapala noi ipu me he finite helu e kala ana
o ka hihia, a hiki ia oukou ke kiai ia mea me he mea la he ipu me ka mana nui ua mea
poepoe nei vorlge 5) .
5)

O ka hailona nui ma Glcksrade maka, a hiki e like me au e ike i ka mea i hanaia

mai loko mai o ke kula, ua like me liilii makia, a-ua, ka pilina, ua haku palapala uuku
o ka'auwaa i olokaa ae hookomo ma annular lole lepili i ka mea a ka helu, ua
hookomoia. Paha keia hike mea, aole loa pololei i ka hoomanao ana, i kau ai, aka,
aole hiki, maanei. Mamua unuhi aku la ia i keia mau helu, ua heluia ma na papa, e
like me ko lakou mau papa, 1000 ma ka papa. Keia mau papa, ua kahe aku la ia iloko
o ole, ka manao ana o kaulele khea o ka oihana aoao hea ma loko o ka pahu, a mai
nei i loko o ka huila o ka pomaikai, no ia mea, mai ka outset i ole hui i panai no na
tausani, i laila huli ma luna o ka huila, a me keia huki-100 helu Hoomau. I ka iho
(axis) o ka openwork eheu huila eha, ua i pili, i ka ao ana ma ka kekahi kuhikuhi ana
o ka huila, hiki e hali ana i ole conflation. Ina oe e nana i ko keia hana, a ua uhi n
hailona ma kekahi, hookahi manao nei hoowalewaleia e manaoio i mea e maona ai
mua o kona kulana he kakaikahi Kai e hana i ka hui loa ole; aka, e, e like me ka poe
luna, ma na contractions mua, i ka mea a ka lottery ua mheleia, hoalauna pahee, oi
pinepine ikea kekahi ma hope o kekahi, oiai ma ka hope kikoo, mahope iho o ka
conflation ua hookoia no e mau haneri manawa kuapo o ka huila, aole o ke ano, ua
malamaia.
E wehewehe kakou i ke noi kona initially i ka mea hihia o ka m = 3, ma kahi wale
no i ka elua u make = 1 a me 3 me ka theoretical W [ one ] = 0,75, niioaaonoaaiii
0,25 e hiki, ka mea e loaa e hiki ai mahope iho o ka hoakaka rula , I 2000maliger hou
i ka manao paa o ka m = 3 o mau hou nui, oa N = 2000, ua loaa ka hahaiana i n
hualoaa ma na mea a pau;
Empirical nui o na manawa i one ma n moo o ka ka m ana = 3 cia, like me ka
theoretical helu
ka m = 3: N = 2000th
make theoretically empirically
1

1500

1494

500

506

Mahele ana i ka helu loaa i n, mai mua papaaina, ke hahai ai kakou loaa:
W [ make ]

 make theoretically empirically

1

0.750

0,747

0.250

0,253

a laila, e haawi i ko Q , U, V, e like me ka maopopo mua aku e hiki hooholo; . Penei,

no ka mea, laana, theoretically Q = 1 0.750 + 9 0.250 = 3; a U = 1 0.750 +
3 0.250 = 1.5.Alaila, na keia mau hualoaa, he nui ka m , a okoa, e like noho nui
loa n , e hoomaopopo, ae hana.
Empirical nui o na manawa i one ma n moo o ka ka m ana cia like me ka
theoretical helu.

make

ka m = 10, N = 5000,

ka m = 50, N = 1000

ka m = 100, N = 600

theoretically empirically theoretically empirically theoretically empirically

0

1230

1201

112

110

48

46

2051

2027

216

217

93,5

104

1172

1225

192

194

88

85

439

442

158

154

80

67

98

97

119,5

120

69,5

68

10

10

84

65

58

63

12

54

62

47

51

14

32

41

36

31

16

17

21

27

34

18

10

19

13

20

13

14

22

8.5

24

0.5

5.5

26

28

30

32

0.5

34

0,3

36

0,1

38

0,1

5000,

5000,

1000

1000

600

600

Ka hiki Hawaii one ma mua papaaina, no ka m = 50, a 100 ka mea, aole i lawe
mai i ka hopena, aka, me ka nalo ana o noticeably nalo koke W., i ka mea nui
kia n ina ua pono, e like me ka manawa a kekahi ana.
Mai ka mua papa, ke kia papaaina, oia ka empirical Q , U, V loko like me ka
theoretical n loina.
ka
m

theoretically empirically theoretically empirically 0.674 empirically

interpol.
49
2000 3,00

3,02

1,50

1,51

1,17

1,18

10 5000 10,00
,

10,13

2,46

2,49

2,13

2,19

50 1000 50,00

52,02

5,61

5,71

4,77

4,76

100 600 100,00

101,68

7,96

8,05

6,74

6,94

Ke kokoke loa palapala o empirical Hawaii, me ka theoretical ua indisputably

kupono a wale hahau ia no na mea a pau aiee a pau o ka m ka empirical i Q a U i iki
nui mamua o ka theoretical, oia paha ka mea wale n kumu o ka hihia, no ka mea, o
ka moo no ka nui ka m ka hapanui ma ka merging i ka puke, a no ka uuku ka m ua
loaa i loaa mai, i hiki ia lakou ke ana i ko lakou aoao ma luna o ka mua, a me ka mea
no ka squaring o u make ma ka manao paa o Q 2 i ai e kekahi 'mamua o ka U , kahi ka
like e hike mai i ka uuku loa.
108. O ka mua me ka noonoo a me na formulas i na mea he nui o na mea pono
keia mau palapala noi i ana helu haawina. No ka mea, laana, ka mea, he pono e
nana paha i ka likeole i ole ma waena o ka nui o na hanau, a make paha suicides i
elua okoa kau, ai ole ia ma waena o ka helu o ke kne a me ka wahine hanau, a ma
waena o ka helu ana o thunderstorms i elua okoa localities, he purely coincidental ole
paha ke ano o na kau, ke keka, ka no hoi i ka nui keiki ma ka nui a me ka olelo o ka
like. E ma Summa kapa hoohanohano i na kanawai, he nui loa ka helu, e olelo
aku ka m , hihia ua malamaia, a ma keia hihia i ike ai ma kekahiaoao ', ma ka
kekahi , hihia ana, nolaila, i ka piha koena unuhi , a me ka mea, pela no ia ma hiki
mai, ina paha o ka unuhi loaa ia u make i piha Hawaii ka paha V aku i ai na kulu lalo,
a ma ka mea ana i keia mea o ka hihia, e hana probability hopena a penei type.

I ka W. o ka ' a , like, a nolaila, ke koena unuhi loaa u make wale, he mea e

pono e no paha ia ia i haawiia mai ai iloko o ka mua formulas haawiia no i keia koi'
ana o symmetrical W., paha koena unuhi V e oi ae e ala, a i ka wa e kiai ana i ka ia ka
m e loa pinepine hou,o ia e ia ma ka waena, me ka V , ua loaa kpono like; nei e ku e
kekahi purely kaulele koena unuhi o ka papa, ua oi aku lealea, ma ka loa nui
hulimahi ia i ka ho'kka 'ia ma lalo o koi owa randomness paha V aku i; mau mea i
ka W., aia no ia, aole wale accidental, ka mea i oi aku e paa ana i kela a me keia nui
ka lki. oi keia; a kahi kumu purely kaulele , a ma akea ka m harmonize me ka noho
ana o ke kilo hewa o keia hoopunipuni e GG, no hoi no ka papa o GG, oia ka
likelihood ia lki o ka hewa, e like me ka hana ana o ka lki, ma ka mea a ka paha
hewa o keia hoopunipuni makou kainuu e lakou, ai ole ia, malalo mahuahua i
hookomoia V no ka mea, W hiki ke hana i oi aku definite probability ho ma mua 'ana
ma.
Aku i keia mau manao, i loko o kou manao e hoala mai i kekahi kue
anaaahu; pili ana i ka nui o kia mau ano, aka, ke folgends i ka lki. u make:
V haawi aku i ka pono o ko lakou hiki utilization hoonee 'ia paha e lilo' ana o ka
calculus o probability loa kama'ina 'oihana mathematician paha mlie kupono iloko
o ka nanea nui o ka pololei ole notions, a me fallacies ma keia kula no ka hookumu
hou.
No ka mea, paha, e ka m = 1000 thunderstorms i ka ia k manawa i elua wahi pu
no a elua, mlama i ke ' = 530, ma ka kekahi , = 470, pela no Liliu = 60; alaila, e
like me ka hailula (15), ka paha unuhi V, a makou manao i kapa ole coincidences, a,
ma lalo iho o ka ua ana, symmetrical W. no ka mea, Liliu , a me , no ka mea, W ka
hewa o keia hoopunipuniaina Hiki n ke hoohana:
V = 0.6745

= 21.33.

I keia waiwai, he 21,33 nui ia lki o na oko loaa a kainuu = 60; ma 60 =

2.81 V oia, pela no ka mea, ua nui loa aku paha mamua o ke ku pono, i ka unuhi ka
mea, aole ma ka wale, aka, i ka kloko ia ma luna o kona hopena e like, me ka aeia
aka, he mea mahalo paha i loaa ia ia pono nn 'ana i ka kloko keiki, aka, pololei i
ke kuikahi ole o kekahi olelo, ua hiki mai, e kipaku i manaoia no hoi wale wale me
ka symmetrical W. puni. Ina ma kekahi lima i ka likeole loaa, a me ka uuku o ka
paha V, Z. B. ' = 505, , = 495, ma keia hope akuLiliu = 10 = 0.47 V, oiai V
= 21,33 koe, pela no ka nui W. eole no ka mea, o ka mea i pololei i ka kaulele like
ole, aka, i ka kaulele ole, he nui kupono e hiki ai ma mua o kekahi mea hiki kloko
hookoia, oiai aole probability kumumanao, no ka mea, i ka like ole i loaa ia ia, ua
kaukai wale accidental ole wale no kloko keiki. Koke, eia i ka W., ina hookahi a me
ka kekahi keiki, ua predominant, aole wale paha kekahi, a me ka kekahi malaila. Aka,
ina o W. i ka predominant kloko, he nui loa, pela oia maoli no hoi pela ke W. nunui i
kekahi mea i loaa; ae lilo bila o keia ano keia ano o ka waiwai i ka probability o ke
ola o ka hoike e ae mamua pono moolelo kaulele ololi. Ina nei i mua o ka W. i ka
kaulele keiki hoonee 'ia paha e ma mua o ka moolelo kaulele, pela no ka mea, ua
kanalua ina e like me ka mea i hiki mai i na mea a pau, a oukou i wale no he
probability hoike ana ia, ua mau loa uuku.

E i kia kokoke loa i kahi poe, pela e hele hou aku i ka poe mua ano he kumu
hoohlike, e like me ka hiki ke loaa ka mua hihia kahi i ka likeole loaa o Liliu =
60, a me V = 21,33, pela Liliu: V = he 2,81, e like me ka papaaina o ke GG, i W., ka
unuhi Liliu e noho e like me inferred, mai keia Hawaii hoi no ka mea, W. i ka mea
ku ole e like me 0,942 ku 0,058; a me ka loihi e like me ka mea waiwai ? u ua aka
ma, oe e e hiki ia oukou ke pili ku 6 i ka puni nui 94, aole oia i accidental wale. I ka
lua o ka hihia, kahi Liliu = 10 = 0.47 V , ua haawiia e ka papaaina ma ka nnau, i
ka W., ke koena unuhi Liliu e noho e like me ka moolelo kaulele malalo o keia nui, i
ka mea ku ole, e like me 0,249 i 0,751 hoi, aka, ina e hana ole ua koe malalo o keia
nui, e ka mea ku pono W. hoia ma ia mea, ua hiki e like me kaulele o keia
kumukuai, a, e, i ka puni helu 1 wale no ke kumu pili ku 3 o ka kloko keiki i ka
kaulele outbid, 3 i 1 aka, no ka mea, ke ku pono, no ka hiki ole ke maoli pili i ua ole
oe i ka loaa ke kuikahi keiki. Aole au i ike ma ka liilii i mau olelo a pau, e lawe
okoa na mea hiki a efficient.
E W ka W. ia a ? U holoholo symmetrical W. lalo o ka haawi hapa a mau
o W a V e noho, kekahi i kekahi i uuku hpana o ka noanei Papa 6) , e haawi aku i ka
GG i kela pono:
?u

?u

0,10 V

0,05378

2.25 V

0,87088

0,25 V

0,13391

2.50 V

0,90825

0,50 V

0,26407

2,75 V

0,93638

0,75 V

0,38705

3,00 V

0,95698

1,00 V

0,50000

3.25 V

0,97163

1,25 V

0,60083

3,50 V

0,98176

1,50 V

0,68833

4.00 V

0,99302

1,75 V

0,76214

4,50 V

0,99760

2,00 V

0,82266

5.00 V

0,99926

i hana i ka wa hoohana mua hooholo i mua o ka erroneous noi o ka ia i loko o ke

kia 'ano, aka, e malama ia oukou iho. Ke manao nei oukou he, paha kekahielua
malama, ai ole ia kekahi mau kau me ka kekahi, e pili ana i ka nui o na thunderstorms
remanded iloko, pela i kekahi mea e pale aku i ka mua hooholo e pili ana i ka ninau
ina ka unuhi ana o na malama elua, a kau i ka i kekahi mamua o wale incidental ia ma
ka helu o na makani ino mai ai, pololei lawe mai pela ma ka noi, me he mea he ka
kloko ole o ka no hoi. Aka, manao oukou i nn i kaino nui o haawi mai ka m hana
no na mahina he 12, pela, oia ina ka ia no na mahina W. pau o thunderstorms helu
oia, me ka make ole e like me ka kekahi elua o ka ia oko paha, ae ia e komo hiki ke
loaa elua malama i ka nui u make haawi i ka mea e hiki ke hanaia e like me ka nui

oluolu i ka ike ia e kona mau pili me ka V kokoke i ka nui W. he nui keiki.Aka, o keia
hopena e erroneous iloko pela mamao i waena o ka nui nui o na hihia a hiki i haahaa
W. aka, hiki nui deviation oko ao ana. Hehe, a laila, noho i ka lakou mau malama
kupua no o kekahi keiki; aka, e hamama ai i kou manao e ke kilo a hiki nui, ua
kkoo akula ia i lkou, a me Z. B. e hoomau aku i palua ka nui e ike ina paha ke
probability kuhi hookupaa iho la ia 7) .
6)

[keia papaaina hiki ke loaa ma ka Pelelina astronomer. Yearbook 1834, p.309

FlgD.]
7)

[uku pnai. i keia pauk i ka lua o ka hou ( 111).]

109. mua, Ano, he mea e hana ana i ka mua me ka noonoo, a me formulas no

hoi pololei pili i ka hana o ka nui o ka like u, ma waena o ka nui o ka maikai a me ka
io deviations + - a bez. ka makemakika manao A he e pani ma hope o W., ina
paha o ka unuhi e hilinai ma ka iho wale no, ai ole ia, ina paha iloko o ke ano o ka
mea a kona ola ana ole moe, a ina aole i pau i ka piha kpono o ka nui o kekahi a me
na like aka, complicity bea, a pkole ina lula 'asymmetry o na oko ao kaana. A hoi,
in ua hoomauia kakou mai ka outset, i na deviations o na kope , he mai ko lakou
makemakika ke ano o A ia symmetrical W. huli ana i naoaoelua, e like me na kala
keokeo, a eleele i ka contraction o ka ia, pela ka mua me ka noonoo, a me formulas
e loa e pono ia; aka, o keia mea, aole no ka hihia e like me ka hahai ana iho me ka
noonoo.
E hea aku i ka olelo o ka ike 'lelo i ka makemake o ia hoi, A i ka waena o ka
mana loa helu o na kope, hewa laau A ka m ka makou wale e ku ana ma ke kauoha o
ke finite helu m.E ka Ano symmetrical W. deviations bez. i ka oiaio o ia hoi, mua,
aka, o ka manao lokahi deviation puu mamua o ka manao lokahi deviation huahelu
bez. ia e like me ka moolelo kaulele a maamau a, i ka wa hoololi i ka huina helu ka
m o na deviations, aole proportional i kekahi i kekahi, aka, ma ka iaea ooieoeiiaeuiiai
pili i ka e like me mamua, oa hoololi i mahuahua ai ole ia, emi 8) . Ina mai kekahi
finite nui o ka hukiia ka hewa ala, pela no ia mea, nalo i ka likeole o ka manao
lokahi deviation puu, no ka mea, he oiaio, ma ke ano o ka makemakika uuku; ka
mea,o ae la i na puu pela e olelo artificially like, a me ka wa Dala, a nui hoololiia ma
ka like ana i kekahi i kekahi, he makemake i ka ia manawa, na n mea ma waena o ka
manao lokahi puu i ka likeole make nalo ma waena o ka manao lokahi huahelu, i
mea ole, aole wale experientially ka hihia, aka, ka mea, aole e manaoia ma muli o ka
'ole-proportional loli. Aka, Hehe ho'mi me abolition o ke hookaawale i waena o ka
manao lokahi deviation puu o functionally pili likeole o ka manao lokahi helu e ku ei
ka hana a ka poe deviations ua laweia mai ka waena oiaio, no ka mea, i ka mea
maluna formulas ua pololei ia, a nolaila, e hiki ke foreseen i ka awelika a paha
waiwai o ka make bez. ka hewa laau, ka mea a makou wale ia e hiki ke helu, ma ka
ia ka m pono e emi malalo o bez. Pela ka oiaio, a me ka ka luna formulas hiki ole ke
maopopo lanakila.

8)

Ke noonoo nei, oiai na mea oiaio mau no ka mana nui o ka mea e manao huki,
aka, o ka nui ka m o Mamao deviations i ka oi a emi nui finite.

Manawa, ak, hiki ke hana Vorigem initially hahai elua hooholo i ka hopena: 1) ka
W., he nui keiki, aia ma ka noi o ka poe maluna formulas, ke deviation unuhi u
make bez. ka makemakika ke ano o A ka m ma ka haawiia ka m , e lawe no ka mea, e
maai eia kahi mea akaka i ka poe maluna formulas, no ka mea, V, ma ka like ana i ka
mea make e, e noonoo, e pili ana i A ka m kekahi hihia uuku mamua o bez. A oia i
ka mea a ka poe maluna formulas pili.
2) E bez. ka hewa lapaau A ka m e like me bez. ka oiaio A hoolilo i ke koi 'ana o
symmetrical W., aka, alaila hea aku i ka luna e pili ana i ka mua, a me u, Q, U, V i
koho Hawaii Ina lakou e bez. ka hope pakahi, ua paa. V , Q , U , V , pela no ia e wale
pili mau n loina e like me ka hana a ka m bez. A ka m , e hooholo, e like me ka poe e
pili ana i ka A ua paa i mea e loaa formulas a e hookauwa aku i ka hana kpono
Gebrauche.

110. [First hoololi 'ia. I maopopo ai i ka paha koena unuhi V ma ka mea o

ka empirical hailula o MAC LAURIN a EULER:]
[Keia hakakino hailula he 9) :

, (19)
kahi e = i + NH a me ka B 1 = 1 / 6 : B 3 = 1 / 30 ka Bernoulli helu].
[I mea e ka W , nanana e helu] a hiki i keia hailula, no ka palapala ano (4),
ak,o ka mea ma muli i ka kokekau wale hailula:
, (20)
ai ole ia, i ka wa hoa o ka aoao o 1 : N manaoia, no ka ee hailula:
(21)
e waiho kpono helehelena, ua hookumu 'ia.]
[Hookikina ma mua (20), alaila, no ka mea, ka m
= 2 , = + V , , = - V , no one = 2 V :

. (22)

I ka huina o ka W , One ] ma waena o na palena + 2 N a - 2 n, ai ole ia, i ka huina o

ka W , One ] ma waena o na palena 0 a me 2 n ua pela haawiia e:
, (23)
Aka, ano, mahope iho o (19), i ka wa i loko o ka weli, me ka hawiia (20) kokoke
mai lala o ka oihana o 1 : e malama ole;
, (24)
Pela kakou;
, (25)
Anei ka pono a hiki i ka nui kupono ano, ina m 2 = 2 ; n 2 = t 2 , dx =
D

hookomoia. Hana loaa alaila, e like me ka olelo o ka probability W, i;

; ai ole ia,

i ka hooholo ':
, (26)
9)

[EULER dissipates ia mea i loko o ka Institutiones calculi differentialis, Pars

pou., Cap.V. - Reprod. Z. B. Schloemilch ka Compendium o luna Ka Ikepili, i ka lua
o ka leo,-P 226.]

E like me ia, i ka paha kumukuai o ka u, di Aloha he V, ua haawiia e:

, (27)
i ka wa , t kaano;
(27a)
lawa. No ka mea, alaila, ke W. e make < 2 Halau
like me ke . I mea e
loaa ole , e hoomaulia, ia i k = pela + . , Ae hooholo e mai

.
no ia mea, he mea ka 'ole papa like me ka 0.476 936 wahi; alaila, o ka integral mahae
o na palena 0 a me C + i elua integrals ma waena o n palena 0, a pela aku , a ma
waena o n palena C , a me C + . , a me ka hopena oia:
,
Aka, . Nui o ka oihana o 1 :
mea, ua loaa i ka lawa pololei i ka wa exp
2
[- ] ua malama a eia i loko o ka palena manawa o ka integral, a me ka
ewaewa ole exp, - ( e + ) 2 ] ua hoonoho. He mea pela, ma ka mahele ana i ka exp,
- (c + . ) 2 ]:
paha

No ka mea, hookahi loaa 10) :

, (28)
Initially, mai ka m = 2 ua kau, he mea ia i keia hailula wale no i ka m pili. Aka, e
huli no ka m = 2 - 1 ka ia result, e like me i e manao, mai wale no i ka nui o ka aoao
o ka 1 :
e noonoo].
10)

[He mea keia hailula ua hoi Meyer ma ka hai'lelo ma probability phola ma

ka iapaau ana o Bernoulli ke theorem, p.107.]

[Aka, ina e makemake nui like 'ole o ka aoao o 1 : ka m pau, he mea pono e paa
(20) ka hoohana' ana i ka approximation hailula (21) a me ka hihia kahi m hoi, o ka
hanana a pau mhe lai oki mare.]
ua ea ae [First hihia (22) ma hope o ka kloko rula o ka ololi (1 - 1 : 8 ) ua
pili. Hana loaa a laila, 'o ia hoi (19) ka lalau ana ae i na n mea loaa mua.

, (29)
i ka wa hoa o ka aoao o 1 :
e waiho ia. Keia hualoaa i ka wa n 2 = t 2 ,
m 2 = 2 Ua waiho e like me ka olelo o ka probability W ia;
ai ole ia

, (30)
I mea e loaa V lanakila 'he W = eae, alaila, na mai ka helu kaulike.
(31)
e huli ae
(31a)
e kau aku. Hoohuli i ano luna Halau c + . I ka, hooholo e ia, mahope iho o
mheleana i ka helu kaulike (31) (1 -1 : 8 ) a, heaha hoi ka ia, mahope iho o
multiplication ma (1 + 1 : 8 )
, (32)
ae loaa . mai:
, (33)
Keia helu kaulike i loko no ka mea . He uuku ka nui o ka aoao o ka L :
mahope iho o ka papa ma ka exp, - ( e + ) 2 ] ka alodio ano;
ai 'ole

ka mea,

(33a)

ia, mai ka mea, e like me B 1 = 1 : 6 A 2 = m, e like me ka paha waiwai no hoi ka m:

(34)
penei.]
[No ka m lai = 2 - 1, alaila, ina '= + V , , = - V - 1, no one = 2 V + 1:

=
, (35)

a me ka probability ia ? u (2 ma waena o n palena + N - 1) a - (2 n - 1) paa, me ka

nn 'ana:
, (36)
Pela, no (19), i ka wa N = na

, ke probability:
(37)

ia
paha

. (37a)

Ina kekahi hooholo hou T , mai ka helu kaulike.

, (38)
e like me ia ma (32) c. ppilikia 'ole c + . mea, e like me ka hopena o:
(39)
me ka ole o na hoa o ka aoao 1 :

,
, (39a)

nolaila

a ka hope:
.
kpono ma ka noonoo ana o ka m = 2 - 1 e like me ka paha waiwai no lai ka m
(40)
hualoaa]
111. [ elua hoololi . Ka hui kkana o ka 108, ua ma luna o ka pilikia e
hooholo mai i ka nui o ka malama hihia ole probabilities. Oia ka oukou e ku no ka
inverse o ka theorem ma BERNOULLl'schen pilina, ka mea hiki ke hoakaka ia no ka
ike ole W. palena a me ke degere o ka probability Hiki ke ppilikia me ka mea e nana
iloko o ia mau palena i ka ike ole W .. Ina kekahi i o elua, ae exclusive hanana A a
me B i ka nui o ka m malama o na hihia, oiai ka hook & ucirck A 'manao, i ka w

pino B , ua loaa ike, oe hiki initially W. no kaatikala o ka hook & ucirck a ia

' : ka m , W. no ka mea, B like me ke , : M waiho ma waho o ka contingencies i ka
manao paa o ka ' a , e iho e olelo hoakaka hahai ma hope. I mea, ia oukou i
' : m + a me , : m wale no e like me ka loa aiee o ka ike W. m , a 1 - m ike, ae
kakau ia e like paha ia ma ka repetition o na loina, mai kekahi moo o na hihia a pau,
ano, ua kpono loa Hawaii ma kahi o ka ua loaa mua aku. Ma kahi o keia mau vague
olelo Ano hoi ka ae o ka Bernoulli ka theorem ka penei ai.]
[He ka W:
(41)
komo kia mau mea i ka ike paha m o ke kaatikala o ka hanana A ma waena o n
palena:
a

(41a)

waiho; ka mea ku pono probability 1 - m he alaila ka poe ma waena o n palena

(41b)
e huli; oiai no ka mea, o ka W. W mua mai like no one ma waena o ka manao lokahi
helu o na hihia i ka like ole:
(41c)
pili. Hookomoia iloko o ua W = , alaila, e = 0,476 936, a me ka substitution o keia
waiwai, ua ka ao ao palena no m ; 1 - m a make. ]
[Penei e ala aeoe, no ka m = 1000ino a pau i ike i elua wahi i ka ia k manawa,
e like me ka mea e kii mai ia palena a hiki i na aiee o W., ka mea i manaoia ma
kekahi, ao ka kekahi wahi i kaatikala o ka thunderstorm oia:
1) ma ka mea kiekie 0,541 a me ka 0,519, ma ka kekahi wahi ' ae 0,459 a 0,481
ka wa thunderstorms i ike ma n wahi' ae kahiko 530, i ka hope 470th
2) ma ka mea kiekie 0,516 a me ka 0,494, ma ka kekahi wahi ' ae 0,484 a 0,506
ka wa a ka ae nn mau helu o na thunderstorms 505 resp. 495 niioaaonoaaiii. Alaila,
i ka ao ao palena no ka mea, no one i loko o ka mua a me ka lua o ka hihia 60 21,29
niioaaonoaaiii. 10 21,33.]
[O keia mau olelo, oia ke koi ma lalo ia o ka nui o ka nn mau hihia, ua nui pono e
ae i ka assumption i ka malama likeole no one ka mea, aole ma ka wale, aka, ma
keano o ka ike W. m , a 1 - m ana, ma hoi, e like me ua hike, aka, i ka nui paha aiee
o ka m 1 - m a one hoike i ka malama aiee o ka ': ka m , , : ka m , a - , . ua]
[He mea ak, ma mua o kekahi i koi aku kumu e lawe precisely keia mau aiee e like

me ka loa n loina. No ka mea, ma mua o kona manawa i na loina i kekahi kuhiakau

ma ka paha cia o ka m , a me Liliu ,o ia W., a me ka hoomaopopo ana o na loina
hana, i kekahi o keia mau hypotheses i ike okoa ia ka kekahi wale no ma ka nui W.,
aole lawe aka, he oiaio, no ia iho ,Pela, he mea n ke degere o W., e hooholo i ke
kuhiakau i ka ike loina a pau o ka loa, e like me ka na hypotheses e alakai mai i na
aiee e like me ka loa, i. No ka mea, o keia mea, ka loina a ENCKE hoohana ma o ka
kk o ke ano o ka mea uuku loa kihikihio 11) no ma keia ano, e hali ana i ka manao
i ka deviations o ka hkilo Hawaii i hookohu 'ia e ka loa Hawaii e like me ka
hewa.]
[ "The W. elua, mamua o na loina i equiprobable a ae exclusive hypotheses e
hookanaka pono e like me ka W. me ka poe ana mai o lakou hewa a hewa nenoai".]
[No ka mea, e like, ke kuhiakau ua manao ia e ka mea paha cia o ka m , a me 1
- m like i kekahi i kekahi, pela like e i ka mea a ka loa likeole ? U = ua manaoia
0th He alaila, o ka maoli malama like no one W.:
, (42)
Aie i ka Mea 'Ano Hou kuhiakau i ka paha cia o ka m , a me 1 - m resp. ': ka m =
P a me , ka m = Q poe pili ma kekahi lima, no ka mea mlama a me ka poe i k
mkou waiwai o W., oia hoi:
, (43)
It hoi ka W ,: I ka malama u make he purely kaulele, oa e hookolokolo pono o ka m ,
a me 1 - m i? Acoeueoao i ka W. ia ka ike , a me ka loa palena pau waiwai o plua
loa ' a , no ko ka pehea

ai ole ia

; (44)

a hookahi makemake e ola, pela na inserts e loaa i ka hoakaka lki.]

11)

[Berliner Astron. Yearbook. F. 1834 258.]

[I na kanawai, ke probability ka hooholo 'hookonukonu hooponopono ma ka

108. mua, he mea pono e hoomaopopo i ka mea one , ua lawe me kona piha Hawaii
i loko o ka mooolelo, ia mea no ia mea, koe undecided ma ka aoao o ka lehulehu o na
mea eimi. Ae, he mea pono e hoomanao iho la me ka assumption o ka malama
like no one ka mea, aole purely coincidental, apparently holoholo i ka ia, e
consistently hoopaa i keia waiwai ke hoi lawe nui aiee (pela ka nele o ka maemae
randomness hoonee 'ia paha wale n), ak,aole ma lalo o kia mau hiki haule

pokole, nani ka malama waiwai, e like me ka haahaa kali e pili i ka mea maemae
lalo wale randomness e like me ka XIX. kanawai.
Ina kakou e mua i ka kekahi lima, i ka malama unuhi ? U = ( '- , ) ua purely
kaulele, a ma laila ma hope o G . G. ke W. W , i keia waiwai, aole loaa, a me
ka W. 1 - W ia mea, ua hiki ole nui aku. Ina, ma ka kekahi lima koi e like ka mea,
aole kaulele, aka, ma kona he ano o ka ia u make a oi aku mamua o u, alaila, ke W.
ana i hiki 'ole oi oia e equated. 1 It pela surpasses ka W., ka malama waiwai o ka ?
U mea ma ke ano like no paha oi aku mamua o u, ke W. ia mea, ua accidental wale
i W , no ia mea, o ka poi pu probability W , no ka nele i ka maemae randomness
probability 1 - W maka o ke ola ana o maemae randomness, a iloko o keia kulana,
ua ku e, a no ka mea, he randomness alaila pili.]

XVI. Probability i hoakaka ia no ka kalele iho o purely kaulele

asymmetry likeole V na n mea hike aku, mai ka hewa mea.
112. E i mkou e hele aku i ka manao paa o ka likelihood ia lki o accidental
like, i mea e manaoia ma waena o ka nui o ka maikai a me ka io deviations mai
kekahi kaulana aiee o ka finite nui o na waiwai, ina ka probability o deviations mai ka
konu oiaio, e like me ka mai he e hahai mana nui o Hawaii, ma na aoao elua, ua
like. Ma ka wahahee, di Aloha mai ka finite ka m loaa mai ka oiaio awelike waiwai i
ka moolelo kaulele (okoa moo hele koke mahope, ka wa mahope iho o ka
klaoao) he okoa nui, na deviations he o elua konohiki iloko o kela a me keia
moookoa; a oiai ka mea e noho ma ka Bila hewa o ia hoi, ka ia W. a + a - nei,
ina e ola, no ka mea oiaio, aka, i ka likelihood ka lki. o ka like V ma waena o ka
helu ana o na ia loli. Keia ike ia maalahi i ke ana i loko o 109 noonoo, no ka mea
kpono loa, ua paa ka manao ma ke ano o ka huina o na deviations e haawiia ka ia
ma naoaoelua, oiai, ma ka mooolelo o ka ike oiaio mea hiki ia nite lakou m nui e
like me ka mea, aole like ia me presuppose. Ma artificially equalizing i ka puu o ka
+ a - , o na helu e ae compensated no ka ia, ina ka helu a me ka huina iae aku
proportional loli, ka mea aole loa ia pela; aka, i kekahi hihia i ka likeole, he V , ma
ke hoololi mai i ka oiaio laau wahahee no ka like u make hoemiia.
I mea e Loiloi i loko o ka mea ana i keia ka ho'miana ma o W. i manaoia no
kekahi kanawai o ka puunaue ana o ka oiaio, e , ua kauia i ka helu a me ka nui ae
kona noonoo i kona hilinai i ka likelihood ia lki o ke hookaawale iwaena o oiaio a
me ka wahahee mea, aka, kona hou i ka likelihood ka lki. o ka like . V Ano, ua ike
ia ia, no ka discrepancies a ka Single kope o K.-G. hoike e pili ana i ko lakou kaulana
waiwai, aole he ole hoi o ka makana, ma ka integral kekahi kanawai o ka
probability o ka hewa o keia hoopunipuni Hiki ke hoohana i ke kumu i ka wa i nui
(Mok. XVII k.) ka m ua a me ka kokekau wale symmetry, a no ia mea, hoi keia
kanawai no hoi mahope e lawe e like me ka manawa.
113. A ao ana o keia mau 'ana ma ua malie loaaole ma mua,aole hoi e lulu
iau muaikeia ka mua haawina i ka piha lawelawe i ka hana ma ia hope. Ia manawa
kekahi i loaa ma ka hou ( 116) ka hookolokolo 'ana mai iau, ka mea Ao He
kokekau wale i ka me Q 2 manao e koho huinahalike o ka like V like i ka m -: (1

2 aicieeaao), a ma hope hou' ia ka hoao ana e hookolokolo i hoike ia ia ai ia iluna

i ka m = 4 iho lawa loa kokekau wale, koe haohao ina mai ka waiwai mai o Q , ka
koe probability ia lki o ka V e hiki ke loko e like me, e like me ia i ka i ka ho
omaulia ana o ka oiaio o ia hoi, ka likelihood ia lki o one mai ka cia Q = : keia, ua
hookupaa iho la ia no hoi ma ka ho'oana me ka lawa approximation. o Ia, no ka
mea, o ka paha waiwai o V, i V wela, ina oe interpolationsmige i ka hoolako 'no ka
mea, ua kokoke mai like me k i],aole hoi he iaea i keia derivative i pono no ka
waiwai o V ma ka hookuuia o Q ; no ka mea, o ka mea awelike V aka, ka
mea U wela, he wale iki nui? iaea ma mua o ka noonoo 'O ia hoi u, a
makou U kapa. Eia ke oki, i ka puunaue papa o ke kanaka ppilikia V helu a me ka
nui kokekau wale lawa no keia koi.
Ka demgemen kumu i hoakaka ia no ka poe penei:
Q=
Q=

ka m = 0,36338 ka m: maukala = 0,36338 0,56036 i 1; (1)

= 0,60281

U=

; maukala = 0,60281 0,78018 i 1; (2)

= 0,48097
V = 0,40659

; maukala = 0,68212 i 1; (3)

; maukala = 0,40659 0,60916 i 1. (4)

No ka mea, i ka manao paa o W [ v] i ke koena unuhi o , e lawe Hawaii, ka

mea ma ka papa o na i
a
hookomo, kahi no ka mea, Q ka mea, no ka luna waiwai e hookomoia; no ka
mea, W [ V = 0] aka, ma ka nui o kia mau ia e T = 1: Q
pili .
waiwai W [ V ] , di Aloha ka W. i ka haawi waiwai o V , aole loaa, ua loaa e like
me ka waiwai, a ma na = ( V - 1) : Q

, a me W me ka [ V ], i ka di Aloha

no V iho, a ma lalo V na waiwai e waiho W., e like me ka, mea i (V + 1) : Q

no.

I ka hailula no U ka luna hoailona o? Iaea 1.5 Ua pili no lai, ka mea ma lalo

no ka mea, o ka m, a me he kuhi o keia? Iaea, a me ke kumu, oia ka ia experiential la,
a, nae, e imi i ka kumumanao, aole hoi i kekahi waiwai o U no ka pololei i ka
m appreciably coincides me ka uuku naehana i ekolu aiee o U no ka lai m, no ka
mea, i manao i na palapala hahai ma lalo nei.
Eia nae, i kia w e nn i kia approximation formulas no V , aole e like me ko
lakou no ka make i loko o ka mokuna kiko' formulas no ka mea, uuku ka m ai, e
olelo oe; he aoao no fhlbarerer shortage, e like me ka mea theoretical hoaponoia, a

me derivation maluna formulas ma ka hou, ua patchy, a me ka? iaea no U e hiki

heano'. I makemake nolaila, oia ke kaumaha me ka uuku maopopo kuu manao, ina
au i ole i hiki ke kuapo ia lakou me ka loa nui empirical noho hoao ana i keia
deficiency loa i kekahi ke oiaio, e hana i ka mea aole kpono kuhihewa ma ka
hoohana 'ana, ina he oi aku ka piha hoaponoia a me ka hou o phola ma ka
mathematician o ke kuai ina e mahalo kupono.
Ka empirical validity Ua ma muli e like me ka mea mua hana aiee o ? U ma ka
hoohana 'ana lottery kahua kaua, aka, ka mea i oi aku ka cumbersome ole e like me,
no ka mea aiee o ka mua mokuna. No ka mea, he mea pono i na huahelu mua, a
pookela kela papa inoa i loko o Hawaii o + a - , ma ke ala e unuhi ia no ka mea
a pau papainoa i ka integral hele mai e like hoi o ka makana i ka heluana, a me ka
nui i ka mooolelo o ka oiaio o ia hoi, i ka 'ole - Papa ua poe ma ka hoohui
183; alaila, no ka mea, o kekahi kaulele moo o ia deviations mai ka haawiia ka m e
hooholo i ka hewa ala, e hoomaulia i ka olelo a me ka io deviations, mai keia mea
pono ole ano, a me ka likeole o ka helu ana o na ka V e lawe. Ma kekahi mau mea oi
aku mamuli ona ma ka hou ( 117) ua kuai a me ka hana ana o ka manao ikaika o
ka V , no ka randomly lawe moo me ka m = aole i haawiia mai. 6
114. A mahope iho o keia kau e mua o na mea a pau hahai i loko o kekahi papa o
ka totality o empirical ike ka mea au i loaa pono pili ana i ko kakou hana i mahope
iho o ka loko poo kumu a mea Hawaii pu me ka ppilikia e like me ka mea maluna
formulas loina e hui. Nolaila, i ka wa a na na kii hana ana i kekahi hapa aiee 0.5, i
keia ho'la ai, ina paha, e like me kekahi manawa, ak,o ka hewa ala me ka oiaio
deviation Hawaii pono halawai, i ka deviation mai ka hewa 'ano me + 0.5 a - 0, 5 a i
aku e heluia ai naoaoelua, hiki ho okumu i ka V originated, ka mea ma ka waena
konu o ka distanten ma 2 aiee o V haule plki, aka, ua alaila i poh me 0.5, no na
loina elua.

I. helu Z, pehea pinepine i ka like V ma waena o ka nui o ka maikai a me ka io

deviations mai ka hewa 'ano o ka m Hawaii ma n ana -maliger hai hou aku i ka
manao paa.
a) no ka mea, lai ka m

ka m = 7 ka m = 9 ka m = ka m = N = 15 1) ka m = ka m =
11
13
17
19
N = 2.400 N = 1700 N = 1320
N = 800
N = 820 N = 840
N
N = 600
= 600

V ka m = 5

1 2155,5

1388,5

966,5

552

562,5

351

327,5

3 244,5

300,5

324,5

235,5

231,5

187

197,5

5 -

11

29

32,5

41,5

57

63

7 -

4.5

10

9 -

b) no ka mea, i ahiahi ka m

V ka m = 4 ka m =6 ka m = 8 ka m =
ka m =
ka m = ka m
ka m = ka m=
10
12
14
= 16
18
20
N = 3000 N = 2000 N = 1500
N = 1200 N = 1000 N = 850 N = 750 N = 660 N = 600
0 1950

1040

648

494

379

314

247

179,5

176

2 1050

905

753,5

588

489

382,5

333

325,5

256,5

4 -

55

96,5

112

126

127,5

148

120

130,5

6 -

25

20

28

33

8 -

10 -

1)

[na aiee o keia kolamu, ua hoinoino e irresolvableokoa]

II. Pela papa koa no kekahi mau nui aiee o ka m.
V

ka m =
30

ka m = 50 ka m =
100
N = 240
N = 400
N = 120

ka m = 500

94

49

19

169

84

31

90

51

13

36

32

22

14

18

10

12

14

N = 24

16

24

28

34

Ia moo me ka m = 10 , 50, 100 hawi i ka hahai hualoaa mai na Luna oiaio, ma

ka mooolelo o na deviations, i ka poe like ma pono me ka mua,ana o ka mea
wahahee, nae, e like me ka helu ma ka 107 hualoaa ma ka kukakuka Aka, i kekahi
moo, nolaila, nui n, ua loaa.

III. Me ka mua papa like papa no ke koena unuhi u make ma ka helu mahina
mai o ka konu oiaio.

?u

ka m = 10 ka m = 50 ka m = 100
N = 1200 N = 240

N = 120

301

23

10

467

52

17

299

44

14

102

42

13

29

28

22

10

16

16

12

17

10

14

16

10

18

20

22

28

I loko o ka papa elua no ka mooolelo o ka poe hewa Agena, oia ka helu Z , ehia na
manawa he nui i ka V i ka hookahi hailona me ka deviation o ka wahahee mai ke
kikowaena oiaio, a me ka helu Z , i ka nui o na manawa ia i ke ku pono hoailona, ma

ka pokole, i ka nui i ka V a me ka hewa , he ua equilateral paha scalene, ka

helu Z = Z ^ + Z , aelike. E hawi mai hoi i n loina a Z = Z ^ - Z , no ka mea, na
loina o ka m = 6 i ka m = 30, e like no me ka kekahi, ke kaawale o Z ' a me Z , ua i
hiki mai. Malalo ( Z ) He huina o ke Z i loa Hawaii ma lalo o Z maopopo ma
ka noonoo ana o ka hoailona.

. IV Ak nae Z = Z - e like , mawaena o ka helu no ka mea, ' o ka equilateral

me ka hewa mea, a me ka helu Z, ka pela scalene aiee o ka V o ka ia nui, oia
ke Z hui ma mua papa o ka m = 6 i ka m = 30th
a) no ka mea, lai ka m
V

ka m =7 ka m = 9

ka m
=11

ka m = ka m =15 ka m =
13
17

ka m =
19

N = 1700 N = 1320

N
= 820

N = 840 N = 800 N = 600 N =600

+ 33.5

+ 0.5

- 33

- 25,5

+ 29

+1

- 20,5

+ 46.5

- 4.5

+ 9.5

+ 21.5

-7

- 10

+ 11.5

+1

- 0.5

- 8.5

+7,5

-5

- 15

+ 0.5

+1,5

+3

-4

-2

( 80
Z)

43

56

45

19

53

(Z + 80
)

-3

- 24

- 12

+ 31

- 11

- 30

b) no ka mea, i
ahiahi ka m
V

ka m =6 ka m = 8 ka m =10 ka m = 12 ka m =
14

ka m
=16

ka m = ka m = ka m
18
20 = 30

N = 2000 N = 1500 N = 1200 N = 1000 N = 830 N = 750

N
=660

- 24

+42,5

+ 20

+8

+1,5

- 29

- 35,5 - 16,5

+5

+13

+11,5

+ 16

+8

+0,5

- 14

-8

+1,5

-4

+3

+2

+2

-1

+4

+1

+2

+1

-3

-2

10

-1

-1

54

40

16

47

46,5

23

12

( 37

N = 600 N = 400

Z)
( Z - 11
)

+54

+32

+16

+6

- 39

- 40,5 - 20

+6

A kohu mea, i kekahi mau mea kupaianaha i na aiee o Z no hoi, a no ia ,

no ka mea uuku, ka oi aku i ke ahiahi loina m aneane na mea a pau maikai. Aka
paha o keia no ka mea kumu o ka mea no ka mea, he analogous kia ( 107) hoike,
o ia ka hopena o ka uuku ka m ma ka hopena ua me ka nui ka m me ka ike piha, i ka
hopena o kaokoa ka m , aole loa kuokoa o kekahi i kekahi, aka, aole, nae, hookahi
wale no moo no lakou iho i ka V o, aka, me n -series no ka mea, i haawiia mai ka
m ua kauoha pu purely wale.
115. Ua loko ka mua i na papapohaku elua, mai ka hahai ana ka papa kuhikuhi
Hawaii nona ka compilation Hiki ke hoohana i ka poe ana malaila theoretical
Hawaii e like me ka mea maluna formulas, no ka ho'o o keia mau formulas.
ka
m

ae nn 0,36338ka malama
mau
m

0,48097

obs. 2) 0,40659

1,40

1,45

0,70

0,76

0,72

0,81

1,82

1,82

1,20

1,23

0.89

0,91

2.25

2,18

1,02

1,02

0,96

1,00

2,57

2,54

1,38

1,40

1,03

1,08

3,09

2,91

1,27

1,23

1,19

1,15

3,49

3,27

1,58

1,56

1,21

1,22

10

3,63

3,63

1,38

1,40

1,27

1,29

11

4,25

4.00

1,73

1,70

1,36

1,35

12

4,19

4,36

1,52

1,56

1,38

1,41

13

4,65

4,72

1,78

1,83

1,37

1,47

14

5.33

5,09

1,69

1,70

1,46

1,52

15

? 3)

5,45

1,95

1,57

16

6,06

5,81

1,86

1,83

1,65

1,63

17

6,17

6,18

2,05

2,07

1,64

1,68

18

7,09

6,54

2,05

1,95

1,78

1,73

19

7,22

6,90

2,21

2,18

1,80

1,77

20

7,66

7,27

2,11

2,07

1,85

1,82

30

10,06

10,90

2,27

2,57

2,14

2,23

50

17,87

18,17

3.25

3,35

2,63

2,88

100 37,87

36,34

4,87

4,77

4,64

4,07

500 178,17

181,69

10,42

10,74

9,00

9,09

2)

[E like me ka L 06, pela ua hoi interpolates maanei me ka ae lua oko.]

3)

[uku pnai. ka olelo i ka uku pila. Ia.]

Oukou e loaa i ka awelika kaaeana o empirical Hawaii loa kupono i ka

ppilikia. Aka, ina maanei a he nui deviations ana, i keia hiki ia me ke akahele hou
o keia mau loina, aole e hiki ke palapalaia ma e kuhihewa, aka, he mea ia ma keano
o n mea a pau mawaena o na mea he nui, ppilikia e like me W., Random Hawaii
no hoi randomly ikaika deviations mai ka maamau loina ana. [A, na deviations kpa
a ikaika a pau i loaa i waena o n aiee o ka hope eha laina o ka, no ka haahaa N ona
ua hoonoho.]
[Noonoo ole ae i kela papa I a me II ka Hoohlikelike papa III, makou loaa i ka
eia, like me kela a me keia kumu Hawaii, no ka mea auoiaea mai ka oiaio, a me na
mea wahahee;
Q

2.495

1,38

2,19

1,27

52,48 17,87 5,825

3.25

5,04

2,63

4,87

7,49

4,64

ka
m

10

10,32 3,63

50

100 97,47 37,87 8,00

I ka hoike a ke hoololi mai i ka oiaio mea wahahee, ma ka mea, he emi iloko o ka

awelika, a kii mai oko pu me ia i ka mea i lawa like me ka theoretically koi ka
ho'miana. oia:
ka m

Q:Q

U:V

V:V

10

0,352

0,554

0,577

50

0.341

0,558

0,522

100

0,389

0,608

0.619

Ka theoretical ka pili ma, nae, ua waho aeo ka corrections no U me U, Q 2 : Q =

0,363; U : U = V : V = 0,603].
Hanakimi ke kulanakauhale, e like me ka lanakila i ka waiwai U , i pili ma ka aoao
o ka poe hewa mea, kokoke loa e like me ka noonoo ole awelika deviation mai i na
rula no ka mea, i ka ho omaulia ana o ka oiaio o ia hoi, U, ai ole ia, i U aneane like
pu ia me , U ] , aka, wale me ia, he nui ka m, ka iaea 1.5 hou mai nui iloko o ka
noonoo. Keia mea maopopo o mai ka hoohlike o ka formulas no na loina:
U = 0,48097
a me 4) :

[ U ] = 0,48262
,
e like me ka mea empirically no ka mea, nui ka m hookupaa iho la ia.
[No ka luna papainoa o na aiee o U , a U i ka pau haawi [ U ] no ka m =
10; 50; 100 resp. like: 1,64; 3,44; 4,40. He mea pela iloko o na ia mea
[ U ] - U niioaaonoaaiii. like ia me 0,26; 0,19; - 0,47].
No hoi kekahi e hiki ole Mlama i ka nui o ka coefficient no n Hawaii mea, aole
maoli i ka mea pono, aka, e lawe i ka ia, mai na loko ia ma naano likeole, a ma ia
hope oko iki resultant coefficient loa wale hoopakele ae Approximativbestimmungen,
nolaila, aole loa.
4)

[uku pnai. 120 i loko o ka pomaikai. Mok. No ka mea, mahope iho o ka

hooponoponoia e manao ai [ U ] = 0,60488 U , a mai ma kekahi lima, me ole
o ka hoonaauao.
U=U

ka mea, penei ke kanaka ma muli o kaaeana mai o , U ] a me ka U i, e like me ka

hike ma ia wahi, He kokekau wale
0,60488 like
hiki ke kau.]

Paha nae e like me ka pili ma i ka kekahi papa cia, a me ka hai aku kilo 'ikepili
haawi aku i ka manawa e ninaninau ia mea; aka, ua i ole ai e lawe ia ia, kekahi hapa
kanalua ana i ka kumumanao o keia hana a hiki i hou e komo, kekahi hapa i mea,
aole e hou aku nae i ka ua no ka nui hookolokolo 'ana.
Ma hope nei mlie hahai i ka hoohlike o kekahi mau mana Panel o ka invoice, a
me ka hoao ana.

E like me ka beobachtetenZahlen o ka V me ka 113 mau hailona i loko o ka

papa maluna no kekahi mau aiee o ka m.
V

ka m = 4
obs.

ka m = 10

ka m = 20

ka m = 30

lala. obs. lala. Obs. lala. obs.

174 94

ka m = 50

lala.

obs.

lala.

95

49

44,5

1950 1779 494 480 176

1050 1182 588 581 256,5 267 169

159,5 84

80

38

112 128 130,5 121 90

93,5

51

57,5

10

33

32

36

38,5

32

33,5

13

14

16

10 -

0.5

12 -

14 -

0.5

116. [First hoololi. Ka theoretical hooholo o ka awelika, a paha waiwai o ka

v.]
[Ina nenoai o ka m io aiaiiuo maikai a 1 , 2 ... ka m i ke kaulana waiwai o 0 ,
a me ke koena unuhi waiwai V e, i ka la mahope Hike, ma ka nui o ka helu V. 5) o
ka luna 0 aiee e moe ana i ka helu ka ma lalo nei 0 aku i wahahee n loina. Na
aiee o V = V - e hoi kela waiwai moo: m - 2 , m - 4 .... 4 - m, 2 - ka m ho i, no ia
mea, ma ka m - 1 maikai 'ole ioV , he mau Hawaii oiai ka AYEIE helu
o nanana Hawaii ka m + 1. Eia, o ka hihia koi, kahi i ( i = 1, 2 ... ka m )
me 0 coincides, aole kikaw ka noonoo, no ka mea, ua manao e like me ka
kaupalena 'ia ka hihia o kekahi mea presupposed ikaika variability o keia mau mea
kiko', ma ka hihia a pau i luna 0 , a me ka hihia kahi i ka mea ma lalo 0 ka
mea, ua e helu pu ia mawaena. No ka mea, laana, no ka mea, ka m = 2 , ka waiwai
o V , he mau like aiole; no ka mea, ka m = 3, nae, he V like pu ia me kekahi +1 a
like - 1]
5)

[ V , a puku maanei 'a ,.]

[Ma ka kekahi lima, pili i kela a me keia V = V - keano o n

nenoai, 1 , 2 ... ka m i e hooponoponoia ia mea, e hiki e like me penei.]
[Inoa 0 ia ma waena o - a + e loli iki uuku, hou i n , he maikai waiwai ho

a pau Hawaii mai 0 ke hiki ke lawe, a ho'la ho

i 1 , 2 ... - 1 , 1 , 2 ... V - 1 k kaawale o kekahi i kekahi, i na olelo
Hawaii mai 0 i 1, pela no oukou e noho:

 1 = 0 - (1 - 1 )
2 = 0 - (1 - 2 ) 1
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
-1 = 0 - (1 - -1 ) -2 . : 1
= 0 - -1 -2 . . 1 (5)
+1 = 0 + (1 - . 1 )
+ 2 = 0 + (1 - 2 ) 1
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
m- . 1 = 0 - (1 - . V -1 ) . V -2 . . 1
ka m = 0 - . V -1 . V -2 . . 1 .
Mua pela no na waiwai nenoai loaa 1 ... ka m nona mua Hawaii ma lalo o ka
lakou mau awelike cia hana, oiai V i hala waiwai mamua o ka ia. In mea, no ka papa
koa variability i 1 , 2 . . uuku ma mua o 0 , + 1 , + 2 . , . m oi aku
mamua o 0 ; pela no hoi i ka huina o mua like 0 - a me ka huina o
ka V hope like V 0 + , pela i ka huina o na like i ka m 0 ].

[I laila na waiwai nenoai 1 , 2 . . ka m e loaa, no ka mea, i kekahi o na aiee, ma

ka heluana lalo nei, a me ka poe i koe V moe maluna o ka lakou mau kaulana cia
mea e pono ai wale no na mea a pau i ka hiki permutations ma waena o ka poe ma
luna o n nenoai (5) mua, a me ka V hope mlama ', alakai i ka m! : ( ! V ) helu
kaulike nenoai hiki aku ai, mai ka punahelu (5), kela mea keia mea o ka hookahi
multiplicity o ka waiwai kekahi, 1 ,. . ka m me kela mea keia mea okoa kaina o
ka pae, a me ko lakou ' ae, ka huina multiplicity o pili ana i V = V - hooholo
pili waiwai nenoai].
[He ano i ka i ( i = mua .. M ) e ma ke 'ano e like me ka hele ana mai o na mea

oiaio, no ka mea o ka GG pili. A laila, i ka W. o kaatikala o kekahi waiwai, he like

me ia:

He mea no hoi i ka W, no kaatikala o ka oihana o ka m Hawaii 1 . , . m like ai:

;
no ka mea, - e like me ka ike theorem o ka probability kumumanao - ka W., no ka
hoohui p 'ia o kekahi mau, mai kela mea keia mea o kuokoa hanana, ua like ia me

ka huina hoonui o W. no ka heaana o kl me kia hanana. Eia ke oki, he mea ka

W. o kaatikala o kekahi nenoaiu 1 . , . ka m , ka mea e pili ana i ka luawai, i
ho'kka ', ana multiplicity o na nenoai, ua like ia me:

D 1 . , . D ka m (6)
kahi o ka integral mea e ana ma luna o ka hoomaumau o na waiwai kekahi, ma ka
aina o ke kula cia nenoaiu e haule. No ka mea, o ka W. hoia 'ia ai kekahi no ka nui
o ka ae exclusive hanana i, ua - e like me ka probability kumumanao i ao - i ka huina
o ka poe kanaka hanana W.].
[N nae, he (5) e like me na n helu kaulike.
.
ina o ka papa pihi ( i , ) =
(7a)

, (7b)
Hana pela loaa ke 'no ka mea, W. ia o ka m deviations 1 . , . m ka mua ma lalo
nei, i ka V hope loa ma luna o ke kaulana cia 0 na integral;
, (8)
.
kahi ma luna o 0 , mai - i + , e pili ana i mai 0 i a me kela mea keia mea
o , a me mai 0 ke integrate i 1. I kulike ai me keia, o na lua kaomi waina W.
ia ma na mea a pau o ka m deviations lalo a me V ma luna o ka awelika waiwai, ua i
nolaila V = V - , i kaumahaia ma:

, (9)
kahi o ka integral ma waena o ka loa e like me palena no ka hana.]
[Mai ka hoohui 'ma luna o 0 , a me hiki koke holo ma:
;

a no ka mea, o ka m :
;
no ka mea, lai ka m :

;
ua loaa no ka mea, W [ V ] ka Nohie hike:
(10)
woselbst:

;
no ka mea, o ka m :
;
no ka mea, lai ka m :
;
a ma kahi o ka hoohui 'no kela ae he e ana mai o ka haahaa palena o 0 i ka luna
palena. 1]
[Ka hailula (10) ua mua hoao i loko o ka simplest hoopii, no ka mea, ka m = 2 a
me 3, i ka W [0] resp. W [1] mai ka outset ua ikeia. Oia, e like me ka ka m = 2
mau V = 0, W [0] = 1, a mai V no ka mea, = m + 3 like pu ia me kekahi +1, a ua like
ia me - 1, a me na loina, ua like paha, W , + 1] = W [ - 1] = . A hoi, ua loaa mai (10)
no ka mea, ka m = 2:
;
no hoi no ka mea, ka m = 3:
.]
[Mai (10), e lilo hoi ma ka hooko ana aku i ka hoohui 'ia, n loina o W [ V ] no ka
mea, nui ka m . He mea pono e hoomaopopo i ka huina o na mea a pau W [ V ] no ka
mea, i haawiia mai ka m like ia 1, a ma ia

W [ + V ] = W [ V ], (11)
ka V ma - V ae, ke me ka V , ua nana e hoole, e hoike ana i ka waiwai o ka integral,
aole ia i aloha ia].
[Mahope aku nei hoi, ua loaa no ka m = 4:
;

,
It penei:
W [0] = 0,64908, W , + 2] = W [ - 2] = 0,17546;
Q = 1,40368: U = 0,70184.
Like, hualoaa no ka m = 5;
W [+1] = W [-1] = 0,451075, W , + 3]
= W [ - 3] = 0,048925;
Q = 1,7828, U = 1,1957.
No ka mea, o ka elua hihia ka m = 4 a me ka m = pela ka kiko' aiee o 5 a hiki
i Q 2 A U i kauoha mai ai i ko lakou e like me ka AYEIE aiee o ka 115 apono i ka
Loiloi i ka pono o na hoakaka ana o ia mea.]
[Eia nae, ma ka aoao ma keia aoao, ma ka ia ala e like me ka mea i hele mai, mai
ka waena konu oiaio, ma ka mokuna mua no ka deviations, formulas no ka
mea, W [ V ] a ma ia hope poe o Q 2 , U a me ka V e loaa i ka dependence o keia mau
aiee o ka m explicite ho i, e ka ( m - 2) manawa i ka integral o (10) iloko o ke ao
manao. Ano, nae, hiki lilo ia i manao, loa pono mai (9), e lanakila ma ka ulu ana ma
moo. Mai ka ia, nae, hiki aku ai i prolixity, pela no ka mea i hookiekieiae ia, i ka
waiwai o Q 2 e hooholo pololei i hoi - a me ke komo 'ana i ka mea e waiho ana no he
maluhia no ka poe Pahuhopu alualu nei nah i - U a me V loaa ma lalo o ka
assumption i no ka mea, nui ka m ka likelihood ka lki. o V ua hoomaluia e ka
GG. O keia ano, ua oluolu no ka mea, mahope iho (11) o ke probability kanawai no
ka V , ua symmetrical e pili ana i ka poe i k mkou cia V = 0 , a hou mai ka hahai

ana mai o ka GG pili aloha ma waena Q 2 , U a me V , na formulas (1) e (4) underlie

he mea lawa paha empirical noho hoao ana i loaa. N nae, he alaila no hoi ma ka
theoretical hoaponoia o no Ukpae i haawiia mai corrections.]
[O ka pololei hooholo o Q 2 Hiki ke loaa penei. E hoailona oukou ia no kekahi
nenoaiu deviations 1 , 2 ... ka m , ka makemakika ke ano o 0 , oia ke koena

unuhi V = V - ma waena o n helu o luna, a ma lalo 0 moe i ( i = 1, 2 .. ka m )

hiki hook 'ia ma:
; (12)
no ka mea, kela puu ( i - 0 ) :
ua like ia + 1 'ole e like - 1, ke kaumaha
ma muli i luna, a ma lalo 0 ka mea. Alaila, he mea:

, (13)
kahi o ka hoohui 'maluna o kela a me keia i mai - i + mea ai e].
, Ano, nae,

kahi o ka summation maluna o na mea a pau i , a me o K , mai ka moo o na huahelu

mai ka 1 a hiki i ka m, koe wale no na loina i = K, ma . Ka mea, nolaila, mai
.
a me ka m ( m - 1) integral:

ua'like:
, (14)
kahi o na palena o ka hoohui ', ua like me ka hike maluna e lawe.]
[I Ano ka ka m loiloi i pa integral, ia oukou i:

1=0+1

2=0+2

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
(15)

Keia i ka wahi o k kaawale ma waena o n palena - i + e loli iki 1 , 2 .. ka

m ana no hoi k kaawale ma waena o ka ia; Palena e loli iki 0 , 1 , 2 ... ka m1 , a makou e loaai.

.
kahi:
(16)
Mai keia mea i loaa ma ka lawe ana aku i ka hoohui 'bez. 0 , 3 , 4 . . ka m :

(17)
Aka, mahope mai o 1 2 : = + 1 ka wa

1 a me 2 he poe 'oluolu' ole io, a

mai ka ia lki ho i ka waiwai -1 ina ka elua loina 1 a me 2 i ka mea 'oluolu, na

kekahi he io, a laila, ma muli ano loli ':

(18)

ai ole ia, i ka wa

(19)
Ano:

Pela ultimately hualoaa i ka wa Halau 1 2 = 1 a me ka 'ole 2 2 = 2 Ua

hoonoho;

(20)

I hualoaa aka, no ka makemake nui o Q 2 , e like me ka poe ma ka hailula (1), loaa

ka wa 'Oiaio o ka aoao o 1 : ka m ua malama ole. By? Anoe? I mana o 1 : ka m ua
loaa oia hoi:

; (21)
Pela ma ka approximation mua.
, (22)
Mai keia hahai koke i na formulas (3) a me (4) no ka U a me V - aka, me ka
mea U empirically loaa hoonaauao - i ka wa a ke G. G : No ka mea, o ka likelihood
ka lki. O V i nui ka m ua koi].
117. [Elua hoololi. Notes i ka empirical probability noho ai no ka mea, Q , U a

me V ma o ka lottery kahua kaua.]

Mua, he mea hiki he mea hiki ole e loaa ia oe kekahi rula o ka noho hoao ana
empirical no ka mea, mai ka formulas hoopai lula 'symmetry a me validity o ka XIX.
Law o ka moolelo kaulele oko; aka, i mea mea ia oukou makemake e hoao i ka noho
ana, aole e hiki ia no na deviations mai ka uuku A aole ka kekahi, aole hoi kekahi ano
presuppose mai ka outset ai e hookoia. Aka, hookahi hiki artificially o kekahi mea e
me keia mau kanawai, ke kia rula.
Manao oe nana e wehewehe ana i mua o ka loina i oi aku comprehensible ano e
like me hiki, ai ka ipu, he nui loa, Makemake au e olelo aku 15 000 keokeo a he pono
hana nuieleele ua mea poepoe nei, o ka mea a ka mea mua e like me 'oluolu, me ka
hope io Hawaii i komo; ka mea, e lilo keia mau kala aka, i ho'kka 'ia me ka
maikai a me ka io iaaanu Hawaii, kela mea keia mea nui i loko o ka repetition, e
like me ka mea hoopili like me ka W. o ka AYEIE hewa mea mahope iho o ka GG. E
like me ka oiaio waena o ka poe hewa i ko lakou omaka, ma keia hihia pili i ka
'Aohe waiwai. Ano, E unuhi oe i ka m kala, a kapa aku maikai huina ' ka huina i
loaa mai ka wa a kekahi olelo nui o ka hewa a me ka nui o na manawa ana Ka unuhi
hoonui; i kulike ai me ka io huina , : Ina Ano 'a me ka , aole anei ka
mea i loaa ma ka ulia o ka awelika, e hele mai ( ' - , ) : m, ka mea
waiwai C wela, mahuahua a ua hoemi, ke kaumaha ma muli ' > , a me ka
hope versa. Ka hewa awelika ua pela paa 0 like c. Penei, ina oe ke ano o ke
kinona C manao, ia kakou ke ano helu i ka nui o kuhihewa, ua nui a me ka uuku
mamua aku , ua a ma ia hope, he ( '- , ) a me V no keia loaa hihia, a mahope
iho n i coatings mau mea a elua i ka awelika V e like me ka paha V loaa ka mea wale
no i ka la mahope kelepona mai no ka interpolation.
Ano, ia ia i hana i ka ipu, a no ka nui keokeo, a me eleele, i ho'kka 'ia me ka nui
Hawaii ua mea poepoe nei e impracticable; aka, e hiki mlama UAIAaIN ahiahi, a
lai nui me ka ipu ma ke lottery huila, o na kala keokeo a me eleele. Hana hiki no
hoi, e hana i ka pili ma waena o ka 30,000 nui, e like me ka likelihood ia lki o ke
kuhihewa, a pau nui mai 1 i ka hoohui p. 338 ka nui 0,25 i nahae ka a pau mailaila
aku e hoohui p: 1015 nui 1, a mai laila aku 1691 nui 2, a mai laila aku a hiki i 2366,
i ka nui 3, a pela aku, ae lawe mai i keia unuhi i loko o ka papa, koke i n hike ma
kela lottery helu, loaa i ka uhu ana o ka helu, a nui aku ho.
[Ka makaukau ana o keia papaaina, ua kaumahaia ma ke kumu o ke T papaaina
( 183), e like me penei. Mua, e hana i ka olelo hooholo, mamuli o ka mea a nanuu
i ka nn 'ana kaao T- e hoomau aku n loina. No ka mea, o ka pono o ka pono, e ka
w mawaena 0,02, ka loiloi mua na = 0,01, i waeia. Mai ka ea o ka helu lottery helu e
like me na kope o ka K.-G. no ka nui poe e hoohalike ana, 30 000, ka like o ka w
mawaena palena, he Hawaii, e hoonui 30 000 e komo iloko o ko lakou successive
oko ao, me ka helu o n likeole e hule i loko o ka successiveanuu. Ka oko ao ia
lakou iho he poe aka, pehea ko makou K.-G. consistentlyia ana e manao ai ma ka
waena o ka w mawaena, ma ka mea a lakou i hui. It makemake Nolaila, e like
me na = : , ka mea mua like ia 0,005; ka lua, ua like ia me 0,02; ke

kolu, ua like ia me 0,04 e hoonoho a pela aku. nae, mai ka nui o ka awelika
deviation hiki ke ana kau, pela no e hiki = 1 : 0.02 = 28.2095 maliuia mai,
mahope iho o ka mea a ka mua like me 0,25, i ka lua o , ua like ia me 1, ke kolu,
he 2, a pela aku loaa ka mea. I hope e kii i kia ke alapine (frequency) o kaatikala
e like me ka GG e like me ka 'ole e paa pono papaaina, kela mea keia mea e like me
ka nui lottery nui e auaaeaia io, e like me ka heluana i hui pu deviations no. Keia
paha hiki ke hana loa keakea kumu o ka hoon, mai kela a me keia hale 30 000 helu
o ka huila o ka pomaikai i ka ia W.ua e ukuhi ai. Maoli ai, nae, o ka aoao maoli o ka
helu i ua kiai aku; He nui no hoi ka mua ka mua 338 helu, i ka lua o ka hahai
helu 677 a pela aku, e like me ka hike maluna, pili ana, pela no ia i ka papaaina, ua
hana, ka mea i hoakaka ia ma ka pili i kekahi e like me penei:]

ka nui

helu

ka nui helu

ka
nui

helu

0,25

1-338

14

8923 - 9548

47

24347-24626

339 - 1015

15

9549-10167

1016 - 1691

74

28872-28946

1692 - 2365

75

28947-29018

2366 - 3038

3039 - 3708

25

15351-15877

26

15878-16393

27

16394-16899

28

16900-17394

100 29854-29865

10

6356 - 7005

11

7006 - 7650

12

7651 - 8289

45

23756-24056

150 29999

13

8290 - 8922

46

24057-24346

160 30000

143 29998

Maoli, a papa, na deviations hoololi i noke i kekahi deviation nui ma 1 oko a

maanei mai ka hahai ana; Keia deviation w mawaena, aka, ma ka like ana i ka
noonoo awelika deviation, mahope iho o ka LIKE ka lki. 1 : 0.02
= 28.2095
uuku kupono, e haawi i ka noticeably'like? Acoeueoao me ka ana resizing.
Laila, ua noho mai iau Skona lottery papa helu mai ka 10 makahiki aku, e olelo
oe, kela 32000-34000 helu, ka mea au ak,o ka helu, ua waiho oi aku mamua o 30
000 i ke kahua kaua, e like me mamao au ma keaoao. [Mai keia 10 papa, he 'ano o
ka mua iaoia, i ka empirical ikepili o ka poe maluna papa I a me II, a ma ia hope na
hoiaio n ia o ka probability olelo o Q , U a me V loaa.]

[Ina ua Z. B. ka manao paa o ka V , no ka m = 6. Oukou alaila loa oe e kala aku i

eono moekahi ka helu o ke kahua kaua, ua manaoia, aole oi aku mamua o 30 000 i ka
helu; No laila, ina ka helu 28 904, 24 460, 32 305, 16 019 157, 3708, 16928, ua
halawai,
ka laana
ae i ka 3-la, e like me ka mea aku i 30 000, ka i koe eono ma ka
Contribuu me
a millorar
traducci
maluna papaaina i loko o deviation 'Oiaio e hook i e lawe maikai, no ke ahiahi
nui, no ka mea, io lai helu. Pela, ma laila n n helu ka hike 'ana i ka' Oiaio +
74, + 47, - 26, - 0,25, + 5, + 28 ho i ka uuku + 21.3; nolaila, e pili ana i ka hope,
^ = , = 3, a me ka V = 0 , ua lawe mai keia manao paa 2000 manawa, ua loaa i
loko o uku pila. I, e ma lalo o ka m = 6, N = 2000 loina i helu 'ia.]

Text original

XVII. I ka noonoo, a me ka poe elua kapakahi Gaussian

kanawai.
118. Ina o ka mea GG, a makou 24 - 29 Ua wehewehe, no ka nui ma K.G. presupposed asymmetric W. Kane deviations bez. A aole pololei ma K.-G. ua pili,
aka, o ka elua-kolamu GG ( 33) ka mea, e laweia'ku no ka mea, ia lakou i paa,
mamuli o ka mea i na olelo a pau o ke kumu o GG ma K.-G. e transferable i ka wa a
na deviations o D ma kahi o A e, a me na bez mahope iho o na mea GG, no
naoaoelua. A lilo Hawaii , ka m , = : m. bez. kela a me keia aoao pakahi
i ka nui o kia mau. ma ', ka m ^, e' = ' : m + ' a , ka
m , , E , = , : ka m , caiaiai. No ka mea, aole makou e hele aku ai ka poe mua i
loko o V. Mok. mmala'lelo e hike ana i hana e pili ana i ka noonoo GG, i ka poe
iloko o keia hihia e lawe oia i ka ia kekahi, ma ka hope o na mea lewa.
He hana i hoopaapaa i ka pela mamao makana, i puunaue Panel o ka GG, ke di
Aloha -plate a me ka -plate aole hana ino. : , no ka mea, i iho la lakou, ua
huiia i 27, aka, bez. :
Notes ( 183).

, pkole t, ua kukulu ia. Ia papa, ua lohe lakou ma ka

Oia no lalo o ke kahua Gaussian hooholo i ka W. ole proportionate helu o ka

hookahi waiwai koke e kekahi nui, e like me:
(1)
kahi

Ia lakou ma waena haawiia palena o e loaa, ia oukou i ka mea mua olelo

me D , e hoonui ae, e lawe i ka integral o ia mea ma waena o n palena ma ka
ninau. ua nui:
(2)

a mahope iho o ka hope o ka h ma 1 :

, ma

t, D ma

dt;

(3)
a me ka W. ole proportionate helu o waena o na = :
hawi 'ole ka mea hope;

= 0, a me ka

, Pika = [ na ]. (4)
Keia probability [ na ] e pono no kaokoa n loina Halau kaheaia ma ka papaaina
i loko o ka paiiai. I ka loa helu o ma waena o n palena 'ole = 0, a me ka hawi '
ole e loaa, hookahi i [ na ]aole hoi i ka huina helu o na mika e hoonui.
Ka integral olelo no [ na ] hiki i ka ikeia, aole noniakahi iloko o finite ano, aka,
ho i paha, ma ka hahai mana loa puke, ka mea i na manawa a ikaika converged, a pela
ka i ka ho omaulia o , ua pono e like me na = : , ua emi iho malalo o 1,
nolaila, < , di Aloha <1,772 45 ua:
(5)
Mai ka folgends bez. Baraka , t i lawe, i ka hou, e hiki ai T ] e AOON. Na mana a
pau o na , ua 'oluolu, no ka mea, na = : , a me ka aka hoi e maikai a me ka
io.
Ano, ua nui e hoailona oukou ia ia, ina, e like me ka pinepine me ko kakou palapala
noi o ka hihia, ke kumukuai o , a ma ka na = : i hele mai i loko, uuku loa ia i
ka Central hewa o keia hoopunipuni , pela na iho, ua uuku loa, na lala a pau o ka
moo ( 5) hiki ke malama ole e like me n mea ma mua; a He kokekau wale:
(6)
, (7)
Ak,o ka waiwai o keia malama ole ana o na lala kiekie ae, e like me (5) he trifle
manao nui nui, a pela makou i ai e waiho i loko o hou aku au mamuli:
, (8)
kahi , he uuku loa maikai waiwai. Mai (8) aka, penei:
, (9)
whereafter k malama ole , di Aloha mahope iho o ka kokekau wale Hawaii (7), ua

loaa iki he uuku.

119. O ka waiwai o i hope o GG kekahi maamau ana i kekahi i kekahi, e
hiki ke loko mai o ka hawi panel loina, insofar e like me ka mea e malama i ka
XIX. Kanawai, kona e hooiaio ai i ka hou He kokekau wale i manao ai, i ka nui ka
m . Pukana
EQ=
ke kumu-uuku-ah like deviation, ka mea i manaoia astronomers
e like me ke kaulana deviation par pookela, a me ka W kapa paha deviation, oa ka
deviation i ka wa a ka poe e lawe maikai a me ka hopena maikai 'deviations o ka
lung Hawaii, e like me ka nui nui deviations kokoke e lilo uuku i ma lalo iho, pela
basically ka Central aiee o na deviations, aole e hookahuli ai i ko kakou Central
Hawaii par pookela, me C ka mea i haawiia mai ai, ma keia, aole he deviation ,
aka, he hookahi no. It Ua ano, ua hahai maamau hoahanau:
= 1,253 314 , pela me ka nui loa = 5 / 4 ? ;
= 0,797 885 Q , pela noticeably = 4 / 5 Q ; (10)
Q = 1,482 604 W , W = 0.674 489 Q

= 1,182 947 W , W = 0,845 347

Ma hookomoia ka mua, ka 'aoao no ma ka na = :
me ka hoololi i ka pili ahaaina i:
a me k =

e hiki no ia no hoi

, (11)

Mahope, eia kahi mea akaka ma mua indifferent i ka olelo no ka mea, na oukou e
pili ana. Wale ka mea, aole ia he mea no ka mokumokuahua ina mea mua Q o na
mika phoonui lua o ka deviations, 2 , manao aku a laila 'ole w, ' o ia hoi ka
mua formulas e loaa, a me ka hope versa ole w, mai ka mea likeole i kekahi o
keia mau waiwai, i ka e huli i kekahi, aka, me ka pololei hooholo o Q o na mika
phoonui lua o na deviations i kekahi i kekahi mau mea oi maluhia ma mua o ka mea
no , e like me ke kumu no na mea likeole, a me ka hope, kahi i mailuilu oi aku
mamua o ka mea o ka w, ma ka helu i na deviations, a iloko wale ka loko e like me ka
mea maluna formulas loina ka hooili. Nolaila, he mea e hoomanao i ke kino a me ka
Astronomical Malehre makemake i ka waiwai k = : Q
, ma ka pololei manao
paa o Q o na mika phoonui lua o na deviations; aka, e loaa i ka ia e malu ai ana i ka
kekahi, ka 'aoao no ka mea, na ka wa a W e like me ka mea maluna formulas mai
ka pololei haawi Q i loko, ak, ka maluhia, ua haahaa i ka wa hookahi , a
hiki w, ma ka hike o ka na pono o ka mea deviations manao, a ua loaa kekahi mea
ma ka hoohana 'ana i ka makahiki k = : Q
ka wa Q ka mea, ma ka hoohana'
ana i mua formulas mai ka pololei hooholo a W ua loko.

Oiai, ano, i ka mua pono o ka waiwai Halau = : Q

, ma ka pololei manao paa
o Q , he poo kumu a mea lanakila no e malu ai, mai na 'ole o ka manao paa o
ke Halau ua ma mua, ioukou e lilo aka, iloko o na Kane nui makemake i ka
waiwai k = :
e e hooholo o mai ka lawelawe, no ka mea, ma ka
nui o na discrepancies me ka mea a makou e ana, i nui ma keia Malehre, squaring ia
lakou e paha eoi aku cumbersome, i ka pomaikai o ka maluhia ma ka hoohanaana i
ka pono i haawiia Q mua ka pololei kekahi mau aka, ua mailuilu, a me ka
nui ka m loa nalowale me ka nui loa o kona manao. Eia, ma ka hewa o keia
hoopunipuni paha o ka pono i haawiia Q like

oia i ka pono, ua kekahi kaulike, a me ka

pono kekahi W like

1) .

1) [The

derivation o keia paha hewa, he GAUSS i loko o ka puke pai o ka Lewanuu

Vol I (hana; .. Vol IV, pp 116, 117) a me Encke ma ka hoonoho aku ma ka mea uuku
mika phoonui lua (Pelelina Astron iaoia Yearbook no ka makahiki 1834 S. , 293 a
me 298). He mea pono e hoomaopopo i ka laul waiwai no ka w, i ka mea i loaa ma
ka hoakaka ia wahi i loko o Gauss, ua hoinoino.]

120. Ua ike na prcdente mea a pau. Aka, he mea paha, aole e panee ole, i keia
he kakaikahi wale no lakou e hoonui mai mai au iau iho mai ka GG loko e puhi ia.
Hana e makaala ia oukou iho i na puu o na kihikihio 2 me ke kahua o ka
palena pau huina ( ) 2 e pioloke. Ano, ina e lawe i ka pilikia, koe nae ka hope,
wale ma squaring o ka i eo aiee e hele i mua laborious ma ka hoomaopopo ana i
ka deviation mika phoonui lua, pela no oukou e lawe i ka noonoo i ( ) 2 = ( ka
m ? ) 2 a me ka 2 mq = 2 , mai ka helu kaulike.

maalahi ka hana hoihoi helu kaulike;

, (12)
ai ole ia, i ka wa a ka olelo ma kaaoao hema o ka P mau khea,
P = (12a)
ho oholo i ka 2 m, di Aloha palua ka deviation helu hoomahuahua puu o na mika
phoonui lua, puunaueia ma ka hale o ka palena pau dala, e like me ka huakai
kaapuni ana no.Pkole e like me ka hailula P -formula wela.
Ma ka lima kekahi, ua loaa ia mahope iho o ka mua hailula pololei cumbersome e
ppilikia puu o kihikihio ia mai ka mm ai e paa mika phoonui lua o ka deviation
dala e like me ka hailula:
, (13)
wale i ka pololei i ho'kka 'huina 2 , ua maopopo lea hou aku i mea paa ma
mua, mahope iho o mua hailula o ( ) 2 loko.
Ka elua Central hewa, ka poe noonoo = : ka m , a me heah like , e hiki n
ia i ke kolu
(14)
hui aku, ka mea au e kapa aku i ka p ai oaio kuhihewa, ae like me ka luna 'aoao o
ka mea i loaa ma ka hoohuihui: na puu o kihikihio me ka huina o n deviations
paha, i ka mea dala i ka ia mea, mahele ana i ka hale o ke kumu manao, me ka
noonoo ole awelike hewa o keia hoopunipuniah like hewa o keia hoopunipuni
I haawi ia ia i ka inoa maluna, no ka mea, e pili ana i ka ma ka P hike-helu
kaulike kaapuni lki ho ka popoiwi wahi iloko o ka hoohalike, penei. E ke keiki i
mua, ke kaulike, ua mona pono ma ka na oko, he mea i loko o ka w pino i
deviations ka mea i oi aku mamua pau, P oi aku mamua o ; Ina, nae, P , ua emi
iho malalo o wa deviations uuku mamua o ua ulu ana. Ka hoololi oia i ka
mamao o ka lakou mau deviation mai proportional. Ka ike maopopo ana i keia I
kekahi, 2) .

2)

[He penei ka P iloko o kona dependence ma kekahi hookahi deviation

Hawaii i , kona palena iki i ka wa hiki

ole = .. Ia manawa ka mea, ua
akaka no ka P kona loa palena iki me na loina 2 hiki, i ka wa a kela mea keia mea
o i = mea.]

Ua loaa iau ka P loaa-helu kaulike i ka lehulehu developmental maemae hewa ma

ka psychophysical ano o ka awelika hewa o keia hoopunipuni hoao admirably.
Mahope iho o ka haawi, ka 'aoao, no ka hewa o keia hoopunipuni waena ekolu i ke
kia pilina:
, (15)
a he mea hiki e hoike ia na puu ma luna o kia deviation o ia hoi, lalau no ka huina
dala o na deviations i Cape. Loaa XVIII ana ma lalo nei kahi e , e like me ka mea
mau i ka waihona ipu helu o maoli logarithms:
= 0,72738 bez: :

: = 0,60653 bez Q ,

= 0,45594 bez. ;
o ka mea a ka mea mua elua loina kokoke loa i ka lki o 7 : 6 loaa.
Ka like lki o ka lalo deviation huina nui o ua maoli i loaa mai ma ka deducting
mua helu o 1, a ua alaila, loaa ai ka lalo, a me luna deviation huina, bez. Q loa
kokoke e like me ka 2: 3 hoi.
No W , ua ka pili lki o ke keena deviation huina 0,79655; aka, o ka waiwai me ka
manao i ka mea a ka luna deviation dala, ua like ia me ka mea ma lalo, he
1,17741 Q .
Ka luna deviation huahelu poe no ka huina helu o na likeole ma lalo nei:
. 0,42494 bez ; . 0,31731 bez Q ; 0,21009 bez. ; : 0.5 bez W ;
mahope iho o ka mea a keia mau hoahanau no ka mea, W , , Q, loa ma kahi
kokoke i ka 5 : 4 : 3 : . 'aelike' 2
Ak, kekahi e hiki e like me ka awelika deviation lua o ka papa me ka 2 e

hoohikiia ma ko kumu o na oko o ka lula o ma hoakaka i ka ia, di Aloha,

ina " i ka huina a me " i ka helu o , ka mea i emi iho malalo o ua, e
like me " a " i ka huina a me ka helu o ka mea, ua oi aku , K ka mea
" - ' = " - ' ' = ka m 2 ].
, (16)
He kokekau wale me

e hoonukiuki.

E like me ka waiwai o ka hiki hook 'ia e kekahi papa o ka poe likeole e like
me ka XIX. Kanawai, a me ka waiwai o ke aloha. Ina o e like me ka hike maluna,
ke' Aea dala luna Q puunaueia ma ka huina deviation dala e like me
ka
huina deviation puu dala, ua inversely puunaueia e ka luna bez. Q , a me ka puu hapa
huinah like me e ka .
121. All mua moolelo ma ka GG hoonoho i ko lakou piha validity he nui, ikaika
olelo ana, mana loa helu o na likeole mua mai a pau i loko o ka pili
DEBFULLNAME, ka mea hoi, e like me ka hoomaopopo mua, aole ia e ole ka loa
lp a hiki ma ka nui o na deviations mea e loaa i ka loa kokekau wale empirical
hoiaio n o ka mua pohihihi; a like me no ka mea, me ka holomua hana o ka K.G. ma kekahi hihia o kekahi, aole inconsiderable nui ka m o na kope i kekahi , a
nolaila, likeole o ka ia, ma naoaoelua o D no, pela no oukou e hiki ole wale no he
nui kokekau wale hoiaio aku i mua pohihihi manao wehewehe aku, ma Waiho
hou i ka mea GG, ma ka elua-kolamu], aka, no hoi i loaa. Ia manawa loaa i n
deviations mai ka pela-kapaia, heoiaio n cia, oa oia o ka mana loa ka m hope, a
pl-kapa. Ua pilikia ka, mea kaumaha ma muli o ka nui o ka finite ka m i
naoaoelua, a me ka ka m ^ a me ka m , ma ka nui o kia mau, noho mamuli o
kela a me keia aoao, aka hoi lula 'kaaeana; a kapa aku ia mea ma ka hapa o ka pelakapaia, paha kuhihewa, i kekahi manawa i ka corrections o ka manao paa o finite ka
m , ke kaumaha ma muli o ka hewa o keia hoopunipuni e hoololi i ka waiwai oiaio
indifferent, a hiki i ka maikai a me ka io, a ma kekahi ala e hiki aku ai i kekahi o ka
nui o ka M -dependent waiwai, ua hookokoke i ole iwaho 3) .

3)

[The corrections no ka mea kaulana deviation loina, he one i 44 kii 45.; ka pahasensible kuhihewa no , Q a me ka w, e hiki ai ke loaa ma luna 119 hike. No
hoi ke kumukuai i olelo ia, oia no ka hewa o keia hoopunipuni paha ma ka
hoomaopopo ana i ka makemakika olelo A o ka m mea e manao cia, a me ka mea
ia makou ,
Ua hiki mai kau w, e like me ka mau, me ka hewa o keia hoopunipuni
paha di Aloha paha deviation o ke kanaka Hawaii (ike luna malalo. (10)) makana.

122. [kauoha Ano ka cogency o bipartite GG like me ka mua wale n ke e like

me ka puunaue kanawai o K.-G. e hoao ma lalo o-hoohana alodio GG, ua ma waena
o ka malama, a hailona i ke kanaka ma muli o n papa I, a me III o VIII. Chapter e
like papa no ka hana Hawaii. Aia hoi, ua mau Panel i na like me k, no ka mea, ua
nawaliwali wale asymmetry, a pela ho'pono aku i ka manao a pau i lawe ku e ana i
ka elua kapakahi lanakila iloko o ke kanawai ikaika asymmetry e lewa i ka nui loa.]
[Mai ka 5 hoemi papa o Table I ( 64) I koho i ka wahi E , = 368, a mai ka 4
hoemi papa o ka panel III ( 65) o ke kulana E , = 60, me ka olelo a ka poe kahiko,
ka kpa a nawaliwali, ka ka la mahope me ka ikaika loa i pili asymmetry e like me ka
kekahi papa. No ka mea, na Panel ano pu me ka mahalo aku i A , o na loina k = :

, a ma ia hope [na ] a me ka olua i D pa , i na loina T ^ = ' : E

me na , = , : E ,
a ma neia hope [ Halau ] a [ na , ] ppilikia kahi
o , ^ , , o a a me D pa mai i ka lakou mau w mawaena hoohaiki
ana i i (aole i pii mai i ka iho) ana. He nui no hoi na mea oko Kime
Pookela Hawaii i like me ka poe e hike cia, hana a loaa [ na ] a mem, i
ka [ Halau ' ] resp. [ na , ] me ka m ' , niioaaonoaaiii. M , mahuahua iho la
lakou. Ma keia ala, o ka ppilikia e like me ka hoomlamalama mai, a me ka
bilateral GG kpono Z Hawaii e like me ka malama plaque aiee i loko o ka elua
pakuhi ma lalo iho. Eia ka laul aiee o , e ka a me E , waiho ole? Iaea ia
kumu, mai ke kaa o ka ia i loko o ka nui o ka m , he inconsequential, a me ka
makemake degere o ka pololei;
E like me ka empirical Z o ka papaaina I (vertical loa o ka puniu wale no,) a me
ka theoretical, a mahope iho o alodio kapakahi GG
E = 1 mm o : i = 5: A = 408,2, D pa = 409,7, = : 11,1 k '= 10,4, E , = 11,9; ka m =
450, ka m ' = 210, ka m , = 240th
he

empirical Z

Theoretical Z

unuhi

bez. D k

Bez. A

bez. A

Bez. D k

363

0.5

0.5

+ 0.5

+ 0.5

368

373

+1

+1

378

+1

+2

383

17

13

13

-4

-4

388

24

22,5

22,5

- 1.5

- 1.5

393

36

35,5

34,5

- 0.5

- 1.5

398

41

49

47

+8

+6

403

59

60

58

+1

-1

408

65

64

64

-1

-1

413

65

60

62

-5

-3

418

51

50

52

-1

+1

423 mau 40

37

38

-3

-2

428

24

24

+7

+7

17

433

19

13

13

-6

-6

438

+3

+2

443

+1

+1

448

-1

-1

453

0.5

0.5

+ 0.5

+ 0.5

dala

450

450

450

46

42

E like me ka empirical Z o ka papaaina III (Hokoana) me ka theoretical, a

mahope iho o alodio kapakahi GG
E = 1 in: i = 1 , A = 71,75, D pa = 71,99, ? = 2,04 e ka = 1,92, E , = 2,16, ka m =
2047 m + ' = 963 , 5, ka m , = 1083,5.
he

empirical Z

theoretical Z
bez. A

unuhi

bez. D k

bez. A

bez. D k

60

-L

-1

61

62

0.5

+ 0.5

63

1.5

+1

+1,5

64

3.5

+1,5

+2

65

15,5

10

12

- 5.5

- 3.5

66

26

26

28

+2

67

54

58

59

+4

+5

68

108

110

108

+2

69

172

179

174

+7

+2

70

253

252

243

-1

- 10

71

290

304

298

+ 14

+8

72

330,5

315

318

- 15,5

- 12,5

73

296

282

291

- 14

-5

74

223,5

217

226

- 6.5

+2,5

75

142

143

145,5

+1

+ 3.5

76

75

81

80,5

+6

+5,5

77

38

40

37

+2

-1

78

13

17

15

+4

+2

79

3.5

+2,5

+1,5

80

-1

81

0.5

- 0.5

-1

82

0.5

- 0.5

- 0.5

83

0.5

- 0.5

- 0.5

dala

2047

2047

2047

90

72

E like me ka oukou e ike, i ka huina dala o na deviations ma waena o malama a me

ka ppilikia waiwai, ke kpae cia mea iloko o na papa i lawe ia e uuku no ka elua
kapakahi kanawai e like no me ka noonoo, ina o ka like oi loa no ka mea mua e like
papa mua, ua mailuilu. Aka, i ka mea e hina ia oi nui, no ka nui ihola ua, i ka mea i
loaa ma o ka elua kapakahi kanawai e like me ka noonoo ole ma ka hike o ka Kora
naEsau o na Panel, ka Endabteilungen e ku e ia.]
[Ma ke ala o ka nane e hoike ana i Z aiee o ka bilateral kanawai a me ka poe e
like Z aiee o ka poe noonoo kanawai ma na hihia 'aelike nei, mai ka mai ka
papaaina oaio? No ka mea, e ulu ana ka poe mua nui, a laila uuku, no ka mea,
decreasing i ka poe mua uuku, a laila nui e like me keia mau nei. Ke kumu no ka
mea, o keia moe i loko o ka elua Panel na olelo o ka asymmetry, a me keia mau lki.
E pono e nana e hoole, ina ka e ku pono kuhikuhi ana o ka asymmetry e loaa.]

XVIII. Ka huina o Law, a me ka Supplementarverfahren.

123. E l, i ka GG, a hiki e like me au i ike, wale no e hooholo i ka pili ole loa ka
helu o na deviations o A , ua hoohanaia ma waena o haawiia palena o ka
deviation; aka, he mea hiki, e pili i ia mea, a me ke 'ano o ka corollary o ka mea no
hoi formulas no ka mea pili a me ka loa huina o na deviations a A ma waena o haawi
mai palena o ka deviation ulu, ka mea, e like me na formulas bez. e like me ka loihi e
noho i ka GG i na mea a pau i pololei ia a me ka pili pono i ka manao lokahi oko ao,
e like me ka symmetrical W. deviations bez. Ano; aka, hou e lawe i ka hihia o
asymmetric W. mahope iho o ka elua-kolamu GG henua pololei no kela a me keia
aoao i like ko ka wa he poe hana pela deviations bez. D ma bez: Alawe maikai nei, a
me ka m , , , , t no kela palapala ma ua pili ma ka m , , , , e , , k , a me ka
m ^ , ' , aloha' , na ' caiaiai.

Aka, ua loaa i n hualoaa e pili ana i ka huina o na deviations pela hou noonoo, e
like me lakou i like ke keakea ana o n hualoaa e pili ana i ka heluana o n likeole,
wale kekahi i ka finite manawa, aole recyclable integral, a he mana loa puke, ua ma
keia hope aku tabulated ia, no ka mea, ua expressible aho i loko o finite ano, no hoi
ma o ka Supplementarverfahren ( 128), ka mea a lakou i keia, ua nui he mea o hope
o ke kumu kaawale e hoonohoia malalo iho o ke ala o ka penei.
124. I ka huina o na deviations i kekahi deviation palena mai o ka densest aiee i
kekahiaoao, olelo ke 'oluolu, a hiki i ka mokuna ^ e hooholo i ka mea a ka ia, he
oiaio no kaaoao io, e lawe aku i ka huina huina o likeole ma kiaaoao, di
aloha ' , ano mau mea i ka poe noonoo awelike deviation e' = ' : ka m ' ,
2 ], alaila, o ka loa huina
e na = ' : e' , mai fancy iho ka hope o rula e exp [- 'ole
o na deviations mai ua '= 0 i ka haawi ' like: ' (1 - exp, - Halau ]) a me ka hou
ana o ' i e waiho like ana: ' exp, - na ];ka proportionate dala i ^ aka, di
Aloha ka mua lung, i puunaueia ma ka huina ' a me T e denoted e'like 1 - exp
[- Halau 2 ], ma ka hou exp [- na 2 ].

Ma kahi o n alii e kpae, a me proportionate puu dala i i kekahi kali ' e hooholo,
a eia hoi, e hiki ia hoolako' no hoi i kekahi poe o deviations i ka ' wela, hana, aka,
me ka nui ka m ^ , e like me ka mea i hoakaka ia maanei , Z : ka m ^ mamuli o
kekahi ma mua alanui 'ole a me ka hope versa e like me , ma ke Halau - papaaina e
hiki ke loaa. No laila, e Z ' :ka m ua haawi mai ai, alaila, nana aku no ka mea , t aina ka ' ole a me ka hoohana 'ana i ia mea ma muaano a pau e helu paa.
Ma keia manao, o kela cia i loko o ka - kolamu o ka puunaue panel nae he loa w
mawaena i ho, i ka mea a ka luna o ke kkau Z - hoolaha aku Hawaii, ka mea a
makou i ka kahahnai w mawaena o ka mea i kahea, pela no ka palena a hiki i ka
mea a kakou i ka huina ua e lawe i ka helu o na deviations, aole ma ke ke i - kolamu
ia iho, aka, ma ka ikaika o kona kahahnai w mawaena, ana ia mea i ke anapuni o ka
w mawaena pili i ka ai pili aku, e like me ka manao e hike '.
Ma kahi o summing aku i kau palena o D , e hooholo mai kela a me keia lima, ia
lakou e haawi ma kela a me keia aoao, mamua o ka nui hooholo ma kela a me keia
aoao mawaena o kekahi palena like ka ia ala, ma ka unuhi i na mokuna pili i ka mua
ai ano puu o keia la.
125. E exp [- Halau 2 ] e loaa, hookui 2 log 'ole i 0,63778 i 1, i keia hulina i ka
helu ma ka plki papa, kau aku negatively, oia hoi, lakou i kikoo ma ka ae kiekie
ae a pau i heluia, ae hui me ia i keia hope me ka hopena maikai hailona hou; keia
nana aku i hope i ka helu, pela no keia mea exp [- na 2 ] .
Keia i ka ho omaulia i ka lilo o ka papa aole pilikia, nae, e like me oukou ke ike, he
iki cumbersome, a ma ka mea e hookoe mai no kela hihia, e hiki alaila, nae, no ka
mea, equidistant k = :
, a me ka multiplication o ka me
ka minamina ,
no ka mea, o ka poe o : i ka AYEIE aiee o

a ma ia hope 1 - exp [- Halau 2 ] hoakaka, ae lawe i ka equidistant Hawaii kokoke

lawa ai alaila interpolate ma waena. Eia no ia i ka papaaina kona Hawaii oiaio e
moe a hikiana aku i kekahi i kekahi, e ae ia ka loa pololei interpolation.

Papa e hoike ana i ka deviation puu o i , ka Totalsummme e like me ka

mokuna E kau iho
exp [Halau 2 ]

,
exp
[- Halau2 ]

exp
[- Halau]

0.00

1,00000

1,00

0,72738

2,00

0,27992

0,05

0,99920

1,05

0,70403

2,05

0,26245

0,10

0,99682

1,10

0,68035

2,10

0,24568

0,15

0,99286

1,15

0,65641

2.15

0,22961

0,20

0,98735

1,20

0,63232

2,20

0,21425

0,25

0,98030

1,25

0,60813

2.25

0,19960

0,30

0,97176

1,30

0,58395

2,30

0,18566

0,35

0,96176

1,35

0,55983

2,35

0,17241

0,40

0,95034

1,40

0,53586

2,40

0,15986

helu
0.45

0,93757

1,45

0,51210

2,45

0,14798

0,50

0,92350

1,50

0,48861

2.50

0,13677

0,55

0,90820

1,55

0,46545

2,55

0,12621

0,60

0,89173

1,60

0,44270

2,60

0,11628

0,65

0,87417

1,65

0,42038

2,65

0,10696

0,70

0,85558

1,70

0,39855

2,70

0,09823

0,75

0,83606

1,75

0,37726

2,75

0,09006

0,80

0,81569

1,80

0,35654

2,80

0,08245

0,85

0,79455

1,85

0,33641

2,85

0,07536

0,90

0,77273

1,90

0,31692

2,90

0,06877

0,95

0,75031

1,95

0,29809

2,95

0,06266

exp [Halau 2 ]

exp [ - Halau 2 ]

exp [ - Halau ]

3,00

0,05700

4.00

0,00614

5.00

0,00035

3,05

0,05176

4,05

0,00540

5,05

0,00030

3,10

0,04694

4,10

0,00474

5,10

0,00025

3,15

0,04249

4,15

0,00416

5,15

0,00022

3,20

0,03841

4,20

0,00364

5,20

0,00018

3.25

0,03466

4,25

0,00318

5,25

0,00015

3,30

0,03123

4,30

0,00278

5,30

0,00013

3,35

0,02809

4,35

0,00242

5:35

0,00011

3,40

0,02523

4,40

0,00211

5,40

0,00009

3:45

0,02263

4,45

0,00183

5,45

0,00008

3,50

0,02026

4,50

0,00159

5.50

0,00007

3,55

0,01811

4,55

0,00137

5,55

0,00006

3,60

0,01616

4,60

0,00119

5,60

0,00005

3.65

0,01440

4,65

0,00103

5,65

0,00004

3,70

0,01281

4,70

0,00088

5,70

0,00003

3,75

0,01138

4,75

0,00076

5,75

0,00003

3,80

0,01009

4,80

0,00065

5,80

0,00002

3,85

0,00893

4,85

0,00056

5,85

0,00002

3: 90

0,00790

4,90

0,00048

5,90

0,00002

3,95

0,00697

4,95

0,00041

5,95

0,00001

6,00

0,00001

6,15

0,00001

6,20
0,00000
126. O ka derivation o ka huina o ke kanawai, e like me ka hana ana o A ma ka
mea GG, oia keia.
Ma hope o na mea GG, na aoao elua pu lawe loa helu o na discrepancies ma waena
o ka mea Halau = 0, a me ka hawi waiwai o ka Halau = :
:

; Koke m [ na ]. (1)
E loaa i ka AYEIE huina, he i ka mua cia ma lalo o ka integral hailona me hoonui
i ka mea a ka poe:
, (2)
Aka , t = :
nolaila, = k ?
ma hope integral;

, hookahi i ka hookomoia keia nui no ka ,

, (3)
Ka nui poihana o 2 Halau exp [- Halau ] dt no ka noonoo ia tdt = D k 2 ,
integrable ma finite ano, o like - exp [- Halau 2 ], a no ia aoao palena , t = 0, a me na
= , t ua like ia me (1 - exp [- Halau 2 ]), a me ka m ? = hoonui, ua:
(1 - exp, - Halau ]), (4)
e like me ka huina o ma waena o na = 0, a me ka hawi 'ole.
pokole ia
1- exp [- Halau ] = T (5)
waiho pela
T (6)
ke koi waiwai.
Ano, ua kheaia ma loko o ka mana moo:
, (7)
ka mea loaa i ia kekahi ma ka mea uuku loa k di Aloha :
, ua lawa ke
hoopaa i ka elua hua'lelo mua, a ma ka uuku loa Halau remarkably nei:
T = 'ole . (
8)
Ma ka hihia o ke asymmetry i o D , ma kahi o A , e hele i waho, ae hoolilo aku i ka
elua-kolamu GG, D, i: aka i ' a , a na kela a me keia aoao like
ma e a E , e hilinai nei, e like me ma mua, ma .
127. I mea e like me ka kilo hoike, he mea no papa, ke 'Aea dala e hooholo ia
iho, e haawiia mai mokuna o lkou. Ano pili i ka empirical hooholo o ka
huina kela a me keia aoao (e like me ka 74):
, = ka m , D - A , ;

 ' = i' - ka m D ; (9)

Formulas no ka mea, o ka manao paa no i ka haawiia mai kali , a me ' hoololi i
kela a me keia aoao pono o ka mea ma lalo iho o ka m , a me ka m ' ka mea hou i
ka totality o ka deviation aiee o kela a me keia aoao, aka, wale no ka deviation kii
mai i ua kali, a me ka kekahi , , ka ' ole o ka totality o ka kela a me keia aoao,
aka, e hoomaopopo hou wale no a hiki i ka haawiia mai kali, he mea makou, ua aho
ia mamua o wale K i ka lakou mau loina a me elua dashes luna a lalo, e pili ana i ka
totality me dashes. Ina Ano, D iloko o nui e kau mai i loko o kekahi w mawaena, oia
ka hapa o ka m ^ , ka m " , A " , ka " poe i hina i loko o kl w mawaena, e
like me ma mua ( 72 make. 73) ', manao paa au e interpolation , oiai ua hawiia
kekahi hapa i koe ma ke kilo wale.
E wehewehe i keia ma ka papa ele ele I o 450 iwi kakou. [No ka mea, o ka ka
ho'miana kulana E , = 368 ( 64) Ka Huila D pa = 409,7 ma ka w mawaena mai
405,5 ai 410,5. He mea pela he 0 = 408, Z 0 = 65, i = 5: g. 1 = 405,5, m = 4.2, a ua loaa
mai ka D pa hiki aku i ka mua w mawaena palena 405,5 " , no ka mea, di
Aloha NAHI D pa - Y, kahi y me ka mea i ka helu, a me Y Hike i ka huina o kaano
w mawaena, e like me na formulas (13) a me ka (8) o IX mokuna.
Y = 65 = 55, Y = 55 407,6, y me D

pa

- Y = 55 2.1 = 116th

Loaa pela i kia 'e likeaina ma waena o kumumanao o ka hoao ana no ka haahaa
deviation puu o ka panel I:
E like me ka empirical " me ka theoretical hihia o ka papaaina I (vertical
loa o ka puniu wale no).
E = 1 mm o; i = 5; D k = 409,7 mau , = 11,9, , = 2840th
"

"
empir.

theor.

unuhi

" : ,
empir.

Theor.

unuhi

0 i ka
4.2

116

111

-5

0.041

0.039

- 0,002

"9,2

511

491

- 20

0.180

0,173

- 0,007

"14,2

991

1034

+43

0.349

0,364

+ 0.015

"19,2

1592

1599

+7

0,561

0,563

+ 0.002

"24,2

2113

2079

- 34

0,744

0,732

- 0,012

"29,2

2566

2423

- 143

0,904

0,853

- 0,051

"34,2

2725

2636

- 89

0,960

0,928

- 0.032

"39,2

2798

2749

- 50

0,982

0,968

- 0,014

"44,2

2840

2806

- 34

1,000

0,988

- 0,012

It E e ike, a me ka mea hookokoke n alii e kpae a me ka pili deviation kupono e

like me lakou, e halihali i ka panel ua poe ma ka huina o ke kanawai. He pono e lawe
i ka nn 'ana i ka empirical Hawaii, holoholo i kaaahu o ka makana o ka resp. ua
paa iloko o kela a me keia w mawaena, oiai ka theoretical i ka ho omaulia ma ka
assumption oia i ka puunaue, he mau pahuhopu nei me ka XIX. Law, a ma loko o
nanuu. ]
128. Additional. The Supplementarverfahren.
Ina, e like me ke ano mua, ma ka puunaue panel wale no ka huina helu, aka, aole i
ka huina dala o kekahi, ka mea ma luna, a moe iho la kela ma lalo kekahi waiwai, e
like wale no me ka Vorzahl V , a me Nachzahl N aka, aole Vorsumme V , a me
Nachsumme N pono i haawiia mai, e hiki no ia C , aka, aole a , aole D pa pono, aole
hoi i ka deviation oihana pili i keia mau cia, a nolaila, aole haawi aku no au e
hiki. Manawa e hiki mai ai e like me ia mahope iho, he mau mea kau laborious, hana
ka mea au i kapa aku ai i ka Supplementarverfahren, hea.
Hooholo ma D pa Aka D i , nona wale ana o D pa e like me uuku okoa, e
hookomoia no ka mea, e initially koe i ka noonoo o ka V, V, n, N ma ka lima, aka, me
hooholo i ka malie kpili deviation helu ka m " , ka m ^ a me ka deviation
puu " , " e like me ka ike iaoia oi wale mai i ka holo o ka panel. N nae, he
mea no hoi e hooholo i ka huina deviation nui ka m , = ka m ^ + V , a me ka
m ' = ka m ' + n , ma keia hope aku V: ka m , a iloko : ka m ': mau loina a pau e
hiki keikeia i loko o ka papaaina i n loina loaa kona i ka ho omaulia mahope
hike e, ma ka papaaina aka e, ma ka liilii loa no kekahi aiee poe i hoolaia mai i
ka pilikia o ka ho omaulia. Ka papaaina, he pono i ka poe liilii Hawaii V: ka m , a
me n: ka m io, e like me ka mea ma kahi loihi loa na hihia he wale ia he; kahi o ka
papaaina mea, aole i lawa ka, e e mau hailona i pololei.
I hoakaka ia, hookahi loaa ka piha huina o na deviations lalo, a me luna,
mai D i penei:
,

. (10)

Olelo mahope 1) :
,

;
, (11)

1)

[No keia presupposed validity o ka elua-kolamu GG no D i ke ola ana o ka

proportional kanawai: E ' : E , = ka m ': ka m , ua ka no i me ka nn 'ole i ka
mea i panai no ka poe luna, pili me ka pili ana i keia kanawai hailula no hoi pono: he
= D i + e '- e , ua kau, i hoohalikeia ia i ka luna derivation o ka haawi mai i PAaIEN
no ka maluhia o ka paa].

Kekahi no ka laul cia V : ka m , , N : ka m ' pili dala fractional Hawaii n

deviations e pili ana i kela a me keia aoao D.

.1626

0,37726

0,1105

0,27992

0,0726

0,19960

0,0461

0,13677

0,0282

0,09006

0,0167

0,05700

0,0095

0,03466

0,0052

0,02026

0,0028

0,01138

0,0014

0,00614

0,0007

0,00319

0,0003

0,00159

0,0002

0,00076

0,0001

0,00035

Ka i ka ho omaulia ana o hana ma kai e like me keia: kanaka e nana i ka

m ': ka m , , a me ka m ": ka m ^ , whichever ka mea, oia ka aoao io a' oluolu, e
like me [ k ] lawe, i ka waiwai na , ae lawe = exp [- ole ] .
Keia manao kela ano keia ano, ua kalele iho maluna o ia kekahi, no kela a me keia
aoao o na deviations o D i ku ia maalahi GG e like me ka heluana a me ka awelika
deviation pakahi aku la ia i loaa i kia palapala no ka mea, i pololei ia pkole
statuiert ke mau ala GG no ka totality, a kau mai i ka poe iloko o ka uao rula ulu.

[O ka ekolu Hawaii: 1) ka pili nui o na deviations, 2) ka hoahanau huina o na

deviations, 3) ka lki o ke deviation iho la ia i ka mea o D i o ka pili nui a me ka
huina ua paa, a mai ka kaulana deviation , ua ka ua dependence ma kekahi i kekahi, i
kela a me keia elua hiki ke ho omaulia mai ke kolu. Aia hoi, he mea ku pono i ka
GG no ka deviations o kekahiaoao, no ka mea, laana, i ka maikai;
;

; (12)

kahi m + ' a ' hoi i noonoo ai i na huina a me ka huina o n deviations o

kiaaoao, " ak,o ka deviation mea, e ka mea i kpili helu ka m " a me ka hapa
huina ' " e hoopomaikai io. It Nolaila, ma ke ano i ho'kka 'ia i luna, i ka
m ": ka m ^ , kekahi me kekahi. M ": ka m , ma ka' uao 'ana o na ka waiwai '
': " resp. " : ,ppilikia mea, ina " resp. " ua loaa
empirically ' resp. , ua paa e (10).]
E wehewehe i keia hoolako 'ana i ka kekahi ano he kumu hoohlike, e like me ka
mea i loko o ka papa o Farani, Hokoana Quetelet ka 2) V = 28 620, N = 2490, ka m =
100 000th[Hanakimi loaa Ano D i = 1,6273 m, oa ka m , = 55 951, ka m '= 44
049, ka m ': ka m , = 0,48848, ka m ": m? '= 0,94347; hope mai o ka Halau papa mua, ina na = 0,46420 a me 1 - exp [- Halau 2 ] = 0,19385; lua, ina na =
1,34843 a me 1 - exp [- Halau 2 ] = 0,83769. Nolaila, aohe mea i loaa mai (10) ka
huina huina , = 3740,5, '= 2410,7 e like me " = 725,1 a me " =
2019,4. Eia ke oki, eia kahi mea akaka ke kanaka ma muli o (11) , e , = : 0,0669 e
ka '= 0,0547, A = 1,6140. Pela, he mea D - A = 0,0133, i ka wa e , - E '= 0,0122; Na
loina e like i kekahi i kekahi, aka, o ko lakou nee 'Aohe wai iau i loko o kona kumu
i ka auoiaea cia D au o ka proportional i ho'kka' D pa i kekahi iki. Quetelet ia iho,
ka mea hele ma aayoaeuiinoe ke kapakai a ka malama probability aiee me ka
theoretical n loina i kona probability papa e kau i ka haawi aku i hana panel, wahi a:
"ia taille moyenne loa de Ka 1,62 ka m hoopuni"].

2)

[Lettres Surao thorie o probabilits, p. 401. "phaka Conscrits Hua palapala".]

Hanakimi ke manao nei au a hiki i ka hihia ma kahi o ka lalani a pau, ua hiki mai, i
na loina malama aka, abnormally e iho i ka poe liilii, e like me ka mea i ka hihia, me
ka Leipziger, a me Anna Berger Hokoana akahai, hookahi wale
Supplementarverfahren
Contribuu a millorar la traducci ma ka aoao ma luna o ka puke, aka, aia no ma ka aoao
hookahi o D mea, pono e pili ana i ka , e loaa i ka mea iho he uninvolved a
hakuloli i na ona o ka abnormality, me he mea la me ka maamau pilina ma waena o
ka nui a me ka nui o na deviations, he aha ka mea i presupposes no hoi i waihoia mai
i ka lalo hopena. Aka, o keia mau mea i ka hihia, aka, e hiki wale no i ka mea i manao

Text original

mai Supplementarverfahren he pono keia mau mea? Acoeueoao, e like me ka hookoe

'helu ana i ka wa haahaa loa o ka puke, a B wela, oia hoi maamau, e like me ka mea i
nee ai ma ka i ka ho omaulia, a he wela. Ma ka mea, aole makou kuhi nei ka
hoahanau helu o na deviations mai kekahi deviation aiee i ka hopena, di Aloha i loko
o ka hapa b, ua oi nui, pela hoi ka hoahanau helu ma luna, ma ka hapa o ka, e
abnormally he uuku; i ka wa Supplementarverfahren aka, mau, e kuhi ana he mea
maamau, ka mea i hoole aku paha i wale. Nolaila, ua hiki mai ka wa e hana ma ka
Supplementarverfahren me ka hanana puke, i absurd hopena. O papa, no ka waiwai
loaa pono emi iloko o ka moo ma ka Supplementarverfahren , a me maoli ka
waiwai o A. - A I loaa i ka poe kanaka o Leipzig e like me kalawe i ka hapa i ioaoao
o D = 69,71 i 66,5 ua lawa, e like me e ka hapa o ka mea, i hiki i ka hopena, i kahi e
no (e like me 15) i 66, oia ka waiwai ma lalo i helelei iho malalo o ka
mediocre. Loko mai o ka totality o ka waiwai , he 9935, a ma hope o
Supplementarverfahren loko 9097, 'ano like me na aiee o ' = a penei 9070, mai ka
noonoo maamau maikai wahi o ka moo. Ka mai loko mai o ka totality o ka hopena
ua pono loko waiwai o A he 69,62, a ma hope o Supplementarverfahren loaa 69,70, a
me n loina D kpono like.Ano, ina aka, D maoli n olelo, pela e no hoi ka Media
coincide me ia mea, pela no ka m ^ = ka m , e, no ka mea hoi ka m , = 4257, ka
m ' =, he 4145th

XIX. Ka asymmetry kanawai.

129. [I ka mua mokuna elua o ka GG? Ac? A loa ia mea, ua loaa e like me ke
kupono paahana no ka puunaue ana o invoice K.- G. like me ka pomaikai nui loa ma
mua o symmetry nui asymmetry o deviations e hoohana. Ano, ka hoao ana hike ia
ma ka mea o ka Gaussian kanawai o ka hewa i loko o emi iho fluctuation o ke kanaka
Hawaii, oia ke kanawai oiaio o ka hoi o ka makana a puni kona 'O ia hoi, a me ka
mea hiki me ka nawaliwali asymmetry, i ka wa e noho kanalua ina paha wale no i ka
hemahema o ka nui symmetry a lula' asymmetry hiki mai, ke bilateral kanawai
hawi ka waiwai o ka noonoo kanawai e ku e pela e hiki i ka bilateral GG ma mua
o lawa no ka hooiaio ana iho puunaue kanawai o K.-G. i me ka nawaliwali
proportionate oko a. Keia walaauana kanawai o ka hoi o ka makana no ka mea, K.G. a laila, ma muli wale n ma luna o ka hana, a koi aole theoretical e hoaponoia. It
No ia mea, koe ka empirical lae o ka Hawaii wale no koe o ka hana e loaa i ka mua
prejudicial helu (i loko o V. Ch.) Special kanawai me ka nui loa asymmetric hoi o ka
makana e like me ka hopena o ka XIX kanawai.
[Aka, hiki, ina o keia XIX. Law ua kkoo maikai ma ka ho'oana, he mea oiaio,
no ka uku kuala, theoretical aku ana no ka K.-G. E hooikaika i mea e hookupaa aku i
ka elua kapakahi GG, ma ka like ano e like me ka mea i hanaia no ka poe noonoo
knwai i loko o ka kumumanao o ka hewa, theoretically. Keia au e hana i na mea
lewa a hiki i kia mokuna, e loaa i ka kikaw kanawai.]

 130. [The kikaw Kanawai me ka nui loa asymmetric hoi o ka makana haule pu
iho i elua pulu. Ka mua loaa ai o ka loiloi mua waiwai, e like me ka mea a ka hope
1.ka densest waiwai, i ka i k mkou , no ka mea
2.Ua pio ka hoopukaana ae ma ka proportional kanawai waiwai.
I ka lua o ka hui, he loulou ma waena o ke kumu waiwai, ka makemakika hemolele
aiee A , i ka Central Hawaii C , a me ka hoopuniana n loina D, pela hooholo ai ka
mamao o keia mau loina, a me ko lakou mau hoahanau n hana i ka kumumanao o
ka ano o ka A , a me D ua pili deviation na kii ulu 1) .]
1)

[A i lkou i mau kanawai, o na kanawai ua loa ma 33 no hoi i helu 'ia. Eia nae,
ka mea oia i like me ka nui ma ka symmetry ma mua o ka asymmetry deviation
Hawaii i pololei ia, a he nolaila, aole kanawai me ka nui loa asymmetric hoi o ka
makana, mai ko lakou hoi e haawi hou piha kkkk i ka manawa maopopo, ua
malama i kikaw lapaau, ma ka mokuna ae.]
[E kaulike kia mau knwai i ka bilateral GG mea e lawe e like me ka mea e loaa
ai ka penei ke ano e like me ke kanawai o ka puunaue ana i na kope o ka K.- G:

, (1)
Mean maanei, e like me ka mau, ka m a me ka m , me ka helu o ka poe luna, a
ma lalo o ka loiloi mua cia D wahahee deviations, ' a , a i ko lakou piha
Hawaii, e like me Mamao mamao o na deviations o D , H ^ a me ka h , o ka hope
reciprocals e '
ae e ,
kahi e ka' a me ka e , me ka awelika n loina
o ' a , ua. Eia n nae, ua manao no ke auoiaea cia D aole i pili mai ka hoomaka
'e like me ka densest waiwai e like me ka manao ma ka proportional kanawai waiwai,
mahope mai o na waiwai a pau e hiki ke hoiaio.Aho, he mea D ia e noonoo no ka
manawa e noho ana i koho loiloi mua waiwai, ka mea e ai wale no ma ka mana o ke
kanawai (1) e like me ka poe pilikia i ka poe waiwai elua waiwai.Aka he mea pono e
kaulana ai 'a me , aha aohe nui, aka, wale i geometric ano
ma ' resp. , noonoo e like me abscissas pili i ka hope ordinates ka puunaue
kanawai. Ka heluana i likeole ma kekahi lima mau i kapa akuanuu, a me ua poe
eilikai loloa, a na n helu kaulike
Z ' = D ' , Z , = , D , (2)
ka hike 'ana ka nui oko o ka (1) E like me na kanawai iwaena o infinitely kokoke
mokuna " a me ^ + D " resp. , a , + D , i ka hao ana o ka hope HEN,
mai ke nui D 'resp. D , haule iho. E like me ka manao o W. W a me W , i ka
deviation ma waena o ka hoakaka palena hiki ke loaa. Oukou e;

(3)
haawiia mai ai.]
[Ma na n helu kaulike (1) ka mea no na finite waiwai o ' a me , ka AYEIE
waiwai o ' a me , a pela no hoi ka AYEIE waiwai o Z 'a me Z , a W a
me W , manao paa au iloko o ka unambiguous ano , No ka mea, o ka loiloi mua cia
iho, nae, o ka deviation n loina ' = 0, a , = no i 0, kahi e k hookahi keia, ke
ole ka mea
H ' ka m ^ = H , ka
m , ai' ole

(4)

No ka mea, no ka mea, i keia waiwai.

,

(5)

no ia mea, he ana hoololi ma waena o n curves elua, a ho i na n helu kaulike (1),

ma ka mea, i kahi wale i ka wa a keano helu kaulike (4). I e pono e hookoia keia
kulana helu kaulike, ua akaka, mai ka hahai ana ia e noonoo.]
[Ma ka hoomaopopo aku i ka w mawaena o ka haawi nui, a me ka haawi kulana
home 'ole hiki wale no i kekahi poe o likeole. Keia 'o ia hoi ka mea, e hele mai i ka
infinitely uukuanuu, i ka mea e manao e like me ka palena o ka finite w mawaena
o ia helu, ua hiki no ke wehe i loko o ka luna, a holo ma ka lalo o ka puunaue panel
w mawaena e like me ka palena o ka. Aka, ina o ka auoiaea cia ' okoa
mai , pela no ka nui o na likeole no ka auoiaea loina pili i w mawaena hilinai
nui ma paha ka weuweu ma ka aoao o ka mea, ua manao ea i luna, a ma ka aoao o ka
poe e moe ana ma lalo o baseline deviations. A mai keia mea, aole i aeia, pela e pono
ai ^ = , e, a pela ke ano helu kaulike (4) ua halawai.]
[Untriftig ia mea, i loan ma ka mea a pau aoiai ka helu, aka, aole no na deviations
W. loaa k hookahi i makemake ai. No ka mea, o ka likelihood o ka ai (3) hai aku i
kela a me keia aoao o na deviations oi loa aku hoi, me ka lawe i ka mooolelo o ka
klaoao ai ole e kakauia e ka mea e loli i. Ina oe makemake i ka ae Keoklani,
lawe i loko o ka hooholo 'o ka W., pela e pono ai ka ia ma ka huina helu ka m = ka
m + ka m , i na deviations hoohuli i, a he mea pono e waiho alaila:

, (6)

a ka mea, e like me ka mea e lilo, no ka mea ^ = , = 0 ke k hookahi o ka

likelihood hooholo ma ke kulanui i n knaka (4) penei.]
[He mea pela, hoopaa mai i loko o ka puunaue kanawai (1) i ke kulana helu kaulike
(4) e pili. Keia mea aka, mai ka auoiaea loina hooko ana i ke kanawai proportional
E ' : E , = ka m ': ka m , (7)
pono. I ka manawa hookahi n, i keia waiwai ua ikeia e like me ka densest waiwai
mai o ' a me , no ka mea, o ka Aohe waiwai o ka deviation nui ' a , ] ihoiho
ka i k mkou.
[E kahaki i keia puunaue kanawai i hookauwa aku ai i ka hahai elua curves, i ka
mua o ka mea a ka papa o na luna D wahahee aiee me PAaIEN o ka paha a me ka
awelika deviationsW = DW , e ka '= EN' : Q = DQ , i ka lua o ka moolelo o na aoao
elua o D e moe ana ma Hawaii hoike ana i ke mau papa kuhikuhiE cia a a me C i
hou ia D , a me ka poe elua alodio awelike deviations e ka ' = EN' , aloha , =
DE , hoolauna i 'mau maka.

He mea pono e hoomaopopo i ka ordinates mai i pili Hawaii ma kahi o ka poe aiee
o 'a me , o ka hailula (1) e 2 H' ka m '= 2 H , ka m , puunaueia
Hawaii ' : 2 H ' ka m' a me , : 2 H , ka m , ua hoonoho. He hoopakele
mai no hoi H '= 1, H , = 2 / 3 ea. Nolaila, ke i k mkou cia DB iloko o elua curves,
ua like ia me 1 :

; hou:
E : E , = 2 : 3, E = 0,564, E , = 0,846; D - A = 0,282;

D - C = 0,222; .
Ka pa alima, ua like ia me 5,6 knm, no ka mea, o ka lua e like ai 3.2 knm no ka
hlawa mua.]
131. [wale n o ke koa ka heluana ka m ^ a me ka m , ka mea ma luna, a ma
lalo o ka loiloi mua cia D e waiho deviations like. Ma keia loaa kekahi hihia i ka
Media, he C , a me ka makemakika mawaena o A a me D hiehie n. No ka mea, he
mea ka m ^ = ka m , no ia mea, ke kikowaena cia characterizing kulana, ua
mona; mai ka like ana o ka m ^ a me ka m , aka, mau, e hahai ma muli o ka
proportional kanawai a pau no hoi e ka '= E , a nolaila ka m " e ka ' = ka m , e

ka , : keia implies i ka manao lokahi deviation puu, ua like ia kekahi i kekahi, ai ka

ua manao makemakika kaulana.]
[N nae, e like me ka mea i presupposed ma ka rula, ka m ^ o ka m , ua okoa, o
ka nui n loina elua, he A a me C Aole loa D e hoohui mai ia, a he mea hiki ia i ko
lakou mamao mai ka D mai ka GG loko penei.]
[K ka nui o ka poe elua huahelu ka m ^ a me ka m , ma ka m ", ka puu uuku
ma ka m " a characterizing i kaaoao o ka m " aiee e moe ana , E , H , a me na ia
ma muli o ka mua ( 33) i ai . ka elua dashes ma luna o laila, ke kikowaena cia
he C huli e like me ka nui o na eiiaiaeu me D w ka w mawaena ( ka m - " ka
m " he) deviations, no ka mea, he mea:
, (8)
no ia mea, ma luna, a ma lalo o ka kekahi ano o ka waiwai nui deviations, ua like me
koi no ka mea Central cia. Aka, mai ka puunaue kanawai penei, ina = C - D ka
mamao ma waena o ka poe Hawaii C a D Hike ka nn 'ole o ko lakou poe
hoahanau me n klana hana.
, (9)
a ina ka h " '= k? h" = k " Ua hoonoho:
, (10)
Hana pela loaa ma ka noonoo ia H " = e ka "

C - D = = k "e"

, (11)

kahi kekahi . e hoomaulia pololei mai (9) ai 'ole ' ole " 'o ia hoi ka ' ole aina ke
kanaka ma muli o (10) i ka hooholo ia ka waiwai, oia, i ka oi
ia " hapa.]

pkole

[O ka mamao C - D , ua like ka nui o ka puu hapa ( ka m '- ka m " ) : ka m ' ' e

kaukai. Ina o ka la mahope, heole, oia hoi ua like ia meole, a me C haule, e like
me ka ua kaulana, a me D pu. Ina, nae, o keia lki aole like iaole, paha aka, uuku
lawa no ia mea kona lua o ka mana e hiki ai ke malama ole, pela no ka mea, ua 'ae'
ia [ Halau ' ] e like me ka nui o ka ua kauoha He kokekau wale n e:
ai 'ole
ho i, a pela.

(12)

(13)
paha:
(14)
e kau aku. Ma ka kekahi lima, i C - D ka i k mkou waiwai i ka wa a ( ka m '- ka
m " ) : ka m " e ka waiwai 1, ka mea hoi, i ka wa a ka m ' = 0, a me ka m ^ = ka
m , a ina a pau o n likeole ma ka hookahiaoao o ka auoiaea waiwai . oia, a me ka
asymmetry nolaila lilo infinitely nui, aia iloko o keia kaupalena 'ia ka hihia o (10) ka
simpler helu kaulike;
, (15)
no ka mea , t '= W: E "
, kahi w, no ka paha waiwai o ke ku ei ka mea ma lalo iho
o 119 like i 0,845347 e" . e, e kau no ka mamao C - D , ua loaa No ia mea, ke helu
kaulike;
C - D = W = 0.845347 e
ka "] (16).
[Keia hoolako 'o C - D , oia hoi nui i ka hihia (11) e like me ia ma ka kaupalena' ia
ka hihia elua (14) a me (16) loa ma muli o ka elua kapakahi GG e like me ka makana
kanawai. Ia e lilo i ka empirical hooholo o keia loihi i loko o ka hoouna 'ia o ka
makana papa, o na mea wale ma ka pololei i ka ho omaulia mai ana C a me ka A ma
muli hoi o ka helu kaulike (26) ai' ole (29) o ke XI. MOKUNA ua hana, e haawi i
okoa mai ka loaa nei theoretical manao waiwai i ka nui. He meaokoa e pili ana i ka
mamao A - D ma waena o ka makemakika mea o A , a me ka auoiaea n loina D, mai
ke kahua o ka formulas no keia mau mamao wale n ma luna o ka waiwai o A , a
me D Ua hookumu 'ia, a pau no hoi ka empirical i ka ho omaulia kumu oiai i ka
hoohana' ka GG aohe mea kupu.]
[Hanakimi hoolaha o ia ka nui o ka poe elua deviation puu ' a me , ka
hoopii i ke proportional Kanawai ma ka aoao hookahi o D , ua loaa, i ka nui o ka
deviation kii elua, oka m ua "e imi, e like me ka mea a ka nui o elua puu ma " ,
ka puu uuku ma " , ua haawiia aku ai, pela no oe e kau.
"= he" - ka m "D
" = ka m " D - A " . (17)
Ia penei ma ka subtraction:
"- " = i kekahi "+ A " - ( m + '+ ka m " ) D = He HI ,
a ua loaa ia ma ka mheleana ma ka m e lawe i ka mooolelo a pau:

.
ka helu kaulike:
, (18)
aka, no ka waiwai o D , e halawai me ka proportional kanawai, aole i manaoia. No ka
mea, o keia mea makou i loko o (18):
"= ka m " e ka " , " = ka m "e ka "
a heaha hoi ka mea ia e like me ka m '= m - m + ' a me ka m " = m - ka m " :
"= iau" - ka m "e ka '' , " = iau " - ka m " e ka " .
Hana pela hea ma ka helu kaulike.
, (19)
a ma ia mea, e like me ka proportional kanawai;
ka m " e ka '' - ka m " e ka " = 0
ka mea ia i hope,
A - D = E "- E " (20)
hualoaa, he pilina i mua i loko o ka XI. Mok. Ua kkuluia, e like me ka mea no ka
exploitation o ka waiwai o D pa ua hanaia i loko o ka pono o kona manao paa o ka
empirically haawi papaaina loina.]
[A no ka mea, o ka proportional kanawai;
e "- E " = ( ka m '- ka m " )

Pela, ke helu kaulike (20) hoi ma ke ano;

(21)
a in e like me maluna;

ka mea i hoonoho ai ma ke ano;

A - D = 2 " e ka" (22)
ua lawe mai.]
[O ka hooholo 'ana o ka mamao A - D mea pela ka oiaio o ka ola ana o GG
kuokoa, a no kela a me keia o ka makana panel, e hana i ka helu kaulike (20), ina

okoa mai A e like me uuku, a me D e like me D pa , di Aloha ke kanawai proportional

e like me ka hailona i ua.]
[A no ka mea, A - D ke hoike i na palena. He ka m '= ka m ^ , ia penei na (21) ka
mea hoi A = D, e like me ka ua, i Palila, mamuli o ka mea C , a me kekahi poe
me D coincide. Eia nae, ina ka m ' = m + a me ka m ' = 0, ke asymmetry he mea
mana loa, pela no
A - D = e ka " (23)
oa like ia me ka noonoo ole awelike deviation oiai mahope iho (16) C - D ho i ka
paha deviation. Iloko o ka hanana hou, a ( ka m '- ka m " ) : ka m ka mea, he
meauuku nui, me ka mana lua e ka manawalea, e kelepona i ka formulas (12), (13) a
me (14) ma ka mana, a mai ( 21) ai 'ole (22) ka helu kaulike:
(24)
hiki ke loko.]
132. [No ka luna manao paa o ka mamao C - D a me ka A - D hiki no hoi e A - C ,
ike i ka likeole o ka mua eluaanuu, whereafter ka mamao kanawai no ka mea nui
n loina ekoluA, C a D iloko o ka penei ano hiki ke haawiia:
1) no ka mea, o kona kulana keakea kumu cia m + ' a me ka m " , di Aloha no ka
mea, he pono keakea kumu nui o ka asymmetry, kekahi ua like me na formulas
(11) a me (20) niioaaonoaaiii. (22):
C - D = 'ole "e ka"
A - D = E " - E " = 2 " e ka" (25)
A - C = (A - D ) - (C - D) = ( 2 " - Halau"

) e ka " ;

2) no ka mea, ka m ' = 0, a me ka m ^ = m, di Aloha klai'ina i ka hihia o

infinitely nui asymmetry ana (16) a me (23); no ka mea, pela;
C - D = 0.845347 e "
A - D = e ka" (26)
A - C = 0,154653 , e " ;
3) ina ( ka m '- ka m " ) : ka m " He uuku ka nui i kekahi mau mea nona ka
lua o ka mana e hiki ai ke malama ole, pela ina ka asymmetry he uuku loa, e hiki ia ia
ke hoonoho e like me na formulas (14) a me (24):

; (27)
4) i ka w pino o kekahi asymmetry he makana, i ka mea ina ka m ^ = ka
m , he hope;
C-D=0
A - D = 0 (28)
A-C=0.
He mea pono e hoomaopopo ioiai, e like me ka derivation o ka likeole no ka
mea, A - D , a me D - C hiki koke hoomaopopo A a me C ma ka ia manawa ma
kaaoao o ka m " poe, aka, i ua paa wale no i ka piha aiee o keia mau mamao, a ia
nolaila, undecided no paha a a me C , ma ka olelo, a ma ka hopena maikai olelo
mai D e hoohalike ai i ka mua, oia ka hihia i ka wa. ka m > m, : ka mea hope,
ina ka m , > ka m ' ].
133. [Mai keia mamao kanawai e lilo i ka mamao lki., A me ka pau o ka lanakila ma na kanawai Mhele. Keia haawi:
1) no ka mea, o ka nui hihia, ma ka mea a ke degere o ka asymmetry, aole hoi
kekahi mea malalo iho o:

(29)
;
2) i loko o ka hihia o loa nawaliwali asymmetry:

(30)
;
3) no ka mea, o ka hihia o infinitely nui asymmetry:

(31)

,
Ka malalo o 2), a me 3) hike Hawaii ho i ka palena ma waena o ka mea
lauwili ma ka mana no ka hihia ai. I ka pau, ka poe no nwaliwali asymmetry
ana o ka uku kuala, mai keia hihia ma ka presupposed maanei uuku
fluctuation o na kope o K.-G. ia ll pela pinepine i ka mea i haawiia mai ai e
like me ka rula. No ka mea, o keia mea, o na hoahanau (30) loaa kekahi inoa, a
kapa iho la i ka - Kanawai].
[No ka ekolu puu o ku ana ma ka kahi mua ua ana laweia iloko o ka
mooolelo a nolaila, no ka naau kupono, ma kekahi. Palapala, o M haawiia. Ua
nolaila, e manao ia ua pa 'ole ( C - D ) : ( A - D ) ka mea, aole e emi malalo o
0,785 a aole e oi aku mamua o 0,845, wofern aole lai ia' me ka paewaewa o ka
papa o empirical aiee o ka puunaue panel, a me ka berita a me ke kumumanao,
ka ua pili wale n ke no ka mea maluna kanawai ka hoohuoi ana.]
134. [I C a A ma ka aoao hookahi o D poe, ua ano ua kaulana; aka, ua C ma
waena o A a me D mea, ua akaka, mai ka hahai ana ia olelo hoakaka.]
[Ma hope o ka hailula (29) no ka nui;
, (32)
kahi ole " o ka puni " iloko o ka , t - papaaina, ua pili waiwai. Oukou Ano
kaina hana o " hiki wale ho i Hawaii ma waena o 0 a mai
.
e like me ka ' ma ke Halau - papaaina i consistently
, t "< ", (33)
no ka mea, wale no ma na loina = .6209 mai o ka huaheluekolu Halau waiwai oi aku mamua o ka like - Hawaii, e noho luna a hiki i
ka pau ana o ka papaaina. A, no ka:
<2
a pela a pau i ka hou.
na

<2 "

pela, ma ka mea;
C - D <A -. D (34)

Keia kanawai e like me ka mea C he mau ma waena o A a me D ua kapaia ke

aloha kanawai.]
[Ke kulana kanawai i kailihune i ka asymmetry o deviations bez. D o ka poe
ku pono hailona ma mua o n deviations bez. H. No ka mea, o no C ka
manao lokahi deviation nui, ua like ia kekahi i kekahi, pela he mea ia no kekahi
waiwai ma luna C , ke like ole ka m ' < ka m , a no kela waiwai ma lalo o C ,
ke like ole ka m ' > ka m , : he mea pela, ina a maluna C ka moana,
< , oa '- , io.
Aka, alaila he D lalo C, ia ia:
ka m > ka m , oa ka m '- ka m , ua maikai.

Conversely, ina A ma lalo, a me D maluna C no. Keia reversal o ka asymmetry

me ka mahalo i ka A , a me D ua kapaia nolaila, ke inverse kanawai, he
emanation o ke aloha kanawai.]

[Hou. Ka theoretical kumu o bipartite GAUSS Kanawai.]

135. [Pela loihi, ka elua kapakahi GG ka ukuia i ka hana ma mua o ka mea,
ua lawa ka hooiaio ana iho probability kanawai o K.-G. hoonoho. kekahi ano
okoa E ka empirical noho mlie he theoretical hoaponoia o keia kanawai, pela
e hypotheses no ka K.-G. e ulu ka mea e ae he derivative o ia kanawai. I ke
kahua o ka hypotheses i kona pomaikai ma ka mea a lakou e alakai, e lilo loko
Kanawai, a me na ia e like me hookomoia iloko o ka maka. A ina o ka ka hoao
ana wale hooholo i ka pololei o ka hookumu kanawai, aole nae he mea i
mahope theoretical hoaponoiaikeia i loko o keano o K.-G. hooluoluia mai.]
[First I hoike aku nei ka mea, ua lawa, e like me i koho ma lalo o ka
proportional Kanawai cia D pa presuppose e like me ka mea paha waiwai e
kaulike e like me ia i ka kumumanao o ka hewa i ka elua kapakahi GG ma ke
ano hookahi me ka oluolu GG mai ka assumption i ka makemakika hemolele,
oia ka paha kumukuai, ka mea i manao ai. Ke kuhiakau o ka makemakika aha
ma ka kumumanao o ka hewa, oia pela iloko o na Kane ke kuhiakau i ka
proportional kanawai o ka waiwai loa paha mawaena o na kope o K.G.Hooholo, pono like i ka aoao.]
[E hoao i keia, e ka mea e ea ae ia ka m kope he hookahi K.-G. he makana no
ka mea, i ka proportional ma ke kanawai kekahi cia D pa = he 0 ppilikia. He
nui no hoi ka m ,aiee o kekahi, oia hoi he 1 , he 2 , , he 3 .... , malalo D pa , a
me ka m ' aiee A , oia, A' , A " , A '" ..., maluna o D M , a ua kauoha aku i na
deviations o keia mau aiee o D pa = i 0 e like me ka proportional kanawai helu

kaulike;

a ina ka lalo deviations ma 1 , 2 . , : Ka luna ma ' , " , ... Ua kapaia:

ka m ' , + ka m ' 2 + + ka m , 2 ^ + ka m , 2 "+ = 0. (35)
Malia paha, ano, e ke W. o na deviations 1 , 2 ' , " ma

ka ( 1 ), ( 2 ) ( ' ), ( ") e haawiia. A laila, i ka W. no ka

coincidence o na mea a pau, he ka m deviations ma ka huina hoonui o ka m W.,
oa ma:
kheaia.]
[Aka, he 0 , mahope iho o ka n ku kuhiakau ua manaoia o ia ho i ka mea paha
cia, he mea e like me na kumu ike o ka probability kumumanao, a me ka huina
hoonui o W. no ka deviations o na loina i waihoia mai i ka mai o ka 0 , e kela
aku kona nui mamua o ia no ka deviations mai kekahi kekahi,
no kekahi 0 okoa n loina. It pono no ia mea,
lilo i k mkou. Ina kakou ano no brevity:

pela no hoi;
(36)
e kau aku.]
[Keia helu kaulike e hoopili like me ka helu kaulike (35) nei i ka manawa
hookahi. E lawe mai oukou ia mea, (36) ma ke ano;

pela no ka mea, ua akaka no ia:

, (37)
kahi o K ka mea, he keakea kumu ikaika. Off:

aka, penei

a mau mea ma ka hoohui ';

, (38)
I ka manawa hookahi n mkou i 'ike i ke k e hele kino aku i ka hopena
maikai waiwai i ka wa ( ) no ka mea = 0 ka mea e hiki i kona i k
mkou.]
[He mea pela no ka mea ma lalo o D = i 0 aia deviations i ano

indiscriminately ma , e haawiia aku ai:

, (39)
kahi pela aku , he manawa e hooponoponoia ia mea, a me ka ikaika - H ,
= K M ^ 2 no. No ka mea, ka mea ma luna o D = i 0 wahahee deviations
Ak, i ka hookae ma ' e hook', hookahi loaa:

, (40)
kahi hou i ka manao paa o ke C 'ua n hiki i ka w - ? h = k ka
m , 2 he]
[Eia hoi, o na ia a eia i pela aku ' , a pela aku , e hooholo i ka W. ia o ka ka
m ^ luna, a me ka m , ma lalo deviations, kekahi ma waena o 0 a me hoi, e kau like ai 1 - e like me ka mea hooponopono-akaka. It pono Nolaila;

a:

e. Keia hualoaa no:

.
i:

, (41)

Nolaila, hope;

(42)
me, mai ka haawi aiee, no ka h ' a me ka h , me ka hahai ana:
.] (42a)
136. [Ma keia hoaponoia o bipartite GG ka mea, e hiki n ke 'ike e like me
ke kina i ka hoakaka n ku kuhiakau o proportional kanawai o ke kuhiakau o
ka makemakika aha ma ka kumumanao o ka hewa ma ka naau kupono, a
hoike i emi iki mahope. No ka mea, e hiki mua huli wale n ma loko o ka
ho'oana i ka prop no ka mea ia e like me ka mea i oleloia mai haawiia i ka
42 E like me ka kumu oiaio o ka hana i ka K.-G. hoomaopopo ana i ka densely
cia palapala i coincides lawa kokoke i na loina ho'kka 'ia e ke proportional
kanawai.]
[He mea Nolaila Fun e hoailona oukou i kekahi kuhiakau hiki ke hookupaa ia
ma loko o ka alodio, a ahuwale ka noonooole e pili ana i ka ho omaka ana, ai
ka K.-G. Kkoo.No ka mea, ano, kpono i kaaahu o ka makana kanawai; Eia
nae, ma ka hope e leie aku i ka manao paa o ka densely waiwai, ka kokekau
wale satisfies ka proportional kanawai, aole hoi i ka elua kapakahi GG e like
me ka approximation o ka meaaahu kanawai ho. It pela ea i ka hopena o ka
mahele o ka hawi kanawai, e like me ko ka i GG, ua kena ae la, aole ma
keano o K.-G. Ua koi, paha e hiki ke kpaa ma ka pono, aka, e loaa i ka
hahai ana aku e unuhi mai mai ka kuhiakau o ke kanawai comfy ana i n koi o
na Kane lawa ana.]
[I mea e lawe aku i ka nui nui makka i loko o ka ulu ana o keia kuhiakau, e
mua halawai i na kanawai maoli? Ueony, he K.-G. holoholo waiho i na
specimens oko wale no he uuku, o equidistant a finite gradations ka nui. No ka
mea, laana, e like me ka mea, elima papa o ka nui, a me ka poe nui like 'ole
iho ma ka huli o ka ia;
kekahi, he + 'olelo, he' olelo + 2, he + 3i, 4i + A (43)
e. Alaila, olelo no oia i kaila i ka i n nui na lealea kikaw koa, kela mea keia
mea o ka mea iloko o ka hihia o ko lakou aayoaeuiinoe e hoonui i ua loaa. It
E Nolaila, e eha koaK 1 , K 2 , K 3 , K 4 kuhi i ke ano o kela a me keia e like me
ka hana a me ka hiki ole ke hana. Ina kekahi o na koa eha ma ka laul, a laila,
he kope o ka nui o ka ; e loli wale kekahi o ka poe kaua eha, ka specimen
UAIAaIN ka nui o ka + i ; aka, hana elua, ekolu, a pau eha koa, e like me ka
nui o ka + 2 i, he + 3 i ole kekahi + 4 i hana. Mai ka W. mea i koe no ka pono
ka noi o kela a me keia ikaika, alaila, ke alapine (frequency) o kaatikala o na

kanaka o ka haawi nui e hilinai nei ke kahua, a hiki ia, e kauoha aku i ke
puunaue kanawai.Loaao ia i ka wa a ka poe koa k kaawale me W. P 1 , o
P 2 , o P 3 , pa 4 hana, a pela ka W., no ke kaawale ana o ko lakou kanawai
ma Q 1 = 1 - P 1 , Q 2 = 1 - pa 2 , Q 3 = 1 - P 3 , Q4 = 1 - P 4 , ua haawi mai ka
hahai ana ia e hoohalike ai no ka W. o kaokoa nui kahua o ka hoonaauao.
W[i]=Q1Q2Q Q4;
3

W [ o ka + i ]
=P1Q2Q3Q4+Q1P2Q3Q4+Q1Q2P3Q4+Q1Q2Q3P4;
W [ He + 2 i ]
= pa 1 P 2 Q 3 Q 4 + P 1 Q 2 P 3 Q 4 + P 1 Q 2 Q 3 P 4 + Q 1 P 2 P 3 Q 4 + Q 1 P Q 3
pa 4 + Q 1 Q P 3 P 4 ;
2

W [ He + 3 i ]
= pa 1 P 2 P 3 Q 4 + P 1 P 2 Q 3 P 4 + P 1 Q 2 P 3 P 4 + Q 1 P 2 P 3 P 4 ;
W [ He + 4 i ] = pa 1 P 2 P 3 P 4 . (44)
It eikeia e ia i ka symmetrical hoi o ka makana o ke kope i kaokoa ka nui o
ke kahua, he wale n e hiki ina ia. B. k 1 + k 3 = P 2 + P 4 = 1, ai ole ia, ina ke
ano o ke kanawai o kela a me keia pue anei ka ia W. e like no me ka nele o ka
hookoia ana o ka poe na koa malaila. A laila:
W[i]=P1P2Q1Q2
W [ o ka + i ] = ( P 1 P 2 + Q 1 Q 2 ) ( P 1 Q 2 + P 2 Q 1 )
W [ o ka +2 i ] = ( P 1 P 2 + Q 1 Q 2 ) ( P 1 Q 2 + P 2 Q 1 ) - 2 P 1 P 2 Q 1 Q 2
W [ He + 3 i ] = ( P 1 P 2 + Q 1 Q 2 ) ( P 1 Q 2 + P 2 Q 1 )
W [ o ka +4 i ] = P 1 P 2 Q 1 Q 2 .

Kekahi rula o W. hiki aku i ka asymmetric hoi o ka makana o ke kope i

kaokoa nui kahua o ka hoonaauao. Keia haawi, no ka mea, laana, 1. P 1 =
P 2 = P 3 = P 4 = pa , 2. P 1 =P 2 = P 3 = , pa 4 = p, kahi pa , a me Q = 1
- pa o kaokoa ua:
1. 2
W[i]
=

Q4

/8Q
W [ o ka + i] =

4 PQ 3

/ 8 (3 Q + pa )
W [ o ka +2 i ] =

6 pa Q 2

/ 8 (3 Q +3 P )
W [ o ka +3 i ] =

P3Q

P4

/ 8 ( Q +3 P )
W [ o ka +4 i ]

/ 8 pa

Hana e hiki pela pinepine ae hoakaka kekahi asymmetric hoi o ka makana aoao
e like me specializations o ka nui noaia (44), oiai wale iloko o ka maluna ano,
he symmetrical hoi o ka makana, he hiki. Aka, kela mea keia mea o lakou, ua
ao i loko o ka ia ala ma ke kuhiakau i eha kuokoa mai kekahi i kekahi koa, ua
hiki mai, kela mea keia mea o ka mea i kekahi W. no ko lakou mau kanawai, a
ma ka hopena o ko lakou aayoaeuiinoe e mahuahua ma ka nui i hua.]
[Ano hoi, he mea i ike maopopo ole K.-G. ka mea e hiki ai ke ike okoa wale
no elima, hookaawaleia e finite a me ka ikaikaanuu nui kahua o ka
hoonaauao. E aho, ua haawi mai la i ka steadily kaupalena ma ka loa n loina
Size kahua i na kope, i hoolei ole Amelika Huip no hoi ma ka ulu i loko o ka
nui o na kahua o ka hoonaauao, kahi hoi e paa ana iaelima he nui loa, e
koho. Aka, pono e hookuu mai i ka nui huahelu i na kope o K.-G. halawai
noke, maanuu o ka ikaika nui i puunaue ae la, ae hooholo i ka w mawaena
nui ia i loko o kl me kia w mawaena o ka puunaue ana o kope o ka
puunaue kanawai e hiki ai ke ea e e ikaika oia e like me k. O Ia ka hihia i ka
wa i manao heuuku a pau me ka lua o ka mana, e ka manawalea ana e like me
ka finite nui like 'ole. A laila, ua hoi ia e manao 'amelika i ka w mawaena
specimens haule ana iloko o ka waena o ka w mawaena aeia, i ka mea i
recycled ma keia aoao a hiki i ka manao o n kuina nui me ka
ikaikaanuu. Ka loiloi mua manao, nae, ua ano mau ala i loko o n specimens
aole no i kl me kia nui kahua o ka hoonaauao iho, aka, me ka pilianuu, a
malama nui ke kahua wale no e like me ka poeikohoia o nanuu.]
['lelo Iloko o ka mooolelo o keia loli hiki Ano auou caiaiai e ka nui helu
indefinite o kuina o ka nui o na kope o ka piha K.- G. nui huahelu no ia mea,
ke ike aiaiiuo lakou iho ma
kekahi, he + au, he + 2 i, .... A + nu (45)
ua poe. He nolaila, wale no e pono e waiho i ka koho i loko o ka maluna
examples ka i kaupalena 'helu o eha koa he nui loa nui N presuppose, ae paa
kela a me keia i kekahi W. no ko lakou hookoia e bestimmendeW no kekahi nui
mua, he luna o na koa. a pela e loaa i kekahi o ka makana o na kope ma ka pau
nui kula. I ka Ia manawa ka mea, ua akaka no ia ia ka makana he symmetrical
wale i ka wa a ka n koa e hiki ai ke manaoi hoopkole 'ia i hui me kela mau
mea nona W. like pa i, a me ka pa ke k ua, pa i + pa ke k = 1. Kekahi hoolako

'ana o kia W. hiki aku i ka asymmetric hoi o ka makana. Aka, ina he mau
holoholona hiki ke ana i loko o ko lkou regularity, pela i 'ae' ia randomly na ka
manehu o kona kulana keakea kumu W., ua zuerteilt. He hiki nolaila, e
haawi mai i ka ia W. no ka mea, o ko lakou kanawai, ma o ke kuleana o ka
feasibility o ka makemakika hana o kela a me keia ikaika.]
[Hana, ua alakai aku i ka penei kuhiakau;
1) He mea nui loa ka helu N o na koa 2)
K 1 , K 2 , K n
aka e komo pu k kaawale, ma o ke? iecaianoaaiiie o na kope o ka K.-G iho.
2) O W. P , no kaatikala, a me W. Q = 1 - pa no ka nele o ka hookoia ana o kela a me
keia kanaka Hawaii.
3) Kekahi mana ua loaa i loko o ka w pino o ko lakou aayoaeuiinoe e
hoonui i, kahi i ka liilii nui imagines i kona lua o ka mana, e ka manawalea ana e
like me ka finite nui like 'ole.]
2)

[The manawa "koa" ka mea wale no brevity koho; e like me ka mea e like me na
mea a pau i ka kikaw helehelena, ka mea a lakou e hoomaopopo no hoi i ka huli ole
ma ka nui o na kope o ka K.-G. ua hiki ke hana.]
[Ma hope o ka mea hookipa mai i ke kope, ma kona hanauna, aole o ka N ole i
kekahi koa, ka nui o ka nona W. W [ i ] = Q N , oiai o ka nui o na koa ana i kekahi +
nu kupu ana no aW , kekahi + nu ] = P n no. Komo aka, hookahi kope m koa, ka nui
ona mea, he + xi ; a mai

okoa nenoai, kela mea keia mea m hiki ke hana koa, no kela a me keia ano hana, aka,
na W.
pa m Q N-m
ua haawiia mai, he:
, (46)
Ano, pili no ka mea, nui n, m , a iloko - m na formulas;

No ka mea, hookahi loaa:

(47)
Hookomoia maanei pn , a qn e like me integers ma mua, ioukou nolaila kuhi e n ma
ka pono denominator o na mahele P a me ka Q ua divisible, no ka mea o ka lehulehu,
e hahai-i ka ulu 'aole e kaupalena, pela no oe ke lawe m , a me N - m me ka pono pn
+ m me Q n - m e palapala kahi ano m pau, olelo nui mai 0 i + nq , a me na mea a pau
nega-k hookahi nui mai 0 i - np ua, e hele ma; i ka ia manawa, ua he + xi ma kekahi
+ pni + xi , a ina he + pni pokole ma kekahi 0 ua kapaia, ma ka 0 + xi Waiho
hou. Hanakimi loaa penei:

(48)
Mai keiaoukou loaa me ka noonoo i:
;

hahai hike ke ano:

(49)
Oia, ua pololei ia e like me ka loihi e like me ka m: pn a me na m; qn malalo o 1]
[E keia kanawai i ka W. no ka mea, finite aiee o na deviations xi o kekahi 0 ho i,
pela no hoi m ka nui o ka aoao o ka 1 : i ua hoomakaukau ai. He mea ku ei n nui ma
luna o ka papa, i ka wa a ka loa deviations pni a me QNI hoohlikelike i ka
envisaged n loina xi , ua nui loa. Keia mea oiaio, aka, ma ka mea, mai ka loa
deviations me ka nui o na kope ma na aoao elua ulu a pela, ua like me ka ulu ana e
lawe i infinity, mai ka oiai o ka kumumanao. It e klele ana n ka nui o ka aoao o ka
1 ; i 2 ae nei. Alaila, ho i ka puu hapa m 2 , N he finite nui, a me ka lki m: N ma ke

ano hookahi e like me ka puu hapa m 3 : n 2 ka nui o ka aoao , I hana hiki pela, ina nui
like 'ole o ka mea i a kiekie ae kauoha ma ka helu hoohalike ai , a me ua
malama ole, e lawe mai i ke probability kanawai (49) ma ka penei alodio ano:

.
paha:
, (50)
i ka wa xi = a me nu 2 = K , ua hoonoho.]
[I ka derivation o keia kanawai ua ea ae ai na kope o ka K.-G. i ka waena o ka 0 +
xi e hook 'ia e ka cia huahelu (45) poeanuu hui manao. It palahalaha ae ma ka ike
maopopo i na kope steadily loko o nanuu, a me ka likelihood hana e like me ka
hana ana o ka deviation ka mea, e lawe i ko lakou integrals ma waena o n palena o
nanuu, ma ka W , he 0 + , ua haawi mai]. I hookohu 'ia nolaila, ke papa
probability ma W , kekahi 0 + ] pela no;

W [i 0 + ] = W D ,
a ma ka nn o ka mea o ka i :
= W i.
Hana mua wahi, nolaila, no ka mea, i ka w mawaena oaio? U;
; (51)
aka, no ka W mea, he ana hana o , pela no keia e hoohalike ai i no kekahi e pili.]
[I hoakaka ia, hiki ke loaa ma ka differentiating i ka i k mkou waiwai o W , mai
ka helu kaulike.
;
ai 'ole (ma ka noonoo ana i kekahi hapa W ,aole nalo, kekahi hapa nui o ka oihana
maanei i, a nolaila i 2 ua negligible) mai:

,
Pela, i ka densest waiwai kulu D ma:
,
Ina o keia waiwai, ua kohoia e like me ka ho waiwai no ka probability kanawai, pela
e kekahi 0 = D + i ( Q - P ); = - i ( Q - k ), i ultimately hualoaa i ka
wa W [ D + ] ma ka ( ) UAIAaIN:

(52)
e like me ke ano hope o ke kanawai e loko.]
[Ua ano hiki loa i ka hooiaio i ka auoiaea cia D ke kanaka ma muli o ke kanawai
(52) He kokekau wale halawai ka proportional kanawai. No ka mea, i keia mea, e:
i pela ia,
, (53)
Ano, ina ka m ka luna D pahuhopu i ka helu a me ka m oia i ka huina helu o ka
likeole.

,
Alaila, no ka mea, ka mea ma lalo nei D pahuhopu i helu ka m , :
,
Hana hou hike ana i n luna, a ma lalo D moe puu o na deviations e ' a
me , alaila pela au:

,
Hanakimi loaa mea:
;

. (54)

pela:
=

Ina = = 2,356 . (55)

Ma ka approximation mua, hookahi hiki no ia mea,

= 1: . = 2
kau no ia mea, ma ka mea i approximation:
, (55a)
e like me ka pono o ke proportional kanawai ia mea.]
[Pili aka, o ka proportional kanawai, pela no e hiki i kpono approximation ka elua
kapakahi GG ma kahi o kaaahu probability kanawai (52) ana. Oia hoi ma ke ano
(6), a pili ia i ka manao oko, presupposing, e like hoi me ke kanawai (52) ma ia
manawa i loko no o ka luna, a malalo deviations. It ina Nolaila;

, (56)
Eia manawa i ka hailona i ko deviation kii, a me deviation puu;

, (56a)
Eia nae, no ka pono o ka kokekau wale validity o ka proportional kanawai i ,

ua kokoke mai ilalo i ka integer waiwai 2, pela no hoi , a me 4 / 3 e manao like

like me
(56b)
e kau aku; No hoi, a me ka mana, ma ka hoohalike ai ka h ' a me ka h , ma kahi o
- 2 / 3 e like me ka pono , a me 2 / 3 ua hoonoho].
[O ka hope o kaaahu kanawai (52) ma ka elua kapakahi GG no ia mea, ua ka no ia o
ka wahi o ka lala

i ka lala

i, ka olelo ka 'oluolu, io He io hailona.]

[Ua (52) a me (56) hoakaka no ka pa = Q ho i ka noonoo GG, i ka mea i pela ka
poe ikaika e like me kekahi hihia me ka poe nui Kanawai o ke kuhiakau hana. Ina o
ka hope keia hihia hakuloli mai ka outset, he mea ole me ka nui loa okoa mai ke
kuhiakau a Hagen 3) e loaa i ka hoomlamalama mai G. G. Ua kau ana i ka
kumumanao o ka hewa.]
3)

[Boroda probability, Pelelina, 1837. 34. - The kuhiakau Hagen ka heluhelu: "O ka
hewa i loko o n hualoaa o kekahi ana, oia ka algebraic huina o ka helu infinitely nui
o na kula haahaaa hewa, a ua kau like, a me kela mea keia mea o na mea e like me
ka paakiki ole o ka maikai a me ka io. ".]

[Maliu mea hewaio, i ka asymmetry maanei ma i ka nui o ka mea i ua poe. No

ka mea, nolaila, infinitely uuku, ina i he infinitely uuku. I ka luna derivation
ak,o wau , aole e infinitely uuku, aka, e like no ka liilii aka ai i 2 i ka manawalea
aku i finite nui like 'ole.]
[Aka he mea pono ke olelo ia ia, no kaaahu probability kanawai ma kahi o ka
densest waiwai D e like me ka pono, kekahi waiwai e hiki e koho e like me
baseline. Ma ke ano o kekahi loio (51) ka mea, no ka mea, laana, ka makemakika 'O
ia Contribuu
hoi, i ka
meala itraducci
hana i ka ho omaka o na deviations. Hanakimi loaa o e pili ana i
a millorar
kekahi 0 na puu o ka hoop aku deviations like i kekahi i kekahi, a he 0 ka mea, o ka
makemakika mawaena o A , ua.]

Text original

XX. Ka loa Kanawai.

137. O ke ana manaoia oihana mua o ka K.-G. like me ka loa n loina, a hoolako

i ka ia o ka makana papa, oa ka ana o ka poe nui a me ka uuku kope; No hoi ia he

mau panee, e hana pu me ia. Mua mai loko mai o maula lanakila hiki e hoihoi i loko o
ia mea, i nui ka nui kanaka nunui, a me kahi mea uuku dwarf, ka mea i hanaia ma ka
ia aina, a ma na mea a pau, oia ka mea nui loa ka wela, a anu, hoomhuahuaoe i ka
mahana ma ka hawi wahi i ka a ua poho iho, etc. Ak,o ka PAaIEN o ka loa aiee o
ka hookolokolo aku la ia mea i ke oia no hoi ka 'epekema waiwai no ka ike, ma ka
pilina me ka hookahi no ano me ka nn' ole i ka nui o na kope, ma lalo iho o ka mea
a mau ihola i malama; Hoi, e imi i na mea hoohana ma lalo o ka malama ihola
expectancy ma waena o ka mea hoohaiki he kope hope, ma kela aoao o ka mea ia
voraussetzlich ole ala, ma ka mea ka mea e ole poho iho, i kekahi manawa e
hiki. Pela, ka mea kiekie loa manao kiekie o ka wai o ka muliwai hooholo i ke
kiekie o ka aiiay makua, a me ke kiekie o na mea kanu maluna o kona kapa a puu,
me ka nui kakali ana i ke anu i ke kali no ka kanu i kekahi mau mea kanu, a pela aku
Hana pono, aole poina wale i ka nui o na ihola ua kalele iho ma ka helu ana o na
'ikamu i ka poe malalo iho i ka mlamaana, a ina Z. B. ka mea i oi ka nui o ka
muliwai i loko o 100 makahiki kekahi degere, pela no oukou e hiki ole ai ia mea, nui
i ka mea e ole ia i ka 1,000 makahiki koke ka hihia mai keia oi laul no ka ulu ana o
lihi,o ia ma luna o kaumaha, mai a koke akaka ai ka ukupanee, e loaa i ke kanawai
o ka inverse o ka nui o na ihola o ka nui o na kope, he hoihoi, he aha ka mea i kia
me ka mea hiki i ka manawa hookahi. Koke, o kela empirical manao paa o na ihola
ma ka helu o na laha o ka nui, mai i ka manao paa ua hana; aka, e hiki ai ke hoohana
i ka empirical n moolelo no ka nui hoolako 'ana o ihola me ka hoololi ae helu.
A hiki i keia wa ia i nana i keia wahi kekahi mau manawa, e like me kau i oi aku
mamua o hookahi wahi, i ka nui o n alii e kpae 'ole pili deviation ma waena o n
ihola: E' - E , ai 'ole ( E' - E , ) : A, he likeole ka m okoa i loko o K. -G. loaa,
hoohanaia no ka mea, like me k ka loa, aole hoi i pili variability o na waiwai i
hopohopo manao i ka mea e hiki ke lawe loa erroneous hopena.
Maanei, ke Apercu pono hoonoho ae kona noonoo ana, ina e hooholo wale no na
ihola o ka helu ana i ka nui, ia oe ke helu ma luna o laila, ina aole loa e hiki ihola,
aka, o ka poe e hookokoke mai ai lkou loa hookipa, a iloko o ka wa e kaawale aku o
kekahi Anhaltes hiki, e hoomaonaia oukou i ka loaa i. Aka, o keia assumption i
kokekau wale achievable kali o na ihola me ka hooulu ka m mea aole empirically
aole theoretically kekahi no lakou iho; aka, oiaio, ua puan elua wale i ka nui o na
ihola i loko o ka uuku hulimahi mamua o ka nui oka m , ua ulu, aka, ina ka m ua
manao e pii i ka infinity, mau i loko o ka specifiable ano me ka hoomau e ulu ana.
138. [ precludes i ke kahua o ka pono pilina ma waena o ka nui o ka poe ihola, a
me ka helu o na loina, i waena o ka mea ana i ka lihi, he poe laana o ka manu
nunu, a me ENCKE o ka hapai ana, me ka e hahai i na ihola o kekahi legality e
pakele. ]
Manu nunu mahope iho o kona mua, "i ka Leeuwerikplein hoi o ka makana o ke
ano like map phenomena" hopohopo hoonoho 1) : hike "Ma ole-periodic likeole i
loko o ke ana wela hoi o ka makana ma luna o kaili o ka honua.", Ka loa deviations i
ka malama a me ka makahiki wela o ia hoi, no ka mea, o ka haawi nui iloko

makahiki i okoa kilo wahi ' ae, papa olelo a: "n kiiia maanei i kekahi mea
keakea kumu, mai ka hookahi unusually loa hooilo, a he loa anal kauwela hiki
paha palua ana o ka oko ao AeAaO mai ka laina loihi o ka mua na makahiki", he
olelo i no hoi schmid ma kona meteorological wahi nui 2) hahai. I kekahi 'like me
Encke i loko o kona hoonoho ma ke ano o ka mea uuku loa kihikihio 3) no ka mea ua
mea he nui e pau ma ka ike Bessel hewa o keia hoopunipuni lalani lihi kilo hewa o
keia hoopunipuni ku ei ka theoretical koi: "Incidentally, i keia deviation ua hikiwawe
Ua wehewehe mai ka mea e nui hewa nui i hana hui o adverse loa presuppose, a hiki
pinepine ma ka pela kaawale n hanana e lawe mai ana ia aole kumumanao o lakou,
e hiki ia lakou ke waiho i ka bila kanawai. "
1)

2) puke
Memoirs o Royal. Ke Kai O Sciences ma Pelelina, mai 1848.
3) Pelelina astronomer. Yearbook no ka
haawina o Meteorology. Leipzig, 1860.
mea, 1834. p.249 FlgD.

Alaila, ma ka mea, pela mamao aole he theoretical, aole hoi experiential

hookolokolo 'a me ka hooholo' ana o n ana o keia mau loina i oleloia, a pela e ole
wale no kekahi nah i loko o keia manao e paa ma ka hahai ana hookolokolo 'ana,
aka, no hoi ka de Na facto elimination o ka hoohuoiia, i ka loa n loina a pau malalo
iho i ka loa he statutory keia, lawe i kekahi panee e ho ok .
Ano ka mea, he oiaio no, oiaio i kekahi manawa lihi ai 'ole loa deviations ke ho i
loaa kekahi kumu i hele mai mai loko mai o ka lohe ana o na olelo malalo iho i ka
K.-G. ua hapai e like me na a malalo o ka hookolokolo 'ana; Z. B. ka pahu hookino
pehu ana, a ua hooholo ihola microcephalic iwi poo kahi he ola iwi poo. Ia ihola ua
unpredictable io. Aka, mahope mai o ka i unuhi i Kanawai wale no i K.-G. hai aku i
hoakaka ia i ku i ka mua (Mok. IV) props, i aneane e hiki ke manaoia e like me ka
PAaIEN o ka muli o na ihola, mai ka loio i pili i keia mau ihola poe hanana, i mea
kahi, he mea maamau ana, e hookoe '.
139. Empirically kekahi e hiki i ka loli ana o na ihola, a me ka nui o ka
m maalahi ike i ka penei.
Hooholo mai ka totality mai o ka palapala papainoa o ka haawiia ka m , ma ka mea
a ka poe Ana i helu ia ma kaulele kauoha, ka elua ihola E ' a me E , a me na hapa
alaila, me ka hoololi i n moolelo kaulele aoao o ka poe Ana i ka olelo e lilo ia mea
i loko o ka nui o ka like hapa Z. B. ka wa o ka huina ka m = 1000 e, ma ka 10 hapa
o ka m = 100, a, ano hoi hooholo i na ihola o keia mau mahele. Ina aole
coincidentally mea aka, ma ka nui Total - ka m wale i ka hihia i lilo i koe, oia ihola ua
mau manawa ma ka totality, oukou e, aole loaa ia ma ka hapa iki, aka, no lakou ma ka
awelika wale uuku E ' a nui E , e haawi mai; a ua hai ma kela a me keia hapa iki
o ka m = 100, ke ano ma ka hoohlike, ma ka 10 hapa o ka mmahele = 10, no ka
papa ka like pomaikai, e knwai. Ano, ia oukou ke ike i ka totality o na Ana o ka

haawiia m, oe mua i mua ona ia, e like me ka hapa iki o ka totality o ka nui ka
mnoonoo, ae manao nei makou, ina hookahi hou na hui o ka ia ka m e loaa i ka pono
a hiki i ka E " a me E , , loaa mai ka ia, a me ka awelika o ka e " a me e , me ka nui
totality o na kope e ae no ka oi ma ka hoohui a me ka hua.
Mea e hoomaopopo ai i ka E , a ua loaa mai ka equinumerous hapa kona totality, e
he knaka okoa nui, a me ka iho e like me ka mokuahana mawaena o na mea e ae
equinumerous hapa o ka totality nui o ka haawi totality ka m hiki ke noonoo, kekahi e
noho ma waena o ka e o ka nui klai'ina hui loaa oko ao, i mea hoi e hiki ole helu
ma ka haawi ana i ka m -dependent loa kekahi e ka ' a me ka e , e loaa; aka, paha ka
mua kahi e hiki maopopo lea aku nei au e hookuu ai ma ka makahiki maluna no ka
mea, laweia mai manao o ka haawiiaka m -dependent E awelike i like me ka hou
mahuahua ma + a ma - E lawe i ka nui ka m no; ka lua, hiki kona mea oko a ma ka
hawiia ka m e like me ka mea i maopopo ma muli o ka'paha contingencies i
Blend he pili keia hookolokolo ana, e noonoo i ka mea hoi ma lalo nei.
E wehewehe kakou i ka mua ma Studentenmatafel 4) me ka m = 2047, na oihana
mua o na mea i haawiia mai ma ka 65, ma muli o ka mea a A 1 o ka iniiaiie panel =
71,77, D pa ma ka ho'miana aku i = 1 in, aka, ma ka waena o 4 papa = 71 , 96. Eia
nae, mai ka hana ana o na mea a pau ka m = 2047 e enormously complicated, i wale
360 Hawaii e hoohana penei.
4)

No ka keakea o ka ole-aahu koho, i ka poe malalo-ka Hokoana loa i na mea a

pau, au e aho ua koho kekahi laana, ina ua ku I Urlisten ma n mea a me ka mea paa
maemae randomness ma ke kaina o n Mka no ka mea, e olelo oe; aka, e hiki ia
drawback unquestionably detrimental i ka pili, a he nui folgends, wale marginally.
Mai ka palapala helu, ma kahi o ka nui, ua hala loa ma ka ulia ma hope, i ka mua
18 Ana i launahele hou i loko o kona kaulele kaina a hui iloko o ka totality o ka 360
ana o kela a me keia o ka 20 hoiliili ana. Penei he E = 77,5, E , = 64 'niha loaa. Eia
Next keia mau 360 ana a pau i ka 180 mahele me ka ka m mokuahana = 2, ma ka mea
a kela hana ana oia koke ke ana ana E , i ka kekahi, e like me E , i, a ma ka mahele
ana i ka huina o ka pela loaa E ' a me E , me 180 i ka uuku , e ka ' 73,16 a me ka
meakino = e , = 70,26 loaa; Next nui o 360 ana i ka 120 hapa, ua ana me ka ka m = i
3 nona ka awelika E ' a me E , a pela ppilikia a me n hualoaa i manaoi
hoopkole' ia ma kia papa.
I. awelike aiee o ka luna, a malalo ihola o n hapa, kela mea keia mea me ka
m hehee wale.
ka m

e ka '

e,

E '- E ,

E '+ E ,

180

73,16

70,26

2,90

143,42

120

73,81

69,56

4,25

143,37

90

74,25

69,17

5,08

143,42

60

74,68

68,41

6,27

143,09

40

75,09

67,86

7,23

142,95

18

20

75,84

66,85

8,99

142,69

36

10

76,25

66,27

9,98

142,52

72

76,90

65,70

11,20

142,60

360
1
77,50
64,00
Keia papa, oia ke ala i ka keia mau loina.

13,50

141,50

Invariably kekahi ike me ka hooulu ka m ka waena 'E ala, i ka E , emi ana, no ka

mea ke no kona ano maoli, i ka likeole ma waena o elua ihola E' - E , me ka
hooulu ka m ulu, e like me ka mea iike i kekahi mea malalo o proportionally me ka
m ulu ma Z. B. me ka m = 2 he 2,9, i ka wa a ka m me ka pa = 360 13.5. Luku ia i
mea i mua o ka huina o na ihola me ka hooulu ka m wale loa slight loli; oia, aia hoi,
ke kaawale mai ka paewaewa uuku iloko o ka m = 4 a me 72, ka mea e manao e like
me ke kumu i'paha contingencies, i ka loli i loko o kekahi ana emi o E ' + E , me ka
mhuahua m. n nae, he mea ia ala e hoomaopopo. O ka holo ana, ina E ' me ka
hooulu ka m ulu, E , emi, ano laul, e olelo ana, kahi a ka manawa kpono e laua
pono compensated, alaila, kahi E' + E , me ka mahuahua ka m ka hihia e koe ikaika
oia, i kaawale mai'paha contingencies alaila, i manaoia ina symmetry o deviations i
naoaoelua laau, mai ka makemakika hemolele. Ano, i ka Hokoana loa o ia, aka, e
like me ka lakou poe ia, aka, aole loa hoopili like, e like me ka hoopili like i ka
hopena o ka holo mai E '+ E , aole loa i ka precondition no ia.
O ka 140. [Oiai, ano na loina papa aku au ma luna o ka ulu ana o ka poe luna, a
me lihi slimming malalo no ka mea, e ulu ana ka m i maopopo ma ka naau, aole
lakou i haawi lilo ole ia lakou iho i ka noho ma lalo nei ( 141) huki hou loa
kanawai. No ka mea, ua loko mai o ka XIX. Law, ka mea e klele ana ma luna o n
deviations mai ka makemakika ke ano A , a me ka densest loina D pili, no ia mea, o
ka loa ai initially ka loa deviations mai ka baseline, a aole loa Hawaii E ' a
me E , me ka hoohuoi ana pololei. Ka pela-pili likeole i loko o ka hooholo 'ano Ua
akaka no, mai ke kilo ia E' pono ma lalo baseline, a me kekahi manawa nana e
hoole E , e noho ma luna o ia mea, a me ka mea alaila i ka deviation o ka lihi o ka
auoiaea n loina a pau, aole na ka poe i k mkou waiwai, aka, e aho ka palena iki cia
o 'ia hike likeole. Na averages ma luna o ka papaaina hiki ole ke manao e like me
ka awelika aiee loa deviations nolaila, mahope mai, e like me ia, e lawe wale i ka
Maxima o ka palena pau loina iloko o ka mooolelo. Ku e keia ai 'o ia hoi, nae, ke
hoala mai i ka kue ana i na ihola E' a me E , e like me ia, ka nn 'ole o ka koho
baseline ka papa kuhikuhiE waiwai, ka ukupanee hooeueu ae, ae koi mea hoonoho
pono pili kanawai; aka, he mea hiki wale hiki ma ka meakino o ka henua pololei no
ka loa deviations kanawai, mai ka hihia pili ia i basically e pili ana i puunaue
kanawai deviation loina. He nui no hoi initially ka theoretical rula no ka loa
deviations empirically e hooiaio mai.]

[No keia mea, na Ana o ka palapala helu pono e malama ana i ka na kauoha i
UAIAaIN ko lakou mau deviations mai ka loiloi mua loina. O ka hope oia no ka
makemakika hemolele cia A , alaila, na deviations ana , ma kahi o ka, a me kekahi
me ka ole kaawale ana o ka olelo mai ka hopena maikai palena pau n loina paha, ke
kaumaha ma muli kahi o ka GG-wale maluna ma ka hoaka resp. lalo deviations ua
ma muli o Keoklani, wale no, aole hoi i elua. I ka wa n mea hike aku o D , nae,
he n deviations " a , ma kahi o ka ai e kau, a hiki i ka olelo ^ o ka io , e ak,
mai ka elua mlualua G. G. hele mai ana ano no ka hoohana 'ana, ma ka rula, kahea
no ke kaawale ana o na keena lalo o na deviations, a pili i n mea i loko ookoa ala.]
[Ma keia hihia oukou e hiki, haawi mai i ka nawaliwali degere o ka asymmetry oia
i ka 'Imi akahai i intrinsically, koho i ka makemakika hemolele i baseline, a oukou i
makemake ia lakou i ka noonoo o ka poe liilii, ka loaa huina o 360 dimensional
Hawaii i hookaawale i ka olelo a me ka io deviation n loina e hana. I puku nolaila i
ka 360 Hokoana Ana i paa ko lakou mau papa, ma ko lakou mau deviations mai A , o
ka pono io ua like pu ia 71,75 hookama ma kahi o kiko' hookahi 71,77. A laila, a pau
o na deviations loaa ka lihi deviation me na loina 7,75, a me kekahi subdivision ia
ka mea like, a wale no ka lihi deviation waiwai i kona kumu kekahi, nae ma muli o
ka 'oluolu' ole io, aka, ia ll e like me ka piha waiwai, no ka mea, na deviations
wale no ko lakou piha Hawaii e hele mai iloko o noonoo mahope iho. Ano, ina ka
helu o 360 likeole loa maikai ma luna o ka huina o 360 degere, a hiki ma ka n hapa,
kela mea keia mea o ka m , he cia, oki a me kela a me keia manawa me ka nui U i
helu 'ia e hoohiki lihi deviation, ua loaa hahai papaaina, hoikeia ma ka he
pinepine ka deviation o kekahi nui ma lalo o ka n hapa e like me ka lihi
deviation U iloko; he mea maoli no ka m = 1 na deviations a hiki i ka manawa i lawe
ia e like me ka loa deviations:
II. Helu i na manawa he nui ka lihi deviation U i n hapa, kela mea keia mea
me ka m mai ai lala.
U

ka m= 1 ka m= 2 ka m = ka m= ka m ka m ka m= ka m= ka m= ka m =
3
4
=6
= 9 18N = 36 72N = 360
N = 360 N = 180
20
5
N = 120 N = 90 N = 60 N = 40
N = 10
N=1

0.00

12

0,25

28

0,50

25

0,75

21

1,00

16

1,25

31

11

1,50

35

14

1,75

29

13

2,00

24

18

13

13

2.25

23

12

2.50

15

2,75

16

3,00

11

10

3.25

12

3,50

3,75

16

14

11

4.00

4,25

10

10

10

4,50

4,75

5.00

5,25

5.50

5,75

6,00

6,25

6,50

6,75

7,00

7,25

7,50

7,75

Kia moo, ka mea ho i ka makana Panel no ka loa deviations, ke loaa i ka ulu ana o
lihi ma hooulu ma successively ka hookikina i ka huna uuku loina ka
m hoomaopopo. Eia nae, he piha hike ia ia penei compilation o ka awelika aiee
o U, e like me ka mea a ka makemakika olelo U i kekahi , ke kikowaena cia U C , a me
ka densest waiwai U D ua manao:
III. Ka awelika Hawaii U i , U e , a me U D o loa deviations mai ka m carbocyclic hui.

ka m ka
ka ka m= ka m ka m ka m = ka m= ka m= ka m =
= 1 m= 2 m= 3 4
=6 =9
18
36
72
360
Ui

2,00 2,72 3,27 3,61 4,10 4,39

5,14

5,75 6,15

7,75

Ul

1,73 2,41 3,16 3.65 4,13 4,33

5,13

5.50 6,00

7,75

UD

1,50 2,00 2,00 2,00 4.00 4,25

5,25

5,25 5,25

7,75

kekahi

He mea pono e hoomaopopo i U e me na mea interpolation, U D aka, ua manao e

like me ka nui i ka mea a ka nui helu o U haule iho la; wale no ka m = 6, ua laweia
ka mawaena o ka elua n loina, n mea a pau i ka poe i k mkou helu. 8 Kaawale
mai ka densest Hawaii ole nui, i keia mau loina ke lilo i ikaika mahuahua me ka
mhuahua ka m leka hoomaopopo.Aka hoi lawe maikai nei U D , aole i huli aku, aka,
i hoopaa mai ai wale palua no ka mea, Kime Pookela ka m kona waiwai.]
[I ka luna hookaawale ae mai ka lalo deviations, e paa ana ia laua e hui ana ma ka
lalani, pela no e hiki mai II elua papa ma kahi o ka papaaina, hookahi no ka ' , i ka
kekahi, no ka , ; mai, nae, i ka huina helu o ka likeole no kela kanaka, ina ua
hoemi ia i hapalua, pela no ka maopopo ana o na olelo hoi i mea considerably nui. I
hou D ka hakahaka o A e like me ka hoomaka waiwai, pela e lilo i ka kaawale ana o
ka moo o deviation Hawaii i loko o ka moo o ^ a me na mea o , i koi rula.]
141. [I keia emprischen Hawaii, e hoolako theoretical olelo ia, o ke kanawai o
ka probability ua W , U ] loaa i ka Hike me ka mea a W. mawaena o ka m deviation
aiee o ka lihi waiwai U ka mea e manao ia. Aka, ina U ho i ka lihi waiwai, e like
me kekahi o ka poe e pono ai ka m deviations loaa ia waiwai, oiai o ka m - 1 kekahi i
kekahi waiwai ma waena o 0 a U keoluolu. Ka Law W [ U ] pela expresses ka W. ia
o ka m deviation like i kekahi U , oia, a me ka kekahi ma waena o n palena 0
a U olelo.]
[Ua Ano, i ka wa a ka piha aiee o na deviations e ua haawiia mai ai, i ka W. i ka
deviation ma waena o ka infinitely kokoke palena , a me + D e hei ai lakou, e
like me:
, (1)
He mea immaterial paha na n mea hike aku mai ka makemakika mawaena o ka
manao lokahi deviations + a - , a na n mea hike aku mai ka densest n loina o
ka unilateral deviations " resp. , i waena o ka poe e hoomaopopo; aka wale no
ka mea i loko o ka mua hihia H = 1:
, ma na la mahope hihia H = 1: E '
niioaaonoaaiii. = 1: E ,
ua hoonoho kahi ka awelika o , e ka ' ,
pakahi: E , ka awelika waiwai o pakahi. , ho. E nolaila, i

ka M deviation 1 , 2 .... ka m no ka mea hoike, ka mea mua like pu ia me Ua me

kela mahope uuku paha ma mea like aku U e i haku no ka mea mua o ka W.:

a me kela olaa aku la i ka W.:

,
Ka W. no ka mea, o ka coincidence o ka m likeole, i ka mua o ka mea like ia U , a
me kela mea keia mea o ka hope o ia i kekahi waiwai ma waena o 0 a U i nolaila, ua
kaulike;

He mea keia waiwai paa aka like Diew, ina, ma kahi o ka oko mua o ka penei ia: U ,
ua hoonoho, a me kela a me keia manawa i ka m - 1 koe i ka waiwai papa koa
mawaena 0 a U no.He mea nolaila ke W. ia o ka m deviations ka like kekahi U oia, a
me ka kekahi ma waena o n palena 0 a U kamailio ole - ma na olelo - ke W. ia U o
ka lihi waiwai ma lalo o ka m he deviations, ma:
Kahi , t = Hu , (2)
hoike mai. Mai
.
.
pela no oukou e hiki no hoi;
; ( T = Hu ) (3)
. E kau iho i]
[No ka mea, e hiki e ike i ka hope ano o ka hoohalike ai i ke integral ma luna
o W , U ] ua koke e hoakaka. Keia integral, lawe ma waena o kekahi mau mokuna,
aka, expresses ka W. i ka lihi hihia o ka deviation ma waena o ia mau palena. He
mea nolaila, ke W. i ka lihi deviation uuku ma mua o U 1 = Halau 1 : H , a me ka
nui o U 2 = 'ole 2 : h, like me:
, (4)
pela no ka mea i like ko ke W. a U = t: H ka luna resp. haahaa kali a lihi,o ia, ma:
resp.
ua haawiia mai ai.]

[He Ano maopopo lea ka waiwai U e = 'ole C : H ia i

ole

, (5)

ka mea, ua like paha, ma luna o manao paa o ka lihi o ka m deviations i ka nui a me

ka uuku aku oukou mamua o U pela aku , e loaa. No ka mea, nolaila, U C ho i ka
Central cia ole paha cia ma pinepine hai manao paa o ka lihi deviation, kona
dependence ma ka m hoike ana i ke hailula (5), a me kona mea i haawiia mai ka
m ma ka mea o ka Halau aina hiki ke loaa. Mai ka hahai ana compilation o ka pili
i ka m a me ka 'ole e , no kekahi mau aiee o ka m ka ulu ana o keia Central waiwai no
me ka hooulu ka m hiki keikeia.]
ka m

ole l

ka m

ole l

ka m

ole l

.4769

1,2628

500

2,2611

.7437

18

1,4689

1000

2,3988

.8936

36

1,6576

5000, 2,6946

.9957

72

1,8319

10000 2,8134

6
1,1330
360
2,1933
[Ma waho aeo ka Central Hawaii, he mea o ka ukupanee i ka ike i ka waiwai i
loaa, he hookahi waiwai, ka lua W .. Ka mea, hoike mai ai ia ia iho i lawa pinepine
hai manao paa o ka lihi o ka m deviations e like me densest waiwai, a ua
theoretically i k mkou waiwai o W , U manao]. No ka mea, nolaila, lawa no ka
mea, na = Hu ke helu kaulike;
.
paha:
, (6)
ae e ma U D = na D : H i haawiia. Helu ana , t D mai ka helu kaulike (6) no ka mea, i
hoouna 'ia ka m , ua like me ka mea a na pela aku , a ma muli hoi o ka T papa
hana. Hanakimi loaa e like me ka mea penei hui pu cia o ka m me ka 'ole D :
ka m

na b

ka m

na b

ka m

na b

0.000

1.194

500

2.203

0.620

18

1.404

1000

2.342

0,801

36

1.594

5000,

2.641

0,914

72

1.770

10000

2.761

1.060

360

2.134

Ia ia e hike mai i na b < k pela aku , me ke komo pu U D lalo U C , oia ka mea e aka,
me ka hooulu ka m , keia mau loina hookokoke kekahi i kekahi.]
[Eia ke oki, ka makemakika mawaena o ka loa deviations hiki ke manao. Ina kapa
aku kakou ia U i kekahi , mai kakou loaa (2):
(7)
ai 'ole - mahope hapa hoohui' -:
, (8)
No ka mea, ka m = 1, i ka hopena o ka (7) U i = 1 : H
: di Aloha ka noonoo ole
awelika o na deviations lakou ia lakou iho no ka M = 2, ua loaa mai (8) U i = : H , di
Aloha i ko lakou hoonuiia = 1,4142 awelika o deviations iho. no ka mea, nui ka
m ke [ na ] poe e 118 ma ka moo kino, a nolaila, U
kekahi e e? ac? i
loko o ka moo. No ka mea, laana, hookahi nei ma keia ala, no ka m = 3 i:

ai ole ia, e like me

.
i:
,
He mea pela U i ua like ia me 1,6623 hoonuiia ma averages o na deviations iho.]
[Kl me kia no n loina ekolu U pela aku , U D a me U A ma kekahiaoao o ka
dependence o ka loa deviations mai ka helu ka m o na deviations mai i ka manao paa,
ua hana ia ma mua o n maka. N nae, he mea ia he mea nui e hoohalike i ka
theoretical aiee me ka empirical, e like me ka pono me ka maluhia o ka empirical

manao paa e like me ka nanea o ka theoretical i ka ho omaulia, a me ka poe e noonoo

me ka nn 'ole ia, ka mea e hoolako i ka pomaikai nui o na loina ekolu e pono
ai. Ano, ke i ka ho omaulia ana o ka theoretical waiwai o ka mea U C pono mamua o
ka mea o U D a U i kekahi , me ka pili ana i ka empirical hooholo aka,
ua U D hope U pela aku , a me U i ka maluhia i ko U pela aku , a me U i loaa nui like
hilinai , No ka mea, nolaila, me ka pomaikai o ka poe Central cia U C malama no ka
mea, e like me ka phola me ka hookolohua.]
[No ka mea, o ka Hokoana Ana no ka mea, i ka empirically ka manao o lakou aiee
o U pela aku . In papa III, ua helu, o keia hoohlike hiki aku ai i ka hahai ana
hualoaa, ka uuku o ka noonoo ole deviations e like me ka 65 like 2.045, oa.
1: H =

= 3,625 i oia:

IV. Hoohlikelike o theoretical aiee o U C me ka empirical, mai ka m kekahi

-membered hapa.
Ul
ka
Diff.
m theor. empir.
1

1,73

1,73 0

2,70

Ul
ka
Diff.
m theor. empir.
9 4,58

4,33 - 0,25

2,41 - 0.29

18 5,32

5,13 - 0,19

3,24

3,16 - 0.08

36 6,01

5.50 - 0,51

3,61

3.65 +0,04

72 6,64

6,00 - 0,64

4,11

4,13 +0,03

360 7,95

7,75 - 0,20

It e, i ka nui o kia mau a nayce n o ka uuku o ka 360 Hawaii i ka poe malalo o

empirical manao, e imi i ka correlation ma waena o theoretical a me ka empirical
Hawaii kanalua kupono, no ia mea, ma ia hope aku i ka hookumu kanawai o ka
probability ua hoopaa ma ka hoao ana.]
142. [The ka papa kuhikuhi hopena a mai ka luna Aey? Acaeoey i kia mau mea:
L) Ina he K.-G. me ka nui asymmetry - e like me presupposing ka rula - hoouna
'ia, a i ka elua kapakahi GG, he mea no ia noi, ina Halau' = U ' : E'
ua kau, i ka
W:.
(9)
i ka mea a ka lihi waiwai o ka m ^ ma luna o D wahahee deviations like pu ia
me U " a nolaila, i ka luna lihi ka hooponopono-hookahi.
(9a)

ia. Correspondingly, aia no he W.:

(10)
i ka mea e U , = na , E ,
Werth hou xtreme o ka m , malalo o D e waiho
deviations'ewe, a me ka poe lalo loa, a hiki like
(10a)
ia. He mea hiki, ma kkoo mau repetition pinepine ae la ka m ^ ma luna a me ka
m , malalo o D kope pahuhopu o keia K.-G. koho ma ka moolelo kaulele, pela no,
ke kikowaena waiwai o ka resultant ma keia aoao o ka luna, a malalo ihola oia:
; kahi
; kahi

(11)

ka densest waiwai ma:

; kahi
; kahi

(12)

ka makemakika ano waiwai ma:

; kahi
; kahi

(13)

hiki ke hoomakaukau.]
[2) E like me ka ulu ana m + ' a me ka m , ia lakou no ka poe maluna formulas
n loina Halau' a me na , ulu, pela initially i ka like n loina Halau '- na , a me ka
m ' - ka m 'loaa ka ia hoailona; hou, mahope mai e like me ka proportional kanawai
no hoi e ka '- E , oia ka hoailona e like me ka m ' - ka m , ua, pela ke oia, he
oiaio no ka oko ao E't '- e , k, a me ka m - ka m , . Ka asymmetry o ka loa
deviations bez. D pela i n knaka e like me mamua, e like me ka asymmetry o ka
deviation kii bez. D. ukana pili i keia kanawai ma na deviations bez. ka makemakika
hemolele A laila 'o ia, hookahi nei ma ka i hoakaka ia ma ka 33 malalo o 7) lua
reversal kanawai aie i ka penei noonoo. Mai ka ka loa deviations he nui, a ua malama
i kpa a nui fluctuations, ka hookamaia ua aeia, i ke koena unuhi o na deviations
kona hoailona, aole ia e loli, ina kekahi o D i ka kpa a pili loina A hala ae ia. I ka
likeole o ka deviation kii bez. A aka, i ka poe e ku pono hailona e like me ka

likeole o ka deviation huahelu bez. D. He nolaila, ina o keia assumption he pololei, i

ka likeole o ka loa deviations bez. A ke ku hailona e like me ka likeole o ka
deviation kii bez. H. Ma mea, i keia reversal Kanawai i Z. B. ma ka papa III, a me IV
o ka XXV. MOKUNA no ka mea, o na lala o ka lalo iho o ka rai (me hookahi wale
no, koe nae mawaena o 15okoa hihia) kona ka honua. Eia nae, ka mea ia e pili
wale e like me he kanawai empirical ka mea e pili ana i ka hihia o ka nui asymmetry
nui. I mailuilu asymmetry, nae,aohe mea paha, aole koi ae i kona validity (uku
pnai. 181.)]
[3) nalo i ka asymmetry o K.-G., pela basically ua manaoia ka ia n loina e hana, e
like me ka auoiaea waiwai Ano, i ka hiki i ka loa deviations D coinciding A , me ka
lawelawe ana o na mea GG i panai no me e pili elua kapakahi. Ma keia hihia, na
formulas haawiia ma lalo nei 1) koe, in wale n ka m ^ a me ka m , ma ka m , a
me e ka ' a me ka E , ma ka ae i pololei ia ma ke ala hookahi ? UAIAaIN. Aka,
mahope mai o ke kanawai o ka hoi o ka makana ma Alia, me ka huina o ka nui
symmetry o ka m ma na aoao elua o A pili pu, he oiaio, i ka olelo a me ka io
deviations pu e subjugate i ka lihi ai, e alakai i fol-uwo ana
hoomaopopo. Hookomoia , t = U:
, aia no he W.:
(14)
i ka mea a ka lihi waiwai o ka deviation bez .. He like aku U no. Eia nae, ua
noho unclear paha U , ua pili ia i ka auoiaea aiee ma ka olelo a io ano. Ka mea, e hiki
no ia wale aku nei au i laila ma
ai 'ole

(14a)

oia, a ma ia manawa i loko o ka mua hihia E , ma luna o A - U, ma na la mahope

hihia e ka ' malalo A + U koe. Like olelo no hoi e pili ana i ka hou ana o ka poe o ka
formulas (5), (6) a me (8) e hooponoponoia ia mea, e kaulana loa deviation
Contribuu
a millorar, la
traducci
aiee
U pela
aku U D a U kekahi e hana i ka auoiaea loina. No ka mea, hookahi, o keia
haawi aole i manao 'loa iho, aka, wale o kekahi keena resp. lalo kali no ka mea, o ka
luna resp. lalo konu loa.]

Text original

XXI. Ka plki lapaau o Kane mea .

143. [ka la wale manaoia makemakika lapaau o K.-G. presupposes i ka poe Ana i
haahaa proportionate oko a puni ka uuku n loina. Aka, aia no hoi K.-G. i na Ana o
ka gale pena, a me ka kela la i keia ua kiekie, e like me ka olelo ma ka IV. Ka
Mokuna kekahi o na kumu nui n loina hoolako e pili ana i ka loa ikaika awelika
deviation, hiki evading ka noi o ka makemakika ano o ka lapaau,, ka plki hana
hike nae ole, ae ae aku i kekahi ma ko keia noho ana paha o ka plki hoi o ka
makana kanawai.]
[Keia haawi ala i ka hana e lawe i kumukanawai a ka poe mua i loko o ka Mokuna

V ( 35 a me 36) ua olelo mau loa kokoke i ka plki kanaka. Laila,o ka nui, ao ke

ano o ka puunaue kanawai o K.-G. i ke kino, e mea e pono rula e hai aku oukou i ke
kala deviations ma mua o makemakika oko ao, kpono pono i ka hopena, ua loaa i ka
GG ma o ka makemakika = a - H , na logarithms o ka lki deviations = i:
H , o maukala = haalele i - maukala H e basically no e pepehiia oia. Laila,
he, ke noi o ka plki hanaano nui i haiiae ia lakou e, a ua hoonoho i ke
notation. Alaila, ma ka nui;

= haalele i ,
= haalele i - maukala H ;

: = maukala
;

= maukala , =
maukala H - haalele i kekahi , (1)
e kau a pakahi aku la ia i ka densest waiwai o ka ma D , ko lakou makemakika ano
o G , a me kona Central waiwai ma ka C i hookohu 'ia, i ka luna, a malalo deviation
na kii, a me awelika deviations bez: D ma ke ano hookahi me bez. D ma ka
m ^ , ka m , a e ', e , e hoakaka ia, no ka mea,
;

; kahi = i - D , = D - he ., (2)

E oe no hoi e hele mai ka plki aiee i ka laul n loina a pau o ia i lkou e like me
n papa o na logarithms, pela no
D = maukala T , C = maukala C , G = maukala G (3)
presuppose. It pili alaila T ka densest lki waiwai o kekahi mea o ka makemakika
densest loina D mea okoa, C e like me ka makemakika Central n loina ; a me G ho
i ka geometric mawaena o ka Dar. Ma kuhikuhi aku i kia mau 'o Ka hooholo a me
Aey? Acaeoey o ka hoakaka ia mokuna, aka, hoohui i ka hala, a ua hahao ma laila
wale n ma ka nn ana, hana maanei. It pono Nolaila kekahi lima, ke hoike
empirical e aka ia, ma ka mea, o ka pomaikai o ka plki lapaau no K.-G. hooholo
ihola me ka ikaika proportionate oko mlie.Kekahi hapa, he mea e pono ai ka plki
deviations o kekahi , a me kona papa kuhikuhiE Hawaii D , C , G , no ka eluakolamu G. G . Hope loa hookonukonu ai ma ka lki deviations o kekahi , a me kona
papa kuhikuhiE Hawaii T , C , G e hoolilo a dissipation o ke kumumanao i pololei
ia pilina ma waena o T , a me D e malama i ka loulou ma waena o ka plki a me
ka makemakika hana.]
[Eia ka plki hoi o ka makana kanawai ia iho e like me ka oko kiekie i loko iho
bewhrendes ka hoao ana kanawai i lawa nui, ka mea hele ma luna o ka haahaa
fluctuation i loko o ka maamau makemakika kanawai. No ia mea, he mea e pono
kekahi oi aku mamua o keia, mai ka empirical wahi o ka Hawaii o ka hou

hoolaha. Aka, mahope iho o ka lewa i ka XIX. MOKUNA Ua makaukau ke kuhiakau

e like me ia i ka ho omaka, ka K.-G,, mai a ka elua mlualua G. G, He kokekau wale
makemakika deviations ka hopena, he mea pono e hoololi i kia kuhiakau no ka mea
hoi, no ka plki deviations penei ka puunaue kanawai, mai ia mea i loko o ka
AYEIE ano. Keia e hana ma ka hou ana i keia pauku.]
144. [To i ke koho ana i ka hoomaopop 'ana i lapaau ana i ka makemakika me ka
ikaika fluctuation ma ka naau, e lawe aku au i kela mea keia mea o ka luna K.-G., na
Ana o ka gale pena, a me maamau o ua kiekie, i kumu a me ka puu dala n hualoaa
no na 'ole o ka hana me ka.]
[Mai ka catalogs o mua Pinakothek ma Munich, a me ka ohi ana o pena i
Darmstadt, na Ana o 253 Huli slike kona kiekie Ana ua waihoia lakou ma ka iniiaiie
hoi o ka makana papa hoike. E like me ka mokuna kenimika, ua koho ia. Ka uuku
dala i loaa like i 13, i ka nui me ka 265, ka makemakika mawaena o A 1 like me 54,4
a me Media C 1 like ai 44,2 knm. Keia hope aku, he hoemi kuina, ua loaa ia ia ma ka
mea i loko o n Ana no kela 10 knm. Ka Ia makemakika kpono ai kanaka mahope
zweiseitigenG. G. i ka hahai hopena:

I. kiekie Ana o Ke 'ano mookalaleo n kii ma ka makemakika aaioee.

ka m = 253, i = 10, A 1 = 54.4: E = 1 knm .
Z
he
empir.

theor.

15

13

15

25

41

38

35

54

39 1)

45

43

36

55

22

31

65

20,5

26

75

15

21

85

10

16

95

8.5

11

105

115

125

135

145

155

165

195

235

265

A 2 = 55.3
C 2 = 44.3
D i = 35,4
D pa = 24,9
ka m '= 220
ka m , = 33
mau '=
35,8
mau , =
5.4

1)

[Eia ka poe i k mkou theoretical n loina, aole ia i haule ma ka w mawaena 20 30, a me ka densest cia D pa Including: nae,o ia wale n ma nanuu maluna
huluulu manao o ia conditionally. I ka mea, hookahi loaa ma kekahi Huluulu
Manao kekahi laana:
anuu

20-24

14,0

24-28

15,9

28-32

15,8

no ia mea, he slight oi o ka w mawaena 24-28 e pili ana i ka densest loina 24,9].

Aka, o kekahi replaces ma ka iniiaiie panel, i ka i n loina, ma plki

Hawaii = haalele i kekahi , aia no ia ano mawaena o ka palena = 1, 11, a
me = 2,42 lauwili ana, ae koho i ka hoemi w mawaena o ka nui 0.08 , ka hopena
hoi, ina he oiaio keia papaaina o au loa ia e like me ka pono e like me ka
papaaina mua o kekahi , me ka hahai n hualoaa:
. II kiekie Ana o ke ano mookalaleo Ke n kii i loko o plki kanaka.
I = 0.08: ka m = 253.
Z
he

empir

theor.

1,04

0.5

1,12

1.5

1,20

1,28

10

1,36

19

18

1,44

22

27

1,52

38

32

1,60

32

32

1,68

31

30

1,76

26

26

1,84

18

22

1,92

19

17

2,00

13

12

2,08

8.5

2,16

5.5

2,24

2,32

2,40

2,48
G = 1,669
C = 1,644
D i = 1,538
D pa = 1,549

G = 46,7
C = 44,1

T i = 34,5
T pa = 35,4
m + '= 165
ka m , = 88
e' = 0,256
mau , = 0,136

Ke kapakai a na papa, a me ka pomaikai o ka plki hana, ua manaoe hoolako i n

l. No ka mea, i loko o ka makemakika papaaina, oia ka huina o n alii e kpae oko
ma waena o ka empirical a me ka theoretical Hawaii like me 74; ma ka plki
papaaina Ak, wale no me ka 37, i ka mea pono ka hapalua o ka nui. It hou palupalu
ka empirical, a me ka theoretical-CALORIES densest waiwai D i , a me D pa i 10,5
naehana mai i kekahi i kekahi; oiai ka poe me ka like cia T i, a T pa oko ma wale
0,9. He mea no hoi e hoomaopopo i ka makemakika kekahi puu

ke kumukuai o 0,64, ka plki kekahi puu

ka waiwai 0,792 ho i ka mea a pau waho o ka theoretical palena o ka pa , di Aloha

0,785 a me ka 0,845, moe i keia ma ka koi 'ia -Gesetze Hawaii = 0,785 ma
kahi kokoke loa i loko o ia mau palena. A pau i kia hike i ka mea nele i ka
makemakika lapaau nei, hoao iho la ka plki Ak nae no ia. He mea pono e
hoomaopopo i hoowahwah ka haahaaka m ka empirical panel kahiuli ana no na
Ana o ke ano mookalaleo Ke n kii a pau e manao e like me KOLOHE.]
[E like me ka hana a ka poe i kela la ua wahi kiekie, aia ma Geneva i 1845 - ua
haule iloko o 1892 ma January ii iai (maule iho la ka hau, a ua), ma ka meteorological
papa Bibliothque Universelle de Ka Genve (Archives Des Sciences Phys listen
Nat ..) ma lalo o ke poomanao, 'o "Eau tombe a hiki mai' o Les 24 heures" ua helu
'ia. O ka huina helu o ke anuenue la iloko o na i koho manawa o 48 makahiki, he
477; no ka mea, kela mea keia mea o lakou, ua hawiia mai ka ua kiekie i tenths o
ka millimeter. 16 Pua l, ua palapalaia ma ka 0.0 mm o; ka nui loa ua kiekie, ua like
ia me 40,0; ka makemakika waena o A 1 like me 4,45; ka Central cia C 1 ua like ia me
2,24 mm o. Mai ka iniiaiie hoi o ka makana panel ka hoemi panel me ka w
mawaena, ua i = 1 mm o hana i kpono ai ka hahai Hawaii iloko o makemakika
lapaau;
III. Ka ua kiekie o Ianuari no ka mea, Geneva, ma makemakika kanaka.
M = 477, i = 1, A 1 = 4.45: E = 1mm.

Z
he
emp.

theor.

0.5

133

67

1.5

88

63

2,5

43,5

61

3.5

28

56

4.5

27

49

5.5

28

42

6.5

27,5

35

7,5

14,5

28

8.5

16

22

9,5

11.5

16

10,5

12

12

11.5

10

12,5

6.5

13.5

5.5

14,5

15,5

16,5

17,5

18,5

19,5

20,5

21,5

22,5

kkel 2
23.5

28,5

30,5

32,5

40,0

A 2 = 4.49
C 2 = 2.40

D i = 0,75
D pa = 0
e ka ' =
A2
e
ka , = 0
ka m ' = m.
ka m , = 0

E like me ka oukou e ike, i ka i kela la ua kiekie ka K.-G. me infinitely nui

asymmetry ka mea, ma ka D pa = 0, a pela na loina ma luna o D pa wahahee. Ia
aelike, i ka theoretical n loina o Z me ka empirical i iki ai i ka makemakika hana
proves e lilo inapplicable ai. Ina mea makemake e nee aku i ka plki lapaau, he
mea pono mua e lawe i ka manao o ka 16 ke anuenue la, a ua komo pu 0.0 mm o,
kekahi aha-elele, no ka mea, ma ia mau la ka ua kiekie ka mea, aole loa like i 0,
aka, wale no e like me ka meauuku ka mea, aole lakou i hiki aku i ka hapaumi o ka
millimeter. I manao ma kahi o 0,05 mm o ma kahi o 0.0 mm o, a lele mai na
logarithms o ka A ma waena o n palena - lauwili a me 1.30 + 1.60. Hoike mai i
hoemi hope o keia, keakea kumu basically hoopunipuni ka iniiaiie papaaina i ka
w mawaena o ka nui 0.2, a ua kohoia e like me ka haahaa palena o ka w mawaena
mua - 1,50, ua loaa i ka hahai hualoaa:
Z
he
IV O ka ua kiekie o Ianuari no ka mea, Geneva,
empir.
theor.
ma plki hana ..
5
M = 477, i = 0,2.
- 1.4 8
4
G = 0,313 G = 2,06
- 1,2

- 1.0

- 0,8

14

- 0,6

28

19

- 0,4

14

26

- 0.2

34

34

0.0

45

42

+ 0.2 66

50

+0,4

47

56

+0,6

53

60

+0,8

67

63

+1,0

53

52

+1,2

27

27

+1,4

+1,6

C = 0,374 C = 2,37
D i = 0.800 T i = 6,31
D pa = 0,843 T M = 6,97
E ' = 0,219
mau , = 0,749
m + ' = 108
ka m , = 369

Oiai ka mea, hoike mai ka mea e moe malalo o ka

densest cia Z ma - 0,4 a 0.2 + ikaika paewaewa i ole

nalo i ka wa hoololi i ka ka ho'miana kulana, aka, ma ka papa o ia i loko o ka

iniiaiie papaaina, a hoomaikai aku la lakou i ko lakou huluulu manao ma ka
plkianuu ua; aka, aka, o ka berita ma waena o kumumanao, a me ka hoao ana
hoi i pono ai na oko ma waena o ka theoretical n loina, a me ka empirical e like me
ka hooponoponoana o n contingencies hoomaopop 'ana i loko o ka hope, haawi
lakou ia lakou iho. It pela hoao i ka plki hoi o ka makana kanawai, a me ka ua
kiekie loa kupono.]
145. [ma ke kumu o haliia mai la mawaho iloko o ka maluna e like ma waena o
kumumanao, a me ka hoao ana proves ka plki hoi o ka makana kanawai no K.G. me ka ikaika proportionate oko like ana, Mai ka ia - ma hope iho o kia hui
kkana o V. MOKUNA - coincides remarkably me ka nawaliwali proportionate oko
o kanaka Hawaii i ka papa kuhikuhiE cia i ka makemakika generalization o ka GG,
he mea - e like me ia i ka pau ana o ka hoakaka mokuna. i mua Pono n - i na mea a
pau e like me ka pololei i pololei ia o ka makana kanawai o K.-G. e kuu
kaumaha. Pela, ke probability hooholo W a W , i ka hoomaopop 'ana i deviation
mai ka densest loina D ma waena o ka infinitely kokoke palena ' a '+ D
a , a me ka ,+ D , haule no kela a me keia K.-G , ma:
;
; (4)
a malaila oia i ka helu o n mea ma waena o ka palena me ka hai aku;
Z = W ' ka m '; Z , = W , ka
m , , (5)
kahi o H 'ka m ^ = H , ka m ,, H' = 1: S '
m ^ , ka m , e D hiki ke loaa ma baseline].

, H , = 1: E ,

a e , E , , ka

[No ka mea, o ke kumu Hawaii G , C , a me D o ka plki deviations nolaila,

hoolilo aku i ka hookahi kanawai a pau ma ka XIX. MOKUNA no ka mea, o ka papa
makemakika n loina A , C a D i loko. Aka makou e puku G , C , a
me D sequentially ma log G , haalele C , ae haalele T , hookahi loaa pono i na
loina no ka papa kuhikuhiE G , C , a me T i pololei ia ka lki deviations kanawai.]
[Aole anei pela i loaa mai i keia mau olelo:
1.ka Central cia C he mau mawaena o ka geometric uuku G , a me ka densest
lki loina T , e like me ka mea oia mai ka oihana mahope Ahaolelo C , G a
me D pili.
2.I hookohu 'ia i ka geometric mawaena o ka poe maluna,
niioaaonoaaiii. lalo T e moe ana i ka Hawaii ma G ' , niioaaonoaaiii. G , , pela
ka mea,

E ' = maukala G' - maukala T , E , = maukala T - maukala G , ,

pela, ua pono i proportional kanawai:
E '- E , = maukala G - maukala T . (6)
G'G,=GT.
3.Ina kekahi hooholo e like me ka maikai e like me ka 131 e pili ana i D ,
maanei me ka pili ana i D ka waiwai 'ole " mai:

kahi ka m ka ko Salisbury mau a me ka m " ka uuku o ka elua

deviation huahelu m + ' a me ka m , imagines, alaila,
maukala C - maukala T = 'ole
", e"
; (7)
kahi i ke koena unuhi o na pauku wale no ka piha cia e hele mai iloko o
mooolelo. Me nawaliwali asymmetry ia penei:

.
ole me ka nn 'ole i (6):
maukala C - maukala T =
- maukala T ), (8)

(maukala G

ka helu kaulike a ka -Gesetze no ka mea, ke kala discrepancies.]

[O ka pilina ma waena o ka papa makemakika n loina, a me ka poe o ka lki
deviations e ho'la paka i ka hahai pohihihi.]
No ka mea, plki averages G = haalele i: M lawe e like me ka Olelo Kikeke
Ma no G e hoohiki, pl-kapaia geometric ia hoi, ke ole lki waiwai, ka mea ma
luna o kekahi o ka makana kanawai mau i hoohana iki uuku ma mua o ka
makemakika O ia hoi, A = i: ka m , a (no ka mea, he hoike o SCHEIBNER 2) ) he

kokekau wale i ka hahai ana pilina a ua, ka mea pili i ka oi pololei ka uuku o ka me
ka Q i-kapaia aa hanai pela huinahalike hewa o keia hoopunipuni aku e hoohikiia
ma ko listen .. a , di Aloha Q =

oia:
, (9)

Hele aku la, i kekahi mea ke G He kokekau wale n, mai A loko.

2)

[W . SCHEIBNER, ma luna o averages. Excerpt mai i ka palapala ninau i ka

Prof. Fechner palapala. Hoike o ka Royal. Schs. Gesellsch. d.
Wissensch. Makemakika, a me Phys. Papa. 1873. S. 562 FlgD.]
Ma waena o ka plki densest cia D , a me ka Olelo Kikeke Ma o ka makemakika
densest waiwai D hahai pili ole:
, (10)
Keia o ia hoi, E , o ka lalo uuku plki deviation = , : ka m , , Mod ka
modulus o ko kakou mau plki nenoaiu = 0,43429, e like me mau
3,14159. Keia pili ua ua hoopili aku i ka validity o ka plki generalization o GG, a
nolaila, e hiki ke hoohana ia no ka empirical hoiaio n ia o kia generalization.
[ Hoike . Ka plki densest waiwai D designates ka mea plki w mawaena o
naanuu a pau o ka ia nui, nui Z hiehie uea. He mea Nolaila, ma ka i k mkou o ka
papa probability (4) ma ikaika D a me D , , di Aloha ma ka auoiaea waiwai o
na deviations "a me ka , hooholoia. Ka arithmetically densest waiwai D ma
kekahi lima hoi ia o ka makemakika w mawaena mawaena o naanuu a pau o ka ia
nui, i ka i k mkou - no ka mea, in paa. Nolaila, i kekahi mea ke imi i keia waiwai,
no validity o ka plki hoi o ka makana kanawai e like me ka mea i k mkou o ka
pili a eia ianuu probability papa arith-metic (4). K ke nolaila ka makemakika
deviation o ka mai ka densest ka lki. T ma ka '=i ' - T a me , = T - i , no ia
mea, and '= n' a me D , = - ka , a ua hoonoho hoopii ka
wehewehena ' = haalele i ka' - D = haalele i ka '- maukala T , , = D haalele i kekahi , = maukala T - haalele i kekahi , me ka mana (4):

, (11)
A laila, ua loaa ka makou no ka ikaika D ' a me D , no ka mea, i maopopo ai ke
i k mkou o:

;
na n helu kaulike:
;
,
Ano, nae, o ka a me ka , kona Mnoa, olelo ikaika mai ana. It No ia mea, i n
wale i ka lua o na n helu kaulikeelua i k mkou no:
(12)
. Ua hookomoia mai nei ka i ka , pili i ka waiwai o D e K ke:

, = D - log D ; hou

ka mea i loaa ma ka mea, o ka hoahanau poe e (10). ]

146. [ hou . I ka wa, e like me ka olelo ma ka 35 o ka rula i kukuluia ai ka loli o
ka nui o na kope o ka K.-G. nui, ua kalele iho i ka nui o na kope, e loaa ana i na mea
hou, pono kakou loaa i ka hooponopono hou ana i ka haumna ma waho aeo ka
XIX. MOKUNA ( 136) ulu kuhiakau mea e pili ia ia lakou e hana i ka plki hoi o
ka makana kanawai subservient.]
[o Ia, e loaa i ka plki kanawai e like me ia no ka hoolilo o ka makemakika
kikaw ololi a ana, koke koa ua ea ae e lilo i kumu o ka nui hoololi. Ko lakou nui,
he indeterminate ka nui, ua like no n , eae, a me na mea a pau ma ka like o ka W. P ,
no ko lkou piiana, ke W. Q = 1 - pa attributable i ka wa e kaawale aku ko lakou
kanawai. Ka pomaikai o ko lakou mau Kupuna i kaatikala, aka, ano, aole oi aku
mamua o ka additive hou hewa ulu, aka, e like me ka hoohalike ana, he
multiplication, a hiki ma kahi o ka + i, a me ka + xi aka, ai a me ka ai m ll. Ua
pela loaa no i keia hooponopono hou, no ka mea, he kope o ka nui Ai m ka ia W. e ke
kuhiakau, mua hoomohala i ka specimen o ka nui o kekahi + xi kokoke, no ia mea,
ano,
, (13)
Ina e lawe = haalele i kekahi , a i = haalele au , pela no + m ? I =
log (ai m ) , a ua loaa ke 'no ka mea, W. i ka Olelo Kikeke Ma o ka nui o ke kope
like + m i no:
, (14)

Ma hope o ka mea, o ka mua Aey? Acaeoey pili ma ke ano hookahi, a me 'ia e like no
ka plki hoi o ka makana kanawai, ina wale no na wahi
a kekahi ma = haalele i kekahi, a i ka i = haalele i UAIAaIN.]

XXII. Kane hana o ka pili ma waena o Ana. Mean ia lki.

147. A mahope iho o kau e makemake, e olelo aku i kekahi mea o ka hana, i
Radio iloko o na Kane loa ai ka pelekikena a, a me ko lakou halawai e hiki pono ai ke
imi i wahi nei e like me ko lakou nele i ka plki hana, ua kau koke e pili i keia.
Bemerktermaen i na mea wale Ana o kekahi mea, aka, hoi aku ana ia e hana
collectively, a ua luna (Mok. I a me III) i olelo ia au ma keia manao, i ka pili ma
waena o ka puniu wale Ana o ka haawi lhui, a me ke kumu pauku, pl-kapaia.
Members a internodes i ka gramine i ka mea e hiki ai e ka nui o na examples hiki ke
loaa. E kakou e malama i ka lki ma waena o ka vertical Ana i , a me ka pili ana
papamoe, e o ka puniu wale no o ka haawi lhui, i ka mea e hooponoponoia ia mea,
no ka mea, e like me ka na o kia lhui kanaka, a hoonoho iho la e like me ka
rula i loko o ka eea, e ma ka denominator, eia nae ka lki e hiki ke lawe e like me ka
maikai hope versa. Ka lki he : B ka mea, ano, i kekahi mau mea okoa ma waena o
n kope o ka lhui Hawaii. aka, no ka mea, me n ano ma na heihei ana, ua paa ka e
lauwili kanaka ai e ku hualoaa mau mea. Hana hiki wale no laila, he awelika lki
ma waena o e , a me ke koi, a nui me M [ i , B , ua kapaia]. Jenachdem kekahi i ka
makemakika, a me geometric mawaena o ka maka, Hookaaike A 'ole G ma ke
kahua o M. The AYEIE hana e hiki ai e pili ana i ka hiki i kekahi i kekahi AYEIE Ana
o ka hookahi hapa paha o ia Ana ma n wahi likeole, aole wale no o na knaka, ak,
i kekahi mea waiho , A i kekahi ke haohao nei i ka hele 'o ia hoi i ka lihi o ka
manamana lima no ia o ka kekahi, ka loa o ka lala i ka loa o ka lua o ka ll o ka
SPIKE, o ka loa i ka laula o ka hana kleka, ke kaulana mahana o ka malama, i ka
kekahi, a pela aku, Soon, ka mea hana i infinitely pinepine ho i.
148. An awelika lki aka, hiki Ano, e loaa ia ma naoao; i pau i ka eia, kahi
kela mea keia mea e like me cia o kekahi , a me e me ka ia Index e haawiia mai ai. I
ka olelo no ka : b hookumu examples hiki o ka papa no ka mea, o ka olelo e , i
ka hook.
1) ka makemakika olelo ia lki o A , he ; e ] ua loaa ma ka hoohuihui na kanaka
Hawaii kekahi , e mheleia, a hui pu i ka helu o ka ia; pela:
, (1)
2) E like me ka huluulu manao 'o ia hoi, ke kahea aku i ka mea i loaa i ka wa o
ka huina o na mea a pau i ka huina o e , a, i ka mea dala i ka ia mea, ka makemakika
mawaena o na mea a pau i me ka makemakika mawaena o na mea a pau e mheleia,
e like me ka hailula:
, (2)
Hanakimi hiki hoopaapaa wale aku i ka hana o keia laau, he oiaio, he pilina ma

waena o konohiki e like me ka mea a pau o ka lki.; aka, ma ka kekahi, aole hoi
kekahi i loko o ka na olelo o na mea a kakou e hoohana nei i na mea a pau, ke ole no
kekahi loina ma waena o n Hawaii kanaka o ka : b , a hoi, ke kaawale mai loa
loaa kekahi hihia, ma ke kokoke ka kekahi o ia hoi, e hina ia.
3) percen papa 'o ia hoi. E loaa keia haku mele ho okumu i na aiee o ka : ( he + b. )
A e : ( he + b. ), A haawi i ke dala, ma ka mea o kekahi e like me ka hailula:

, (3)
4) The geometric 'O ia hoi, na poe ma ka hailula;
, (4)
no ka geometric mawaena o ka huina hoonui o kanaka lki. i : b paha, like i pololei
ia nolaila, ke geometric mawaena o na huahana o ka puunaueia e ka e , a ua ma ka
mea hiki alanui mamua o ka nana ana ma ka plki waiwai i ( log , he
- log B ) : m loaa.
Ina mea ano noi ma ke koho ma waena o kia mau mea likeole rula, me ka noonoo
ole ana, ua mua o na mea a pau, i nui, e like me ka pono a me ka mahalo
vorzubemerken ia pela loa ia mea wale no he ano o na olelo o ke K.-G. e hana, a he
hoohlike o ka ia a me na mea aeia mai, kela mea keia mea o ka helu konohiki haawi
wale ia mai he okoa lae o ka manao, i ka i ano, a me ka mea e kahi ai ka lki he , b. i
na mea a pau kpa a uukuilikai, e alakai i na eha specializations kokoke i ka ia
cia , A haawi aku la e like 10 hana pepa, huki e kaulele mai ka AEeAaOA ina ka aoao
pkole i: A, ka loihi me ka B , ua haawiia mai ai e like me ka mea;
arithmetically 0,5654
summarily 0,5634
percen papaaina 0,5650
geometric 0,5649.
Ka loa Hawaii i , b. He 0,5333, a me 0,6053.
Ia manawa, kahi o ka likeole ma waena o ka i : B he nui, a me ka kela mea rula ke
haawi aku i kekahi me ka nui loa okoa result, a me ka nui, he mea pono e hoakaka i
na kumu i hiki hooholo i ke koho ana o ke alanui mamua o na mea e ae hooholo.
Ma keia manao, hookahi e hiki nui aku nei au i ka makemakika, a me percen papa
Agena ma kela mahalo wahi emi mahope o na averages kekahi elua, a nui
kna'leloana,o ka geometric O ia hoi, he mea paha ia e pono i ke koho, aka, me ka
huluulu manao e loaa n hoi, he mau mea kkua palapala noi i loko o kekahi
ana.
I mea, mua o na mea a pau poino ka makemakika mawaena o ka lki. Ma ka penei

keakea.
a) I ka kanaka, mai hemo mai kekahi : B e hui, e wale no kela mea keia mea e
hoemi i ka kekimala hapa o ka nui Hawaii mea i kekahi i kekahi : B ka loa ppilikia.
b) In rula, he mea immaterial paha ka pololei Hawaii i kekahi , e ai ole ia, o na
reciprocals o e , he makemake e hoohana i ka mea hana, e like me ka awelika lki
o kekahi , a me e , e hooholo; a ia oe e ka papa e na aoao o ka'like result; aka, o keia
haawi keia iaoiaeii hana ole, e like me ka mea huli mai, ina oe e hoole i na dala loaa
mai o na reciprocals, hiki kapaia ka harmonic ia hoi, ke hiki i ka loaa loaa mai ka
pololei n loina. o mai 'aohe, koke A [ i : e ] ka mea, aole i like i ka harmonic ia hoi,
ke i 1 : A [ B : he ] . . E no kekahi laana, e lawe i ka loa mea hoohlike o elua wale
ana;
;

pela no:
;

10 / 16 Aka, ua = 0,625, 6 / 10 = 0.600. Haawiia keia manawa aku okoa mai kekahi i

kekahi hapa e like me ia ma keia hana, pela no ka likeole o ka pololei a me ka

harmonic O ia hoi, ua hiki oi aku. Ma ka K.-G., kahi i ka hapa nui o na loina i : b ka
mea, i kahi lihi' aku, mai ka kaulana waiwai, he mea oiaio loa, aka, aole
negligible, e like me ka rula wahi, a me ka hana, no kona ambiguity hualoaa ma
kekahi hihia e haalele ma ka rula.
c) Ina kekahi i ka mea uuku ka lki. ma waena o ekolu Hawaii kekahi , e , e , e
hooholo, e like me he ekolu lki. i : b , e : pela aku , he : e hiki i ko lakou mau
reciprocals, a ia oukou ke makemake, mai ka elua o keia mau mea (ina ia mea pololei
i ke kolu o ka loaa pololei ole reciprocal). Aka, o keia mea keia hana, aole ma ka
laana: A , he ; e ] e hiki iau ke loaa ma ka hoohuihui A [ i : b ] me A [ B : C ]
mahuahua iho la lakou.
Ka percen papa 'o ia hoi, kekahi i keia a pau keakea o ka makemakika. Aka, i
kekahi manawa, ia oukou e loaa o ka kekahi, a me kekahi lima.
Ka huluulu manao a me ka geometric 'O ia hoi, nae, ua kaawale o keia mau
mea a pau keakea. Aka, i ka pololei a me ka makemakika loina like harmonious, aka,
mai ka pololei likeole loa hoi e uku ua maopopo kuu manao, ina hookahi makemake
aka, hookahi ina e hiki ia ia ke hoopaa wale i ka makemakika, a me geometric
mawaena o ka pololei a me ka harmonic kaulana. Aka, mahope mai o ka mea no hoi
me Huipuia, ma kahi o ka : B , ma e ; ke ea e like me ka ala ke ano, aole wale no e
pela koe i ka ambiguity, aka, hoi i waeia o ka makemakika olelo hou ala mai ka ninau
o ka ina paha oukou i makemake i ka pololei ole harmonic e, pela no ka ambiguity,
aole e hookiekieia mai kiaaoao. hike aka, I Prof. SCHEIBNER mahope iho
o 1) aie, ka geometric ia hoi, ke hawi lki. hule i loko o ka ma K.-G. i hookuu
paa i ka hanana i ka pololei a me ka harmonious makemakika olelo oko uuku,

considerably like me ka makemakika mawaena o ka elua pu, a hiki ia oukou ke loaa

ia ia ke puana hoopaaia ma homemade examples.
1)

[uku pnai. W. SCHEIBNER: "About Average", mau moolelo ke Royal. Skona

malu o ka ike-uniona klepa. 1873. P 564. - Ma hope iho o ka haawi ana ma laila ai,
ka geometric 'O ia hoi ke kaha like kokekau i ka:
ka harmonic manao like:

i ka wa A , ka makemakika, a me ke ano o Q ho i ka uuku huinahalike hewa o keia

hoopunipuni; mai i ka luna theorem penei.]

149. Eia ke oki, pela no ia e lilo wale no ia i ka ninau o ka mamao preferable e

huluulu manao ai 'ole geometric kaulana.
Ano, i ka huluulu manao 'o ia hoi, ua waiho kuhikuhi ma ka mama o kona
mkaikai no ka mea, i wale no ka summation o na mea a pau i , a me na mea a
pau e , a me ka Mhele o ke koi i ke dala ma ka kekahi,, ia nae, ua nui no ka loaa ana
i ka geometric' O ia hoi, a hiki i na mea a pau i ka a b. unuhi i loko o
logarithms. Elua, nae, i na kumu o oko ao ka manao.
He huluulu manao 'o ia hoi:

haawiia, pela Ua akaka no ia, ina ia he specimen mahope iho o kona mau hoop ai i
loko o ka lki eiiiiiaiou i ka ' ae e' nui loa ia i ka kekahi e lilo i ka Agena hiohiona
appreciably wale no koe ma ka lki o ke ' : B' e hilinai nei, ma laila kekahi "+ he "
"+ aku i ka ' a e' + b. " "+ ku e ia, a me ka mea i nui ai ka nui specimens e like
me ko lakou nui no hoi loaa hou ole ma o ka haku mele. Ano, o keia ua hala loa ka
mea, i ka wa nui specimens oi kaumaha attaches i ka agena hooholo e like me uuku,
ka mea e loa ma laila ia i ka hihia ma lalo o kekahi ana, a ma kekahi hihia, aole ua
lai 'ia ma ka huluulu manao o ia hoi, i kia' ole ke 'carries e like me ka nui he
ano lki ka haawi K.-G. e ike mamua o kekahi Agena hiohiona, ka mea aole
entrain ia mea ma ka wale pono hike i ka mea i loko o kaokoa pono.
By Ak, he mea hiki o ka hana ana no hoi ma ka manao o ua nui a me ka uuku
specimens haawi me ka like nui i ka Central manao paa, Z. B., aole oi aku ka nui i ka
pilina ma waena o ka papamoe, a vertical Ana me ka nui poo ma mua uuku, a me
keia oiaio aku pinepine 'ia manao hoopili like i ka geometric uuku.
Lua i ka makemakika, a me percen matic 'o ia hoi kona mau mokuna; lanakila a
ina ekolu kumu he: b , e: pela aku , he: e ua paa elua ma ka waena, ai ka waena o ke
kolu koke ia penei hookaawale ai i ka huluulu manao' o ia hoi ka geometric ma

mahope iho elua i:

, (5)
By Ak, maopopo aku i ka huluulu manao hoi penei ka lanakila o
geometric. Manao ia oukou. Ua i loko o ka nunui-ll e hoopii mai ai, e like me
cornstalks haawiia type, i like, i ka awelika lki o ka loa i ka huina loa o ka maka, ua
manao no kela a me keia lala summarily, he mea pono wale no kekahi mea hookui
mau ana elua mau lala e ae i ka me ka awelika lki o ka huihui 'ana o kia mau
oihana mua a hiki i ka nui loa, i mea aole loa ia pela me ka geometrical iaoia, e like
me ka hiki ke hoiaio' eaaei; ka mea e hiki ai e pokole hoikeia, penei: ka lki o ia
hoi, rula no na aina, a me ka poe hilinai rationally mahope iho o ke hoao pu mamua,
ma ka geometrical, a i kekahi i kekahi.
Eia hou kekahi, ua manaoia keia hihia. E waiho i loko o ka K.-G. ana mawaena o
na 'ikamu, no ka mea, i kekahi, a me ka kekahi o elua Hawaii me ka ' ole B ,
heole; e like me Z. B. ke waiho i kekahi paa hapa loa ka hoomaopopo ana i ka
awelika lki ma waena o n paona o ka paakiki a me ka pahee o okoa
holoholona. Ma keia hihia, ke geometric 'O ia hoi, ua unusable no ka mea, ke
kaumaha ma muli o ka waiwaiole i loko o ka numerator a denominator i, o na
meaole, a mana loa. A laila, ia oukou e hiki aka paa wale no i ka huluulu manao
o ia hoi, in 'aole' oe makemake e kau aku i ka loina hooponopono ole i na hihia e
hana me ka ia, kahi i ae e hoi, wahi a hui hoopaa finite Hawaii ma lalo o ka ia mea.
150. No ka mea, i loko o kekahi hihia o keia Pauku, ma ka huluulu manao, a
me geometric lki o na eiiiiiaiou kekahi , a me b, ua manao ia maaoao likeole i
komo iloko o kona manao paa ia, a laila, nui olelo ana, e pili ana i ka olelo e lilo ana
o kona manao i na Luna i paa, ka mea, aole ia e pale, iloko o na ana, aka, makemake
mai ana e hana i mua o kekahi hoohana 2) . N nae, ka mea i ka manao paa o ka elua
kekahi, mamua o ka nui na makana i na ano o ka haawi K.- G. kona eiiiiiaiou i
kekahi , a me e hoi, aka, i ka pomaikai a me na olelo o na Luna pu, ua ole maoli hana
ano i hoakaka ia, o ka poe hahai;
1) Ina o ka lki o kekahi e b kuokoa o n alii e kpae nui o ka a e no na kope, oia
ka ia, pela no ka nui specimens e like me ka nui e like me liilii, ka huina-marische 'o
ia hoi, ua like ia me ka geometric.
2) Ina he me e mau ka poe e ulu ana, a decreasing, aka, aole nui iloko o ka ia ana,
pela ia i lilo ai ka lki o ke : b me ka ulu nui ana o kekahi , a me e pii p, ai ole ia, i
mea emi. ka mua, oia ka hihia i ka wa a ka geometric mawaena o ka , B , ua uuku ma
mua o ka huluulu manao, ka hope, ina he nui.
3) Ina ka hoahanau oko o na aiee o kekahi i ko lakou makemakika olelo A like i ka
hoahanau oko o na aiee e ai i ko lakou makemakika olelo B 's, pela ka geometric' O ia
hoi, ua like ia me ka huluulu manao. . E like me ka nui o ka poe pili oko Ua pili
nei bez A alodio, a quadratic kaulana deviation o A puunaueia e A ,
o : A 'ole Q ; A , aole makou e olelo pokole P ; e like me ka , B ,
a Q ; B , pkole Q , e pili ana i B.

4) ke kaumaha ma muli o ka hoahanau oko o na loina maopopo i loko o ka mua

manao, ma ka mea oi A a B hoi, ke geometric 'O ia hoi, ua emi iho malalo o a oi aku
ia mamua o ka huluulu manao.
5) mai ka huihui 'ana o 1) a 2) 3) a 4) ua ukali e hiki hou, e, ke kaumaha ma muli o
ka pili oko ke A ua like ka B , ua oi aku paha emi iho, i ka waiwai o ka : B kokoa o
ka loa n loina ka kekahi , a me e ka mea ikaika a ulu nui ana o kekahi , a me e emi
paha, aka e ma na mea a pau i ka waiwai i , B ka mea, he mau hana a wale ma waena
o Paula, ikaika ka ulu ana a me ka ikaika emi i loko o ka hooholo aeia mai oukou].
2)

Pehea pono oe elua a oi aku K.-G. ma ka like ana o ko lakou mau dala A a
me G ke hoohalike, ia oukou e hiki i ka papa no hoi ma na olelo o ko lakou C a D ,
hoohalike ae haawi aku i keia mau SmT-hui hualoaa, aole nui proportional; aka, e
hele aku au ma luna o kia hui kk maanei ma luna o ka unspecified. - No ka mea,
laana, ua ma 237 German kanaka iwi, ka awelika lki (Hora: Vertik ..) Of ka
vertical loa o ka cranium i ka papamoe like summarily 1,2830; geometric
1,2827; centrally 1,2837.
Mahope, pela no e hiki ia oukou mai ka lki. O geometric no ka mea, ke konohiki
me ka hou hoakaka e hana, pono kauo hopena a ina paha me ka mahuahua nui ana o
kekahi mea, a ma keia ke kona eiiiiiaiou kekahi , a me e , ka lki he : e na wahi (ai
ole ia, ma ka liilii kuhikuhi) ulu emi paha o a ina paha kekahi, a me ka kekahi ke
keena i , B ilikai i nui ka lki. i ko lakou makemakika olelo.
Next i ka hoike o ka luna holo 'awelika. Ka no mua, pl n ka huluulu manao,
a me geometric 'O ia hoi:
a
juxtaposes. Ano, Cauchy proves i loko o kona mau cours d'klailai p. 15 a me 447, i

nui ma waena o ka ' : e' , he ' : B " , ... , e hina ia. Ano, ina he ' : e' , he " B" , ... a pau
i keia , he: b , alaila, o ka waena pahele i par me ka : b , oiai aole emi ka geometric
mawaena, no ka hihia o ka like ma waena o ka ' : e , he " : B" , ... ma ka :
b hoemiia. E like nae e like me ka klike n ma waena o n loina i : B pohaku, no
hoi, nui ka olelo ana, o ke klike n ma waena o n konohiki elua, a he hiki ke ano
o kekahi , e me ka loli i loko o n alii e kpae nui o ka ai e kekahi maoli, hapa emi,
no ka mea, i hihia e hiki ke waiho ole Nui. Aka, manaokekahi , a e lawe na wahi a me
kekahi i kekahi i ka mea ia manawa, a mai waho aku aka, hana apau o ke ao ia keia,
pela ka mea, no ka mea, o ke kauoha 2) He nui maopopo,o wau n hewa mai ia Prof.
SCHEIBNER, nae cumbersome a aole he pono kvila kanaka, nolaila, aole au
makemake nei e kapa aku i ka empirical validity o ka noho alii, ma kekahi
homemade examples. A o papa, i ka rula e hoi i pili i ka hihia, a hiki ina wale

no kekahi , a e ma ka hapanui o na hihia i kekahi i kekahi i ka mea ia manawa

mhuahua ai ole emi. Ke kolu a me ka ha nee no, no ka mea, ua i kailihune o
SCHEIBNER 3) haawi i ka pilina ma waena o makemakika, a me geometric mea o ka
poe noonoo ole Hawaii. Mahope, hookahi i mahope iho o ka holo ana o ka P a
me Q e like me Q , : A me ka Q : B :
;
; (6)
mai ai na pohihihi 3) a 4) hahai. Ua noho na formulas ma ka nnau wale kokekau
wale, aka, o ke kuhikuhi ana o ka hualoaa e, aole e hoololi i ka hike 'uuku
hua'lelo. Ke kauoha 5) penei, mai ka antecedent.
3)

[ "About Average" lc]

151. Ma ka haawi luna ( 148) manao ano o G [ i : b ] no ka noi o na logarithms

wale no mea e kkua ai i ka invoice; aka, no ka pono o ko lakou mau palapala noi
heleoi.
Ka hopena o ka ninau a ina, e like me ka kanaka Ana i a me ka e , ko ka
lki. I : B pono ko kakou haawi aku kanawai; he like me ka mea a laila, nae, o ke
emi loa o ke kanaka , he :B hiki e hookoeia ole, mai ka outset, aka, me ka manao i
pela mamao akaka no i ka mea i kekahi o ia mau mea e hiki manao i kekahi mea,
mai ka makemakika aaioee; ka mea nn i ka mea ma hope o ka huli i ka densest
waiwai o ka log ( he : e ) ka deviation o ka poe kanaka log ( he : e ) o ka ia e hiki ke
kkau i ko kakou haawi aku kanawai,Aha ma ka mea pono i ka'naehana K.-G. Ua
loaa hoi iau ma hookupaa iho la ia.
[E kahaki i keia ma ka hana, ua wae anei au i ka lki o ka papamoe laul no ka
mea, vertical ka unahiole, (pololei vertex hoohei) o 500Eulopa kanaka puniu wale
no, a ua hoolako 'ia e Prof. WELCKER loaa mai ai iau. Mai ka ka papamoe loa, ua
consistently oi aku ia mamua o ka vertical - i ka huna uuku papamoe anapuni (no ka
mea, he Little Lkini), he 465 mm o; ka nui vertex hoohei (no ka mea, o ka puniu
wale no, mai ke kaiulu o Halle), he 448 mm o - a na ka lki. ua pau kpono
mahele, a me ko lakou mau logarithms ua maikai. Ka palena iki ia lki, ua like ia
me 1.211, i ka i k mkou, ua like ia me 1,403. Ka plki Hawaii pela lauwili ma
waena o n palena 0,083 a me 0,147; lakou i loaa i ka awelika G 1 = 0.1073, i ka
geometric uuku G 1 ua like ia me ka lki. o 1,280. Ina e koho i ka plki w
mawaena i = 0,003, a me ka poe malalo palena o ka mua w mawaena o ka waiwai
0,0825, ua loaa i kia 'e like papa ma waena o ka empirical, a me koi ma ka plki
hoi o ka makana kanawai theoretical Hawaii;

Lki o ke anapuni papamoe i ka vertical loa (vertex hoohei) e o 500Eulopa

kanaka iwipoo.

= haalele i - maukala e , i = 0,003, ka m = 500: G 1 = 0.1073, G 1 =

1.280.
Z

empir.

theor.

0.084

0.087

0.090

12

10

0.093

17

19

0,096

29

32

0.099

47

46

0.102

64

58,5

0,105

64

65

0.108

67

64

0.111

61

58

0,114

45

47

0.117

36

36

0.120

28

24,5

0.123

11

15

0,126

0.129

4.5

0.132

0.135

0.5

0.138

0.141

0.144

0.147

dala

500

500

G 2 = 0.1073 G 2 = 1,280
C = 0,1070 C = 1,279

D i = 0,1068 T i = 1,279
D pa = 0,1060 T M = 1,276
E '= 0,0079
E , = 0,0066
ka m '= 272,5
ka m , = 227,5
H '= 7142
H , = 85,48.
He mea pono e hoomaopopo i D au , aole ia e ho i ka derivable pololei mai i ka
papaaina ma luna, empirically densest waiwai (ano like 0,1075), ak,o ka awelika
o ka ekolu ppilikia mai ka hiki ka ho'miana papa Hawaii ekolu.
0,1075. 0,1085; 0,1043. Ua koho keia hoolako 'no ka mea, maanei i ka ka
ho'miana kulana o ka nui keiki wale ma luna o ka wahi o Di , oiai G 2 a
me C kokoke loa coincide me n hualoaa ma ka iniiaiie papaaina loina. Ka
asymmetry, ua nawaliwali ia. e like no hoi

kokoke me ka = 0,785 ihoiho. The ma waena o ka empirical a me ka

theoretical Z n loina aka, ua satisfying, aole kanalua.]

XXIII. dependency ka lki.

152. hanakimi ke haohao nei paha kaawelike mahana o ka successive
makahiki lauwili ma ka maemae paha a kanawai hoike i kekahi dependence i loko o
ko lkou succession o kekahi i kekahi; ka ninau e hiki ke hoolilo i na mea he nui
analogous hihia. Ano, ke dependency ka lki. OAOOUIEeE, a me ka hookolokolo
'ana i ke e like me ka hana okoa ma luna o ia mea. Kekahi o ka easiest nnau a me ka
kuka nei lakou mau kuamoo i aka, ua pili ana i ka penei olelo.
I lawe i ka papa inoa e holo ana lottery helu. Ia laana, huli no:
26 826 _
21 460 +
31 094 _
22 120 _
16 226 (+)

I kapa ia beistehend, o kela mea keia emi ana o kekahi o ka poe penei helu - i ke
kuala me ka +, a hele aku me ka io i ka helu mua penei moo: - + - - a pau me ka io i
ka hoailona elua hoailona lole mua, a me ka kaina o like hoailona; a ina au i na
huahelu i Haiina mai i hoailona: - + - - + a eha Malaila no loli, a me ke kaina; nui,
ina au i ka helu o na huahelu ka m , a me ka nui o na mea hou a me na hopena no
ka hea, mua ina Z = m - 2, ma na la mahope hihia Z = m. O ka mua anal iaoia i
kekahi, i ka hope iaoia b.
E ola anei au'n i ka hana i 'ole e pili, pela au e manao i nui ka m ka helu o ka
hailona hou e like me kokekau wale like i palua ka nui o na kaula a pau au i ka W.
kekahi i ka W. o ka poe kekahi e like me 2 : e lawe 1 1) : keia o ke kanawai o ka
maemae wale.
1)

[I kumumanao loaa i keia lki mai i ka olelo a ka poe ekolu loina i, e , pela aku, a
ua kaawale o Successionsabhngigkeit, a me ka ia probability iloko o kela a me keia
o na successions eono;
he , b, pela aku , pela aku , e, i , e , i, e, pela aku, he, b, he, e, e,

b, pela
aku, he
knwai, i ka wa Z. B. ka < b. < C , ka elua successions mua kela mea keia mea, he
kaula, ka eha hope loa haawi i hailona loli, a nolaila, ke W. ke kaula like i 1 / 3 ka
W. o na huapalapala chenwechsels i keia 2/ 3 , ua hoonoho.]

Aka, e kekahi papa o ka moekahi helu o ka wahi e lawe ano keia ano, i hiki ia lakou
i loko o Kontinuo ma kekahi w mawaena, a mai hapai ku e hou aku, pela no ka nui o
na kaula e mahuahua maluna o ka mua lki ma o aku. Ae, ina mau hele aku iloko o
ka e like me mamua o ka papa, pela no oukou e ma ka hana , he nui kaula, e like me
ka hana bm - e 2 Episode, 2 AC.
Hoomau ana i ka hana , he ku nei, ae kapa aku i ka nui o ka launa w, i ka hopena o
ka . F , alaila, o ka piha kuokoa ma ka . F = 1 / 3 , no ka mea, o ka piha hana o . F =
Z , a me ka hapa dependence o na aiee o . F characterizes therebetween , a he mea he
ana o ka hapa hana, me ka haawi mai ai . f , a me Z hiki ke loaa ma ke klana o ka
mea a ka oi o ke . f oia maluna o ka nui o ka piha kuokoa no ka huina surplus o ka
piha dependence i piha kuokoa, di Aloha keia ina kakou ana me ka dependence i
hookohu 'ia:
Abh. =

. (1)

Manawa, [illegible] no ka mea, o ka mea finite ka m maopopo, a me keia maopopo

he dependence. Hoomau ana i. I ka hoolako 'ana o kia maopopo no ia e hoohui i

loko o ka waiwai o ka dependence. E like me ka hewa o keia hoopunipuni paha.
[He hana keia manao paa ma ka helu ana i na paha palena, mai ka reversal o ka
pela-kapaia. BERNOULLI rula theorem no W., he kaula no ka nn mau cia o .
F a ia ? Acoeueoao.Ina,o ia, i ka ike ole W. no kaatikala o ke kaula like i ka m , ka
W., he ano loli like i 1 m , oia no ka Kuhikuhi 'theorem o ka probability
kumumanao 2) E like me ka W.:
(2)
i ka waiwai o ka m ma waena o n palena:
a

(2a)

liege. No ka mea, no ka mea, W = i ka waiwai o ka C = 94, he 0,476, pela no ka

poe e kii mai ia palena o ua m like ai:
, (3)
Alaila he ka e kii mai palena o ka dependence like .:
, (4)
Pela, he mea 1 ia 1 pili i ka luna-i ho'kka 'degere o ka dependence ka mea, aole
uuku ma mua o ka lalo, a aole e oi aku mamua o ka luna o ka poe elua i hoakaka ia
palena.]
2)

[uku pnai. Meyer ka hai'lelo ma probability kumumanao Kap.VII.]

[Pela ke hoi kuhi io cia, pela hoike mai i ka dependence, i ka mea i wehewehe aku
maAmelika, - ua ikeia e hoololi i ke ano - e ku ana ma ka lihi hihia. Keia Pono i ka
helu . F ka poe kaula ma lalo o ka waiwai 1 / 3 No ka mea, decreasing a, e ma ke
kaupalena 'ia ka hihia 0.]
153. [noi o ka dependence degere (4) e nana i ka succession kaumaha
meteorological malama, a me kela la i keia ikepili hiki aku i ka hope o n hualoaa.]
[Manu nunu mea i loko o kekahi o kona mau hoonoho 3) no ka mea, he nui na wahi
' ae, ka "deviations, no kela a me keia mahina, mai na tausani o na makahiki o ka
awelika Hawaii ona" pu. No ka mea, Pelelina keia compilation uhi iluna o na
manawa mai ka 1719 a hiki i 1849, me ka hoolako 'ole' o ka poe pono. 3 i 7
makahiki, no kela a me keia mahina.Keia hualoaa lawe pu i ka hana i na

malama he 1421 successions o na huapalapala, oia hoi 913 a me 508 huapalapala ka

loli kaula. Ke W. x he kaula pela i ka poe e kii mai palena:
ole 0,3575 0,0086;
i kahi nolaila mai
Abh. = 0,036 0,013
loaa.]

3)

[Hoike ma ka makahiki 1848 a me 1849 hana ma luna o n makahiki a hiki i na

wahi a pau o ke kula, meteorological loina. Pelelina 1851. S. XX FlgD.]

[In Hlani Makahiki Book o Meteorology 4) oe e loaa na papa a pau o kela la ana
wela a me ka barometer deviations mai ka maamau i kela la Kakau loaa mai na
makahiki o ke kilo, no ka mea, kela mea keia mea malama o ka makahiki. Ke kilo
ioauoa na kela meteorological wahi ma ka aina; ke kilo manawa, ua kekahi mau hora
o ka la, i mea e kani ai ka maamau ana, a me ka deviation loina a pau. Keia ke ku
ala, a hina o ke ana wela a me ka barometer ua kokua mai iloko o ka malama bila, no
ia mea, o ka papa succession 'aole' ole ma ia mea. I koho i na loina haawiia no ka
mea, Utrecht in January i ka 10-makahiki 'alemanaka mai ka 1884 a hiki i 1893, i ke
awakea 2am. Ia kpono e Kiina he 298 successions o na huapalapala. Mawaena o
lakou he 129 kaula, a me 169 huapalapala hoololi, ka barometer deviations 153 kaula,
a he 145 mau huapalapala hoololi no ka mea, o ke ana wela deviations.Nolaila, e loaa
no kahiko i ka ao ao palena o W. ke kaula like i:
0,433 0,019
, a;
. Abh = 0,149 0,029;
no ka mea, i ka la mahope, ma ka kekahi lima, e like me ka mea paha mokuna
o W. he kaula:
0,513 0,020, a;
Abh. = 0,270 0,029.
Alaila loaa ka i kela la ana wela a me ka barometer deviations he definite succession
papa, oiai o ka mea no ka malama ana wela deviations - e like kaulana ma 20 -.
Mlie me ka uuku decisiveness]
4)

[Meteorological Jaarboek, uitgegeven puka het Kon. Nederlandsch Meteorological

Institute. "Thermoen barometer afwijkingen".]

[The kela la ua wahi kiekie, ua ku e ia - ma hope o ka olelo ma ka 21 - ole o ka

succession nui ho'o. I mea, i ka hopena o ka XXI. MOKUNA kohoia e like me
lakou i mea hoike o ka hoomaopop 'ana i hana ua kiekie o Ianuari, no Geneva mai
1845-1892 malalo 475 successions o na huapalapala 165 kaina, o'like
huapalapala. Eia, ua punawai a pau 477 Hawaii ko lakou mau kino succession e like
me ka heluana, a me ka ia n loina successions alternately maoli a emi ka beige i
heluia. Pela e hiki ke loaa;
Abh. = 0,022 0,022.
Mai keia waiwai, aole ia i oko me ka nui loa o ke degere o ka dependence ma ka
palapala papa inoa o na Hokoana Ana nona ka succession kuleana pili i ka mea i nn
mai ka outset e like me ka pili 'no ka mea, aohe kumu, e like me ka mea Hokoana ana
Aushebungsgeschftes he nui hana ma e e hiki ia makou ke ala mai i ke ano o ke
degere. No ka mea, o ka heluana o n haumna 360 Hokoana loa ia ma ka
Mok. Mlama XX me ka noho hoao ana loa Kanawai, o kpono 125 kaula, a me 233
huapalapala hoololi hou, a
Abh. = 0,023 0,025
ka mea. Ma na hihia, o na palena o ka dependence ana n ka waiwai 0 o ka maikai
hihia, e loa kuokoa.]
154. [ala o ka papa succession e noii i kekahi, ua hoohikiia ma ka 20 a me ka
mua kamailio nui. Ka mea, ma luna o ke kilo a me ka loa kuokoa, a me 'ia ma'paha
he ulia pakalaki o ka helu ana o ke kaina o elua maluna ai ole ia, elua ma lalo o ka
waiwai oaio C noho ai dimensional Hawaii i keia mea ka helu o n loli ma waena o
kela a me keia elua luna, a ma lalo C moe ana loina. No ka mea, ina na loina ma luna
o C ma ka +, na loina ma lalo C ' ma ke -, ke W. he maikai waiwai, ua like me ka
nui e like me ka W. he hopena maikai; No ka mea, nolaila, e like me ka piha kuokoa,
kela mea keia mea o ka hiki successions eha: + +. - -. + -; - + Equiprobable. Eia nae,
ka mea mua elua i kela mea keia mea i kaula, i ka hope elua loa he hoailona loli, i ka
mea aia no o ke kaula, a me ka hoailona loli, ke W. . Ina mea loaa i ka pelaia moo
o Hawaii . F kaula, a me makou ka hoailona loli ma ka helu pono nui o ka Z =. F +
W successions o na huapalapala, nolaila, e like me ia ma luna o ka poe e kii mai
palena no ka ike ole W. x kekahi kaula mai ka reversal o Bernoulli ka theorem like;

e loaa. Eia ka waiwai, he . F : Z i ka wa e lawe wahi hapa succession dependency i

hana ia iho, ikeia mai e like me ka hono o na Episode e like me ka hoololi, ma waena
o n loina , i ka mea i pololei ia no ka piha Kuokoa, a me n loina 1, no ka mea .
F = Z piha dependence Hike paa. Hana e hiki no ia mea, huli i loko o n ana o ka
surplus o ka hapa hana ma luna o ka piha Kuokoa, di Aloha ka ppilikia m lanakila
maluna iho o i ka huina surpluses o ka piha dependence i piha kuokoa, di Aloha 1
puni , he ana o ka dependency, a me

Abh. =

, (5)

a in no ka mea, m ka ao ao palena e lawe,

Abh.
=

(6)

kau. A hiki i keia degere o ka dependence me ke koe no io Hawaii kona nui, ma laila
Hike o ka piha kpono o W. i hoailona mail o W. ke kui.]
[E like me ka hana ana o keia dependency hooholo 'dienes kekahi hapa, o ka nui o
ka malama deviations no Pelelina, kekahi hapa o ka moo o Hokoana Ana nona
succession mau panalaau ua ppilikia e like me ka hailula (4), no ia mea, i ka wa
hookahi, he hoohlike ma waena o n' ole elua o ka manao me ke kokoa.]
[Pili ana i ka malama likeole he initially ka waiwai konu, no kela a me keia
malama C e hooholo. Ka ia kulu i lalo no ka mea, he mau malama, no ka mea, o ka
hapanui o na malama maluna o ka lakou mau nunui-makahiki hope paha. Malia paha,
nae - a ke noi ana o keia hana nui kkua ai i n - no ka awelika iho, e, e maliuia e
like me ka waiwai oaio, no ia mea, o ka olelo a me ka hopena maikai deviation
Hawaii ma mua + cia, a ma ia manawa - e pili aiee e like me ko kakou hana. No ka
mea, o ka mahina he 12 o ka hopena, lawe p, e hooholo i ka Central Hawaii 768
kaula, a me 665 huapalapala lauwili; i E pili ana i na averages ma kekahi lima, aia he
769 kaula, a me 664 huapalapala loli, kpono ma aole nui likeole no ka mea, me ke
ana o ka dependence me lakou. Mai ai ma mua, i kupu mai e like paha palena ma ka
W., he kaula Hawaii.
0,536 0,009;
mai ka hope o na loina:
0,537 0,009;
a iloko o ka mua hihia oia:
Abh. = 0,072 0,018
ma na la mahope hihia;
Abh. = 0,073 0,018.
Pela, eia ka ana o ka dependence (6) hiki aku ai i nui aiee e like me ke ana o ka
dependence (4).]
[The Central waiwai C o 360 Hokoana Ana Hiki ke loaa like ia 71,75. Ma ia hope
aku la malalo o 359 successions o ke ano kaula 165 a me 194 huapalapala ka loli. Ka
paha palena no W. i kauoha he nolaila;
0,460 0,018
a:
Abh = -: 0,081 0,035.

pela i loaa iloko o keia hihia, he kpa a uuku aku oukou mamua o ka hailula (4); Eia
nae, oia deviates i ka nui loa mai o ka maikai n loina 0th]
155. [The ana o ka dependence (6) hiki no hoi ho oholo i ka 'okoa no ka hana o
ka elua Ana o ka multidimensional K.-G. a Ana o okoa, aka, ma ka manawa o ka
Related K.-G. e hana subservient. No ka mea, o keia mea ka makou e K ka ulu o
kela a me keia o na Ana elua like me ka +, slimming ana - no ia mea, i ke kaina o ka
m hui o n Hawaii ma ka m - 1 ano hui ++, - -, + -, - + ua wehewehe aku. Mawaena
o na la mahope, e like me na kaula, he hoailona loli i piha kuokoa o na Ana elua o
kekahi i kekahi, a me supervention'paha contingencies no ka mea, W., ua ea ae like
no kela a me keia o na ano eha o ka ano hui. Ka mea, nolaila, ina malalo o na loina .
F hopena a me W loli ana, i ka hailona i ko W. i kekahi kaula o ka hailula (3) a e
hooholo i ka nui o ka dependence e like me hailula (6).]
Pela, no ka mea, laana, ma waena o ka nui o ka papamoe anapuni, a me ka vertical
vertex hoohei o 500Eulopa kanaka puniu wale no ka mea mlama i ka iapaau ana o
na olelo ma waena o Ana e like me lakou i mea hoike, ma ka mokuna, ka papa, ka
mea hiki e hooponoponoia ia mea, ma ka hana i hoakaka ia penei. Ka 500 iwi nuipa a
pau i loko o ka palapala helu i ka 34 pulu 6-30 puniu wale no manaoi hoopkole
'(ka mua elua komo 20 a me 15 Breisgauer Swabia, ka elua hope 6 Serbs a me 22 Nui
Lkini); iloko o kela a me keia hui, aka, i ka nui, i mahuahua papamoe loa, ua
kauoha. I helu ano, no kela a me keia hui, ka nui o na kaula, a me ke ano loli mai i
kupu mai ma loko o ka hoololi o ke hoohalikeia aiee elua, o na hihia i loko o ka mea
komo i ka standstill i loko o ka loli ana o kekahi o ka poe nui like 'ole elua, hapalua
na Episode, a me ka hapalua o ka Jump ua helu pu. Mahope, i 273 kaula, a me 193
huapalapala hoololi i loaa i waena o 466 hui o na huapalapala, pela ka mea,
Abh.
hoi mai.]
[Ka lua o ka hoohlike au i lawe i ke Kumu WELCKER i loko o ka (essay) 5) : "i
ka 'auhau, a me ka poe ekolu nui anawaena o ka cranium" Hoike Ana o ke Kuhina
Kalaiaina I , a me ka loihi L, laula B a me kiekie H o 101 iwi o okoa knaka, i like
ko ka dependence o WELCKER-rula "Schdelmodulus" L + B + H , a me ka huina
hoonui L B H e hoomaulia i ka like interiors. Ina o ke kanaka, kauoha ma ka
hooulu interiors Kalevari pulu nona ka huina he 13, maanei hana e like me ka
pili ana i na hui o na Ana papamoe, a vertical i hoakaka ia, e like me ka hopena o L +
B + H , a me au a me L. B. H a I 59,5 kaula hoohlike au i 26,5 hoailona hoololi i
waena o 86 hui o na huapalapala. No ka mea, nolaila, o no ka dependence o ke dala e
like me ka huina hoonui o ka nui anawaena ekolu o ka p a puni;
Abh. =

1.3490

= 0.384

0,067
e kau aku. Ka mea, e hiki e like me Prof. WELCKER hike iloko o ka maluna

hoonoho, o na loina o ka L + B + H e like me ka poe o ka L B H ka awelika

Kalaiaina Hawaii tabulated, e ae ia mea, no ka ka i ana waiwai o ke dala, a ka huina
hoonui o ka nui anawaena ekolu e hooholo kaha i ka like Kalaiaina o ka puniu wale
no.]
5)

[Archives o Anthropology, Volume XVI, hoopuka aku 1 make. 2. S. 72

FlgD.]
[Ua loaa An aggravation o keia dependency hooholo 'ia ka nui o ka ulu, a emi o
ka hoohlikelike Ana, ua manaoia. Keia hiki ke hana ma ka hoomaopopo ana i ke
kaumaha o ka malama kaula, a me ke ano loli ma ka penei. Lakou i haawi aku i
kekahi ano hui ke kaumaha 1, ina kela a me keia Ana, pii p ma ka mokuna emi
paha, ae kau No ia mea, ke kau paona ana o kela a me keia hui kaulua o na ano like
no ka huina hoonui o na aiaiiuo elua i pii p i kela a me keia o na Ana elua emi
paha. Ma keia aoao, ma kahi o ka hope i hoakaka ia dependency hooholo ma waena
o ka huina, a me n huahana o ka nui anawaena ekolu, a me ka p makahiki o ka
puniu wale no ka L + B + H , a me I ;
Abh. = 0,8436 0,0012
no ka mea, L B H , a me I ;
Abh. = 0,8387 0,0008
ma mua hihia no illegible] a w, na loina 45641 a me 3871; lua, ina na loina o ka
99886 a me 8763 ana. E like me ka manao, me ka degere o ka dependence ua lilo nui
nui, me ka nuiana ma waena o n 'ana ma o ka dependency ma L + B + H , a o wau ,
a me ka mea o ka L B H , a I lilo kekahi'. Nolaila, ina - e like me ka
WELCKER'schen wale n hike - ka huina hoonui o ekolu ho i oi aku ka 'ikepili ana
o ke Kuhina Kalaiaina e hoolako e like me ko lakou huina, he mea pono e
hoomaopopo i ka makou hana, ma ka liilii loa, ma ka kpa a he uuku o 101 iwi,
aole ia hookae ua ia. Eia, mai keia mau Ahhngigkeitsbestimmung ka mea, aole i
'ole ma o ka piha nui o ka hoohlikelike Ana, aka, wale ma ka mahuahua a me ka
emi ana, he hiki no hoi ia e ole laul hoike ia - e like me ka mea no hoi i ka
WELCKER'sche hoonoho i ao - ke tabular hui Kalaiaina Hawaii ua nui hou pololei i
ka huina o ka nui anawaena ekolu, ke pela, i kapaia Index o ka laula o ka puniu wale
no, di Aloha loaa ia i ka wa o ka lki ma waena o kona laula, a me kona loa, a me ka
noonoo pono i ka puniu wale no o ka dolichocephaler, mesocephaler a
brachycephaler ano ua hana i kaawale. No ka mea, o keia mea, na ka lki. Ma waena
o ka huina o na ho ekolu kekahi lima, a me na interiors e malalo iho o ka kekahi, emi
ka laula Index o Kane kanaka a pau.]

XXIV. About ka spatial, a me ke kino paiapili, i ka likeole o

ka Hokoana nui.

 156. O na meakanu lawe mai ia mea kaumaha ma muli o keano o n p waina,

aole wale no i ka okoa makahiki, ai 'aka, mahuahua i okoa makahiki hookokoke mai
ia i ka okoa kiekie, kaumahaano nui i mahana, a me HUMIDITY kumu o ka hoiliili
ana likeole. Ma keia manao mau ia lki nui apana mua pu, i no hoi i ko lakou aoao
ma ka ulu o na ulu i pili i na wahi a pau o ia? Ooia hoike; aka, loli mai Track e
Track, a me ka hoololi i kia mau ana no ia mea.
Ka ninau, oia paha ka nui o ka poe i hanau ma ka mea hoiliili ana kanaka e paa ana
i kekahi mea kpono, in he hoololi i keano o ka hoiliili ana i loko o kekahi
paiapili no ka mea, kokoke apana o ka aina, paha me ka hoololi 'ana i ke kanu a
hiki i ka paiapili. Ano, e hiki e maopopo lea ai, ka apuepue ka like pono ole o ka
mahana, a me HUMIDITY klana ma luna o ka ulu o na kanakaaa lkou e like me
ia i na mea kanu; na kanaka mai, aole ulu e like me ka ulu o kela a me keia makahiki
mai ka hua o ka hou kokoke loa i kahi, aole nae lakou e pani i ko lkou ola i ka ia
makahiki mai a ia oe e hiki ke uku wale hoolohe i na olelo a pau o ka makahiki; aka,
he mea kumuhana i ka fertility ana o ka makahiki, ma ka manawa o ka hanauna o ka
keiki ai 'ole ma hpai keiki, a me ke keiki, a hiki i ka ulu manawa, ka oi aku o ka
mua, loli ka nutritional keia o na makua, no ka indirect keiki ma luna o ka ulu ana
kheaia i ke keiki, a pela io no ka ulu ana o na mea kanu a me na kanaka, ua hoololi
i ka pilina. N nae, a kau i ka nutritive olelo ana o na kanaka iloko o ka aina mai,
aole wale mai ka fertility o ka makahiki; i ke kaua a me ka maluhia noho ana, wahi o
ka hana, a kalepa i mea ole, aole pono kino kumu e hiki ai ke noonoo; no hoi na mea
a pau e loli ai i ka kino a me ka noonoo 'ana, a me ka ikaika o na makua i ka
manawa o? iecaianoaaiiuo o ke keiki, a me ka hpai keiki e pili ana i kekahi aina e
pili, paha i laha a hiki cosmic ololi. O ka pokole, he mea ole ia i ka poino e huli i hiki
kumu i ka awelika ka nui o ka poe i hanau ma ka hookahi makahiki knaka ma luna
nui la he mamao e pili ana i pono e like me na mea kanu, kekahi me me ka olua i keia
mau hoololi paha. Wale no na hana mana, ma ka pau paha o ka mea o ia ka pilina ma
luna nui a uuku mamao aina, ua detectable; a me ka hookolokolo 'ana, e hooiaio mai
oia i ka hihia. Kaawale mai keia, ka hahai Ka Ikepili, e hana me ka ninau ina ka ololi
ka manehu o ka resizing, a he kino pilina o ke ano hoikeia mai i ko lakou alapine
(frequency), i loko o ka manao o'paha contingencies, hoololi i ke ala a me ka hina
ana o ka nui ana i loko o ka papa o na makahiki a pau ua hliu mai i ko mau hoiliili
ana i kekahi i kekahi, e ala, a me ka hou aku e haule iho. No ka mea, he iwakalua
hoiliili ana Skona haumna Hokoana kekahi mea e, e akomi i keano, nae, hualoaa
ma ka oi decisive ala i ka hopena no ka hoiliili ana Aaeuaeeneei Hokoana.
Kaawale mai ka mua ninau elua, ua hookolokolo au no hoi i ka ninau o ina e loaa
kekahi pilina ma waena o ke poo kumu a mea iohiia kala, ka mea i lawe wahi a
puni ka Gehurtszeit o na Hokoana, a me ka awelika nui o n huahana ana mai i keia
manawa Hokoana, a au hana i keia ao ma RECLAM ka hygienistischer Magazine
"Health" (1876) hike 1) ;no ka mea, ua alakaiia oe i kekahi me ka nui loa io
hualoaa, pela no au e folgends i hope aku.

1)

[haawina o ka spatial, a me ke kino paiapili i loko o ka 'ano o ke kanakanui. IV Pauku:: About ka ninau o i ka nui o ka neeana Hokoana pili i ka neeana o
ka hua kumukai puni ka manawa o ka hanau ana. "Health", I.Jahrgang, S, 54
FlgD.]
E hoopaa haawina e pili ana i ka pono e lilo i hike 'nnau aka, hui Hehe
Hokoana loa aku o ka nui' ano kpono; kekahi ke i aku nei au, ua like me hana aku ai
ia lakou; no hoi ka poe wale no mea, oia ka mea i loa ia ia ka hookolokolo 'ana i
hawi aku i. Koke ka Hokoana ana, ua lawe kela hoololi makahiki, mai ka poe
hope, ma ka ia makahiki, 20, 19 a 18 makahiki, ke kaumaha ma muli o ka 'ano o
n'ina, ua hanau. Lua, ka Hokoana ana nae maluna o na mea a pau eoeuoo? U aina a
me ka hou manawa i hoakaka ia ma na aina, wahi a pau o ka aina, apana,
kulanakauhale, pela i haawiia ai ka manawa e nana i ka hopena o hoomhuahua a oi
aku i ho'kka 'ole ma kekahi papa hana nui plki, comparatively. Ekolu, ka nui o
na kanaka ana, a hiki ma ka lp Apana, i ka nui hua mai i ka uku o ka drawback no
ka mea, he loa panalaau la, a me ka aina, i kela makahiki e hele ana maluna o nui loa,
hiki bemerktermaen ka mea, ina ua like nui ai ole ia, heoiaio ia mea i loko o au
mamuli he nui imprecise o.
No ka mea, o kou kuleana, ka mea a pau hookolokolo 'ua ma mua ninau wale n
ke kanaka ma muli o ka loa i kaupalena' ia mea, ka mea au i hiki mai iloko o ke
Sakona, a me Aaeuaeeneei Ana, hana ma ka pilina i ka mea nui ka mea, he kumu ia
au e vorfand kekahi mea pono keia mau mea, kekahi hapa o kia hookolokolo ' loa i
wale hana e like me ma ka hookolokolo 'ana. No ka mea, o Saxony I e loaa paha ke
loaa hou Urlisten no ka mea, o kekahi mau wahi o ka aina a me ka hopeohi hua a
laila; aka, ua hana ma ka mea mua hoohana he time- a me ka gedulderschpfend. A
oi nui ana i loko o n nnau hana maanei hiki loa e pono i kekahi mea o ke ana helu
kulanui, ka mea i hoolimalima kpono ka mechanical e pu unaue koa e kauoha aku i
ka nui kumuhana, ka mea i lawe i ka mea e mau loa hookolokolo 'ana i koi. Ma na
mea a pau o keia no paha ka hahai hookolokolo 'ana, e like me ka hiki i ka mea i ai e
hanaia mai, e malama i ka waa panee, koke iho la laua i kapa, a kk mai, kahi ia ka
hookolokolo' ana e alakai i na mea a pau, lua, ma o ka aka, kamahao hualoaa, a
pela i kaupalena 'hakahaka aoao a me na hana hoopilikia ua loaa, na oia i olelo kono i
na mea e ae, e haawi i ka hookolokolo 'ana i ka hou no.
Me keia mau pono, a ke kaumaha i ka Hokoana loa e like me ka kumu no ka
hookolokolo 'ana i o keia ano anywhere, he mea wale no ia e minamina, e like me ka
mea mua i hoopa mua, i iho la lakou iloko o ka ana helu hana, kahi au e loaa i ka imi
i ka' ike e pili ana i kupono i loko o kekahi i ka nui ano, ua hike mai i ia. Makahiki
averages A hapa, aole i loaa, i kekahi manawa, aole i lawe i lawa loa paha
consequential, specialization, ka oi, a me ka ikepili nn, a hiki i ua ike au ia, wahi
waiho i ka poe hiki ke holo ana me ka pololei ia mea, i ko lakou drawdown mai
Urlisten aka, pono he laborious hana, a me ka loaa o Urlisten iho, aole anywhere ia,
e olelo oe.
157. Hele aku la, i ka nui designation o ke ano o ka hookolokolo 'ana.

E hea aku ma na mea a pau i ka loli ka nui o kekahi makahiki ma lalo aoao ma
kekahi ana o ka nui a me ka olelo o ka parallelism o ka neeana oelua
DEBFULLNAME, Z: B. ka makahiki awelika o Hokoana Ana i elua e pili wahi o ka
aina, i ka wa a ka manao lokahi nee i ka olelo ma ka emi ana a mahuahua, me ka noi
ana e pili ana i ka mea e, e kapaia i loko o makemakika ano o ka olelo parallelism i
ka loli ana o na ka hoohlikelike 'Oiaio, oia hoi like paha proportional hele i keia
la; lawa i ka wa a lakou i hoopili like wale no ma ke ala.A hihia o ka parallelism e
hele ana me ka | | , A hihia o Nichtparallelismus ai ole ia, e like me ka olelo aku
kakou, Antiparallelismus me ka kapaia; ka nui o | | malalo iho o ka haawi nui Z o
like nee hihia me ka pa i ka me ka Q . Ina aole hana o na aiaiiuo paa e kekahi i
kekahi, a mai kekahi na kumu, pela no ia e lilo i ka alualu, ma ka nui helu o na
makahiki, a no ia o ka hele hihia | | me ka indifferent hoomalule, a me ka helu o na
kokoke i kekahi i kekahi, oa iluna i'paha contingencies, e like. I na hihia a pau e kipa
mai ma ka laua, pela no kekahi e pono ke manao nei makou i ka mea a kekahi haku
mele o kekahi mau kumu, e hana ma ka neeana mai o ka poe 'Oiaio elua, na mea
a pau e hana ana ma ke ku pono ana i ala e hiki aku ma mua o steadily. Ina wale loa
obesity o | | ma ka e kahi, he mea e like me ka nui overweight hiki no hoi loaa ia oi
e kii mai ai i na keiki, ma ka lakou mau aoao no e kahi, ke aka, i kekahi manawa, he
predominance e ku pono ololi, he wahi kaawale no koe. Ina ka hope o ka ana wale
n paha loaAmelika, o keia e hooiaio mai i kuokoa o na' Oiaio o kekahi i kekahi,
aka, o ka mea ia ia, ka mea hana e hoomahuahua i ka nui o ka, hana e emi i ka kekahi.
Ma waho o ka parallelism, a me Antiparallelismus ka hoakaka hana, i ka nui o ka
neeana ECIIeOEOO, aka, aole e hiki ia manawa no hoi noonoo i keia nui ma ka
noonoo, ma ke W. kekahi papa, a he na keiki me ka nui loa hookoi i ka wa ia i
kaoi loa o ka nee ikaika poe, i ka mea a ka parallelism e hoike mai, a me ka hookoe
'oleAmelika, (ma ke alo o keia) Antiparallelismus; Nae kekahi i ke halihali nei au
ma hemahema nee ka ole o'paha contingencies no, a nolaila, he mea i loko o hihia,
kahi i nui nui o ka hoiliili ana, ua hiki mai (e like me ka uku pila. III, ike 160)
suitably ma hope wale n o ka hana a ka hopena o ua helu 'ia ma hoiliili ana e ike, ina
aole ka lki o | | a ma luna o ka manawa luku loli, la lakou no hoi hou ma ke
kauoha o ke momentum, ka, hana kekahi a me kekahi nui, kahi ia o ka pono no ia ke
kanawai e pili ana i na keiki hihia kaoi loa ma kaaoao o ka poe nui, i ka pili a me
ka indifferent wehewehe ana ma pono e lawe puaoao o ka poe liilii nee, e
hooluolu ia he ole.
Eia na hana mana, ina o ke kaumaha, heaha ka mea he hihia o | | ai 'ole hoon ai i
ka ua, i ka huina a me n huahana maloko e hoop ai momenta ua proportional e
lawe. Ka mea, aole i hoopaapaa aku i na huahana no, ina kekahi o na nee elua e hele
i loko o ka hihia, heole, ke kaumaha o ka hihia, he kikoo ma waena o | | a , e
liloole, a no ka mea, parallelism ma waena o maikai nee ma waena o n hopena
maikai nee pili like, ka mea hiki wale ke loaa ma ka huina hoonui o ka nee elua.
I mai la, he mea e pakele hookolokolo e like me ia i ka owa helu o | | a lanakila
ma ka penei noonoo o ka paona. E lawe i ka neeana o n huahana poe i huiia mai i
ka nui pu no elua | | e like me ka oi loa, e khea aku i ka huina o ka mua P , ka

lua Q , a me ka Lunakanawai Ano, ma kahi o n klana a me proportionate oko o

ka pa , e Q , mahope mai P ai Q. e, ina o ka hoomaopopo like ia mea e alana pono,
pela aole wale loa he nui proportionate piha kpono o kekahi o ka poe elua
loina P , Q i kahi ma luna o ka kekahi, aka hoi ka hoahanau koena unuhi o ka pa ,
e Q ua oi, pkole ( P - Q ) : ( P + Q ) i loa cia oi aku mamua o ( - Q pa ) : ( pa +
Q e), no ka mea, ma na la mahope pilikia i ka nui kaumaha o na hihia ikaika, aole ia i
hele mai i loko o ka lokomaikai o ke keiki, me ka noonoo. Pela ia mea i loko o kekahi
hihia pono keia mau mea, o ka hawewe , a me Q e like me P a me Q e e
hooponoponoia ia mea, ma ka mea, ina i i ka ikaika o ka hana o ka mua ia e holo ana
ka hopena, aole ma ka hana o ko elua, e malama i ka pono keiki no ka mea, kanalua ,
I ka maluhia o ka huakai kaapuni ulu loa kekahi lima, me ka nui o ka nee
hoopii Z , ma kekahi lima i ka nui o ka poe pili oko
,
No ka mea, loihi loa ka nui no , a hiki i ka haahaa pili surpluses hiki loa kikoo aku i
kekahi noteworthy hualoaa; kaumahao e hoomahuahua hou aku, a iloko o ka wa
pau ole oi aku hulimahi maoli i ka lua maluna o ka mua, ke kokoke ka W. a hiki i ka
aoao o ka pono, a me ka mea e unquestionably ole i kekahi mea e hana pololei
probability ai ma keia manao, ka mea au e ole, nae, e hele i loko o nei
makemake 2) .
2)

[uku pnai. keia 155. He mea e pono ai wale, e hoomaopopo i na mea

parallelism e like me ke kaula, i ka Antiparallelismus e like me ka hailona loli e
lanakila ma ke ala pilina i ka kloko rula.]
158. O ka noi o ka mea i manaoia ma kela a me keia o na kumu aiee o A, C,
D hiki ke Hahai I, ka easiest manao paa e hiki wikiwiki aka; a ma keia manao, e lilo i
ka mea pono, e like me ka mea i keia manawa, ua obtainable mai Rekrutenmatafeln
i ka mea hope i ano o lalau i Vorzahl, a me Nachzahl i ka Vorsumme, a me
Nachsumme i hike. Aka, Ina makemake oe e lilo i ke kahua o ka haawi aku panel e
hookoe mai na mea a pau, i keia hana, ua pono. Wale helu i ka nui o na ana, mai ka
mea uuku, a me na mea he nui ma mua o kekahi 'ilikai hookahi, a no na mea a pau a
uuku Maintervall, i kapa aku ai i ka helu o ka poe mua ke k, na kekahi Akua a me ka
Lunakanawai Ano, mahope iho o ka parallelism, a me ka lki
Antiparallelismus G : K a G : ka m . Ka Aaeuaeeneei ana au i aponoia i ka w
mawaena mai 1618 a hiki i 1643 mm o no kahi la h ka nui o ana 'o ia hoi ka mea e oi
aku mamua o ka poe luna, a me ke Kalapu i ka helu o ka poe e noho ana malalo o ka
haahaa palena o keia w mawaena; a me ka hookolokolo 'ana, e ao aku i ka la
hookolokolo hope aku me na olelo hoopono, ma C paha oiaio, e like me au ma ka
Aaeuaeeneei akahai i h : ke Kalapu a me ka h : m comparatively kekahi me C ., ua
noi mai aka iau i piha i ka Skona akahai i iniiaiie Panel ku iho la ma kona kauoha,
mai ka mea pololei makemakika ke ano o a 1 hiki ke unuhiia, pl n wau i kia apo

la i keia.
Mai ka aiee o A 1 , A 2 , C , G : K , G : o M aole e lauwili pono proportional, pela no
nae e i ka poe liilii, ka m , a nawaliwali nee hiki o kekahi a me kekahi o keia mau
loina ana oko ao ke kaumaha ma muli o ka mau alualu o ka loli; aka, no ka mea,
nui ka m , a me ka ikaika ana a hiki loa he hookahi wale no ua wawalo? acoeueoao,
ke parallelism o kahi a ka nui oia, aole e hiki ke bothered. Keia hiki lilo
no A 1 (iniiaiie), A 2 (hoemiia) a me C (hoemiia) ma ka hoohlike o keia pili ana i na
puke he iwaklua o ka haumna Hokoana panel hoolaha.
About ka spatial pilina o ka likeole o ka Hokoana nui.
159. Ma Ano, aohe mea kupaianaha no ia i ka awelika 'Imi' Oiaio lauwili ma ia
wahi; ka mea ka mea, ma ka nui o Random ana, o ka mea a ka ulu i loko o ka nui o ke
kanaka hilinai nui, e manaoia i ka oko ao koena aku laila, ma n mea kokoke i na
mea a pau o ka ia n loina o ka makahiki e like me ka kekahi. N nae, he hiki he mea
kupaianaha i ka fluctuations ma ka awelika ka nui o na Hokoana ma waena o n
makahiki okoa, ua kea ia me na Hokoana ana? Aaiuo waihoia mai ai e manao ai a
hiki ma waho o nano contraction.No laila au i kauohaiao ia ma ka Leipzig Apana
oihana, o ka mea au i loaa kahua kaua no ka Leipziger Hokoana ia oukou olelo o ka
pono a me ka hewa hoiliili ana ma keia manao, a me ka oi aku Austrian luna, a no ka
mea, he nui na makahiki i hoolako i ka Hokoana ana, wehewehe i ka wa ia oe ia ia i
ka i kau, hana ma keia manao olelo mai la, eia ka i hiki ole ke hoole i ka Hokoana
nui e loli mahope iho o ka hoiliili ana. I iho la au i ka mea hoomaopopo i ka wa au i
behufs i kou mau hookolokolo 'makemakika aha mai ka 17 hoiliili ana o Leipzig
kulanakauhale Ana nee ai ka hope loaohi hua waina 1862 i k mkou, i ka
penultimate i ka 1861 i ka palena iki o na mea a pau 17 hoiliili ana, a me ke koena
unuhi 1,17 iniha mea ma kona nui i na mea au i imi ai ia ia e hele kokoke mai i ka
lalo. No keia, ka mea a pau mahope hookolokolo 'ana i ka OAAIeOO.
Oia, ma mua mahui i ka nui likeole ma luna o ka ikaika ana hewa o ka poe ku
pono hema i elua makahiki originated. Alaila, he mea hiki ole ke manao ia oia hike
'a ana aela Hokoana na wahi e mamua ma Leipzig hou i loaa like. Pela au i kuai i ka
Urlisten n Ana no na makahiki hope ekolu o ka poe a pau Amtshauptmannschaft
Borna, lawe ae la lakou i ka makana mau papa, a huki i ka mea he mea ole wale no ka
mea okoaohi hua, likeole aka hoi Oihana o Amtshauptmannschaft Borna, a ma laila
n i ke kahaha ko oukou naau? Acoeueoao, ka mea invariably 'o ia hoi ana o 1860 a
me 1861 kokoke like ma na mea a pau, o ka mediocrity o 1862, ua considerably nui
aka, no ka poe mai ai ma ka Amtshauptmannschaft laua loli i loko o ka awelika ka
nui Hokoana loko o kia mau makahiki. Keia mea i mea e hoikeike ma ke kia
papaaina, ka mea e kaulana i loko malalo o ka oihana hike 'aha hookolokolo no ka
nui kauhale ka noho' ana a me ka uuku kiko. O na huapalapala | | a me ka mea i
manaoia ai e hoohalike elua Ortlichkeiten he maanei, aole nae i hana, no ka mea, pili
hou e hoohalike koke.
I. averages A no ka 20-makahiki-Skona Hokoana i loko o n wahi likeole o ka
Amtshauptmannschaft Borna i ka 1860, 1861 1862nd

(Huina o ka m = 4736, E = 1 schs'niha = 23,6 mm o ..)

A

ka m

1860

1861

1862

1860

1861

1862

1) Leipzig ......

69,17

69,06

70,23

616

560

603

2) Aha Apana Leipzig I a me

II ......

68,85

68,74

69,85

363

326

418

3) City, a me Aha Official

Borna ......

69,39

69,34

70,01

161

169

185

4) aha apana Rtha .....

69,20

69,12

70,11

79

48

61

5) City, a me ke aloalii, a me
ka oihana Pegau

69,45

69,10

69,79

157

199

186

68,74

68,93

69,94

109

90

91

71,47

71,05

71,89

96

111

108

Zwenkau .........
6) City, a me Aha Official
Taucha
a Markranstdt .....
7) haumna ........

Total Amtshauptmannschaft
69,26 69,17 70,15 1581 1503 1652
Ka malalo A o ka huina Amtshauptmannschaft, aole i ka piko o ke A o na apana
kanaka, aka, mai ka a pau ka m ( 79 uku pnai.) All e pili ana, aole singular, aka,
summarily paa.
Hanakimi ke ike mai i keia papa a pau o ka neeana i loko pela uuku kaulana ma
waena o 1860 a me 1861, ma na wahi a pau o ka ?? eoi? O Amtshauptmannschaft
Borna, ke ole No. 6, hele iloko o laua ma ka. A 1861 na wahi' ae emi ia o 1860; aka,
o ka poe koe knwai i ka wa uuku ka m , aole e haohao o kekahi. 6. E aho, I
hooiaio a pau, iau iloko o ka, aole nui ka m e loaa a me na oko uuku iloko o na
makahiki elua ma na kanawai ana ma na wahi a pau o ka ?? eoi? Parallelism mea
haohao no ka mea, no oukou ia ia malalo o na kanawai o ke'paha. Hiki aole i
manaoia contingencies ma luna o kela wahi keia wahi, e loaa.
Ka Leipzig ma lalo i bemerktermaen haumna e, aole i heluia, a me n haumna i
loko o ka loaaana o ka papaaina ma luna he kikaw noonoo, e like me ka mea
mua, ka hope o ka papa hele i ka loa nui, mai ka mea like wahi o Saxony. Pela, aole e
in i ka malama nui likeole ma waena o 1862 a me ka makahiki mua elua i hikiimi i

loko o ke ana kuhihewa, pela no ka mea, he ai loa e i oi aku ka nui kia.

E kkulu i ka hookolokolo 'ana e pili ana i keia ma ka aoao o Saxony, ka mea, ua
like okoa e like me hiki mai ka mua noii ana, au i kuai i ka Rekrutenmalisten ia
ekolu makahiki i hookolokoloia mua ma ka Amtshauptmannschaft Annaberg. I mea,
na ka lki. O ka Anna Berger Amtshauptmannschaft o ka mea Borna, ua
nuiokoa. O Ia hoi ma ke kkulu'kau, ka poe ma ka hema hope o Saxony, he i lalo
aina me ke klanakauhale nui, a me kpa maikai ai kumu, ka poe mauna terrain wale
me na kauhale, a me ka noho 'ana kauhale, a me ka kpa ailihune heluna. N
hualoaa ua ike ia i loko o kia papaaina.
II. Maui A o Ana ma ka Amtshauptmannschaft Annaberg i ka 1860, 1861 1862.
(Huina o ka m = 3067, E = 1 in.)
A
1860

1861

ka m
1862

1860 1861 1862

Kulanakauhale ...........

68,85 69,04 69,25 369

359

454

Dorfschaften ........

68,99 68,87 69,04 638

565

682

Total Amtshauptmannschaft. ,
68,94 68,94 69,12 1007 924 1136
Ke kapakai mua a pookela i ka nui o ka nee 'ana o A.-H. a pau Annaberg me ka
huina no ka A.-H. Borna mahope iho o na hopena hope loa o na papa I a me II,
makou loaa 1) i ka 1860 a me ka 1861 a hiki i ka mailuilu haalele io mahele, maanei
puni 1861 a me ka 1862 i ka hailona o ka nui, di Aloha i Annaberg ole wale no e
noonoo pono i ka wa kolu decimals + 0.18 i oko, 2) i keia mau hana me ka poe o
Borna A.-H. hele maoli laua; No laila, 'o ka hoomaopopo keiki hike i na kanaka e
mahalo ,. E like me ka ole o ka A.-H. Annaberg ka emi aku ai ma mua o ma ololi alo
ala mua no ka A.-H. Borna, kahi o na hana - 0.09 a + 0.98 lakou. Aka, + 0.18 ua
malie palua ka nui e like me ka calculable, mai ka 'ikepili e kii likeole 0.09 3) . No
hoi ma waena o n klanakauhale a me n kauhale kaiaulu o A.-H. Annaberg loaa ka
parallelism i ka 1861 a me ka 1862 hou, a wale n i loko o n makahiki 1860 a me ka
1861, aole e helu i ka paa,o ia ka mea i nalowaleanei.
3)

ua loaa ka ia ma na i ka 1861 e like me ka 1862, no ka hewa o keia hoopunipuni

paha ma ka provi-manao paa o A ppilikia mai ka huina o ko lakou mau kihikihio
makemake ka huinahalike kumu.
Iloko o ia manao, he mea ano hiki mai ka mua, malie loa i kaupalena 'ikepili loa
huki i ka hopena, e ka mea i loko o n makahiki ma ka nnau, aole ia i hoopomaikai
io ka e like me mamua, ma ka nui o ka nee ma Saxony i ka loa nui keiki, aka, ma ka

kloko loan,' ole ma o ka A.-H. Annaberg wale i ka ikaika hoemi pae i e hele mai
iloko o hula. A o ka mea ma na mea a pau ma loko o ka A.-H. Annaberg na kanawai o
ka nui? Acaeoey i wahi ma mua i loko o ka A.-H. Borna, he pololei no ia i ka mea
Ana he loa uuku iloko o ka wa a lakou i loaa ia lakou iho iloko o keia.
160. Ma hope iho o ka hoopuka ana o parallelism ua hahai wale ma ka hopena o
ka makahiki ekolu iloko o ka mua, he indisputably he hoihoi, e alualu ia lakou, ma ka
lihi helu o na makahiki, i mai la i ka hike i ua e hooiaio i ka parallelism kaoi loa
ma ka nui ka nee 'ana i ka huli' ana. Ma keia manao ua iau ma Skona ana no ka
mea, e like wale no ke Leipzig kulanakauhale Ana me ka papau, e hoomakaukau i n
haumna me ka nui o ka 1846 - 1862 ku iho la ma kona mau kauoha; a ke haawi aku i
loko o kia papa, i ka hopena o ka hoohlike. Ma hope o ka piha waiwai o ia mea no
ka makahiki mua he 1 mea i hoakaka ia, wale no na hana a kela a me keia makahiki,
he folgends i hoakaka ia ma kela a me keia mua iho. Here oukou malama i ka manao
o ka neeana beistehende makahiki mau mea, i ka lua o ka elua, ma waena o ka mea
a ka neeana i kahi. No laila, ina no ka hoohlike,o ka 1849 helu -: 0,12 k ana, a 'o
ia hoi kia i A 1 o ka makahiki 1849, ua haahaa ma 0,12' niha, ma mua o ka mea
ma mua 1848.

III. Size nee o A 1 o ka Leipzig kulanakauhale loa, a me n haumna loa

1846-1862 hoohui p.
makahiki Leipzig
1846

69,19

haumna
72,07

+ 0.10

- 0,37

makahiki + 0.28
1848

+ 0.40

||

1849

- 0,12

- 0,79

||

1850

+ 0.37

+ 0.70

||

1851

- 0,18

+ 0.55

1852

- 0,11

- 1,02

||

1853

+ 0.52

+ 0.24

||

1854

- 0,04

+ 0.27

1855

- 0,28

+ 0.05

1856

+ 0.15

- 0,06

1857

- 0,28

- 0,41

||

makahiki + 0.44
1858

+ 0.24

||

1847

1859

- 0.89

- 0,96

||

1860

+ 0.04

+ 0.56

||

1861

- 0,11

- 0,42

||

1862

+ 1.17

+ 0.84

||

Hanakimi ike Ano mua o na mea a pau, i ka nui, i ka laua hihia ma mua o ka Anatilaua hihia, ma kahi mamao aku; a me kau i ka papaaina i ka nui o ka hopena o ka
Ana ma ke alanui, hele i mea e like me ka Leipzig akahai i ka mua eono nee, me ka
koe, e like me ka haumna mua he umi, me ke koe o ka 1851 ia laua i kekahi i
kekahi, wale, wale no ka loli | | a loa indifferent, hike i ka kiekie lki o
ka P i Q penei. A i ka mea i luku ai i ka neeana ikaika i waena o n haumna ma
1851-52 like - 1,02 wale no, he loa mailuilu, aka, o ka mea e like me mamua like me 0,11 ma ka Leipzig hui. Manao hou, ua i paa i keia, aole ia e hilinai ma ka i ka ho
omaulia kuhihewa ma kou aoao au, incidentally, aole ia e nana i ka kpa a uuku ka
m makahiki Ganges maluhia hooholo 'hoonwaliwali i waena o n haumna.
Mamua o ka alualu e like me ka mua papa, i ka neeana mai o hookahi makahiki,
no kela a me keia kakahiaka, aole lakou e hiki no hoi hahai mai ka mua a hiki i ka
manawa hope, a hiki wawe ka loaa i ka hualoaa ia mai i ka papaaina e like me ka
mea hope, ma ka neeana o n makahiki ma ka nnau algebraically, oa iae la me ka
nn 'ole i ka hoailona; makou loaa i ka nee;
makahiki

Leipzig

haumna

1846-48

+ 0.38

+ 0.03

1848-50

+ 0.25

- 0.09
a pela aku

me eono p, elua Q: Aka, kakou pili i ka mua, pela e'lelo kula haahaaa panel ku nei.
Keia papaaina, ua malie ka manawa e noii ana ina paha, a me ka mea ana i ke ka
hoonee mea i oi aku ma ka aoao o Leipzig haumna paha, no ka mea, he mea e
pono ai wale n e lawe i ka huina o na hana a kela a me keia lima, ka nn 'ole o ka
hoailona, a no ka mea, o ka Leipzig 5 , 08, no ka mea, o ka haumna, he 7,88; No
laila, he lula 'surplus ma ka aoao o na n haumna; ka mea, he pono ole lepo hilinai
nui maluna o ka pau ana o ka heluna kanaka hou e lauwili o na mea a pau poe kaua i
luku ololi nui, a me kekahi manawa pili ma mua o ka wealthier papa.
Ina kekahi k ka kekahi lima, i ka nee ma + a - no kela a me keia aoao o ka oi aku,
eia kahi mea akaka, ua ka nui o ka oko a ma ka nui ma + a ma kela aoao, ma - like me
ka mea a ke Leipzig kulanakauhale Ana + 3.07 a - 2 , 01 aole hoi i ulu mailuilu
mawaena, oiai o ka haumna, a me +3,85 - haawi 4,03, kokoke kaulike ma waena o
mhuahua a me ka emi ana.

He mea like aina a pau ma loko o n makahiki a pau o ka nui awelike ana i ka
manao A , no hoi riesigere hualoaa e like mauka ihola haawi E ' hiki mai i na mea a
pau A a me E'ano nui e hele laua. No hoi i ka hoakoakoa iho la o ekolu keena ihola
no kela waina (e aho compensate no ka mea, contingencies) no ka mea, Leipzig e like
me n haumna hookupaa iho la ia i keia mau; ka mea, i loko o 16 nee mai ka 17ohi
hua P = 10.5 4) : Q = 5.5: P = 18,03, Q = 1,23; nei ma 19 nee ma waena o 20ohi
hua P = 11: Q = 8: P = 21,33: Q = 6,84.Ano oukou e hoomau i ka manao i loko o n
makahiki me ka nui A , a me ka poe malalo loa E , ua ulu, oa ulu ana me ka hooulu
awelika loa a hiki i ka huna uuku Hokoana, a me keia ua, mahope iho hoakoakoa iho
la o ekolu palena iki Ana kela makahiki, a me n haumna pela loaa: P = 14: Q =
5: P = 19,73: Q = 10,99. Loa' aka, nae ka Leipziger pono ke ku pono?
Acoeueoao: P = 4.5: Q = 11.5: P = 3,23: Q = 22,62, no ia mea, o ka mea uuku
Hokoana i loko o ka a pau ma mua o n pakuhi ho'kea me ka hooulu Material
Ana , Keia bulging me ka nui manao? Acoeueoao mea', a ua ike au ma mua e lilo ole
wehewehe no ia mea.
4)

The 0.5 hele mai ana mai ka mea i ka neeana mai oole nui ana ma waena o n
p waina kahi la 0.5 a elua i ka pa mamua Q ka mea, ua pepehi ana.
Hana hiki no hoi, e like me maluna, me ka ka hoonee o ke A no ka mea, Leipzig
haumna, a ua like me ka nn 'ole i ka hoailona o ka neeana, i kia hoohlike i ka
olelo o na ihola. Ka comparability o ka Leipzig pulu, ke makemake nei au i manao
i ka poe haumana e like me ka luna wale n ma luna o ka 17 makahiki Gears 18461862 noonoo, i pili i Leipzig, ae huki no ka pono equalization o na ulia pakalaki, aole
wale no i ka neeana mai o ka outermost ihola, aka, me ka konu o ekolu loa Hawaii
iloko o noonoo. Keia ke haawi mai i ka hahai compilation:
IV. Honua dala i ka 17 makahiki papa .
No ka mea, d. No ka mea, No ka mea,
Funds mai d. d. Funds mai d. Funds mai
Totality
3 Minim.
3 Maxim.
Leipzig

5,08

27,17

14,67

haumna
7,88
15,17
16,00
Pela wahi a ka makemakika mea, he A totality emi Mobile o ka loko wale e like me
ke kumu o ekolu loa Hawaii loa, i mea ole kahaha ko oukou naau, a me wale i ua
noonoo i ka outermost ihola, pela no ka ka hoonee e loaa i oi aku i hooleiiai
mawaho no ka mea, ,
Eia hou, nae, i kekahi e hiki hou hai i ka nui likeole ma waena o Leipzig haumna,
a ma ka minima, oiai ma ka Maxima kokoke i wahi ma waena o n elua. Ia ka
haumna no ke ka hoonee o ka minima ke kaha like kokekau i ka Maxima ma ka
Leipzig hui kokoke palua e like me ka nui. Aka, o keia paha e like me ka mua 5) pu
hookumu assumption i ka mea uuku aiee ma ka Leipzig hui, ua hanana.

5)

[uku pnai. 15 A 128.]

Hiki nn 161. kokoke i ka predominant parallelism, a ua hooiaio ae ma mua ma

waena o Leipzig hui haumna a, aole laua e like me ka ho'o no ka mea, wahi
likeole o ka aina, koe wale no ka mea, he malihini, a ma luna o kekahi loa i pili ia
hapa o ka Skona heluna kanaka e like me bemerktermaen Leipziger he nui na hapa,
e haawi ana ala i n haumna i n mea a pau mai na mea a pau maluna iho o ka
aina. Ano, Ina ka mua loaa hopena no ka moku o Saxony pili wale no i ka loa
kaupalena makahiki, a he kaupalena manawa, i kekahi, ua kkoo akula e hooiaio ai e
makemake e na kanaka e mahalo; ka mea e hawi aku i ka Aaeuaeeneei ana i
makemake Anhalt darboten, kena ae la ma kekahi manawa loihi ma ka'like alanui,
aole wale no o ka aina, aka hoi, no ka mea kia'ina (oihana) i loko o ka "N Palapala
Statistiques" o Pelekiuma, a me ka mamua hue ' 6) ma ka papa ua helu 'ia. No kaohi
hua nawaliwali ana o ka A a C hiki lilo no ka pau aina loa ana i kekahi predominance
o ka parallelism no kela a me keia wahi o ka aina, pela no wau i ka hoohlike ikaika
nee, kahi e hiki ai ke loaa ka poe no ka pau o Pelekiuma, limahana, a me ka poe wale
no nee ma waena o ka poe hahai makahiki a me na hana hoopilikia wale wae mai ai:
1) 1852 a me ka makahiki 1858;
2) i ka elima-makahiki paha elua 1851-55. 1856-60.
3) elua iiaciiie? Manawa o ka mua o keia mauelima-makahiki paha, oa 1851-53 a
me 1854-55.
He aha Mhele 1) Ua e pili ana, pela no ke kaawale i ka MH 1852 a me ka makahiki
1858, aka, he ano ua lai 'bemerktermaen ole ia e nana i ka nui o ka neeana ma
waena o elua ke kaawale mai kekahi i kekahi hoiliili ana; aka, o ka hoiliili ana i no ka
mea, o ka mea i k mkou mua wae, i ka hope o ka palena iki o C a me G : K he he
kaina hou o ka hoiliili ana, pela ka parallelism o ka nui o ka neeana ma waena o n
wahi likeole o ka aina, ina ua mau ola,o ia ka mea uuku kamepiula e ma mua, a
hnia ma ka'paha contingencies. - The Abtl. 2) no, alaila, ua ike okoa ia mahope
iho o keia mau manawa i ka C , a me ka h : K e hoomaopopo ia mau mea. - The
Abtl. 3) He specialization o ka Abtl mua. o 2).
6)

[kiola aku nooukou. Kulana Du Royaume. Bruxelles 1852.]

I 1) he wale no ke Akua , ke Kalapu i 2) ka C , a me ke Akua : ke Kalapu i 3) ka C ,

a me ke Akua , ka m manao. I ka hooholo 'ana o kia mau Hawaii ka mea, aole
singular hiki mai ana i ka 2), a me 3) summarily no ka mea, e hoop ai iloko o na
ana nou makahiki mahope iho o ke ana o ka ua Maintervallen pili metrics, (e like me
ka mea i na olelo a pau o kela a me keia makahiki); ka ia, he oiaio o ka hope loa C o
kela a me keia ana nou, ka mea ma na papa (VI, a me VII) ma ka lowermost kea
kolamu (Royaume) ka mea, me ka manao i kl me kia'ina ma mua o n makahiki.
Ka loa waiwai o ke C 'ole G : K mea wale n i hike no ka mea, o ka mua o ka
makahiki, a me manawa i hoohalikeia; no ka mea, o ka lua i nee ana i ia, no ka mea,
laana, i ka mua o na papa 1,776. | - 0,182 ho: 1.776 | 1,594.
Parallelism a Antiparallelismus ma waena o n'ina likeole, ano e kahi, ke

kaumaha ma muli o ka hoailona o ka nee i loko o ka ia vertical kolamu paha i ka

mea a oukou i ike ai mawaena o ka 27 nee i heluia, ma ka hahai ekolu papa no
n'inaeiwa o Pelekiuma, he hookahi (l i loko o ka 3rd papa) i ka parallelism
hoonele (aole nae au i 'a'ole i loaa ka hewa o keia hoopunipuni no keia koe i ka
hooponopono i ka bila) ma hope o ka mea i pono ole maluna o ka neeana ma
Pelekiuma ua unquestionable.
Ka nui o ka laua nee i loko o n'ina likeole he nui okoa, a maanei, a no ka uuku
ia e hoopuni ike ia ma laila, ina hookahi ua e nee ma waena o n makahiki a me au i
makemake e Track kahi he mea haahaa, no na mea a pau Pelekiuma, nui antiparallel
hihia ina ua hanaia no ka'ina, no ka papa, e like me ka wa a lakou e noho ai. ma na
makahiki kanaka i loko o ka lalani, e like me ka mea i hana e pili ana i ka Leipziger
haumna, a me e makemake e alualu, pono e mau ia i ka piha kpono o ka laua hihia
e manao
Hehe, aole ia e panee ole, maoli i keia hoohlike i loko o ia ke ala no n'ina o
Pelekiuma, kahi paha hiki haawi aku i kekahi ano oko no ka mea hookahi; a me na
N Palapala Statistiques kaumaha aku i ka lawa mea; Eia nae,aole hiki iau ke hele
a hiki i keia, basically loa na mea e lawe mai, aka, no hoi i ka nui alakai? Anoe o ka
hookolokolo 'ana.
Hana ke hoomaopopo ala i loko o ka hahai papa i ka auhau o ka nee i ke Akua , ke
Kalapu a G : ka m hiki aku ai i ka ia hualoaa, e like me like me C ; Pela e lilo i
kekahi mea e hanai ma luna hookolokolo 'ana i ke ano cumbersome provi-manao
paa o C ' o ia hoi ma hope e hookuu mua Hawaii.
V. Size Honua i loko o ka'ina kanaka o Pelekiuma, mai 1852 a hiki i. 1858
G:K

ka m

1852 makahiki 1852 makahiki

1858
1858
Anvers .....

1.776 - 0,182

3249 3796

Brabant .....

1.832 - 0,558

5490 6208

Flandr. occ. ,, , 1.209 - 0.179

5144 5782

Flandr. paha.... 1,083 - 0,074

6525 7307

Hainaut .....

1.471 - 0,330

6133 7377

Lige .....

1.600 - 0,437

3634 4566

Limbourg ....

2.119 - 0,513

1608 1803

Lukemapuka., , 2.293 - 0,819

1544 1782

Namur .....

2257 2666

2.915 - 0,832

Royaume .... 1,539 - 0.310 35584 41287

VI. Size Honua i loko o ka'ina kanaka o Pelekiuma, ma ka hahai elua manawa:
1. au: elima makahiki mai ka 1851 a hiki i ka makahiki 1833; 2. au: elima
makahiki mai ka 1856 a hiki i 1860.
C

1.Epoc
2. au
he

G : ke Kalapu

ka m

1. au

2. au

1.Epoc
2. au
he

MM
Anvers ....

1645,8 - 3,6

1.584

- 0,097

17368 18382

Brabant ....

1650,4 - 9,4

1.767

- 0,389

29301 30444

Flandr. occ. , ,

1634,7 - 0.2

1.124

- 0,005

28169 28471

Flandr. paha. , , , 1633,2 - 1.1

1.075

- 0,027

34648 35483

Hainaut ....

1638,1 - 1.8

1.289

- 0,081

33063 36204

Lige .....

1647,6 - 6,9

1,602

- 0,259

19842 22206

Limbourg. , ,

1656,7 - 6,3

2.021

- 0.378

8696

8837

Lukemapuka. ,

1658,6 - 9,4

2.167

- 0.460

8279

8823

Namur .....

1662,3 - 5,3

2,344

- 0,264

12102 12921

Royaume ....

1643,1 - 3,7

1.443

- 0.140

191468 201771

. VII Size Honua i loko o ka'ina kanaka o Pelekiuma, ma ka hahai elua

manawa:
1. au: ekolu makahiki mai ka 1851 a hiki i 1853. 2. au: elua makahiki, mai ka
makahiki 1854 a hiki i 1855.
C

G: ka m

ka m

1851-53 1854-55 1851-53 1854-55 1851-53 185455

mm o
Anvers ....

1650,6 - 10,8

0.538

- 0,062

9992

7376

Brabant ....

1651,3 - 2.1

0.540

- 0.013

17268

12033

Flandr. occ. , , ,

1635,8 - 2,9

0.454

- 0.013

16511

11658

Flandr. paha. , , ,

1634,9 - 4.0

0.450

- 0.022

20419

14229

Hainaut ....

1639,4 - 3.1

0,472

- 0,020

19088

13975

Lige. , , , ,

1646,0 +3,6

0,513

+ 0.021

11277

8565

Limbourg. , ,

1658,3 - 3,8

0,586

- 0.021

5062

3634

Lukemapuka. ,

1658,9 - 0,7

0,582

- 0,006

4880

3399

Namur .....

1664,2 - 4.5

0,608

- 0,012

7117

4988

Royaume ....
1644,4 - 3.0
0.505 - 0.017 111611
79857
He mea paha pono, ke kapakai pono e hiki ai ia lakou e hoonui ma luna o
Pelekiuma hou, no France; e like me iau, aka, lawa n moolelo fehlen.Die
"Comptes rendus Sura Le recrutement de Ka l'arme" haawi nae no Farani makahiki
averages no ka mea, he nui helu o na makahiki, i loko o ka pepa, ma Bischoff 7) ua
pai, aka, hahaiino, he la lakou no ka mea, i ko makou mau mea i manao loa
lapuwale: ma ka hapa nui loa o ka lohe ana o ka hoiliili ana i o ia hoi, i wahi
precisely paa ia mau mea, aole ka mea okoa, mai elua i eha hoiliili ana i ka
succession, a ma waena o ua lele kanaka mai ka moo me ka Hawaii mai ka helu
mahina luna hoi wale ua kii mai.
7)

[About ka waiwai o na waiwai i hoolahaia ma nEulopa aina hopena o ka pali

koa i mea hana i ka Loiloi i ka ana, a me ke ola o ko lakou mau populations Munich i
ka 1867 (hoolahaia ma ka Academy).]

About ka ninau o ke kino paiapili o likeole i loko o ka nui Hokoana.

162. Pehea la e hoomaopopo i keia ninau, 156 ua hike. E huli kakou ia mea
mua i olelo o ka Skona loa i keia ma ko makou hoolilo, di Aloha Leipzig haumna,
a me. Ka nui huluulu manao A mua he 69,61, a ka singular ihoiho. Kakou e
hookohu 'ia ma Hawaii study ka successive 17 makahiki ana o ka 1846 me ka + a ke kaumaha ma muli o ko lkou Aua oi aku paha malalo o keia mea, makou i loaa i
keia hoailona moo:
- - - - + + - + + + + - + - - - +.
I ka haumana no ka huluulu manao A he iwakalua hoiliili ana 71,76; ai ka
singular no hoi e like. A me ke kaina o n huapalapala mahope;

+ - + + - + - + + - + + + + - + - - - +.
Ano, i hanau ma ka hookamani, e like me na hoailona hoololi makemake ma ka
kumumanao o ka probability wale e manaoia e like me ka mea hope, e like me
oukou i hiki ke hoomaopopoia, ina hookahi i ka palapala papa inoa o ka Hokoana
Ana, ma kahi o ke degere e hahai wale, a me na kanaka ana luawai ma hope o ka
moo me ka + a - designates, e like me ina he mea nui paha, malalo o ke a 1 ka
papa 8) . Ka Leipziger Ana ak,o ka heluana o n kaula 9, me ka hoonohonoho hou
7, kahi o n haumna o n kaula 7, o keia ka mea, me ka hoonohonoho hou 13. A e
manao i ke kino pilina, no ka mea, ina he mea ia, pela no ka poe kaula e ua hooholo
predominate.
8)

[pololei olelo ana, e ke kikowaena cia C ua malalo iho o ka luna ai. It paheeanei
aka, A a me C e hana i kpono kou mai kekahi i kekahi.]
Ku (VIII mau: Aia ma lalo Table.) Aicieeaao i loko o ka Aaeuaeeneei ana i ka loa
luku pilina. Ka singular konu C na papa 33 makahiki mai 1843 a 1875 kauoha aupuni
he 1645,8 mm o. Aku i ka mea holookoa mua 22 hoiliili ana i ka hua, i ka hope 11
ma ka hoohui; a mal hookahi 33 hoiliili ana i ka mhele elua, 16 1843-1858
hoohui p, a me avg: C = 1641,3 a me 17 mai ka 1859 a hiki i 1875, me avg: C =
1650,0, ua loaa e pili ana i ka pili lalani o mark:
+ + + + - - - - + + + - + - - -.
- - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + +.
Nui, e hike aku i loko o ka Aaeuaeeneei ana, aole wale i ka welelau o ia no
kekahi mau makahiki ma ka lalani me a laila, e noho hou ma lalo iho o ka
kumuwaiwai laul, aka, me ka ka welelau o ke ala steadily ma ka helu o na makahiki,
a laila e haule hou. Aia hoi, kakou e ike nei i ka nee ma keia manao, mai 1843 a hiki
i 1875 i ka hahai ana i ka penei hoailona;
+ + - - - + + + + - - + - - - + - + + + + + - + + - + + - + + +.
No La Ka Oi (kaina, o'like huapalapala) ua maanei 17, o ka hoailona loli wale 14.
A mahope iho o ka poe kapa ole coincidences aka, e nei palua kakauinoa loli Ua
manaoia e like me hopena. (A aia hoi ma ka oiaio, e like me kau i hoomaopopoiai
au iau iho, ina mea e hooholo i n hailona i loko o ka AYEIE ano i na hana o ka
randomly successive Hokoana nui o Urlisten, ai ole ia ma ka papa inoa o ka holo ana
lottery helu, kahi o na helu hope o ka moolelo kaulele, ia ka hoolako ' mea i na hana
o ka eia i kekahi i kekahi huahelu.)
Iloko o Saxony, o na hana a Hokoana ana hoike ma ka 20 makahiki papa, ma
ma A 1 , A 2 a C hahai, 5 Episode i 13, e loaa hou; A hiki hou loli ai wale no e manao
e like me ka pono no ka moolelo kaulele.
E like me ka manawa ma Sachsen i ka nui uuku Maabteilungen, e like no me ka
pau o Pelekiuma, aole like na mea i hoikeia ma ka chronological paiapili o ka oko,

pela mea paha e hoike mai i keia, e ka mea pilina ma na mea a pau ma muli loa mau
kumu, ma kloko ololi a puni compensate nui'ina? ooia, hiki ke hn eaaei; a he
mea ole wale no he hoihoi 'hana e hoomau i ka hahai i keia i loko o n'ina', aka
hoi, e nana i ka pinepine ololi Pili p ana periodicity i loko o ka ulu ana kanaka.
163. I e haawi i ka Central Hawaii C no ka 33 hoiliili ana mai ka 1843 a hiki i
1875, a ua loko ma ou nei, mai ka mua papa; a me ka pili n loina G : K , kahi g. i ka
nui o na Ana, i mai 1618 a hiki i 1643 mamua o ka w mawaena nui, ke Kalapu i ka
helu o ka poe e loaa ia mea 'o ia hoi. Me keia mau olelo, i ka huina, he m + a pau,
33 makahiki papa (inconnue ole taille) 1304764; ke kaulana ka m 'o ia hoi 39538; ka
palena iki 35584 i ka 1852; ka i k mkou 41851 ma ka 1860th
. VIII Central Hawaii C , a me n loina G ; ke Kalapu no 19 makahiki Hokoana
ma Pelekiuma mai ka 1843 a hiki i 1875 9) .

waina

G: ke
Kalapu

waina

mm o
1843

G: ke
Kalapu

mm o

1642,1

1.412

1860

1639,5

1,316

makahiki 1642,3
1844,

1,414

1861

1642,0

1.432

1845

1644,6

1,515

1862

1642,6

1.474

1846

1642,3

1.428

1863

1643,1

1.495

1847

1640,8

1,357

1864

1645,1

1.577

makahiki 1635,1
1848

1.159

1865

1647,6

1.694

1849

1639,6

1.308

1866

1646,2

1.583

1850

1641,0

1.340

1867

1648,7

1.692

1851

1644,1

1,468

1868

1653,8

2.022

1852

1644,7

1,539

1869

1651,27

1.892

1853

1644,3

1.504

1870

1651,33

1.876

1854

1641,2

1.361

1871

1656,6

1.930

1855

1641,5

1,370

1872

1654,2

1.923

1856

1640,3

1.321

1873

1659,2

2.233

1857

1640,2

1,336

1874

1664,4

2.549

makahiki 1637,4
1858

1.229

1875

1664,5

2.570

1859

1639,8

1.320

9)

keia papaaina i kekahi o na rula, no ka mea mua eono hoiliili ana, i ke kumu ma
ka ho'miana 18 makahiki-kahiko Hokoana i ka 19 o kona mau makahiki, kekahi o
ka ho, ka mea au i hawi aku ai i loko o RECLAM ka Magazine, no ka mea, o ka ka
ho'miana o C iloko o ka maluna papaaina, a me ke Akua ; K , ua hana ka lilo ana o
singular contraction,, lakou nae hiki ma ka puke, no ka mea mua oko a huluulu
manao, wale no ka mea hope ka lilo ana o singular unuhi i ka comparability hana
kekahi e komo ai. I rula, ko makou mua hihia o ia hoi, contraction e pono e pili.

Ua akaka no i kaawale mai na hua waina 1857 a me 1870, me ka hoololi o na

loina G : ke Kalapu me na loina C wahi a hele laua i emi ai a me ka uku panee.
He mea pono e hoomaopopo i wale no na aiee o ka makahiki hui, ua paa i ka
makahiki 1849 e like me n moopuna ana 19 makahiki Hokoana, na aiee o ka mua
eono, kaawale ma ka laina o ka hoiliili ana aka makahiki, ma ka ho'miana o n ana
18, no ka makahiki mamua aku unexcavated Hokoana; no ia mea, Z. B. ke C =
1642,1, i ka mea i hike i loko o ka papaaina i pololei ia e like me ka 19-makahiki
Hokoana o 1843, o ka C = loko 1632,5, i ka mea i loaa pololei mai ana o na 18s
Hokoana i ka 1842 he 10) . No ka mea, i keia mea i keia man olelo hoakaka.
10)

O ka pono no ka dag C waiwai i loaa mai i ka 18-makahiki Hokoana i ka moo.

1632,5; 1632,7; 1635,0; 1632,6; 1631,2; 1625,5.
A hiki i 1847 hoohui p: The Hokoana ua bemerktermaen ana e piha na makahiki
18, a ua i ka papa uuku mamua, ina aole lakou i ana hookahi makahiki ma hope i ka
makahiki 19.I mea e ho'mi i keia, I loaa i ka singular 'ano o eono C , a me ka h : k :
O Vintage 18 makahiki Hokoana manao 1842-1847 e like me mamua, a me 1631,6, i
ka la mahope loaa 1.033;ma kekahi lima, ua makemake oia i ka ai AYEIE no ka 13
Vintage 19 makahiki Hokoana 1849-1861, a loaa pili 1641,2 a me 1.373, e like me ka
mea a ke C o 18-makahiki-kahiko Hokoana i 1641,2: 1631.6 = 1.0059, ke Akua , ke
Kalapu me 1,373: 1.033 = 1.329 ua hoonui, i ka mea ku pono i ka mea a lakou i ana
hookahi makahiki ma hope.
I I wale n 13 makahiki n papa no ka mea, like me k, me na koa eono 18
makahiki Hokoana lawe 19 makahiki Hokoana laau, manao paa o ka ka ho'miana
ololi, oiai 27 poe ma kona kauoha, mua i ke kumu a pau au ianoiyuaa ana keia ka
ho'miana i aole e oi aku hoiliili ana no, e olelo oe; O Wau n, ak, waiho ma kahi,
no ka mea, e 'ole ai e pono e hoohana i keena hoiliili ana i ka ho'miana.
Ina o ka ka ho'miana i loko o ka like ana o eono luna C hiki i ka pau 27 i koe, a
me ka manawa ku pono Mitzuziehung ka manawa loa e loihi nui aiee o ka
makemake C Waialae i nui ka ho'miana ololi 1646,8: 1631.6 = 1.0093 e, a me ka
nui
singular
anolaotraducci
na mea a pau 33 aiee a pau o C 1646,8 1645,8 hakahaka e.
Contribuu
a millorar

Text original

XXV. Outline a me asymmetry o ka rai

(Secale cereale).
164. Me pili ana i na designations I hai mua ia au i ka Fruchthre, di'll maopopo
n ll o ka mauu na n mnoanoa ma lalo o panicle, ma lalo o ka mua, lua, kolu
lala, a pela me na lala a pl-kapaia: Internodes, ma ka aoao iho mai ka luna, ma lalo
o Hallil ka loihi holookoa; huina panicle a me na lala aku i ke kumu ole keia.
Ka mea, ua puni July 24 e pokole hike i ka 1863 ma ke kanuia me ka rai kula ma
Leutzscher malama me L. ma Leipzig, he pua i unuhiia e ohi ai oo lalo iho, ma ke
kumu. Ka hapanui o lakou, 217 ma ka heluana, he 6 ll, 138 wale 5 ll, 10 ma
kekahi lima 7 lala, a me 6 o ka 'ano rudimentary helehelena wale 4 ll. Ma ka
217eono-Aupuni Ll a me 138 elima-Aupuni Ll a Halme keia malama, kaoi loa
o ka mua, ke kumu nui hookolokolo 'penei pili e like me ia i ka asymmetry ka lki.
A me asymmetrical hoi o ka makana.
N nae, he mea no ka uku kuala, ina pepeiao mai na wahi ' ae (ma kahi o
Leipzig) no na kanawai o ka outline ano like me ka hana ana o ka Leutzscher
malama, e like me ka haahaa loa, e malama aku ka mauu na mai o ka
hookolokolo' ina i ole pela, aole, ua hiki mai iau. Noho iho la na pela i ka ia
manawa uuku laulau o lalo iho, mai ka hahai ana ia mau wahi i Leipzig lawe me ka
penei maio kmi 'ana. In Stnz (St.) July 16: 22 apana, 20 eono-Aupuni Ll
a,elima-Aupuni Ll a 2; ma Tubchenwege (TBCH.) IULAI 20: 24 apana, 4 eonoAupuni Ll a, 20 elima-Aupuni Ll a; ma Schnefeld (Sch.) IULAI 15: 22 apana,
18 eono-Aupuni Ll a, 4 elima-Aupuni Ll a. Ma lalo iho hoopa mai ma kekahi ano
e ohi ai, mahina hapalua mua.
O na mea a pau lalo iho o ka panicle, a me na kanaka lala, ua nui anaia mai ai no
ka'ina konu (oa komo p hoi o ka panicle, aka, ma waho o ke kumu) e loaa i ka
huina loa o ka maka wale ma ka hookui i ka kanaka hpana ka loa, no ka mea, he
mea pono i ka hoomaamaa, o ka pau ana Hallil e pili ana, i ka mea pono, no ka
pinepine lihi loa, aka hoi, no ka pinepine i lala iloko o obtuse pana pua i kekahi i
kekahi. He aha ka hooholo 'ana o ka mauu, kpa a emi pololei ma mua o ka poe o
kona oihana, no ka mea, no compensate i na hewa o ka poe kanaka ana, no ka mea
hou hapa, aka, no hui kekahi. A hiki i ka haahaa hoa, aole i pololei ana loa, a me na
olelo, me ka mahalo ana, ua o nui kaukaualii waiwai mamua o ka kekahi lala, no ka
mea, ua oopa ia ana, i ka mea hiki ke hana ia ana ia mea wale superficially me ka lola
ana; a ke makemake nei ua haalele oia i na rula e pili ana i na mea a pau ia, ina aole
ma o ka kekahi lima, he perceptible nah e pela e hana i ka huina paiapili o ka
hoouka ai, a aole superficially ai loaa ia hiki loa pono e hoolaha i ka heluna
paiapili i loko nui. I kekahi manawa mea e hiki ke kanalua, in 'aole' i nui hou ai e
manao, ka lalo hehee ai i ke kumu e like me na mea ommo, ma kekahi manawa e
hoike mai hoemi ia mai kona keena wahi rootlets; aka, nae, mai ia wahi mai i kekahi
mea, albeit stunted internode kl ao i ka manamana ai aa, i ka ia loa heluia e like
me kahi hoa o ka mauu. I ka oo panicle hiki wale pkole ma muli o ka hook 'ole'
ana o ka haahaa ai, a me ka mea mua i kona ae kau e e anaia mai e like me ka
lihi. aka, o ka loa o ka panicle ia e kakali ana no kau iki maikai, me ka manamana

lima tactile, e like me ka maka recognizable projections, ka mea i hookaawale ia

mea, mai ka mua kau, hooholo. Na awns o ka panicle ua ole ana.
Mlama e ana i loko o kenimika e like Wwahi 1) elua ana, kaoi loa uniformly
tensioned lola ana. Millimeters, a me kekahi manawa, a hiki mlie ka hapalua
Mulimeter aayoaeuiinoe ia mea. E millimeters e hoakaka i ka Mabande, ke ole ia ka
pela pinepine ka puana hoopaapaa e kiai ana ia eoi aku ko lkou pepehi i na maka, i
lawe ole nui ka lanakila no ka mea, ia oukou i keia manawa e hiki manao pololei
lawa he umi hapa o ka'niha, koe wale no ka mea i mua o ka nonuniform olelo i e kiai
i ka mea a ka Hokoana ana a me ka puniu wale no ana (s. Mok. VII) ua hakahaka
examples. O na oihana a pau o na mea ommo ak, ma muli n ia o ka pau laulau, ua
kaahele aku la oia ma ka pulu, hookahi ana, aole no ka nui manawa e loaa i kekahi
mea uuku lanakila o ka pololei ma loko o ka muliwai, a me n anaelua, e like me ka
coarser kuhihewa ma ka hapai ana a me ka hoopaa e ae E kaha makau i ka elua o
keia kuokoa moolelo e hike a me ka hooikaika 'ana; Luna, ka mea ma na hooluhi
ana a me na mooolelo mea e pale aku ia lakou iho ka paakik i ko oukou mea e
manao ai. O na Ana elua o ka ia loa e alaila, e lawe i na mea; I loaa ia mea, no ka
naau kupono i pili ia e lilo i ka huina o elua ana undividiert ka 2, a me na mea a pau o
ka hope o ike e pili ana i keia hale, ka mea wale kuhikuhi aku ka mea i folgends e like
me ka pa alima o ke ana hapalua ma kahi o ka kenimika ia ll.
1)

Na kalepa ka leki, ua pinepineia paewa ai.

165. [Ma keia ala, ua hawi wale i ka iniiaiie Panel no ka panicle, a me na lala
kanaka o ka mauu, mai a papa IV ma Mok. VII (no ka mea, o na luna hoa o ka
217eono-Aupuni Ll a aku ka mauu na) ua i kumu. No ka mea, oia ka mea, penei
papa, ua alaila initially loko.]
Mai ka mokuna E no ka rai na wahi a knm ka mea, pela no wau e e folgends
kekahi mau kmole hookahi.

I. waiwai o A 1 No ka mea, panicle a me na lala hoonoho ke kaumaha ma muli

o kaokoa nui o na lala, a okoa wahi, i ka huina o ka loa o ka maka, ua like ia
me hookahi haneri
7 gliedr.

6 gliedr.

5 gliedr.

L. (10)

L. (217) St. (20)

Sch. (18) L.
(138)

TBCH.
(20)

Panicle .....

5,8

5,9

7.1

5,7

6.5

5.0

1. ll ....

27,5

31,4

31,6

33,7

35,4

34,6

2. ll ....

23,6

26,1

25,3

28,7

28,5

28,8

3. ll ....

15,6

16,3

15,7

15,6

16,0

16,9

4. ll ....

12,3

11,8

12,0

10,0

10,2

10,5

5. ll ....

9,3

6,7

6,8

5.1

3.4

4.2

6. ll ....

5.2

1.8

1.5

1,2

7. ll ....

0,7

275,2

344,7

286,9

261,1

222,1

Loa aiee o A 1 No
318,9
ka pau
Hallil .....

. II aiee o ka : A 1 .
7 gliedr.

6 gliedr.

5 gliedr.

L. (10)

L. (217) St. (20)

Sch. (18) L.
(138)

TBCH.
(20)

Panicle .....

0.285

0,212

0,234

0.183

0,217

0.184

1. ll ....

0.119

0.115

0.116

0,105

0.108

0.101

2. ll ....

0,106

0.117

0,114

0,106

0,126

0.101

3. ll ....

0.111

0.119

0.168 2)

0.099

0.128

0.144

4. ll ....

0.128

0.141

0,094

0.135

0.201

0.177

5. ll ....

0.157

0,253

0.179

0.312

0.407

0.490

6. ll ....

0,164

0.487

0,542

0,576

7. ll ....

0.241

Holookoa
Hallil. ,

0.083

0.099

0.076

0.093

0.104

0.089

2)

0.168, eia nae ai ppilikia ma ka hou e like me pololei, aka, e manao e like me
hanana, no ka mea, wahi' ae i ka : A kolu o ka hehee ai ua uuku ma mua o ka mea
o ka ha.

III. Oihana mua o 217 eono-Aupuni Ll a aku ka mauu na Leutzscher malama

mahope iho iniiaiie panel.

panicle 1. Eq. 2. Eq. 3. Eq. 4. Eq.

5. Eq.

6. Eq. he
ohaha

A1

16,2

86,5

71,8

44,9

32,5

18,4

4,9

275,2

G1

15,8

85,5

71,0

44,2

31,9

17,4

4.0

272,8

e,

7,5

42,9

38,9

19,1

15,0

6.0

0,6

147,9

e ka '

27,9

112,2 99,8

61,9

48,0

34,0

19,0

352,6

-5

+ 25

+ 10

+10

-3

- 15

- 33

+ 13

- 17,9 - 4,9

- 8,8

- 2.0

+3,2

+9,8

- 49,9

U '- U , +3,0

IV. Oihana mua o 138 elima-Aupuni Ll a aku ka mauu na Leutzscher

malama mahope iho iniiaiie panel.
panicle 1. Eq. 2. Eq. 3. G1. 4. Eq.

5.Gl. he
ohaha

A1

16,9

92,4

74,4

41,8

26,7

8,9

261,1

G1

16,3

91,5

73,4

41,2

25,8

7,6

258,8

e,

7,0

53,5

34,1

19,5

6,3

1,6

158,7

e ka '

33,4

119,4 96,4

62,4

41,8

22,0

330,9

?u

-2

+ 14

+8

+4

- 14

+ 10

U '- U ,

+6,6

- 11,9 - 18,3 - 1,7

- 5,3

+5,8

- 32,6

+8

166. O ka hualoaa, mai ka mea nui hoopanee, i hiki ke unuhi mai i ka luna papa
he ia e hahai mai iau elua.
1) I laila, ua kekahi mau statutory outline klana ma rai ia kekahi ala e hiki ia lakou
ke pili i ka rai e like me ano, a hiki ke hoopaapaa aku i ka manawa maopopo, e
ninaninau, aole wale no na anoano o cereals, a me ka nui wanawana ma muli o ka
pono o ko lakou mau ano, aka, me ka ae ole o ka e hoopaa haawina mawaho ana, e
like me ka lepo, a me ka makahiki ino ia.
2) O ka mea e hoolako hoike lehulehu o ke ola ana o ka nui asymmetry, a me ka
pale no ka ninaninau ana i ko lakou mau kanawai.
E hele mua i na pono kahiko o ka hookolokolo 'ana.
Hana e loaa ia mea questionable paha na likeole e hike ma lalo iho kanaka o ka
rai i ka mahalo i ko lakou loa, a me outline kumu, aka, ma ka kauleleano o na
anoano a me ke ano o ka aina, o kela mea keia o ka mea hookahi rearranges hilinai,
paha mai na kumu, ole pela loa e hiki ke hooholo empirically puni. Hehe, ka hahai

mau hana hea paa.

1) I loko n o ka mea i ka awelika loa A 1 puni ma lalo iho, e oko e like me n wahi
' ae, mai 344,7 ai 222,1, Via i n ikepili nana iluna i ka papa I, aka, na ka lki. O
na lala (ko lakou makemakika o ia hoi, e like me koi) no ka huina loa, ua k
kaawale ia mea, a me ka hike 'ana wale no ka nui o na hoa e noho iaaanu, pkole
wale lakou i hiki ke manaoia ikaika, a pela i ano o ka rai no ka hawi nui o na
lala. Papa I loaa i ka palapala, aka i loko, a pau na lala, a me ka panicle ma ka lki o
ka mauu (like i 100), ua hoemiia. No ka mea, ina aole Leutzsch me ka m = 217 a me
138, ka kekahi wahi wale no i ka m = 10; He 18 a me 20, aole au makemake e ike ole
oukou manaoio ana, i ka wa e ua uuku ka m pili maopopo kaaeana o ka pili loulou
ka loa, no ka mea, hawi nui o na lala i i mamao lakou i hiki ke hele, e like me ka
mea i ka hihia. Wale ma Schnefeld (me ka m = 18) hoike i kekahi nui oko mai ka na
kahua o ka eono-Aupuni Ll a ommo. aka, ma ka kekahi lima ia oukou e ike i ka
sechsgliedr. Halme ke kahaha ko oukou naau coincidence o na lala pili ma waena o L.
(217) a me St. (20) ma ka loa okoa ka loa Total 275,2 344,7 a me; a me ka aole emi
kupaianaha no fnfgliedr. Halme ma waena o L. (138) a me TBCH. (20) ma na huina
loa 261,1 222,1 a. Ae o Sch. fnfgliedr. me ka m = 4, he oiaio malihini pela pu, a
wale TBCH. sechsgliedr. me ka m = 4 a me L. viergliedr. me ka m = 6, hiki keike nui
ku ei; Aka, like me k me ka i uuku ka m paha, aole e pili, a ua nolaila, AOON ma
mua papaaina. Incidentally, 'o ia paha a hiki nui kpono e noonoo i na lala kanaka i
kupono i ka huina o n hua'lelo i di Aloha aku ka mauu na ole panicle ma mua o
panicle, e like me ka mea i hanaia maanei ma ka noonoo.
2) kapakai a na kolamu no ka seven-, six- a me ka fnfgliedr. Iho o kahi uku pila, I,
E loaa nui ia me ka kaolo i loko o ka heluana o n loulou mea ulu, ka mea mua ekolu
hua'lelo o proportionate loa, ka hope aka, emi ana. Ai ole ia, ma ka pokole, ina o ka
nui o na lala emi, pela ai e ka luna lala, a hoopkole 'na malalo like i ka huina
loa. No ka mea, o ka panicle, aole i ho'kka 'ana ma loko o keia pili ana, ua nanaia.
3) Llau aela ia e pili ana i ka ninau i ina ke ano waiho iho la ma ZEISING, a
pinepine ae maliu assertion hookpaa i ka mahele ia lki o ka rai ka mea i loko o
ke ano maoli o ka irrational ke gula lki, di Aloha noticeably e like 100 : 162,
hookani pelekikena a he maikai e like me ka mea, ua hiki ole poe ma ka papa i ia
mea, mai ka lki o successive kau i kekahi i kekahi, he mau loa iaaanu. E like me ka
uuku manao e noho i ka welelau o ka mea naauao ia lki.
4) O ka mea awelika hewa o keia hoopunipuni, a me ka noonoo ole awelike
fluctuation ? = : ka m . Bez A i n alii e kpae aiee, mai ka piko mai i ka haahaa
lala, ka mea au i ole lelo, papaaina. Aka, mahope mai o ka cia A emi iloko o keia
olelo, pela haohao i ka pono o ka proportionate n loina : A = : ka m A , a me
na hoahanau oko o keia manao hana naauao, ka mea e hooponopono ma ka uku pila
II .. Eia hike i ka mea kupaianaha i ka ; A elua i ekolu luna o n ll aole hoi ma
ka atomic helu o na lala (ina mua, lua lala, a pela aku), aole hoi ma ke 'ano o ke kmi'
(ina ehiku six- aelima-Aupuni Ll a) aole, hope, mahope iho o na kahua nui ke
degereilikai, wale i ka appreciable kpaa ma ka lalo iho seven-, a me eono-Aupuni
ll a ma ka ekolu 3) kl ao, ma ka elima-Aupuni ll a wale n ma ke poo elua

lala. E like me, nae, i ka wa hookahi iho lakou ma lala, e ulu ana aole wale
no : He nui a me ka hohonu o na lala ma ka hihia o klike o ka wahi, a me ka helu
o n loulou, aka hoi hoololi i klike o ka atomic helu no keia mau
minute. Ka : A o ke kumu waina, he wahi nui nui, ma ka awelika i palua like me ka
nui e like me ka mea o ka mua kau, nae, o ka : A i ka pau culm uuku mamua o ka
mea o kekahi oihana; ka mea, ua maopopo wale.
3)

O ka waiwai o 0,168 ma ke kolu o ka lala Stnz ka mea, aole e hilinai ana ma ka

helu mahina hewa, recognizable abnormally no ka mea, o ka mea uuku 0,094 penei
ka ha o ka hanauna.
Mai ka aiee o : A : ka uku pila II ua uncorrected, a ma ka hoopili i ka? Iaea
e
, o na loina i haawiia no nae mlie hahai Hawaii ( S 44.) Ka m ma ka
hahaiana lki. V e, e mahuahua;
ka m
V

10; 20; 138; 217

1,054; 1,026; 1,004; 1,002.

Eia nae, i kekahi hiki wale ike i keia makemake e loli i kekahi mea i loko o ka
holo ana hopena.
167. A mahope iho o keia kau e hele mai ai na wahi a pau o ka hookolokolo
'ana, ka mea i ka asymmetry ka lki. Manao; me ke komo pu wale loaa mai wahi
Leutzschikepili me 217 sechsgliedr. a me 138 fnfgliedr. Lalo iho i lawa ka m e
ae. No hoi, a hiki i ka m = 217 he oiaio no, aole nui lawa no ka ole. 'paha
contingencies i ka makemake loa e kaumaha ana4) , ak, eike, e, i ka wa a ka poe
pono, a me ka ho'mianaoi lapaau, ke hoakaka hualoaa, me na mooolelo o na
Kane asymmetry loaa i loko o ka loa maikai; aka, me ka ho'miana i ka
polokalamu ma na aiee o ? u = '- , a U - U , (ka mea U = E' A , U , = A - E , ) ma ka papa III, a me IV hoike i ka nui asymmetry, ua hiki mai
maanei.
4)

[ka mea, i ka paha cia V o ka like ? U = '- , bez. A 1 ka ano nui

symmetry e like me ka 98 aie i ka hailula V = 0,6745

like pu ia me 10]

: Ina ia he mea nui symmetry o na deviations bez A lawe wahi, pela no ka like
makemake u make ma waena o n elua deviation huahelu ^, , a me ke
koena unuhi U '- U ,aole ma waena o ka lihi deviations elua ma ka papa III, a me
IV nae .. aka aka, e like me ka U ' = e - a a me U , e - = a , hilinai mea, ua oluolu
ke loaa, wale'paha, a me contingencies, e kuapo mawaena o na lala o ke kmi' ana i
ka nui, ae kakau randomly. Aka, makou kumumea i ka unuhi u make i lalo, ma ka
heluana o n ll, pela kakou e ike nei i ka olelo ma mua kau waiwai kona noke emi
ka nui, a no kekahi mau koo ikaika ia (no ka mea, sechsgliedr aku ka mauu na mai
ha ke - .. No ka mea, fnfgliedr wale ma lima o ka lala ia) e huli io. Hana makou e

like me me ka oko ao U '- U , , makou loaa i ka like me ka mea ku pono hoailona,

koe nae ka mea hiki, ma o ka sechsgliedr. Lalo iho o ka Hoamakeikekula e hoomaka
mai ka lima o ka lala. I ka manawa hookahi n, i keia mau papa hoolako i ka
manawa i ka nui manao ( 33, 142), e hoike mai he U - U , ke ku pono ana i ka
hoailona o '- , i ka mea wale no, he uuku loa o Liliu , a me U' U , he' ae a koe e ae aku ma'paha contingencies, ka mea a oukou e hoi loaa ia
lakou i mea hoike, i ka ha o ka hanauna o ka sechsgliedr. Halme loaa. No ka mea, o
ka panicle, he eono e like me fnfgliedr ma. Lalo iho a me ka io, U U , ikaika; maikai no ka mea, ka mea a pau he ohaha mua waiwai, ka hope
negatively.
He mea ano e loa Fun e noii ana ina ka hooholo n i n hoololi o Liliu , a me U
'- U , a eia wale no ka IAaOOAa (Leutzsch) a me ka ino, i ka hawi makahiki
(1863) no ka mea, nui pono ko ka m noho ai ua maopopo, ua wahi ia ma n wahi '
ae, a me na makahiki ino keia, no ka mea, he nui hiki aku ia i kekahi wahi' ae, a
lawe map kumu na olelo maloko o keia pili ana i ka ulu ana o kumu. Ano, ua loaa au
i n ikepili no ka mea, na kahua (St., TBCH, Sch ..) me ka Before, aka, wale no ka
m 18 i ka 20, oia ka uuku e manao ai kekahi mau hualoaa; aka, i loaa mai ai ma ka
liilii loa e hoala i ka presumption, St. a me TBCH., pu me ka m = 20, e pili ana i ka
Ganges ko Liliu hookolokolo aku la ia, a me ka hoopakele ana i palapala helu i loko
o ka papaaina penei hualoaa.

V. A 1 a One no n wahi ' ae TBCH. a me St., o me ka m = 20th

A1

?u

TBCH. 5
gl.

St. 6 gl.

TBCH.

St.

Panicle. , ,

11,2

24,5

-6

-2

1. Eq. , ,

76,8

108,9

-2

2. Eq. , ,

63,9

87,2

+2

3. Eq. , ,

37,6

54,1

-2

-2

4. Eq. , ,

23,3

41,4

-6

+2

5. Gl ... ,

9,3

23,4

-2

6. Eq. , ,

5.2

-4

Hallil. , ,

222,1

344,7

-6

+2

I hoakaka ia, aka, ia kakou e, nae, lawe me kekahi mau pono i ka wahi o ka nui

keiki ma luna o ka papa o u make keia ke oia, a me ka asymmetry ia lki o ka rai e

like me ka TBCH.a make , he io aole, OIeEOEIeAeEIIe loa no ka mea, St. i ka nui,
ae kakau 5) .
5)

[n nae, he mea pono e hoomaopopo ianei i ka paha cia o ka make , ma ke ano

nui symmetry bez. A 1 mai ka hailula V = 0.67
(s. 98) ua 3 hualoaa, ka
mea wale no ekolu o ka luna he umikumamakolu aiee ka paha cia V aku i. He pono
Nolaila e paa overgrowth purely kaulele asymmetry ka mea, eia nae keia, aole ia e
hookaawale ia i ka manawa kpono a no ka mea, TBCH. a me St. me ka nui ka m e
loaa like Kanawai ana e like me ka malama no L ..]
168. No ka mea, o ka pau hualoaa i kahi loihi, wale no ka iniiaiie Panel i lalo,
aka, i ole zulngliche i maopopo ai i ka densest waiwai, helu ana i na kalele iho hoi o
ka makana, a me kekahi hookolokolo 'ana o ke D ae' ia 'pili ana. No laila mkou e
hele ma i hoemiia Panel, ka mea ma neia hope aku wale n ma luna o ka mea
Leutzscher o ka eono-Aupuni Ll a me ka m , e kaupalena = 217th
E lawe i ka mooolelo wale no o ka elima luna o n ll, Aka, hiki mai keia mea. No
ka mea, like me ka noho hoao ana asymmetric hoi o ka makana kanawai, ae ae aku i
ka lawa corrective mana o ka bulging i papa III Ganges asymmetry. Ua hoi 'ia ma ka
ike pololei mai o ke kumu waina, a me ka poe haahaa lala, e like me ka hike ma ka
maluna ( 164) p i n hualoaa e loaa wale, he kanalua waiwai. I ae aku e like
folgends ke Z aiee o ka elima lala mua no ka hoemi i = 4 E i loko o ke ala ana wae
ka ho'miana, ahu iho, ae hui i ka nn i n loina, n ppilikia n loina e like me
lakou, e halihali i ka elua kapakahi GG, pololei ma. Ma E pilina ia ia mea, e imi i na
'ikamu i i ka i ka ho omaulia ua nn, palapala:

VI. Hoemiia panel o 217 eono-Aupuni Ll a Halme (L.).

i = 4 E : ka m = 217th
1. lala 2. ll 3. ll 4. ll 5. ll
Z

he

obs.

lala. he obs. lala. he obs. lala. he obs. lala. he obs. e

pili
ana
i

44

38 1

18 1

15 3

1.5

48

42 1

22 1

0.5

19 5

11.5 10

52

46 1.5

26 2,5

23 12,5 17

11 29

28

56

50 6.5

30 4.5

27 38

15 48

50

36

60

54 6.5

8.5

34 16,5 15

31 55,5 53,5 19 63,5 56

64

58 15,5 13

38 20,5 29

35 57,5 54

68

62 17,5 18,5 42 43,5 42,5 39 31,5 34

27 15,5 21

72

13

66 25,5 24

46 58,5 49

43 11

12

31 8

76

21,5

17

70 29,5 29

50 39

41

47 3

35 3.5

80

15,5

22

74 30,5 32

54 19

22

84

24

25

78 32

32

58 7

88

33,5

28

82 25,5 25

62 4

92

27,5

28

86 16

15

96

kkel 24
23.5

90 6.5

100 18,5

18

94 0.5

104 13.5

11

98 1.5

108 4

23 38

41

112 3.5
3
VII. Oihana mua o 217 eono-Aupuni Ll a Halme (L. i hoemiia panel.

1 ll

2.
5th
3. lala 4. lala
loulou
manawa

A2

86,52

71,69

44,83

32,39

18,38

C2

87,85

72,52

45,30

32,60

18,26

Dpa

90,58

76,73

46,23

33,46

17,96

Dlike

88,45

76,75

45,74

33,29

18,51

? u - 45

- 65

- 27

- 24

+10

e,

11,82

10,98 6,28

5.33

4,60

e ka'

7,76

5,94

4,26

5,02

4,88

pa
0,67
0,84
0,66
0,80
0,71
Ka hoohlike ma waena o kumumanao, a me ka hoao ana oia i ka lawa like i ke
panai ai i oi aku mamua o na rula hp'pnphp ka m = 217, kpa a uuku. I like, i kekahi
ke hai i ka lua o ka manawa hoopili like me ka poe koikoi o ka kumumanao pono,
ka mea a papa ole hanohano n hoi kia mau mea kanu, oia ka na hoa e ku pono ana
aka wale no e imi i ka randomness pili i ka ka ho'mianaanuu a me ka hoemi ia i n
hana a ianoiyuaa a wae. Ka mea, ua ai iho pela ka elua kapakahi GG i ka rai lalo iho.]

[Oia hoi ke alo i nui asymmetry unquestionable. Aka, i ka hopena e pili ana i ka
poho, a me ke hoololi i ka asymmetry no ka mea, e iho mai ana lala a pau ma ka
ahakanaka ku papa o ka ? U - llau ua? Aaei ma ka papa III, a me n loina IV, ka mea
i hookiekieiae i ka ma A 1 e pili ana i make i ka papaaina III, ke AYEIE
bez. D pa ana u make hoohalike i ka papaaina ma luna. Keia hoohlike hike
ianei i ka lua o ka hoa, ma kahi o ka mua i k mkou waiwai, a mlie reversing i ka
asymmetry ma ka lima o ka lala i panai no ka ha wale, a ma ia ma na mea a pau i ka
likeole ma waena o ka successive lala haawi okoa, a ua ikaika i ko laila. Ina mea ano
noi i ka Hawaii, he e manao e like me authoritative, pela no oukou e loaa i ka
noonoo ai, nae mau ke one Hawaii bez. A i kekahi, a me n klana ( D - C ) : ( C A ) e ulu ana, kpa a nui u- waiwai listen. D o ke alo o ka hoailona e like me ka mea
aka, eia ka maikai o ka ka ho'mianaanuu, a me hoemi kulana, ke kulana o na
loina D , C , a me a , o ka mea o D i ka mea oi loa aku mamua o ka mea o C , a
me he loli, e like no ka mea, mai ka mea me n papa o na kumu okoa ka ho'miana
mauanuu, a me hoemi papa ma ka VIII. MOKUNA eike. Keia hualoaa ma sharper
fluctuations wehewehe i ke one e like me ka quieter aoao o ka make. N nae, he
hope ka hoopai maluna o ka asymmetry ka lki. Aho e lilo no one e like me
ke one e hoomaka. No ka mea, o ka hope, oia wale no He kokekau wale alakai e ike
ai, a me ka hoolako mai ka bez i ka lula 'symmetry. A manao no one Hawaii i
mamua ma ka malama; Ak nae me ka elue nui asymmetry D pa e manaoia e like
me ka mea paha waiwai, a ma laila n nolaila, na probabilities P a me ka Q = 1
- pa no ka luna, a malalo deviation ma ka lki. o ka malama kaulana deviation E 'a
me E ,presuppose, oiai he AYEIE ae no ka mea, deviations bez. A aole i aeia. Aia no
he nolaila, me ka lokahi me ka Hou A i Cape ike. XIV ( 101) i ka ao ao palena o
ka make i keia, e:
e kau ai ke kanaka ma muli o ka like ana pa : Q = E ' : E , e hoomaulia i, e like me
ka mea i loko o ka keia hihia, no kela a me keia o na lala elima e kokoke ana i ka
waiwai 10 e like me ka luna, a malalo paha kali ana o ka poe i hoakaka ia ma ka
papaaina e kii mai make - manao Hawaii, n hualoaa. N nae, ka mea e hahai
mai wale i na lala, noonoo nui asymmetry no, aka, no hoi i ka oko a ma waena o
moekahi 'olelo, koe ka poe eike ma waena o ke kolu a me ka ha o ka hanauna e like
me ka nui. Eia nae, 'oiai, ma keia hihia i loko o ka uuku o ka m -founded, a ma ke
koho ana o ka hoemi positional maopopo i ka manao paa o D pa , aole i lawe ia iloko
o ka mooolelo, he mea e ao aku ai i ka loa aiee o ka malama , ae ai i waiho ia kna
hana kaumaha a me ka pono nui o ka welelau o ke e kuapo decreasing asymmetry i
ka wa e iho mai ana, ma ka nui o na lala, a me ka hoole i ka asymmetry ma ka lalo
lala.]
169. [Eia hoi, me he ala i ka ninau ina ka noho ana o ka rai ll o Kane kanaka
pono. Keia panee no ka hahai ana i na papapohaku elua, a no ka mea, na ka lki. O
ka mua a me ka lua o ka lala, a me ka lua a me ke kolu hoa uku ho'mi papa no ka
mea, like me k ma waena o kilo i ka ho omaulia, a me, a me na kekahi e ku ana na

aiee o na kumu e like i waena o Alia ka plki hoi o ka makana kanawai lawe
mai. Ka ekolu kahi mea uuku Kime Pookela a nui aiee o ka lki. O ka mua a me ka
lua o ka lala, he 0,64, 0.98 a me 1,00 ma ka kekahi lima; 1,50, 1,97 a 2,11 ma ka
kekahi. Ka like aiee, no ka lki. O ka lua a me ke kolu o kau he 1,12, 1,15 a 1,16 ma
ka kekahi lima; 2,22, 2,42 a 2,63 ma ka kekahi. Ka me ka ai e koho nolaila
logarithms malama i loko o ka mua hihia ma waena o n palena - 0,19 a + 0.32; ma
na la mahope hihia ma waena o n palena 0,05 a 0,42. Keia hualoaa ma ka hoemi i =
0,02 i ka keia mau loina:

VIII. Lki. O ka luna lala ekolu o ka 217eono-Aupuni Ll a Halme (L.) a me

kona mau lala.
i = 0,02, ka m = 217th
1. ll : . 2 lala
Z
he
obs.

lala.

- 0,19

- 0,03

- 0,01

1.5

+0,01

11.5

+0,03

15

21

+0,05

35

34

+0,07

47

43

+0,09

47

41

+0,11

30

31

+0,13

16

19

E '= 0,034

+0,15

10

+0,17

P = 0,75

+0,19

G = 1.202

+0,29

C = 1,199

+0,33

G = 0,080
C = 0,079
D pa = 0,076
D i = 0,080
? u = + 13
E , = 0,030

T pa = 1,191
T i = 1.202

2. ll : . 3 lala
he

obs.

lala.

0,05

0,07

0.09

0,11

0,13

14

13

0,15

17,5

19

0,17

kkel 24
23.5

? u=0

0,19

26

28

E , = 0,048

0,21

37

29

E '= 0,048

0,23

26

36

0,25

17

22

0,27

14

16

0.29

11

0,31

0,33

T pa = 1,607

0,35

0,37

T i = 1.622

0,39

0,41

G = 0,206
C = 0,206
D pa = 0,206
D i = 0.210

P = 0: 0
G = 1,607
C = 1,607

Noteworthy oia i ka haahaa o ka asymmetry i hiki loa kaawale no ka lki o ka lua a

me ke kolu hoa, a wale iloko o ka Holomua i ka ha o ka kekimala o Hauptwer
la G , C , a me D pa e ana mathematically. Noonoo o ka ha kekimala wahi, nae, e ma
ka theoretical hoi o ka makana o ke Z ma kela a me keia w mawaena hoololi hou no
ia i kekahi mea no ka mea wale no i ka hapa iki o ka Z e loaa ole. Na loina G , ua like
me ka manao o ka mai iniiaiie papa no ka lki o ka mua a me ka lua o ka manawa
like i ka 0,081, a no ka lki o ka lua a me ke kolu o kau like i ka 0,205. Ka lihi ,
he , no ka mea mua a me ka lua o ka lala maka no ka loaa hookokoke e like me ka
hooholo abnormally ho.]

XXVI. Na Ana o ka gale pena.

170. [Ma ka XXI. MOKUNA Ua he K.-G. lawe mai i na Ana o ka gale pena, a
hike mai i ia e like me lakou i mea hoike no ka pono o ka like ma waena o ka
makemakika, a me plki pololei o ka lapaau. Ka nui o Urlisten mlama e like me
hergaben ka poe i makemake ai catalogs, e like me koke kkoo no ka ho okumu ana
o ka hoemiia hawi papa, e like me ka nui n paha no ka plki waiwai e like me
ka makemakika ka ho'miana. - Eia n hualoaa o ka ma-hohonu hookolokolo 'ana,
ka mea e pili ana i na Ana o ka likeole gale pena, mai ka oiai ua ike o Kane
asymmetry o loko o ka i paiiai na pauku no ka mea, "kamalii aesthetics"; Ua pio ka
polokalamu mlama ', ho'kka akula a arithmetically hoemi haawi aku papa malaila,
a hiki i makemake ai ua hoonoho iho hapa' ia He plki kanaka kia manawa. Na la
mahope e hiki laila ka poe mlama e like me ka hike a me ka arithmetically hoemi
papa ke hoi hoolako i lawa kumu no ka plki hana a hiki ole emi i Urlisten a
iniiaiie hoi o ka makana papa, ina - e like me ia ma keia hihia - O ka pauku hope loa
o ka nui nui o ka mokuna, mai ua manaoi hoopkole 'e like me ka koena, a me kona
palena e hiki ai e hooponoponoia ia mea, wale mai o ka hoakaka loa n loina.]
[I e ho'koakoa mai i ka i koho kumu 1) , mua, 'ike ma ke kahua o ka hookolokolo'
ana ( 171) ae hoomau (Pauku 172 a me 173), ka puunaue mau papa, a me na papa o
na kumu pu me ka luna e Socialize hope kkkk i laila ( 174) i ka e hoike mai i ka
pomaikai o ka plki lapaau i eha examples. Eia ke oki, I like ( 175), ma ka huli,
mai ka mlama '-aesthetic' ike ma ka lki o ke kiekie a me ka laula, a me ka wahi o
ka Gallery pena me]
1)

[kamalii aesthetics; 1876. Mahele Elua, pa 275 FlgD.]

171. E like me n kii papa haipule, mythological, Huli, panorama, a nae-ke ola
mau kii, he klana:
a) haipule kii, n kii ds me alttestamentlich- a Christian haipule maio. No ka

mea, i keia mea, ua ppilikia, aole wale mele, me na kii, aka, he kanaka poo, a me na
kii e like me Kristo poo, n kii o n haipule, n kii o n moolelo nou, i Landskap
me ka laa Staffage i keia papa he nae he poorly hoakaka hodgepodge; keia hope aku,
he loa unregelmigeVerteilung ma ka nui a me ka helu iho la i wahi.
b) Mythological, ds n kii me ka oluolu, mai ka Helene, a me Roma akua, a me
mee ao loa i lawe ia pela, mai keia wahi aku poorly haawi.
c) Ke 'ano mookalaleo pena, i loko o ka mau ano, me ke kaua a me ka holoholona,
e hoohuli.
d) Landskap, a me ka hoi o Marina, aka, me ka awa a me ka Cities.
e) Aka Life, ds n kii a me n mea ola '(' Aohe wai iau, mai ka hihia hookoe
'kuhikuhipuuone), e like me ia compilations comestibles manao, a pua, a hua liilii, a
me ke koe o ka poe i komo kanaka na kii, a me inclusion aka, ka poe iloko o ka mea
holoholona ana kiekie.
Aole e holo ana i ka noii i ua naita ma Land Photo, kuhikuhipuuone, kii, i n mea
a pau, aole hapaiia iloko o ka mua papa kii. Wahi paleia'ku ia poe frescoes, a me
Wallpaper n kii, a me na diptychs triptychs, a me ka poe Panel i komo iloko o ka
mea okoa ia e hoohalike ai i loko o demarcated mai na kela a me keia oihana.
O ka papa, i kekahi mau manawa ke ala mai i na mea pohihihi e pili ana paha i kii e
like me ke ano mookalaleo Ke kii e koe e ma lalo c) hoohui ole e like me ka naita
ma Land kii ae, ina e lawe i kii e like me ka panorama malalo d) ai ole ia, koe e
like me ka olelo holoholona apana maaoao, a pela aku. a hiki paha i kekahi dubious
hihia ke categorize meaokoa. Eia nae hele a laila,aole i nui, no ka mea, ke
maopopo wale kpa a uuku e loli ai i kii, a me n klana hiki ole ke wehewehe aku
me ka nui loa ana. A nui loa ae kaawale rula e hiki ole hookupaa aku i keia; I aku la
ia iloko o ka catalogs mahope Apercu ka predominantia o n kii Resolution.
Mau hihia ana i elua paha, i ke ano o kona Contents i kheaia ma ka n kii o ka ia
kmole ma succession ma na catalogs. A hiki mai ia i ke kolu o ka hihiu o ka Louvre
Kahua: Ecole francaise p. 342 seq. Of No. 525-547 malalo o ka pono hoailona: "Les
principaux kna moolelo nooukou. Makahiki de Ka St. Bruno" 22 Pictures of LE
SUEUR i mua o ka mea, me ke koe o ka No. 533, a pau o ka hookahi Ana ? H =
193; B = he 130 knm.
Aia n i ka ninau o ina ma ia hihia, na kope e like me ka hookahi wale manawa
paha e like me ka manawa o ko lkou ana, e p a offset ma ka puunaue panel.
Ina he ano aku, aka, he aha ka mea paha e loaa iki panee e hooholo i ka
maoliawelike aiee o n kii i loko hawi keena ma luna o ka hawi 'ano a me ka
maoli hoi o ka makana ia lki, i ka papa ke wale n ka hope iaoia, ua mahaloia; aka,
no ka oukou, ina aole i manaoia e ka ia Ana recurred ma awelika, ma ka like ana ma
kekahi keena ma luna, kekahi e loaa i ka disproportionate na makana no ka poe pono
agena hooholo i loko o keia ano, a hiki loaa me ka nui loa hoololiia ka nui hoi o ka
makana ia lki. Pela hahai Zah-Len haipule kii i loaa i loko o kia ka nuianuu o
ka kiekie;

anuu

knm knm
179,5 189,5 91
i
189,5 199,5 89
i
199,5 209,5 93
i
a helu like kokoke loa, e like me ka makemake e manaoia ma kokokeanuu. Aka, ma
keia hihia a pau, 22 SUEUR'sche n kii mai ka 193 knm kiekie e helu palua, mea e
manao lakou i makemake 22 manawa, pela no oe ke lawe i ka moekahi helu
91; 89; 93 loaa: 91; 109; 93; a manao iho la ia i ka makana, he loa ole. Alaila, iloko o
na hihia. Aka, mahope mai o ka iiiaanoaa o n kii o ka ia Ana, mahope iho o na mea
a pau, presupposes kekahi ikaika ana ku mau koho no keia Ana, a nolaila, i ka
mahuahua ke kaupaonaana, e paa, a nolaila au, pkole a me ka puni, na hihia a elua a
oi aku n kii o ka ia Ana, ua hiki mai , palua, aka, aole e oi aku i palua, e helu ia ma
ka puunaue papa.
Ina no laila folgends ua hoakaka ia ka huina helu o ka Komikina'ina hoike kii i
10558, pela keia helu mea i kahi loihi, aole loa, ua wahi like lawe e like me mahope
mua ka nnana i ka nui o n kii o ka ia Ana, elua wale hoopiiia, aka, alaila
Landskap, ma mea haipule, a me kou mau-thologische staffage i, o na Landskap e
like me ka haipule, a mythological kii, ua kakauia ia mea, ielua wale n. Eia nae,
mai ka ae ole o na kumu i ole me ka nui loa, a hoi mai ka poe e ku pono kuhikuhi,
mamua o huahelu koe kokoke lawa pololei.
Wale Gallery kii, o iwakalua-kumamalua na kia 2) ana paha, e hike i loko o ka
gale catalogs loa, a pau ua hoemi ia i metric ana noke i ke kii nui ma Lichten o ka
wahi ponoi, hoohana, a no ka pono o ka comparability.
2)

Used catalogs.

Part I: Beschriving ka Schilderijen ops Rijks Museum israel Part. 1858

Antwerpen. Ka Puke Hike Ana Du Muse d'Anvers, me ka makahiki.
Pelelina. A) List o ka pena ohi ana o ka Royal. Hikeike Pelelina 1834th
b) List o ka pena ohi o ke kanikela Wagener. 1861
Braunschweig . PAPE, dir. D. Gemldesamml. d. Heart. Museum o Brunswick
1849th
Palukela. Fetis, Ka Puke Hike Ana descript. histor. Du Mus. Roy. de I Belgique
1804th

Darmstadt . MULLER, hikeano d. Gemldesamml. ma ka d. Groherz. Mus. i

Darmstadt.
Dijon. Mea Kai Mai o objets d'oe e hue 'Au Mus. de I Dijon 1860th
Dresden, HBNER, Dir: O ka Royal. Pena Gallery ma Dresden. 1856
Eloise, CHIAVACCHI, Guida della R. laau awaawa. del Palazzo Pitti 1864th
Honolulu, PASSAVANT, dir. D. Public. -equipped lumi kuke liilii. Na hana o oe. d.
Stdel Art Institute 1844th
Leipzig D. Art d. Stdt. Mus, a) ke kali ole.. Leipzig 1862nd
b) ke kali ole. d. Lhr'schen pena ohi i Leipzig 1859th
Lkana, The National Gallery, me kona mau kii etc. me makahiki.
Madrid. Pedro Da MADRAZO, Catalogo de Ka Kailua quadros del maoli Mus. de
Ka Pintura Y Escultura 1843rd
Milan. Guida ka la ia regia Pinacotheca di Aloha Brera.
Munich. A) ke kali ole. D. Gem. Ma d. Royal. Pinakothek ma Munich 1860th
b) ke kali ole. d. Gem. d. New Royal. Pinakothek ma Munich. 1861
Paris . VILLOT, Hoolaha o ka tabl. exp. a hiki mai 'o Les gal. Du Mus. Kapu. Du
Louvre 1859th
Petersburg . Unahi, i ka pena. ma ka imperial. eleele, Ma St. Petersburg 1864th
Venice. Catalogo degli oggetti d'arte Esposti'lelo Publico nella L. Roy. O Akada. di
Aloha Belli arti i loko o V. 1864th
Vienna. V. MECHEL, dir. D. Gem. KK Photo ohi 1781st

E like me ka pa alima o ke ana, nolaila, lawelawe 'ana folgends invariably ka

kenimika.
172. Ma na papa haawiia i luna, i ka hookolokolo 'kl ao; aka, ua wale no i
hiki i kekahi mau olelo e holo ana mai me ke koho 'ia kumu, haipule, a me
mythological. Iloko o kela a me keia papa, aka, elua oihana, ua differentiated; Oia, n
kii i loko o ka mea a ke kiekie H nui ma mua o ke akea e , a me na, no ka mea ke
ae, he oiaio; mua, a me ka h > e, ka hope me ka B > H i hookohu 'ia. I waena o na
oihana elua, o ka loa infrequent hale kii, ua alternately e like me ko lakou noho iho
la lakou, like haawi 3) . Aka, malaila ua hoi e holo ana mai o na hoakaka aggregation
ma na oihana, a no ka mea, H , a e kona poe, he pono ole.
3)

'O kiaio pololei, e like me ka mea a elua i ka kekahi, a me ka kekahi Oihana

loa attributable no ka mea, na n kii i makemake ai e like meah like, aka, ano,
hookahi, ano kekahi Ana i ka mea oi aku mamua o ka makemake i kekahi, wale no ia
i ke ana o ka loa uuku oko ao ua, aole i lawe i ka mooolelo.

Ma hope o keia ano hoi, e like. H , H > e kiekie Ana o ka kii, i ka nui o ka mea, ua
oi aku ka laula, hoi e , H> B laula Ana o ka kii, i ke dala, a pela ka nui o ka laula,
hope H ;waihona meli. ai ole ia, e ; waihona meli. Kiekie Ana a laula Ana o ka kii o
ka Amerika Oihana H > e , a e > h.
Ka mea, iniiaiie hoi o ka makana Panel o na examinations lawe i ka papa a me na
oihana nona i = 1 knm maoli ai e komo ai i ka nui loa, a ua loohia i na loa
paewaewa. Ka hahai laana e e lawa paha kana e haawi aku i ka manao o ke ano o ia
mea;
I. laana mai ka iniiaiie hoi o ka makana Panel.
(Ke 'ano
mookalaleo: H : H> b).
he

Z he

29 13 41 17
30 15 42 14
31 13 43 14
32 20 44 12
33 21 45 15
34 9

46 10

35 17 47 17
36 13 48 10
37 22 49 12
38 26 50 4
39 8

51 12

40 9

a pela
aku

I mea e kaupalena o ka anoe, a me ka poe paewaewa, he mea pono e hoomau aku i

ka ia, a me ka ho'mi i k papa i = e waiho 10 knm manawa.
Eia ka poe i hoemi Panel no n mhele o ka 'ano mookalaleo a me ka panorama, a
no ka h > e o Pua Life. O ka huina ka m o na kope o kela a me keia papa, a puunaue
ua hoakaka ia ma lalo nei. Nui huahelu i loko o ka papaaina oukou ike pili i hookahi
kekimala wahi 0.5. O keia no ka helu i haule ma luna o ka paepae o ka w mawaena
iho, ma hope iho o ka mahae ano no ka hapalua o ka mea i wehewehe aku ka moku
male 'anuu i i ke kaila hapalua ka kekahi, a ma lai nui carries hapalua o ka pa
alima. E puliki i ka Mazah-Len ka H paha e , no ka hui H > e , a me b> H ua, pela
oukou pono e hoonui wale i ka laul aiee o na Oihana no.

. II makemakika hoemi ia ka makana panel no ka 'ano mookalaleo, panorama,

a nae ke ola:
I = 10: E = 1 knm.
A

Ke 'ano mookalaleo
H> b.
H

waihona ina ka

b> H

b.

H> b.

b.

malie ke ola

b> H
H

H> b.

b.

b.

6.5

1.5

15

30,5

88

23

8.5

66

18

25

133

190,5 90,5 38,5 17,5 23

10,5

16,5

35

161

167,5 109

24,5

44

45

127,5 100,5 114,5 80,5 32,5 40

257,5 189

50,5

45

55

75,5

62,5

79,5 75,5 22

33

219

168

27

51

65

70

58,5

65,5 86

41,5 21

165

202

31,5

45

75

47

31,5

40,5 34,5 25

13.5 139

135,5 29

32

85

39,5

18

28

63,5 8.5

20

79

139,5 38

22

95

20,5

21

33

36,5 20,5 14

93

125,5 kkel 17,5

23.5

105

12,5

17

26,5 13.5 8.5

69

78

17,5

12

115

11.5

10

25,5 29

10

45

63

14,5

2,5

125

12,5

2,5

24

24

6.5

36,5

58,5 16

6.5

135

12,5

1.5

11

12

7,5

28,5

71,5 5.5

145

7,5

15

19

7,5

10

19,5

39

155

11

2,5

9,5 5

9,5

29

33,5 1

2,5

20

82,5 36

11.5 62,5

215,5 17

maha 3

200,5 90

78,5 26,5 53,5 278,5 166

ka m 775 775 702 702 282 282 1794 1794 308

308
=
Ka mea, uaike i ka puunaue ma ka hahai i ka ia hoololi. Wahi apau aia no he nui
alima, kahi o ke ana, he i k mkou, kahi a ka laul n loina emi hikiwawe loa ma
naoaoelua, a me ka mea hoi i ka nui o ka mokuna o ka poo o ka papaaina, ka mea
i hoomaka me ka mea uuku Ana, nui kokoke ma mua o ka lalo, a me ka nui aiee ke
hooholo 'ia, ka mea e nui aku kekahi' hiki ole i ka helu maluna o na mea a pau ma
luna o ana 160 knm iloko o ka popo palaoa e hui (ke koena). Keia hoolako 'ia ka
papa i maopopo Fun mamuli o ka K.-G. ka mea, o ka loa ikaika asymmetric hoi o ka

makana, a ua ike ia ka hoololi o na aiee, mai ka papa kuhikuhiEanuu, ma na aoao

elua o ka papa i loa aku. anei A ma laila, no ka papa, pela hoi ma ka Huli e , b>
H Hawaii H , H> e , a me e , b> H no hoi paewaewa ikaika e lawe i wahi, a nalowale
wahi ma ka helu ana, ma kahi mau wahi o ka panel; aka, he mea hiki e kuhi ana o
keia e nalo loa paha aka hoemi nui, ina he nui nui nui o na kope hoi i mea ma kona
kauoha, pela e like me ia hoi ke koena i ka nui pela i loa oi akuanuu huluulu i n
Ana.
Hoike i kekahi mea i like loa hoololi e like me ke 'ano mookalaleo, panorama, a
nae ke ola kii, ka haipule a me ka mythological, wale no ka mea i kamailio kekahi
nui loa paewaewa noho iloko o keia mau papa, no ka maikaiole huluulu manao
o ka likeana o n kii, ma ka holomua, ka mea i aneane hoonee aku i ka m manaoia e
offset, pela no keia mau papa, aole pono no ka hoao i ka makana na kanawai, a aole i
i mamao hana ma ou e like me ka kekahi. No hoi no ka mea, Aka Life b> H , ua
noho kpa a ikaika paewaewa, e like me ia e haawi aku i ka loa Anoanoaaiii ina ua
makepono.
173. A kokoke nana ma ka hulimahi, a me asymmetry o ka Gallery pena ua loaa,
nae, wale no ka ia kia 'ikepili ma luna o ko lkou mau lala i ko lakou i ka ho
omaulia, i ka mua o ka makana Panel i ka nn' ana.
III. N kumumea no ka mea, 'ano mookalaleo, panorama, malie ke ola, a me ka
haipule Mythological mahope iniiaiie papaaina.
E = 1 knm.
ka m

A1

G1

C1

:A

?u

775

54,4

46,7

44,6 24,4 helu - 197

0.45

b.

775

43,6

37,4

35,8 19,6 helu - 191

0.45

702

63,8

53,8

51,4 30,3 0,47 - 182

b.

702

86,8

72,0

67,8 42,7 0,49 - 196

1477 58,9

50,0

47,8 27,4 0,47 - 379

1477 64,0

51,0

49,4 34,7 0,54 - 437

282

88,1

73,3

70,1 44,1 0,50

- 60

b.

282

69,1

58,7

54,6 25,3 0,37

- 75

1794 64,7

54,5

53,3 30,3 0,47 - 426

b.

1794

90,3

75,2

74,4 43,6 0,48 - 436

waihona H
meli.
b.

2076

67,9

56,7

55,7 27,4 0,40 - 520

2076

87,4

72,8

71,2 34,7 0,40 - 522

308

80,6

72,6

73,0 29,0 0,36

H> b.

Ke 'ano
mookalaleo

b. > H

waihona H
meli.
b.
H > b.

waihona ina
ka
malie ke ola

b. > H

H > b.

- 42

b.

308

62,2

57,7

58,9 21,9 0,35

- 34

204

71,0

60,1

55,7

- 54

b.

204

95,2

83,5

76,6

- 60

waihona H
meli.
b.

512

76,8

67,3

67,3

512

76,4

66,8

65,0

b> H

H > b.
haipule

b> H
H > b.

Mythological

b> H

3730 135,4

109,5 75,5 0,56 - 804

b.

3730 107,0

76,0 44,5 0,42 -1274

1804 111,6

96,1 56,6 0,51 - 316

b.

1804 156,1

131,5 80,6 0,52 - 388

350

141,7

133,3 66,1 0,47

- 30

b.

350

103,8

95,0 55,8 0,54

- 42

609

116,9

104,9 60,0 0,51 - 89

b.

609

158,0

146,1 74,2 0,47

- 57

Mua no e hoomakaukau i na mai o na loina ka m ma mua papaaina ai ma ka

hoahanau alapine (frequency) o kaatikala o n kii haawiia ka papa, a me
Abteilungin loko kia, nae o ka papa, e hoomanao i na olelo o keia alapine
(frequency) oko e like me ka kanaka mau papa loa; ka kikaw LIKE ma keia manao
e pono nui la, loaa ma ka like ana i kona uku hoopanee. E kkou mlama i ka pono
hope o n keena ma luna he iwakalua-kumamalua, a laila, hahai (me ka hanohano n
hoi ma waena o ka oihana ka h> e , a me b> H ) e like me ka hui aiee o ka elima ao
papa e pili ana i ke alapine (frequency) o n kii pela; haipule, Landskap, Huli,
Mythological, malie ke ola. Ka lki o na Landskap e ano mookalaleo Ke i like ko
(2076 : 1477) iki aku i keia lki he 4 : . 3
Ma Ke 'ano mookalaleo pena, he poeo kona kiekie, ua oi aku ia mamua o ka
laula ( H > e ) iki ma mua o ka poe nona ka laula, ua oi aku ia mamua o ke kiekie,
( b> H ), no ka mea hoi, ma Landskap i b> H oi aku mamua o eono manawa e like
me ka nui o ka H> b. kekahi uku hoopanee hiki ke loaa ia me ka haipule kii
i H > e puni palua, ua like me ka lehulehu, e like me ka b> H , unquestionably, no ka
mea, o ka lani, ua pinepine e holo ana ma luna altitude no ka make, oiai ma ka
mythological kii, conversely, ka laula, kaoi loa ka mea, ma kab. > H kokoke
papalua ia i ka (609 a hiki i 350) ma mua o ka H > b.
O ka awelika nui oia mai na loina A 1 a G 1 ,: ka awelika oko o ka

rel A 1 kekahi , hiki keikeia ka hoohlike o , a me A 1 ka nui o kia

mau hike i ka awelika ka nui o ka awelika fluctuation ulu, aoiai i ka pili
fluctuation : a 1 e nele loa ikaika oko ao ma ka papa a me ka puunaue.
E noonoo, aole wale no i ka awelika fluctuation no hoi ka lihi fluctuation, I mlie

haawi aku i loko o ka papa lalo o na ihola E ' a me E , a me ke koena unuhi U' U , = (e ' - A 1 ) - (A 1 , - E , ) : ka hikeia n n loina e ka ' a me ka e , " no
na ihola e ka' a me ka e , ma mua koke iho, ae hahai aiee o ka puunaue panel.

IV. O ka loa cia, a me ka lihi oko o ke 'ano mookalaleo, panorama, malie ke

ola, haipule, a me Mythological.
E = 1 knm.
e ka '

e ka "

e ka "

e,

U-U,

223

215

13

12

+ 126

Ano
b.
mookalaleo Ke
b. > H H
....
b.

212

162

10

+ 134

273

240

12

11

+ 156

401

351

16

16

+ 243

H > b. H

300

269

16

14

+ 138

b.

244

240

16

11

+ 117

b. > H H

340

340

+ 218

b.

464

464

10

10

+ 293

H > b. H

241

238

22

22

+ 102

b.

228

190

16

16

+ 120

b. > H H

221

204

17

16

+ 95

b.

343

317

20

19

+ 172

H > b. H

1000

610

13

10

+ 739

b.

769

568

+ 562

b. > H H

666

595

11

11

+ 454

b.

1277

1000

17

17

+ 982

H> b. H

411

411

21

21

+149

b.

325

324

16

14

+131

b. > H H

290

222

14

14

+ 70

b.

510

485

20

17

+ 211

H > b.

Kuana. ,

Malie Life. ,

Haipule. ,

Mythological.

. A ua i kumu hoohalike no ka nui loa kiekie H , ae hana i loko o ka 'ano

mookalaleo Ke kii H > e i ana, 223 knm, ka ia nui loa 215 knm; ka uuku 12 knm, ka
ia liilii loa 13 knm;etc. ka nui loa kiekie a me ka laula, ua hanaia ma ka haipule e

nn ai. Ka hoohlike o na aiee o E ' ae E " ma ka kekahi lima, E , a me E ' ma

kekahi lima hike i ka nui o n Hawaii hope me ka nui o ka iniiaiie hoi o ka makana
Panel hoike oi paewaewa ma mua o ka poe me ka mea uuku aiee o incipient; wale no
na Landskap, a me mythological keia aole he e hooiaio, aka, e hoi ma keia mau papa,
i ka hou ana o ka poe hou e pili n loina ke lilo i hoakaka ia likeole o ka luna, a
malalo hope o ka papaaina ku mai.
E Loiloi i ka asymmetry he loa pono ai ke u make aiee o Table III. E like me lakou,
i ka asymmetry bez. He A pau io a me ka ikaika nei iluna. Hoi, i kekahi mea ke hai ke
kanaka ma muli o ka poe Hawaii, i H me ka pili e ihoiho ma ka asymmetry ma ka
slight oko, e hoike ana i ka papaaina i loko o waena, hiki ke manaoia e like me ka
moolelo kaulele. Wale no ma ka hoomana o ka like ole o keia manao, ua ano
nui; aka, me ka nui paewaewa ma keia papa i ae mai ia oukou i ka waiwai maluhia
loio i ka ai a pau.
N Hawaii U '- U , papa IV hookupaa i ke alo o ka nui asymmetry, a lilo pu ka
poe nana e hoole kanawai o ke asymmetry o ? U = - , a U U , consistently loaa maanei na waiwai lalani alo aku hoailona.
A he, mea ua lilo ka laul diverging o na cia A a me C ma ka papa III, a me ka wahi
o C lalo A huai ae i ke alo o ka ikaika asymmetry o io ao. Ka hoohlike
o G me C hou aku e ao mau aku ai i ka asymmetry bez. G hiki emi a nae lifes ?
H > e hiki mai ka olelo ku pono e like me bez. A oia. Keia mea e pili ana i
kela G pono uuku ma mua o A he a, mai C ua uuku ma mua o ka mea ma luna a
lalo C , aka, ma kekahi hihia o ka hope Hawaii, ua pilina ma mua o ka.
174. [I mea, aole au e hoao ano i ka plki hoi o ka makana kanawai i na Ana o
ka gale pena i arithmetically hoemianuu o ka panel pono e hook i ka II log
hoemiia. No ka mea, o keia mea, he ma kumu o ka 'ike i loko papa IV, ma ka loa aiee
o ka iauae ieiuaae loko i ka nn mau degere nee aku, a me ka pau o ka wahi o ka w
mawaena, o na metrics hike' e like me "radical" E lulu aku hoi i ka mea i ho'kka
'ana hoii, a laila, ke haawi aku e huli i ka makemakika hoemi metrics ma ka
plkianuu interpolationsmig.]
[Ano he kumu hoohlike I koho: Ke 'ano mookalaleo H , H> e , a me H , :
waihona meli hou kuana H : e > H , a nae ke ola e , H > e , a pela e ka penei e
likeaina ma waena o kumumanao o ka hoao ana, i ka mea a ka plki w mawaena
like i 0, 08 me ka haahaa kali 0,76 = maukala 5,8 ua aponoia. I kauoha pili 'o
Randy i loaa i na oihana mua o ka hpana papa eha i helu' ia.]

V. plki hoemiia hoi o ka makana panel no ka 'ano mookalaleo, panorama, a

nae ke ola:
I = 0.08.
he

Ke 'ano mookalaleo

waihona

malie ke ola

ina ka
H , H > b. H ;waihona H , b. > H
meli.

b. , H> b.

emp. theor. emp. theor. emp. theor. Emp. theor.

0,80

0.5

0,88

0,96

1,04

11

13

1,12

14

10,5

17

14

0.5

1,20

14

16

24

19

27

1,28

20

28

34

47,5

35

49

1,36

56

49

94

82

84

81

1,44

68

73

114 123

104

119

14

1,52

98

94

164

161

170

159

27

23

1,60 107 103

190

183

198 192,5

33

34

1,68

99

99

191

184

217

210

41

43

1,76

79

88

159 170

216

210

52

49

1,84

76

72

145 145,5 196 192,5

50

48

1,92

61

55

110 115,5 147

163

37

39

2,00

30

38

75

85

148

128

27

25

2,08

26

24

78

58

89

93

10

13

2,16

27

14

56

37

68

62

2,24

11

22

18

38,5

2,32

12

14

22

0.5

2,40

13

12

2,48

11

10

2,56
2,64
ka 775
m=

775 1477 1477 1794 1794 308

308

VI. N kumumea no ka mea, 'ano mookalaleo, panorama, a nae ke ola ma

ka logarithmically hoemiia panel.

Ke 'ano mookalaleo

waihona
ina ka

H , b. > H H ;waihona H , b. > H

meli.

malie ke ola
b. , H > b.

1,067

1.697

1.738

1.758

1.653

1,083

1.731

1.768

D pa

1.605

1.634

1.712

1.796

D like a

1,602

1.642

1.716

1.788

46,5 knm

49,8 knm

54,7 knm

57,3 knm

C
T pa

45,0 knm

48,2 knm

53,8 knm

58,6 knm

40,3 knm

43,1 knm

51,5 knm

62,5 knm

T like a

40,0 knm

43,9 knm

52,0 knm

61,4 knm

?u

+125

+ 231

+ 112

- 36

e,

0.160

0.170

0.201

0,176

e ka '

0,222

0.233

0.227

0.138

pa
0,774
0,778
0,731
0,737
[Ka hoohlike ma waena o hkilo ana, a hailona i n loina hike i ka eha K.G. ma e like me ka helu ana ka m iloko o ka hp'pnphp kope 'ano uniformly hooiaio i
ka plki hoi o ka makana kanawai. Insonderheit i kekahi mea ke hai i ka hui ana o
ke kiekie o ke ano mookalaleo Ke Blend e like me ka kekahi Oihana o ke koikoi o
ke kumumanao; e like no hoi ma ka laana papa o ka Cape. XXI o na ana, no ka h>
e, a me b>? H poe aole i hemo. Makou e hoailona oukou, no hoi, i laila me ka poe
uuku, ka m = 253 i ka lawa pono o ke kumumanao ua loaa, he mea pololei e e
makaala lakou ma ke kahua o ka papa, a me oihana o ka pena, e like me ka nui loa o
na laha o ka wehe 'ana i illegalities, ka mea i kauoha ia e ka nele o ka oi o ka mea
Maluna no e manaoia. - Me ka mahalo i na kumu e Pono n i ka empirical a me ka
theoretical kekahi densely Hawaii D i , a me D pa oko knaka, ak, i ka
lki.P consistently ma lalo o ka theoretical kali wahahee. Ka asymmetry ka
mea, no ka mea, e mau ana Life bez: D io, pela bez. G - ai ole, e like me ka
hoomaopopo maluna, bez. G -maikai].

175. Eia ke oki, ma laila n i ka ia kia 'ikepili ma Mabestimmungen no ka lki

o ke kiekie a me ka laula, a me kailikai wahi o Gallery kii o ka uku hoopanee.
In Mok. XXII, ua olelo ia, ma ka manao paa o ka awelika olelo kekahi wale no ka
huluulu manao ai 'ole geometric' O ia hoi, he mea e hopohopo nei. Ano, ke
malama nei ia kakou, mai papa III divisorisch unwinnable geometric mawaena
o. H : b. A e : H , ma ka avoidance o maoli hapa H : b no ka h> e , a e : H no ka
mea, b> H makemake, makou loaa hahai papaaina:

VII. Geometric ano

, a me

na hulimahi o ke kiekie a me ka laula.

H : b.

b. : H

b. : H

H > b. b. > H waihona

meli.
Ano
1,25
mookalaleo
Ke ....

1.34

1,02

Kuana.

1,25

1,38

1,28

Malie Life. , 1,26

1,39

0.99

Keia mau olelo me ka, ua manao mai iau loa Fun? Acoeueoao i ka lki o ka nui i
N hana Ana i ka likeole kii papa ka ia (loa okoa mai ka gula lki) he waiwai - no
ka mea, na oko ma ka papaaina hiki ke manaoia e like me ka moolelo kaulele - he
okoa aka, kaumaha ma muli o ka h > e , aole hoi e > . H , i ka wa H > e hoi i ke
kiekie e laula remarkably e like me 5 : 4, me ka e > H ka laula, i ke kiekie e pili ana i
ka 4 : . 3
Eia kekahi, i kekahi mea ke malama i, oiai, ma ka elua Oihana H > e , a e > H no
ke kiekie o ka laula kekahi ma i nui hulimahi, nae, o ka lki o elua iloko o hui o na
oihana ano mookalaleo Ke a nae ke ola kokoke i par (i ka loina 1) lawa. Eia nae,
hookahi ke manao, mai ka h mai e hiki i kekahi kaukaualii ka lki. I ka h>
e mamua o b> H oko a, ka hope e loaa, e haawi aku i ka hoohui p 'ia e deflection i
konaaoao; aka, compensated kaha, ma ka mea a na 'ano mookalaleo e like me ka
Pua Life H > e komo i loko o oi aku loa ma ka hoohui p' ia e like me ka b> h. No
ka mea, Landskap, nae, kahi e > H ma mua o tremendously ma ka helu ana, aole ia e
lawe i wahi, ua uku ,
No ka mea, 'ano mookalaleo I loaa i ka geometric mawaena o ka H : B no ka
h > e , a me B ? H: no ka mea, e > H nae alualu ma kikaw kuhikuhi. Ke kpaaana
o kia klana eikeia i ka nui kupaianaha i ka wa hookahi pakahi aku la ia ao i n
kii o kela keena ma luna, ma ka hana ana pela kaha ia n loina hou loaa i ka
deviation hiki ke manao ia moolelo kaulele, ak wale, ina kela a me keia gale, a
huluulu manao o n keena ma ka hike he lawa nui o ia kii e hookuu aku i ka
maopopo 'ana o ka manao paa, aole he nui loa lumi.Keia proves ma ka hope o ka
papaaina i loko o ka mea a ka specimens i lawe mai ia mau papa, a hike mai i ia
wale n, he uuku o na ano mookalaleo Ke kii, ke kikowaena kokoke pu.

VIII Geometricano o. H : b. A e : H i 'ano mookalaleo n kii o n keena ma

luna.
H > b.

b. > H

ka m

ka m

Dresden .........

151

1,28

119

1,33

Munich a) a me
b); Honolulu ............

126

1,25

103

1,33

Petersburg ........

122

1,24

87

1.34

Pelelina a) a b) ......

74

1,22

60

1,36

Paris ..........

62

1,23

82

1,36

Braunschweig a me
Darmstadt .........

57

1,24

58

1,32

Part I a Aioaa? .............

48

1,24

24

1,33

Vienna, Madrid, Lkana. , , ,

48

1,30

97

1,37

Leipzig a) a b) ......

48

1,29

34

1,32

Palukela, Dijon, Venice, Milan,

Eloise .........

39

1,23

38

1,35

775

702

A hiki i ka piha aiee o ka laula e akaka mahope o ka ninaninau ana o ka pilina ma

waena o 'ano mookalaleo Ke kii ka h , a e , aole me ka nui loa ka loli. Ke manao nei
au oia no ka penei geometric mawaena o ka penei maoli ka m o na kope o ka penei
nui palena:
IX. Geometric ano o ka H : e , a me B : H i ka loli iki ana i ka nui o ka e (no ka
mea, ano mookalaleo Ke).
anuu O ka b.

H > b.
ka m

b> H
ka m

0 ke 29,5

274

1,27

42

1,32

29,5 49,5 i

271

1,23

158

1,29

49,5 69,5 i

123

1,23

164

1,32

69,5 89,5 i

54

1,23

98

1,36

89,5 i 109,5

28

1,28

63

1,37

Maha. .....

25

1,23

177

1,39

No ka mea, ka mea geometric kumu o ka ili, iaono? HB ua loaa hahai aiee ma ka

QCM.
X. Geometricano o ka HB.
E = 1 CC.
H > b.

b> H

waihona
meli.

'Ano
mookalaleo.,
,

1747

3874

2550

4303

4098

4128

Kuana. ,

4189

5018

4496

Malie Life. ,,

Ka makemakika waena o ka HB I ua pono no ka Huli no ka mea, o ka popilikia

hookele waiwai nui o kona manao H > e hooholo a me ka mea, e like me ka oukou
e ike, loa okoa mai ka geometric konu 3289ah like knm loaa.
: Mawaena o ka huina 10 558 kii a pau i loaa ma ka II uku pila, ka ekolu nui loa
ekolu kii mai PAUL VERONESE, naahaaina a pau ma kailikai makahiki ho i,
iloko o kahi o Kristo, ua hiki mai, oia hoi:
Ahaaina ma Levi (Luc V.)

H = 595 knm e = 1277 knm (Venice,

Wedding ma Kana

H = 666 knm

# 547.)
B = 990 knm (Paris, -

103)
Ahaaina ma Parisaio

ka h = 515 knm

e = 1000 knm (Venice -

513).
Ka ekolu kahi mea uuku kii, he ekolu Landskap ma keleawe, elua like allegedly e
PAUL BRILL: H = 7,4 knm, e = 9,1 knm (.. 'oi Pinakothek ma Munich, 2. Dept. 244 i
ka ai c) a me kekahi o na Ianuari BREUGHEL: H = 7.4 knm, e = 9.9 knm (Milan #
443); mahope iho o ka mea a kailikai pana mai ka 67,34 a hiki i 759.815 sq knm
ailikai ka nui waihona 11283 manawa ke lawe i ka huna uuku kii.
Phoonui kii hele mai ma lalo o ka 10558 i nee ai e noii i n kii wale 84 di

Text original
Contribuu a millorar la traducci

Aloha 1 ma mua i ka 126th

XXVII. Kane mea, mai ka aina mai o meteorology.

176. [The kela la i keia ua kiekie no Geneva. - An hookolokolo o ka Geneva ua
klana i mua kanu AMOUR i loko o kona "Nouvelles tudes Sura Le climat de Ka
Genve" ma ka "nooukou. Pluie" hawi 1) . He nui maluna o ka makahiki kanalima
o na loina o ka ua kiekie a me na mahana iloko o na makahiki 1826-1875.Da ak,
hliu aela ia i kona mau ho e malama wale aiee, no ka alapine (frequency) a me ka
nui o ka ua, ua ao kahua, a me kona pahu hopu i ka pono o ka makana o ka ua ma ka
makahiki, a me ke ano o ka malama kanaka o ka makahiki, me ka manao i ko lakou
mau ano apau loa n hua a dryness, i keia hookolokolo 'hiki ole ke mlama' ia ke
kanaka ma muli o ia mea kanu AMOUR ka. No ka mea, eia no ka oiaio o ka
asymmetry, a me ka Parole i ka plki hoi o ka makana kanawai, no ka mea ua
kiekie, no ka mea, i ka 50-makahiki malama ikepili e pono ai ka loa nui noketura
fluctuations ma waena o ke kanaka loina ole. Aho, he mea pono e hoihoi ia ka kela la
ua kiekie.]
1)

[Published in: Memoires nooukou. Socit de Ka lawa ke listen d'Histoire

Naturelle de Ka Genve. Tome XXIV. II. Game. Genve 1875-76. S. 397-658.]
[Na specimen Hiki ke loaa i loko o ka Archives Des sciences i lawa ke listen
naturelles Bibliothque universelle de Ka Geneve mawaena o kela malama haawiia
meteorological papa. Ka mea, no ka mea, na ke anuenue la, i ka ua kiekie ma loko o
millimeters, pii aku tenths o ka millimeter, ma lalo o ke poomanao, 'o: "Eau tombe
a hiki mai' o Les 24 heures", kakauia. Ma ke ano o ke kimu, ua a he hau, oiai aole
noonoo 2) . Eia nae, aole au i koho i ka o Plant AMOUR treatable la manawa, ak,o
ka heluana o ka 48 makahiki mai 1845 a hiki i 1892. No ka mea, o ka makahiki
1846, mai ka hou i hoomkaukauia, ua hoohana ', a eia ma ka manawa hookahi, he
oi aku akahele paa ana o ka ua kiekie, koke iho o cessation o ka haule ana ua, ma
kahi o ka e like me mamua aku wale wa o ka la i kekahi manawa i ka hope kilo i loko
o ke ahiahi, ma ka hana: 3) ]
2)

[kanu AMOUR olelo Aa 0. (pa 627): Les chutes de Ka neige sont em Nui trspeu abondantes Genve, listeno neige ho recouvre ordinairement Le Aloha No que
pendant un petit helu ana de Ka jours, rarement eiao quinze jours. ]
3)

[Ma keia manao, i na manao amour Aa 0. (S. 627) ka hahai mmala'lelo: A partir
de Ka l'anne 1846 ma sest servi d'un nouvel appareil, make l'avait un diamtre
entonnoir beaucoup hoohui nui, 37 centimtres, Le vase de Ka jauge loa une
prouvette gradue nooukou. capacit d'un hano, 100 portant mahele ana, ce qui
hoopili like une chute d'Eau de Ka 10 millimtres, chaque mahele correspondant
ainsi un dixime de Ka millimtre. de I eia kekahi, ma avait Le soin de Ka recueillir
listen de Ka l'Eau mesurer immdiatement aprs queo pluie avait cesse.]

[O ke ano o ka iniiaiie hoi o ka makana Panel, ua hoike mai ia ma ka hahai hpana,

ka mea Hike no ka mea, i ka malama o Ianuari a hiki i ka hoomaka ana, he hapa
waena a me ka hope o ka loina;

I. laana mai ka iniiaiie hoi o ka makana panel, no ka mea ua kiekie o Ianuari ,

M = 477, i = 0.1 mm o.
he

mm o

he

mm o

he

he

mm
o

mm
o

0.0

16

5.0

6,1

6 19,6 1

0,1

5.1

6,2

2 19,7 1

0.2

18

5.2

6,3

5 19,8 1

0,3

19

5,3

6,4

5 21,4 1

0,4

5.4

6.5

1 21,6 1

0.5

10

5.5

6,6

1 21,8 1

0,6

11

5,6

6,7

2 23,6 2

0,7

18

5,7

6,8

1 28,4 1

0,8

5,8

6,9

1 30,4 1

0,9

10

5,9

7,0

2 32,7 1

1.0 10 6.0
1 7.1 4 40,0 1
In mea, hoike mai i na mahina i loko o nanuu 0 - 1 no ka ikaika mm o
accumulation, aka, ua ka 2 mm o mai kekahi loaa ka kokololio emi i loko o n
Hawaii a ua nui ole Endabteilungen me ka luli ole puehu liilii mahope hooloihi ae i
indecisive ke ano. Ak nae, i ka nui o ka poe hopeilikai, no kela a me keia malama i
ka mea i nui, ma ka Ak, pani no ka mea, Pepeluali, me 31.3 mm o, no ka
mea,Okakopa wale 97.6 mm o, oiai kona hoomaka ana, no ka mea malama i kahi o
12 mm o, no ka mea, o keia e hoonohoia maluna o 18 mm o. No ka mea, i ka malama
o Ianuari, ua na palena o keia pauku hope loa o ka 12 mm o, a me 40 mm o.]
(Keia mau ike e hiki koke huai ae i ke alo o ka asymmetry loa ikaika i na malama a
pau o ka makahiki The ia pluaia ka poe me ka holomua o ka papa kuhikuhiE
Hawaii i loko o ka papa o ka makahiki, ma ka papa kia o n kumu me ka piha
distinctness:
II. Oihana mua o ua kiekie, no kela a me keia malama o ka makahiki, ma
hope iniiaiie hoi o ka makana Panel:

E = 1 mm o
Ianuali Febr. March April May June lulai Aug. Sept. 'Okakopa Nov. December
M

477

437

532

621

637

596

521

531

497

617

572

505

A1

4,45

4,17

4,60

4,94

6,12

6,58

6,95

7,93

8,46

8,49

6,09

4,97

C1

2,5

2.1

2,6

3.0

3,6

3.3

3,8

4,1

4,6

4,9

3.3

3.0

3,82

3,79

4,03

4,14

5,24

5,93

6,11

7,10

7,57

7,49

5,23

4,11

: A1

0,86

0,91

0,88

0,84

0,86

0,90

0,88

0,90

0.89

0,88

0,86

0,83

e ka '

40,0

31,3

51,0

38,3

80,7

82,5

60,6

61,1

82,6

97,6

56,7

40,0

U '-U ,

+31,1 +23,0 +41,8 +28,4 +68,5 +69,3 +46,7 +45,2 +65,7

+80,6

+44,5

+30,1

?u

-131

-167

-164

-197 -195 -196 -177 -189 -177

-209

-168

-141

make: ka
m

0,27

0,38

0,31

0,32

0,34

0.29

0,28

0,31

0,33

0,34

0,36

0,36

Na aiee o ka lalo ihola E , aole i komo maanei, e like me ko lakou poe a pau me 0.0
mm o. Lakou e hele mai e ku pono e like me ka mea maluna hpana E hoike mai i
kekahi mau Hoopuka.]
[Ka splaying o na aiee o A a me C ka 2 i 4 mm o ma ka kekahi lima, i ka oko ao U
'- U , = ( E' - A ) - ( A - E , ) ma ka kekahi, a me ka pau o na oko ao ? U =
'- , hoao consistently ke alo o ka nui asymmetry bez. a 1 no na malama a pau
o ka makahiki. Ka ia, oia ka hoailona o ka u make , e like me negatively na wahi a me
hike i ka nui, aole nui fluctuations; no ka mea, o na hoahanau aiee o ? u bez. ka m ,
di Aloha Liliu : ka m , ua kokoke ikaika, a me ko lakou mau slight oko ao kumakaia,
aole kupono ala a lakou mea e manaoia e like me moolelo kaulele].
[Eia hewaio o ka hoololi o ka m , A a me e hoomanaoia ai i loko o ka
papaaina ma luna. Mai ka ka m aiee, ia penei i ke alapine (frequency) o ka ua i elua
manawa i ka makahiki, i ko lakou minima ka mahina o Feberuari, a me July, a me ko
lakou mau kuahiwi, i na malama o Mei, a me Okatoba, oiai ma waena o laila, e lilo i
mea ikaika ala, a haule iho.Wale September, mai hemo mai ka regularity; keia kna
hana ua nae e manao e like me ka moolelo kaulele e like me ka lakou i hana ai no ke
kanu AMOUR ka papa 4) e wehe 'ia ka m1826-1875 nalowale aiee o n makahiki, ka
mea hoi o ka malama o Ianuari ll phoihoi ihola ko lkou. Eia hoi, mai ka hahai
ana ia mau compilation o ka m ike aiee no ka manawa 1826-1875 a me 1845-1892, i
ke kaina o n loina, mai waiho i ka akau papa o ka poe malama mai Ianuari hoopili
like aku December:
1836-

505 413 496 525 589 532 471 503 521 576 539 454

1875
1845- 477 437 532 621 637 596 521 531 497 617 572 505
1892
Ma contradistinction i ka ka m hoike A wale no hookahi manawa, i holo ole haahaa,
a ma kona palena iki ma February, kona piko i loko o October. E hele To laua i na
aiee o , oa ka awelika deviations bez. A o kona mau palena iki no hoi e kau mai
maluna o Feberuari, i ka malama mua, ma ka September, hiki kona i k mkou. Ka
nui aiee o i ka A hiki mai ia lakou iho consistently loa a kokoke, e ka ikaika o
na fluctuations i i wahi ma waena o ka ua kiekie, hoomaopopo. Ka pili kaulana
fluctuation oia i na aiee o ka : A hoike kaha ikaika, ua like no 0,9].
4)

A. A OS 628th

[Hope iho ka mea e ulu ai ka kaulana dala o ka ua i loko o ka makahiki, mai

Feberuari a hiki i Okatoba, e haule mai a laila, ma luna hou a hiki i Feberuari. An
pololei kii o ka puunaue ana o ka ua ma luna o ka malama kanaka, aole i loaa iloko o
keia ala. No ka mea, maanei, ua pani 'o ia ma ke alapine (frequency) o ii iai iloko o
ka noonoo. kekahi mhele aku ai pela i ka huina nui o ka ua e ia ll i hookahi
malama i ka 48-makahiki manawa, aole ma ke kanaka, maoli i hiki mai ai ke anuenue
la, aka, i na la a ma na mea a pau, e hiki ke loaa ia no ka nui o ka ua, a me ke alapine
(frequency) o ka ua, iloko o ka makahiki, he elua-pa periodicity, e like me ka mea i ai
Plant AMOUR. Hanakimi loaa o, no kela a me keia malama o ka makahiki mahope ii
iai awelike no kela l o ka malama, hou e pili ana no ka manawa 1845-1892 waiwai,
me na loina i loaa ma Plant AMOUR no ka mea, 1826-1875, ua hoohlike me ka
hoohlike, a me ka lohe ana o na aiee o ka hema i ka pono o ka helu ana o na
malama o Ianuari hoopili like i December:
1826- 1,57 1,29 1,52 1,89 2,55 2,53 2,29 2,59 3,14 3,26 2,47 1,65
1875
1845- 1,42 1.34 1,64 2,13 2,62 2,72 2,43 2,83 2,92 3,52 2,42 1,68
1892
I ka mea, maanei hiki i ka elua minima e like me n mahina o Feberuari, a me
lulai; i ka lua o k mkouelua i ka mua i k mkouilikai ma waena o Mei, a me June
inaOkakopa no 5).]
5)

[Me ka mahalo i keia plua periodicity olelo Plant AMOUR Kuhikuhi 'ia ma luna
(pa 640): "Cette mahele Aloha de l'anne em deux kau humides na kau sches,
l'uneo celles-ci tombant Sura l't, e hoopii mai nei trs- nettement l'ole Du climat
mditerranen, Hawaii en effet, le caractre Du climat mditerranen loao
secheresseo l't, tandis que a hiki mai 'o Les autres wahi de Ka l'Eulopa
continentale, l't nest Pas une saison sche "].

[I mea e hooiaio i ka plki hoi o ka makana kanawai i ka ua kiekie, au i wae aku

i na malama eha o Ianuari, Aperila, Iulai, a me Okatoba, e ae aku i ka loaikeia i loko
o ka pilikia 'ia. Ka logarithmically hoemiia hoi o ka makana panel, ua like me ka
arithmetically hoemiia ka iniiaiie Panel kau pololei ma muli. Aka, ina oe makemake i
na loina 0.0 mm o, kahi a ka hoomaopop 'ana i cia ma ke hoololi i ka plkianuu
- e hoopili like, mai nalo mai ka palapala, pela e pono ai ke kuikahi e pili ana i ka
ike o ka hike Hawaii i kia mau l l, ua lawe. Mahope mai o keia dala o ka ua
kiekie apparently manao e hike i maoliia wahi, nae, negligible kimu o emi iho
malalo o 0,1 mm o ka kiekie, he mea hoaponoia e waiho ma kahi o 0.0, aole
0.05mm. E mitigate keia randomness ua poe haalele = 0,05 - 1,3 ua koho e like me
ka palena o ka mua a me ka lua o ka plki w mawaena, no ia mea, ma ka hookahihapalua o na aiee i loko o ka w mawaena mua i, o kekahi hapalua paka ua i loko o
ka ae kia. Ua kau like i 0.2 ka nui o ka plkianuu no hoi. Pela fluctuate he aiee
ma waena o n palena 0 a me 100 mm o, ka plki i n loina Ak nae ma waena o
n palena -1,5 a me +2,1, e like me ka ike i ka haawi aku penei Panel. Ma ka plki
papaaina ma ka Ia manawa ka theoretical n loina a pau e like me ka mea e hali i
hike i ke kanawai. Koke wahi i pili i n kumu i helu 'ia ma:
III. Makemakika hoemiia panel o ka ua kiekie no Geneva i ka malama o
Ianuari, Aperila, Iulai, October 1845-1892.
anuu

Ianuari

April

lulai

'Okakopa

0 - 1,

133

164,5

112,5

125

1-2

88

81

78,5

72,5

2-3

43,5

65

31

60

3-4

28

49,5

48

31

4-5

27

51

28

24,5

5-6

28

20,5

28,5

39

6-7

27,5

37,5

23

26

7-8

14,5

25

kkel
23.5

19,5

8-9

16

22

15,5

26,5

9 - 10

11.5

15,5

11.5

14

10 - 11

12

16

13

21

11 - 12

10

15

14

12,5

12 - 13

6.5

10

14,5

13 - 14

5.5

8.5

10,5

mm o

14 - 15

3.5

11.5

15 - 16

5.5

13

16 - 17

3.5

3.5

8.5

17 - 18

3.5

5.5

18 - 19

4.5

19 - 20

6.5

20-25

17

22

25 - 30

12

17,5

30 - 40

2,5

17

40 - 50

0.5

50-70

70-100

ka m =

477

621

521

617

IV. Plki hoemi panel o ka ua kiekie no Geneva i ka

malama o Ianuari, Aperila, Iulai, October 1845-1892:
I = 0.2

he

Ianuari

April

lulai

'Okakopa

emp. theor. emp. Theor. emp. theor. Emp.

theor.

- 1.4

10

- 1,2

10

- 1.0

17

12

17

- 0,8

14

10,5

13

11

10,5

11

- 0,6

28

19

30,5

21

20

16

- 0,4

14

26

18,5

31

11.5

23

22,5

24

- 0.2

34

34

33,5

42,5

28,5

31

22,5

32

45

42

62

55,5

50

39

+ 0.2

66

50

53,5

68

52

49

52,5

51

+0,4

47

56

72,5

78

38

57

65,5

61

kkel 17
23.5

47

42

+0,6

53

60

95

85

72

63

52

69

+0,8

67

63

80

85

68

66

80

74

+1,0

53

52

74

67

64

64 6)

82

77

+1,2

27

27

36

38

45

47

72

69

+1,4

14

15

31

26

42

44

+1,6

10

11

17

20

6.5

1.5

521

521

+1,8
+2,0
ka m
=

477

477

621

621

617

617

6)

[Eia, ina i ka kumumanao densest w mawaena 0.9-1.1, ka mea a ka densest

cia D pa , emi Hawaii haule komo like ma ka mua kekahi, pela keia mea, aole no ia
he hewa, aka, ma ka huluulu manao o theoretical Hawaii ma i ka hooholo ma
muaanuu. Ina naanuu i ka eha like subintervals kaawale ma ka nui o 0,05, ua loaa
ma kahi o 66 a me 64 aho;
| 16,2; 16,3; 16,6; 16,6 | a | 16,7; 16,4; 15,6; 14,9 | .
no ia mea, ano, i ka i k mkou 16,7 ma ka mea maluna o ka D pa e hina prone hapa
w mawaena mai 0,9 ai 0,95.]

V. oihana mua o ua kiekie mahope iho o logarithmically hoemiia panel.

Ianuari

April

lulai

'Okakopa

0,313

0,387

0,484

0,563

0,374

0,479

0,588

0,675

D pa

0.843

0.762

0,901

1.046

D like a 0.800

0.620

0,679

0,933

2,06 mm o

2,44 mm o

3.05mm

3,66 mm o

C
T pa

2,37 mm o

3,02 mm o

3,87 mm o

4,73 mm o

6,97 mm o

5,78 mm o

7,97 mm o

11.1mm

T like a 6,31 mm o

4,17 mm o

4,77 mm o

8,58 mm o

?u

- 261

- 255

- 218

- 293

e,

0,749

0.645

0,707

0.750

e ka ' 0,219

0.270

0.290

0.267

pa
0,885
0,755
0,751
0.772
Ma ka laina me ka paewaewa ikaika o ka empirical n loina a pau no hoi' ae ma
waena o ka empirical a me ka theoretical n loina kekahi manawa nui oko ao, nae,
mitigate i hoohuiia hui klepa e pilianuu. Ia nolaila, ua manao like mailuilu
haunaele, ka theoretical n loina ho i ka hooponoponoana o contingencies i ka mea,
hoopili aku i ka empirical n loina. He mea noteworthy e pili ana i na kumu a G
lalo C , a pela, e pili ana i ka Papa II, C ma waena o G , a me he mea. Keia hoio ia
proves ka paakik nui oko o ka ua kiekie. Eia no hoi me ka mea a ka u make loina
bez. D pa e like me ke one loina bez. A 1 ua io. Ka pili waiwai o ka asymmetry
bez. D pa , di Aloha Liliu : ka m , ma ka huli, he 'ano ikaika, a me averages like me
0,46].
177. [The barometer deviations mai maamau ma mua no ka mea, Utrecht. - O ka
asymmetry o na deviations barometer ua ikeia. Quetelet mai nei iloko o keia pili
ana 7) : "Ma ka reconnu, depuis longtemps que l'Du abaissement mercure Au-dessous
nooukou. Moyenne loa em Nui hoohui Kiure que keiki Kiekiena Au-dessus Aloha
de ce ke kapaia" He mea ma keia hope aku maikai asymmetry bez .. A consistently,
ai ole ia, ma ka liilii loa e manaoia ma ka hapanui o na hihia. i mea e hoao i keia, a
ma ia manawa e hooiaio i ka elua kapakahi GG i ka barometer deviations, i
ho'koakoa i ka Netherlands makahiki buke o Meteorology 8) i loko o ka 'Oihana
"thermal em barometer arwijkingen" hooponopono hou i hike mai Hawaii mai
malama maamau hiki no ke kilo "Utrecht" a me ke kilo manawa "2 pm" iloko o ka
manawa mai ka 1884 he umi-makahiki i ka 1893. n nae, ke ae aku i keia mau aiee,
no na mahina, aka, no ka mea, January, April, Iulai, a me Augate wale no. i puu hoi,
wale no ka hoemiia hawi papa, e like me ka ppilikia, mai o lakou hehee wale, he
mea lawa paha kana e kau i ka makemakika ano o ka hana, ua ao kahua ;. no ka mea,
o ka fluctuation lohe ana o ka palena pau n loina he, aole no ka nui o ka ho'o
pono ana o ka plki hana e makepono. It nolaila hoi i na loina empirical e hele p
ana theoretical e like aiee, mai ka makemakika bilateral hoi o ka makana kanawai i
loko. Ka wae ana o ka hoemi i = 3 mm o ka hakahaka o ka iniiaiie i = 0.1 mm o ua i
ma ka lihi oko a ma January. Ka manawa unitary keia w mawaena representability,
ua mlama 'ia no ka malama ekolu kekahi. Aka he mea pono e kaulana ia ma Hlani.
Jahrbuch January 31 (e like me ka maikai e like me 1 March) e helu, e me February,
kpono ma loko o ka huina huahelu no January, ua hoomaopopoia e 300 ma kahi o
310 kilo loina.]

7)

[Lettres Surao thorie o probabilits, P.168 - hope, he mea no ka ukupanee, e

hoohalike i ka o Quetelet ho'kka akula i loko o ka memo huiia epistolary e olelo

aku o Bravais ma kekahi mau ano o ka hiki kanawai o ka probability, no ka mea, ua
hike lkou i ke ahiahi Bravais like me Quetelet a hiki i ka manawa kpono o ka
asymmetric hoi o ka makana kanawai nae einsah aka, maanei i n averages
irrtmli-cherweise zuerteilte ke klana o ka densest waiwai, a nolaila, i ka ike ana o
ka asymmetric kanawai hala rula. Ka pili lae o BRAVAIS'schen palapala heluhelu
(AA OS 413): "Ma sait que 'o Les eia kekahi grands carts oukou Baromtre Kalani
Le haut nooukou. Colonne, ho sont queo moiti gre ou' o Les 2/3 o na carts
oukou Baromtre Kalani] e ka bas,o hookaina 'que l'ma Aura une courbe de ka
possibilit nooukou hanaia, ke make' o Les deux moitis ho seront Pas
symmtriques. .... seulement l'ordonne moyenne doit toujours le partager Hoohana
huina em deux aires gales "].
8)

[Meteorological Jaarboek uitgegeven puka het Kon. Nederlandsch Meteorological

Institute.]

[The loaa hualoaa ua ike ia i loko o ka elua mahope iho papa;

VI. Hoemiia panel o ka barometer deviations mai ka maamau noho o Utrecht,

awakea 2am i ka malama o Ianuari, Aperila, Iulai, a me Okatoba 1884 - 1893.
E = 1 mm o: i = 3.

he

Ianuari

April
emp.

lulai

theor.

'Okakopa

emp.

theor.

emp. theor. emp. theor.

- 33

0.5

- 30

0.5

- 27

0.5

- 24

- 21

0.5

- 18

- 15

5.5

11

12

- 12

16

13.5

16,5

14

12,5

23

20,5

-9

11.5

19

22

28

20,5

21

22

30

-6

25,5

24

42

43,5

32

39

42

38

-3

31

30

59

54

63,5

58,5

42,5

41

31

34,5

50

53

70

69

34,5

40

+3

39,5

38

48,5

43

57

60,5

32

35

+6

44,5

39

26

29

44,5

34

30

29

+9

31

34

19

16

12

26

21

+ 12

22

24

7,3

27

14

+ 15

17

13

+ 18

5.5

+ 21

+ 23

0.5

ka m
=

300

310

310

300

300

300

310

310

VII. Hehee wale Barometer deviations:

E = 1 mm o.
Ianuari

April

lulai

'Okakopa

Normal klana

760,16

759,64

760,62

759,01

A2

+ 1.01

- 1,22

- 0,76

- 0,93

C2

+ 2.34

- 1,35

- 0.45

- 1,28

D pa

+ 6.06

- 1,82

+ 0.71

- 2,60

D like a

+ 5.31

- 2,54

- 0.45

- 4,32

9)

7,72

5,15

4,05

7,15

e,

9,86

4,86

4,93

6,31

e ka '

4,81

5,47

3,46

7,98

?u
? u

+ 32

-5

+15

-7

- 103

+ 18

- 54

+ 36

pa
0,737
0,783
0,789
0.790
Eia Ano no ke alo o ka nui asymmetry a me ka validity o bilateral GG hookahi lima
ka, ma ka like ana o empirical, a me theoretical n loina, a me ka kekahi lima maluna
o ka wahi o ka papa kuhikuhiE aiee o A , C , D M , D au i ka lki cia P , a me na
loina o ka u make a make . I ka Ia manawa ka mea, ua akaka i ka papa succession
kona ku mau ana iloko XXIII. Mok.ua i hikeike heluna hapauuku oi loa aku hoi no
ka Barometer deviations mai ka Ianuari, i ole, i ka noho ana o ka makana kanawai
Hehe. Ia manawa ao aku i na aiee o Liliu , a One'aelike i ka asymmetry i loko o ka
papa o ka makahiki,o ia ma kekahi o ia hoi, a eia i. E aho, hike he kupono
hoololi oiai ka makahiki, ma hope i ka asymmetry ikaika o ka hooilo, a me ka emi
ikaika i ke kauwela ua keakea ia e ka nalo, a me ka poe e ku pono-nee ma ka
Akuma ka. He mea pono e hoomaopopo, nae, i na malama eha hiki ole e lawa i loaa

i ka piha kii o ka makahiki no ka paa. Mahope iho o na mea a pau, i ka hopena e ae,
o ka asymmetry ka hooilo malama i ka mea a me ka manawa o ka makahiki hike
ma ka liilii loa i ka welelau o no ka haawi fluctuations. - O ka awelika Hawaii ?
hoike aku i ka pono papa, i ka deviations mai maamau hiki - e like no ka mea,
uaikea ka mea me ka makana papa - ma ka hooilo, i ke kau nei ma ka awelika loa
nawaliwali. Ka hoololi o ka maamau mea ia iho, i hua mai la e like me ka mea a pau
o na makahiki o na loina, hike i n penei compilation:
malama Ianuari February

March

April

May

June

Normal
klana

760,16

760,61

759,64

760,09

760,78

malama

lulai

760,62

'Aukake September 'Okakopa November December

Normal 760,62 760,42

760,71
759,01
759,30
760,34
klana
Pela ke hele mai i loko o January ka maamau ana i ka makahiki averages 760.19 loa
pili; iloko o 'Apelila, a me October he mea uuku, iloko o Iulai ma kekahi lima ma
mua o ka makahiki awelika.]
9)

[The aiee o , he, ka nn 'ole o ka A 2 , a me ke kpono maopopo slight

deviation o ka awelika umi makahiki mai ka maamau hiki ppilikia e like
meawelike aiee o na deviations mai ka maamau Kakau.]

178. [ana wela deviations mai maamau ma mua no ka mea, Utrecht. - Ma ka like
ano, e like me ka hiki mai no ka barometer likeole, ua ano investigating i ka
asymmetry no ka likeole o ke ana wela mai ka maamau kanawai, a me validity o
bilateral GG AeAaO i makemakika aaioee. No ka mea, o keia mea, huli mai ka
makahiki buke o Meteorology na Hlani. I holoiia i ka malama no Utrecht i ka
makahiki 1884-1893, ma ka auina la 2 am ma ka malama o Ianuari, Aperila, Iulai, a
me Okatoba deviation aiee, mai ka nunui-makahiki kl. Na loina, ua haawiia mai
iloko o degere o ka 100-welau plki, a hiki i ka tenths o ka degere. N nae, lakou i
hai aku ai i ka papa o ka malama e like me ka barometer deviations i ka awelika, no
ka mea a pau o ka malama, aka, i mea e lawe i ka mooolelo o ka buoyant kowali o ka
piko mahana i ka maamau aiee o ka mua, ka lua a me ke kolu makahiki o ka
malama. Ke ala, a me hina ana o ka poe hope iloko o ka makahiki hike i kia
'compilation:
malama
Normal
klana

Ianuari February March April

1st makahiki + 2 , 78 3 , 97

May

6 , 56 9 , 88 15 ,
15

June
18 ,
97

2. "

+ 2 , 73 4 , 95

7 , 43 12 ,
46

16 ,
15

19 ,
86

3. "

+ 3 , 30 5 , 94

8 , 45 14 ,
26

17 ,
25

20 ,
37

malama
Normal
klana

lulai

'Aukake Septbr. Oktbr. Novbr. Dezbr.

1st makahiki + 2o , 21 , 28 19 , 05 15 , 52 8 , 65 4 , 71
86
2. "

+ 21 , 20 , 94 18 , 07 13 , 22 6 , 82 3 , 82
30

3. "

+ 21 , 20 , 32 17 , 13 10 , 94 5 , 72 3 , 23
50

E like me keia, e like me ka awelika maamau iliwai no January, April, Iulai a me

Okatoba o ka moo: 2 , 94; 12 , 20; 21 , 22 a me 13, 23rd]
[Ina kekahi hooholo Ano, o ka nui o ka hoemi w mawaena like ia 1 , ua loaa i ka
hahai hualoaa:

. VIII hoemiia ka papa o ke ana wela deviations mai maamau hiki hoi ke
Utrecht, ma ka auina la 2 am ma ka malama o Ianuari, Aperila; , July, October
1884-1893
E = 1 Kelekia. i =. 1
he

Ianuari
emp.

April

lulai

'Okakopa

Theor. emp. theor. Emp. theor. emp. theor.

- 12

- 11

1.5

- 10

2,5

2,5

-9

4.5

2,5

0.5

3.5

1.5

11.5

9,5

7,5

11

21,5

15

13

12,5

11

15

25

22

21

21

20

21

19

15,5

26

31,5

29

26,5

32

22,5

37,5

28

38

34

45,5

40

28

28

48

36

41,5

41

-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2

10
13.5
18
20,5
26
22,5

26

-1

kkel 28
23.5
0 31

+1

25,5

+2

32,5

+3

22,5

+ 4 15

26

38

34

33

38

24,5 25

31

42

34

27

27

27

19,5 27

22

24,5

21

16,5 10,5

17

9,5

15

30

18

30

17,5 22

27,5 15
23
17,5

+ 5 14

32

12

12

14,5

16,5 14

11.5 12,5

10

10

8.5

10

11

+6

8.5

7,5

12,5

8.5

3.5

+7

4.5

5.5

1.5

+8

1.5

6.5

+9

4.5

1.5

+ 10

0.5

+ 11

0.5

+ 12

+ 13

+ 14

0.5

300

300

310

310

310

310

ka
m=

300

300

IX. Hehee wale ana wela deviations:

E = 1 Kelekia.

Ianuari

April

lulai

'Okakopa

avg. Normal klana

+ 2.94

+ 13,20

+21,22

+13,23

A2

- 0,58

- 0,50

- 0.89

- 1,11

C2

- 0,32

- 1,28

- 1,50

- 1,38

D pa

+ 0.61

- 3,11

- 2,37

- 2,49

D like a

+ 0.08

- 2,80

- 2,00

- 2,67

10)
e,

3,17

3,71

3,08

2,59

3,76

2,09

2,01

1,68

e ka '
?u
? u
pa

2,57

4,70

3,49

3,06

+ 19

- 50

- 46

- 18

- 57

+115

+ 84

+ 91

0,782

0,701

0,588

0.804

Eia hou,o ka berita ma waena o kumumanao, a me ka hoao ana he kupono, nae, o ka

kpa a uuku ka ho'miana anu u, e like me ka, apparently, aole e like me ka maikai e
like me ka barometer deviations. Ka asymmetry ua maikai wale no January
bez. A ; no ka mea, o ka ekolu malama kekahi mea io. Ka poe koe hiki Ano, e noonoo
kaulele no ka mea, o ka malamau- cia ma luna o kia meauuku: ak, mai hoi no ka
mea, Dekemaba, i ka la au i keia manao i like me k heranzog, ka kuhikuhi ana o ka
asymmetry, ma ka huli, me ka like nawaliwali Hawaii, e like me ka January hoikeia
mai, ka mea e kuhi ai i ka asymmetry i ka nui loa o ka makahiki negatively bez. a oia,
ma ka hooilo ma ka kekahi lima i na Yard hookokoke mai me ka welelau e huli aku i
ka maikai. Eia ke oki, ua waiwai i olelo ia i ka awelika fluctuation no ka hoopaa
'ana malama (a paha, no ka makahiki a pau) he' ano ikaika.]
10)

[The maanei i kapa, e like me ka barometer likeole i ka maamau moku'ina.]

179. [The kela la likeole o ke ana wela no Utrecht. - Oiai ke ana wela deviations
(2:00 pm) i kapa aku i kekahi hora o ka l, e hawi mai i ka kela la likeole ma na
oko ma waena o ka i k mkou a me ka palena iki kela la i keia mahana. Ko lakou
Kane hana ma ka makemakika rula i aie i ka manao i loko o 21, he papalua ka uku
hoopanee. No ka mea, e hiki e manaoia ole o ka succession dependency, pela hiki i
unimpeded noho hoao ana o ke haawi aku kanawai. A ua hoi hoohanaia Quetelet e
like me ke kumu no ka kk o ka asymmetry;Nolaila, he mau hiohiona n ka
hoohlike ma waena o ka iapaau ana o keia mau K.-G. mahope iho o elua kapakahi
GG, a me na wehewehe Quetelet i loko o ka "Lettres Surao thorie o probabilits"
kokeikeia i loko i ka mamao o ke kumumanao Quetelet ka mea kpili a pololei
ole,]
[Mua, I like ma na papa elua ma lalo nei i n hualoaa loaa. Ua laweia ka specimen
e like me ka barometer a me ka wela deviations Hlani Year Book no ka manawa
1884-1893, a me ka poe kilo Utrecht, kaupalena no n mahina o Ianuari, Aperila,
Iulai a me Okatoba. Hana e loaa ia mea ma laila i loko o ka 'Oihana
"driemaaldaagsche Waarnemingen" ma lalo o ke poomanao,' o "Temperatuur". E
like me ka hoemi w mawaena (e like me ia ma ka AYEIE, i haawiia e Quetelet
Palukela hoi o ka makana Panel) 1 Kelekia, ua wae mai ai:

X. hoemiia ele ele o kela la i keia likeole ma ka wela o Utrecht i ka malama o

Ianuari, Aperila, Iulai, October 1884-1893:

E = 1 Kelekia: i = 1.

he
-

Ianuari

April

lulai

'Okakopa

emp. theor. emp. theor. emp. Theor. emp. theor.

-

0.5

3.5

1.5

22,5

22

0.5

2,5 49

48

5.5

2,5

21

18,5

3.5 62

59

18,5

16

8.5

32,5 41

4.5 51

53

33,5

25

18,5

24

65,5 58

5.5 48

43

29,5

34

47,5

43

54

6.5

29,5

31 38

40 55

54

48 48

7,5

16,5

19

40

52

37,5 35

8.5

7,5

11 37

36 43

44

25,5 23

9,5

4.5

31

30 29

33

8.5 13

10,5

17

23

11.5

24,5

17 15

12,5

11

11

13.5

10

38,5

56,5

21,5

22,5

13.5

4.5

4.5

1.5

3.5

310

310

14,5

1.5

15,5

16,5

300

300

310

310

ka
300
m=

300

57

XI. Oihana mua o ka l likeole ana wela.

E = 1 Kelekia.
Ianuari

April

lulai

'Okakopa

A2

4,53

7,69

7,64

5,75

C2

4,26

7,55

7,40

5,56

D pa

3,24

6,87

6,59

4,73

D like a

3,54

7,25

7,10

4,74

e,

0,97

1,95

1,28

1,15

e ka '
? u

2,26

2,77

2,33

2,17

- 28

- 11

- 27

- 21

?u

+ 120

+ 52

+ 90

+ 95

pa

0.791

0.829

0,771

0,814

Ma muli o kia mau hualoaa, ka validity o ka bilateral GG hiki ole ke kanalua. Ka

oko ao ma waena o ka empirical a me ka theoretical Hawaii mea, maanei kakou ma
averages emi iloko o ka e like me n papa barometer a me ka wela deviations. Pela
hoi, o ke kumu nui n loina, a me ka poe aiee o ka lki hoomaonai ia P ka
theoretical koi, oiai ma ka Ia manawa i kekahi hapa o ka asymmetry ma ke kumupaa
o kona kauoha, ma kekahi aoao, ma ko lakou pakahi aku la ia iloko o Liliu o n
waihona palapala koikoi aiee o ka January mana e like me ka mea nui ia i. Ma laila
ka kela la likeole i loko o ka pau ano hualoaa hoolako e like me ka barometer a me
ka wela deviations, na ka mea, ua loli ana i succession papa, i ka nele o ka succession
kuleana pili i ka pono ma ka mea e hook 'ana i na Kanawai o ka maemae wale.]
[E pono ai i keia, na kkkk Quetelet i pili ana i asymmetry 11) , hoohalike i ka
eia e kii e pili ana i ke ano o kona hookolokolo 'ana. Quetelet manao i ka lula
'symmetry ka W.maikai a me ka hopena maikai 'deviations mai ka makemakika O ia
hoi, ua like, a ua hoopili aku i ka manao nei makou i ka asymmetry i loko o ka like
ole o W. no ka mea, ka hoop aku deviations mai ka 'O ia hoi i kona manawa. He
kahaki ii ka like o ka likelihood ka lki. 'Ia nei ma o ka ipu he manao iloko o okoa,
aka, ma kekahi hihia e koho ana i infinitely nui loa o kaeleele, a me keokeo ua
mea poepoe nei. I like ko, he mea he tabular huluulu manao o ka W . , Ua hanaia
ka unuhi ana i 16 kala, no ke ano o na kala o ka ano, i ka wa 50; 55; 60; .... 90; 95
kala o ka hoailona hookahi ana mawaena o kela a me keia 100 ua mea poepoe
nei. Keia mau papa a theoretical W. oia ano hoohlikeana i n papa o ka poe
empirical W. e ho i ka hoemi puunaue Panel no ka kela la likeole o n mahana (no
ka mea, Palukela) ma ke Z kela w mawaena ma ka pili i ka m ua maheleia. A loaa ia
no ka malama o Ianuari, oia hookomo i kana olelo i ka pono, i ka papa o ka empirical
W. considerably ka holomua o ka poe theoretical hookokoke W., no ka mea, i ka
helu o ka keokeo, a me eleele ua mea poepoe nei, ka lki 80 ka 'ona 20, a kaulana i
ka analogy e lilo i oi aku ina ka lki 80 : 20 ma 81 : e ai auou caiaiai 19th Mai keia
ia i manao ia me ka nn 'ole i ka ike mua hoolako' ia e ia ia pela, me ka hahai l2) :
"1) il hoi ma-une oko diurne de Ka mahana de Ka quatre cinq degrs, ou hoohui de
na exactement 4 , 7; elle loa donne paria moyenne de Ka toutes Les loina; 2) cette
oko subit l'ole de na kumu inegales; 3) 'o Les ke kumu qui tendent faire tomber la ia
oko diurne ke keiki palena iki, ont eia kekahi de Ka manawa em leur faveur que
celles qui tendent l'lever keiki i k mkou, listen' o Les wale sont a hiki mai Le

rapport de Ka 81 19 ou hoohui simplement de Na 4 1; 4) 'o Les mamao

nooukou. Moyenne aux deux valeurs Lim sont rgles par ce a meme rapport de Na
4 1 "].
11)

[Lettres Surao thorie ka prob.; Lettre XXV: Des ke kumu accidentelles quand
'o Les wale sont inegales; Lettre XXVI: Loi de Ka sortieo deux vnements, make o
Les wale sont ingales. Hiki i keia hopena, o na papa (s. Mok. XXV.).]
12)

A. a. OS 181st

[It eikeia e ia i ka kumumanao ka Quetelet ka mea, ma ka rula ole, ma ka mea o

ka makemakika ke ano o ka mea waiwai hoi, noonoo iho la ma ka maamau
asymmetry e like me ka loa cia. Aka, ina aka hoi i keia misconception pono e loaa
ma ka ho'oana i ka prop, pl waiho ia e hoomaopopo i ka hoohlike ma waena o
kumumanao, a me ka hoao ana wale no ma ke ano o na Panel, oa ke kulana o ka loa
aiee, no ka mea uuku, a me ka hoololi o ka moe ana therebetween loina me ka nn
'. A? Acoeuoaoa, i ka pau 'ana, lepo wale, a i ke ano o ke kpili. Ma ka kekahi lima ia
mea e Pono n i ka hapai ana alanui Quetelet i no ka mea, bilateral GG hiki aku ai
koke i ka densest waiwai e like me ia i ho'kka 'ia i ke proportional kanawai, e ke
kahi o ka makemakika uuku. Ka hou i ka XIX. MOKUNA ( 136) hoolako keia
maka pua ma ka naau.]

Text original
Contribuu a millorar la traducci

XXVIII. Ka asymmetry o ka hewa lalani.

180. [Aohe kanalua i ka hewa o keia hoopunipuni lalani K.-G. ho i ka mea a ka

mea hookahi lapaau e like me ka K.-G. ae ka mhele ma mua mokuna. N nae, he
mea questionable ina paha he mea i ka lima kaumaha ma ka rula, ma ka kekahi lima i
loko o ka ho'oana, hoike aku advantageous no keia mea, e lawe mai i n kiina
hana a like asymmetry ma ka hoohana 'ana, ai ole ia, i ke koi' ana o nui symmetry ka
mea e makemake ana e waiho i ka theoretical a me ka empirical manawa. Once keia
ninau ua waiho hamama ma ka 8, ua loaa e kona pane maanei. Ke kaawale ana o
ka theoretical oiai o ka empirical, aole ia nei. No ka mea, ma ka rula validity o ka
asymmetry kanawai Oiai ka noi o ka ia mau a me ka empirical pomaikai e hali pu ai
me lakou, ina wale no o ka iapaau ana, ua pono loa ae e lawe mai i ka na ma waena o
ka makemakika hemolele, a me ka hoopuniana loina like. N nae, he mea
kumuhana i ka elua kapakahi GG, a ina aole i koi 'ia ma ka kumumanao, noho k i
ka hoao ana o ka hana, a hiki e like me ia - cf. 95 -: The empirically okoa ka m ^ a
me ka m , . Bez D iloko o ka mooolelo, no ka mea hoi mahope iho o na mea GG i

panai no hoi empirically okoa ^ a me , bez. a ae ka m , ua hoonoho.]

[I mea e hooko ole i ka ukupanee theoretical aoao hapa nui o ka nnau hoalaia e ke
asymmetry hewa o keia hoopunipuni papahana mea e noii ana ke kumu i kekahi ano
hana like, i ka mea kpono o ka n ku moo o ka hkilo Hawaii, he pono Ka
Pakipika. Kekahi koikoi wale empirical pono e, ua hou hoikeia mai i ka wa o ka poe
bilateral, a me ka poe noonoo GG, ua comparatively hoao i ka hooponopono ana
Panel o ka hala lalani; Eia oe e lilo lalani me ka nui ka m preferable no ka mea, ua
manaoia ia ia haalele i ka KOLOHE ano o ka hewa o keia hoopunipuni papa e hele
mai ana ma ka mea nui e hiki aku no ka ulu ana.]
[No kekahi e like me ka kekahi hana panai ai i hookolokoloia ma kia mokuna
moo o ka Astronomical kilo hewa o ke kilo ana o ka pele ma Strasbourg, Mr.
iau Kauka PUCK, i ka manawa like me ka hahai ana ike e pili ana i ke kumu o ia
hike.]
wahahee [i kona noonoo loina ma REPSOLD'schen meridian koikoi a hanohano o
ka pele, ka mea i hana i loko o n makahiki 1884-1886 na ka hookahi kilo. Ua kilo
ka mea, he hapa 'ia e hooholo i ka manawa ma i ka nn mau hoku ma ka meridian
hele, kekahi hapa hooholo i ka zenith mamao, i ka mea ia ll ka hooholo ia. Oe e
nolaila, haku o eluaokoa AEIU. O ka hana mua, oia, no ka mea, ua kakau
electronically ka hooholo ana o ka manawa, i kekahi kaomi ana o ke pihi ma ka
jenigen-minute, ma kahi o ka hoku hele ma ka vertical ulaula o ka mea kani. He hiki,
mai ka iwakalua-ekolu ia vertical n huakai, ua hiki mai, ua hai e like me na manawa
he nui, ai kela a me keia manawa i ka pili manawa ua paa. I ka lua o ka hana, oia ka
mea kiko' hooponopono o ka mea, hookahi no ka hoku o ka awelika o ka 23
filaments hookokoke mai. No kona hooko ka mea e hahai. Hoike. Kalaiaina no ka
mea, he kekahi o na mau pu ole, ma ka uku hooponopono ma ka zenith mamao ole
(e like me ka mau) ka lilo ana o ke k holo, aka, ua mediated e ke kaula Dr, i holo
kekahi ma ka clamping i na mea kaua o ke pihi mea kani, a no ka mea clamp lima i
paa pili ana i na mea, ua mau loaa i loko o ka wahi koke o ka eyepiece. Na hana e
hiki ia mea, e lawe mai i waho i ae 'ia, i ka wa a ka mea eiaao i n hana i ka mea a ka
mai, ua aia ma kaaoao hikina. A laila,o paa i loko o kona lima akau i ka pihi, ae
hele i ka hema, i ka lole leo o ke kilo. Eia nae, ina o ka mea ka mea e ku pono ana
kulana, he kue ma waena o elua AEIU ia ll i loko o ka mea 'okoa e kaupalena nei
i ka zenith mamao e hoahu i ka stylus, ka mea e hiki ai e Keoni a mamuli kanawai i
mea e? Aaeno i ka maalo manawa no ka waena uea wale no. Keia komo he ikaika
okoa i okoa kilo kamailio 'ole', a lele mai na kilo ma ke olon i hooponopono i ka
zenith ka mamao o ka waena uea, ua pilikia. N papaelua o ka mea, ua kaulana ma
ka inoa "mai East" a me "West mai". - Aka he mea pono e kaulana ai aole e hana i
keia kaua, ina he kilo e hiki ia oukou ke? Aaeno me ka mea e like me me ka kekahi
lima like me ka malu, a me no hoi i ke klana haawiia e pono e nana e hoole mai ai,
ina haalele i ke kilo me ka e hoohana 'ia e? aaeno? paa i ka lima akau.
[Mai kia mau loina o ka manao paa o ka maalo manawa no kekahi hapa, ua
hoohana 'ia e hoomaulia i ka mamao o ka la vertical n huakai, oa ka manawa e
pono ai ke hoku ma Kapikoowkea e kalo ana kl i ka w mawaena o elua ia ka

pae. Na filaments, ua 'ae' ia sequentially ma na huahelu 1 i 23rd ua paa ka mamao ma

waena o ka waenaulaula 12, a me na n huakai 2, 5, 6, 10, 14, 18, 19, 22; ka mea,
ua like me ka moku mamao 2 - 12; 5-12 a pela aku haawiia. Ka observational mea, ua
hou maheleia i eha pulu, ma ka kekahi lima - e like me ka manao ma luna - i ka
mea kulana mai ma ka hikina o ka hiki ia oe mai West ma ka noonoo ana o ia e
halihaliia oia iwaho manao paa o ka zenith mamao mea okoa, a ma kekahi aoao
kekahi, mamua o ka makana i ka hapanui o ka po loina UAAIIeIU no hoi
Tagbeobachtungen, i meaokoa kau iho ana lanakila. N nae, ua hiki ke kpono kou
eliminated e ae ho'o ana i ka Centralulaula 12, a ke hele mai n? I ole ma ka uku
hooponopono ma ka zenith mamao iloko o ka mooolelo, i ka likeole o ka elua papa
mai East a me mai West;aio n i ka hopena o na loina, na mamao i ka pae 2 i elua
papa a ua hooholo like. Mea, ua manao, nae, pono o ka ukupanee, e malama i ua
mau oko ao, i mea e malama i ka hiki ole ia mea ma luna o n hualoaa o ka hope o
Ka Ikepili hiki. E Loiloi i ka kpa a nui hewa o ke kilo mea pono no hoi ia i na loina,
no ka mea, ua manao ia no ka hoomaopopo ana i ka pae mamao, ua wae mai o ka
holo ana maluna o kekahi mau makahiki mea i ai i ka likeole keia e hele mai iloko o
hula e like me ka hiki. Ina mea makemake e hooholo i ka awelika kilo kuhihewa, e
pani i ka manawa i koho ia i kela a me keia wahi loina.]
181. [O ka mea i hike 'ia ana ua koho eha pulu penei: :

) mai East; po loina

) mai East; Tagbeobachtungen

. ) mai West; po loina

) mai West; Tagbeobachtungen.

Loaa kl me kia hui, e like me ka ewalu klepa mamao, e like me na moo o ka

hkilo Hawaii, ka mea i hana mai i ka eia, ka pae e 'ike') o i lawe hpana. Ka pa
alima ana, ua hoohana maanei, a malalo ma ka manawa lua = 1 mau
I. laana mai ke kilo papahana ) mai East; Po loina.
E = 1 mau
Manawa o hoku
ke kilo

2 - 12 5-12 6-12 10-12 14-12 18- 12 19-12 22-12

1884 June Ophiuchi 37,28 31,10 22,28 13,87 14,60 22,80 31,70 37,96
24
July 1 Librae

37,34 31,14 22,39 14,07 14,61 22,87 31,70 37,92

1885
Orionis 37,65 31,31 22,51 14,11 14,48 22,65 31,60 37,98
January 14

1886
March 35

Bootis

37,55 31,17 22,35 14,03 14,68 22,77 31,80 38,02

Mai keia mau moo o na loina, i ka hahaiana hehee wale no ewalu pae mamao ke
lanakila.
II: oihana mua o ka pae mamao .
E = 1 mau .

) mai East; Po loina.

pae mamao

2 - 12

5-12

6-12

10-12

14-12

18-12

19-12

22-12

ka m

115

115

114

114

115

114

115

112

37,428 31,190 22,333 14,036 14,591 22,894 31,711 37,989

e ka '
e,

0.099

0,094

0.084

0.099

0,098

0.099

0,094

0.082

38,09

31,48

22,66

14,38

14,96

23,19

32,00

38,28

31,14

30,91

22,07

13,78

14,30

22,64

31,42

37,73

?u

-3

+2

-2

- 13

-4

-5

-6

+5

U '- U ,

+ 0.37 + 0.01 + 0.06 + 0.09 + 0.08 + 0.04 0.00

+ 0.03

) mai East; Tagbeobachtungen.

pae mamao 2 - 12

5-12

6-12

10-12 14-12 18-12 19-12 22-12

41

41

40

40

37,405 31,146 22,314 13,994 14,633 22.938 31,759 38,028

0,062

0,077

0.084

0.074

0.080

0.074

0.072

0.069

e ka '

37,57

31,38

22,54

14,17

14,81

23,21

31,93

38,22

e,

37,16

30,96

22,03

13,78

14,41

22,73

31,56

37,78

?u

-4

-3

+5

+1

+2

+2

+2

U '- U ,

-0,08

+0,05

- 0,06

- 0,04 +0,05 +0,06 - 0,03 - 0,06

40

. ) mai West; Po loina.

40

41

40

pae mamao

2 - 12

5-12

6-12

10-12

14-12

18-12

19-12

22-12

ka m

124

124

124

124

124

123

123

123

37,453 31,229 22,374 14.050 14,593 22,864 31,713 37,976

0.090

0.089

0.085

0.089

0.089

0.083

0,105

0,094

e ka '

37,92

31,53

22,61

14,33

14,91

23,16

31,99

38,28

e,

37,13

30,92

22,10

13,75

14,30

22,62

31,41

37,67

-8

+8

+2

-2

+2

-4

+6

U '- U ,

+ 0.14 - 0,01

- 0,04

- 0,02

+ 0.02 + 0.05 - 0,03

0.00

) mai West; Tagbeobachtungen.

pae mamao 2 - 12

5-12

6-12

10-12 14-12 18-12 19-12 22-12

ka m

50

50

49

50

37,463 31,234 22,406 14,061 14,528 22,836 31,717 37,944

0.087

0,092

0.084

0,092

0.091

0,079

0.104

0,098

e ka '

37,76

31,45

22,62

14,30

14,82

23,06

32,13

38,28

e,

37,25

31,04

22,19

13,75

14,30

22,63

31,42

37,70

-5

-1

+2

+10

+2

+2

+1

-1

U '- U ,

+ 0.08

+ 0.02

0.00

- 0,07 + 0.06 + 0.02 + 0.12 + 0.09

50

49

50

49

Maanei, ke A ho i ka makemake pae mamao e like me ka makemakika mawaena o

ka M uuku loina hoi hoike i ka paha cia, ina ka noonoo ole GG mea e manao e like
me ka pono. Keia mau waiwai oko no ka mea, na hui o kekahi i kekahi, ka mea ma
mua, no ka mea finite ano o ka m, oia, aole surprisingly, ke kumuhana o ka ai, aka, no
hoi, ma ka like? Ueony ma waena o n papa mai Hikina, a me West he pono. No ka
mea, o na hui , a me ka mua eha mamao he consistently nui, ka hope eha ma
ka hapanui o na hihia e emi malalo o ka AYEIE mamao o ka poe hui me , e
like me ia ma ka hopena o ke haka pono maila o ka hooholo ma ke kikowaenaulaula
hiki ia mai West presupposing no. Ka like keikeia ka hoohlike o ka poe maluna
n loina o Dr. PUCK me 1) mai ole loina me ka nui pono aiee i loaa, a ua hoike mai ia
ma ka hahai compilation:
pae
2 - 12
mamao

5-12

6-12

10-12

14-12

18-12

19-12

22-12

37 mau, 31 mau, 22 mau, 14mau , 030 14mau , 591 22mau , 893 31mau , 735 38mau , 006
443
195
355
Ka hooholoia e like me averages o na oko ma waena o ka poe mlama waiwai
a me ka A i ka hoomlamalama mai awelika wahahee. Ia hoike mai iloko o kela a me
keia hui wale N hana fluctuations, e like me ka mea a ka ewalu hewa lalani o kela a
me keia hui i hana i like nenoaiu, e like me ia e lawe no ia i ko lakou kumu. Ka oko
laula o ka hewa, mai ka likeole o ka poe luna, a malalo ihola E 'a me E , hiki
keikeia; no ka mea, wale no i ka pae mamao 2 - 12 o ka pulu 0 ke , 95; ka nui o
keia waiwai, ua considerably ma ke dala o ke keena lihi deviation U '= 0 S , 66
conditionally, a me ka nui loa aku i ka awelika manao nui, a me ka mea e manao e
like me hanana.]
1)

[uku pnai. Moolelo o imperial. University Observatory ma Strasbourg; . I. Bd

1896. S. XXII: ka pae mamao, a me ka angular aiee o ka hoohewa].
[Aka, mamua o na mea a pau hoihoi i loko o n Hawaii o Liliu , a me ka pili me
ka poe o U '- U , no ka mea, e ae e pane i ka ninau ina ka asymmetry o ka hewa o
keia hoopunipuni lalani mea e manao e like me ka nui a me ka ole-nui. Ano,
ua make n loina consistently uuku loa, a loaa i ka unregulated Episode koke 'oluolu,
i kekahi manawa io ka hoailona. Oia i ka likeole U '- U , e olelo aku ia wale n ma
loko o ka hui kekahi loli ma waena o ka hoailona e loaa ai wale no kahi i waiwai 0
maanei S ka, 37 ala i ke kiekie nui, o ka manao ma ka olelo hui pu luna loa deviation
e hiki iau ke hele aku iloko o ka noonoo. It penei resolutely ka hopena i ole lula
'asymmetry ole. E hiki anei i ka IeAeOXAaOAeEOO ia e hoi i loaa ia ia ka mea wale
no i ka 18 i waena o 32 hihia o na hoailona o Liliu , a me U - U ' , ua kue i kekahi i
kekahi, a pela ka ae kanawai o asymmetry ma waena o ka poe likeole i loko o
deviation kii, a me ka poe o ka loa deviations bez. A iho aole i maopopo, oiai ma ka
ia kamailio nui asymmetry ka ho'oana, ua validity.]
182. [It mea ana i kumu e lawe mai i ka hewa o keia hoopunipuni lalani n loina
o Kane asymmetry ma ka palapala. I ka ike, nae, o ka berita ma waena o
kumumanao o ka hana o ka hoohana 'ana i ka elua kapakahi GG, aole pono ma luna
o ka poe noonoo kanawai, ua hoi pili n loulou, ke haawi aku' i ka hoohlike papa
i loko o ia ka ano i ka empirical n loina o mahope iho o na mea GG bez. A a me ka
bez ma hope o elua kapakahi GG. D ppilikia theoretical Hawaii, ua kokua. Ka
empirical Hawaii loaa mai ka hui eha o ewalu e puhi ia o na loina i loko o ia ka ala i
initially ka malama n loina o kela a me keia moo o na loina, ma ko lakou mau oko
ao me ka e like A di Aloha e kiai ana kuhihewa caiaiai, a laila merged ka ewalu
hewa lalani o kela a me keia hui iloko o kekahi lalani lakou. Ka eha
pulu , , . , e like me incurred ia e like me ka hewa o keia hoopunipuni eha
lalani mua o ka lalani , , , e haawiia mai ai. Ka merging o ka palapala puke
noho ia malalo iho i kekahi mea pohihihi, no ka mea, no ka palapala ma waena o ka
poe like ia hoi, ke hewa ? e like me ua hoao like.]

[Me ka ho'miana i ka i = 0 ka , ua loaa 05 ka hahai n hualoaa e like penei:

III. Hoemiia puunaue Panel o ka hewa o keia hoopunipuni lalani , , , .

E = 1 ana , i = 0,05.

moo ,

moo .
theor.

emp. Bez. A bez. Dk

theor.
emp. bez. A bez. Dk

- 0,35

2,5

- 0,30

0.5

0.5

- 0,30

6.5

5.5

- 0,25

- 0,25

21

17

16

- 0,20

- 0,20

38

37

37

- 0,15

21

20,5

20,5

- 0,15

59

69

71

- 0,10

29

40

40,5

- 0,10

108

107

111

- 0,05

70

60

60

- 0,05

154

139

143

0.00

67

67,5

67,5

0.00

151

152

151,5

+ 0.05 59

58

57,5

+ 0.05 152

140

136

+ 0.10 39

38

38

+ 0.10 100

108

104

+ 0.15 17

19

19

+ 0.15 55

70

68

+ 0,20 6

+ 0,20 36

38,5

38,5

+ 0.25 3

+ 0.25 18

17,5

18,5

+ 0.30 -

0.5

0.5

+ 0.30 12

ka m = 323

323

323

+ 0.35 3

+ 0.40 -

+ 0.65 1

ka m = 914

914

914

moo .
theor.

moo
theor.

emp. Bez. A bez. Dk

emp. bez. A Bez. Dk

- 0,40 -

0.5

0.5

- 0,35

- 0,35 -

- 0,30

- 0,30 10

- 0,25

7,5

- 0,25 19

17

18

- 0,20

15

16

16

- 0,20 42

39

39

- 0,15

29

30

31

- 0,15 69

74

72,5

- 0,10

55

47

47,5

- 0,10 101

117

114

- 0,05

61

61

61,5

- 0,05 159

154,5

151

0.00

64

66

66,5

0.00

169

169

+ 0.05 71

61

60

+ 0.05 163

154,5

158

+ 0.10 44

47

46

+ 0.10 120

117

121

+ 0.15 22

30

30

+ 0.15 73

74

75,5

+ 0,20 17

16

16

+ 0,20 37

39

38,5

+ 0.25 4

7,5

7,5

+ 0.25 14

17

16

+ 0.30 5

+ 0.30 7

+ 0.35 1

+ 0.35 0

1.5

+ 0.40 1

+ 0.40 0

0.5

0.5

ka m = 397

397

397

+ helu 1
0.45

ka m = 989

989

989

174

: Oihana mua IV o ka hewa o keia hoopunipuni lalani , , . , no ka ho'mi i

k papa.
E = 1 mau .

ka m 914

.
323

989

397

+ 0.0009 - 0,0025 0,0000

- 0,0004

- 0,0015 - 0,0030 + 0.0022 - 0,0012

Dpa - 0,0111 - 0,0050 + 0.0094 - 0,0048

Dlike - 0,0281 - 0,0284 + 0.0038 + 0.0353
a

.0949
e , 0,0888

.0753

0,0923

.0946

0,0741

0,0969

0,0924

e ka 0,1008
'

0,0766

0,0875

0,0968

?u -9
? u + 58

-8

+15

-3

+5

- 50

+9

pa

0,80

0,77

0,82

0,80

I loko o ka wahi apau, he pela ka laula convergence ma waena o ka theoretical aiee o

ka symmetrical, a me ka asymmetrical haawi aku kanawai a he mea pili 'ana o ka elua
makemakeoe e waiho i kekahi manawa.]
[Ak, alaila, o ke knaka apau i mkaukau o ka naau kupono, e noho ma ka aoao o
ke koena aku hoi ke Kanawai o ka poe noonooole, a aia n ke haule iloko o ke
kaupaonaana i aole 'oe i e hoomaulia i ka hehee wale attributable i hoemiia Panel,
aka, i ka iniiaiie pau awelike hewa o keia hoopunipuni ? ' ole (huinahalike) 'o ia
hoi hewa o keia hoopunipuni Qiloko o hiki n ke hoohana loaa kokoke loa i
kahi. Ma ka keia hihia, hookahi loaa mai ka iniiaiie hoi o ka makana Panel no ka
mea, o ka o ka puke , , , pili 0 ke , 0937; 0ke , 0738: 0 ke , 0906; 0 ka ,
0911, kpono ma ka penei e likeaina ma waena o kumumanao, a me ka hoao ana;
V. Hoohlikelike ma waena o kumumanao o ka hoao ana no ka
oluolu GG

emp. theor. emp. theor. emp. theor. emp. theor.

0.00 151 154

67

0,05 306 282

69

174 169

64

69

129 119

322 309

132

125

0,10 208 216

68

78

221 234

99

94,5

0,15 114 138

38

38

142 148

51

59

0,20 74

74

15

14

79

78

32

30,5

0,25 39

33

33

34

13

0,30 18

12

17

12

0,35 3

0,40 -

helu 0.45

0,65 1

ka 914 914 323 323 989 989 397 397

m=
Eia ka w mawaena denoted e 0.00 i loaa aku e papalua i na palena o 0,025, e noho
pololei like me ka kekahianuu, no ia mea, o ka papa i ka theoretical i k mkou cia
mau e kau mai maluna o ka 'Aohe waiwai]
[By Ano, i ka kumumanao o ka hoao ana i ka elua mlualua G. G. 'Oiai, e like me
ka pili E hoike mai, aka, e kaumaha ana ka lanakila maluna o ka noonoo GG, e aeia
e noonoo ia e like me he ano hiona o ka hewa o keia hoopunipuni lalani i ko lakou
asymmetry
he wale,
he nnn, hookumu i loko o ka'paha contingencies. Hana
Contribuu a millorar
la traducci
ikaika mahope, ina mea e noho ma ka poho no ka criterion no ka loiloi 'ana o ka hewa
o keia hoopunipuni lalani, nae hoohana i ka asymmetry e like me ia, ae hookupaa
aku i ka loina hooponopono i ka hewa o keia hoopunipuni lalani a pau, e hoolei aku i
ka helehelena nui asymmetry.]

Text original

Hoohui.
I ka ole papaaina.
183. [The Halau -aina haawi i na aiee o G. G., di Aloha ka integral

iloko o ko lakou dependence ma n manao hoopii k' 'ole = :

: Mai
huahelu-eha integral Hawaii ma ka nui-o kou panai ai i na pono o na Kane, pela
mua no i ka huahelu-eha pakuhi kaua ma Wundt ka philosophical haawina ma
IX. Band, S. 147-150, ua paiia, e like me T- lawe Papa I nei no impressions. Eia
nae, i mea e hoomau i ka kikaw hihia i kahi loaa, ka huahelu elima, panel, ua like
me T- launa Papa II i loko o ka palena manawa kpono.]
[He mau papa, he like ka ehiku-huahelu pakuhi S. 545-549 loaa ma ka Meyer ka
hai'lelo ma probability phola ke kumu. Aka, ma laila, e like me ka mau, me ka
manao hoopii k' n loina Halau wale aku ai i ka lua o ka kekimala wahi, ua helu,
ka lua oko no ka interpolation e, e kuka e like me ka rula. E pale i keia, ma ka
huahelu-eha panel, maanuu , t = 0 i na = 1,51, ma ka huahelu elima-panel,
maanuu , t = 0 i na = 2,01, mau ka hoopaapaa a hiki i ke kolu o kekimala wahi, a
ia wahi lawa ma ka mea interpolation. No ka mea, i keia mea, ua i loko o ke kaheakoanuu ma o ka hailula;

aie i ka huahelu-ehiku papaaina Hawaii, me ko lakou mau lua oko ao INTERPO-

laina. Ke kolu oko ao ke e mlamaole.]

[Ke kukuluia'na o na papa o na logarithms i ka mea i hoohalike. Particu-dere i ka
hoku, ka poe i loaa iloko o kela a me keia papamoe lalani o ka Papa II i ka nui o ka
laina e preprinted mua kekimala wahi e hoomahuahua e. 1]
Ka T- Papa I.
,t

0.00 0,0000 0011 0023 0034 0045

0056 0068 0079

0090

0102

01 0,0113 0124 0135 0147 0158

0169 0181 0192

0203

0214

02 0,0226 0237 0248 0259 0271

0282 0293 0305

0316

0327

03 0,0338 0350 0361 0372 0384

0395 0406 0417

0429

0440

04 0,0451 0462 0474 0485 0496

0507 0519 0530

0541

0552

05 0,0564 0575 0386 0597 0609

0620 0631 0642

0654

0665

06 0,0676 0687 0699 0710 0721

0732 0744 0755

0766

0777

07 0,0789 0800 0811 0822 0833

0845 0856 0867

0878

0890

08 0,0901 0912 0923 0934 0946

0957 0968 0979

0990

1002

09 0,1013 1024 1035 1046 1058

1069 1080 1091

1102

1113

0,10 0,1125 1136 1147 1158 1169

1180 1192 1203

1214

1225

11 .1236

1247 1259 1270 1281

1292 1303 1314

1325

1336

12 .1348

1359 1370 1381 1392

1403 1414 1425

1436

1448

13 0,1459. 1470 1481 1492 1503

1514 1525 1536

1547

1558

14 .1569

1581 1592 1603 1614

1625 1636 1647

1658

1669

15 .1680

1691 1702 1713 1724

1735 1746 1757

makahiki 1779
1768

16 .1790

1801 1812 1823 1834

1845 1856 1867

1878

1889

17 .1900

1911 1922 1933 makahiki 1955 1966 makahiki 1988

1944
1977

1998

18 0,2009 2020 2031 2042 2053

2064 2075 2086

2097

2108

19 .2118

2129 2140 2151 2162

2173 2184 2194

2205

2216

0,20 .2227

2238 2249 2260 2270

2281 2292 2303

2314

2324

21 .2335

2346 2357 2368 2378

2389 2400 2411

2421

2432

22 .2443

2454 2464 2475 2486

2497 2507 2518

2529

2540

23 .2550

2561 2572 2582 2593

2604 2614 2625

2636

2646

24 0,2657 2668 2678 2689 2700

2710 2721 2731

2742

2753

25 .2763

2774 2784 2795 2806

2816 2827 2837

2848

2858

26 .2869

2880 2890 2901 2911

2922 2932 2943

2953

2964

27 .2974

2985 2995 3006 3016

3027 3037 3047

3058

3068

28 .3079

3089 3100 3110 3120

3131 3141 3152

3162

3172

29 .3183

3193 3204 3214 3224

3235 3245 3255

3266

3276

0,30 .3286

3297 3307 3317 3327

3338 3348 3358

3369

3379

31 0,3389 3399 3410 3420 3430

3440 3450 3461

3471

3481

32 .3491

3501 3512 3522 3532

3542 3552 3562

3573

3583

33 .3593

3603 3613 3623 3633

3643 3653 3663

3674

3684

34 .3694

3704 3714 3724 3734

3744 3754 3764

3774

3784

35 .3794

3804 3814 3824 3834

3844 3854 3864

3873

3883

36 .3893

3903 3913 3923 3933

3943 3953 3963

3972

3982

37 .3992

4002 4012 4022 4031

4041 4051 4061

4071

4080

38 .4090

4100 4110 4119 4129

4139 4149 4158

4168

4178

39 .4187

4197 4207 4216 4226

4236 4245 4255

4265

4274

0,40 .4284

4294 4303 4313 4322

4332 4341 4351

4361

4370

41 .4380

4389 4399 4408 4418

4427 4437 4446

4456

4465

42 .4475

4484 4494 4503 4512

4522 4531 4541

4550

4559

43 .4569

4578 4588 4597 4606

4616 4625 4634

4644

4653

44 .4662

4672 4681 4690 4699

4709 4718 4727

4736

4746

45 .4755

4764 4773 4782 4792

4801 4810 4819

4828

4837

46 .4847

4856 4865 4874 4883

4892 4901 4910

4919

4928

47 .4937

4946 4956 4965 4974

4983 4992 5001

5010

5019

48 .5027

5036 5045 5054 5063

5072 5081 5090

5099

5108

49 .5117

5126 5134 5143 5152

5161 5170 5179

5187

5196

0,50 .5205

5214 5223 5231 5240

5249 5258 5266

5275

5284

,t

0
,t

1
0

4
3

5
4

6
5

7
8
Ke, t-Papa I.
6

9
9

0,50 .5205

5214 5223 5231 5240 5249 5258 5266 5275 5284

51 .5292

5301 5310 5318 5327 5336 5344 5353 5362 5370

52 .5379

5388 5396 5405 5413 5422 5430 5439 5448 5456

53 .5465

5473 5482 5490 5499 5507 5516 5524 5533 5541

54 .5549

5558 5566 5575 5583 5591 5600 5608 5617 5625

55 .5633

5642 5650 5658 5667 5675 5683 5691 5700 5708

56 .5716

5724 5733 5741 5749 5757 5765 5774 5782 5790

57 .5798

5806 5814 5823 5831 5839 5847 5855 5863 5871

58 .5879

5887 5895 5903 5911 5919 5927 5935 5943 5951

59 0,5959 5967 5975 5983 5991 5999 6007 6015 6023 6031
0,60 .6039

6046 6054 6062 6070 6078 6086 6093 6101 6109

61 .6117

6125 6132 6140 6148 6156 6163 6171 6179 6186

62 .6194

6202 6209 6217 6225 6232 6240 6248 6255 6263

63 .6270

6278 6286 6293 6301 6308 6316 6323 6331 6338

64 .6346

6353 6361 6368 6376 6383 6391 6398 6405 6413

65 .6420

6428 6435 6442 6450 6457 6464 6472 6479 6486

66 .6494

6501 6508 6516 6523 6530 6537 6545 6552 6559

67 .6566

6573 6581 6588 6595 6602 6609 6616 6624 6631

68 .6638

6645 6652 6659 6666 6673 6680 6687 6694 6701

69 .6708

6715 6722 6729 6736 6743 6750 6757 6764 6771

0,70 .6778

6785 6792 6799 6806 6812 6819 6826 6833 6840

71 0,6847 6853 6860 6867 6874 6881 6887 6894 6901 6908
72 .6914

6921 6928 6934 6941 6948 6954 6961 6968 6974

73 .6981

6988 6994 7001 7007 7014 7021 7027 7034 7040

74 .7047

7053 7060 7066 7073 7079 7086 7092 7099 7105

75 0,7112 7118 7124 7131 7137 7144 7150 7156 7163 7169
76 .7175

7182 7188 7194 7201 7207 7213 7219 7226 7232

77 .7238

7244 7251 7257 7263 7269 7275 7282 7288 7294

78 .7300

7306 7512 7318 7325 7331 7337 7343 7349 7355

79 .7361

7367 7373 7379 7385 7391 7397 7403 7409 7415

0,80 .7421

7427 7433 7439 7445 7451 7457 7462 7468 7474

81 .7480

7486 7492 7498 7503 7509 7515 7521 7527 7532

82 .7538

7544 7550 7555 7561 7567 7572 7578 7584 7590

83 .7595

7601 7607 7612 7618 7623 7629 7635 7640 7646

84 .7651

7657 7663 7668 7674 7679 7685 7690 7696 7701

85 .7707

7712 7718 7723 7729 7734 7739 7745 7750 7756

86 .7761

7766 7772 7777 7782 7788 7793 7798 7804 7809

87 .7814

7820 7825 7830 7835 7841 7846 7851 7856 7862

88 .7867

7872 7877 7882 7888 7893 7898 7903 7908 7913

89 .7918

7924 7929 7934 7939 7944 7949 7954 7959 7964

0,90 .7969

7974 7979 7984 7989 7994 7999 8004 8009 8014

91 .8019

8024 8029 8034 8038 8043 8048 8053 8058 8063

92 .8068

8073 8077 8082 8087 8092 8097 8101 8106 8111

93 .8116

8120 8125 8130 8135 8139 8144 8149 8153 8158

94 .8163

8167 8172 8177 8181 8186 8191 8195 8200 8204

95 .8209

8213 8218 8223 8227 8232 8236 8241 8245 8250

96 .8254

8259 8263 8268 8272 8277 8281 8285 8290 8294

97 .8299

8303 8307 8312 8316 8321 8325 8329 8334 8338

98 .8342

8347 8351 8355 8360 8364 8368 8372 8377 8381

99 .8385

8389 8394 8398 8402 8406 8410 8415 8419 8423

1,00 .8427

8431 8435 8439 8444 8448 8452 8456 8460 8464

,t

Ke, t-Papa I.
,t

1,00

.8427 8431 8435 8439 8444 8448 8452 8456 8460 8464

01

.8468 8472 8476 8480 8484 8488 8492 8496 8500 8504

02

.8508 8512 8516 8520 8524 8528 8532 8536 8540 8544

03

.8548 8552 8556 8560 8563 8567 8571 8575 8579 8583

04

.8586 8590 8594 8598 8602 8606 8609 8613 8617 8621

05

.8624 8628 8632 8636 8639 8643 8647 8650 8654 8658

06

.8661 8665 8669 8672 .8676 8680 8683 8687 8691 8694

07

.8698 8701 8705 8708 8712 8716 8719 8723 8726 8730

08

.8733 8737 8740 8744 8747 8751 8754 8758 8761 8765

09

.8768 8771 8775 8778 8782 8785 8789 8792 8795 8799

1,10

.8802 8805 8809 8812 8815 8819 8822 8825 8829 8832

11

.8835 8839 8842 8845 8848 8852 8855 8858 8861 8865

12

.8868 8871 8874 8878 8881 8884 8887 8890 8893 8897

13 0,8900 8903 8906 8909 8912 8915 8918 8922 8925 8928
14

.8931 8934 8937 8940 8943 8946 8949 8952 8955 8958

15

.8961 8964 8967 8970 8973 8976 8979 8982 8985 8988

16

.8991 8994 8997 9000 9003 9006 9008 9011 9014 9017

17 0,9020 9023 9026 9029 9031 9034 9037 9040 9043 9046
18

.9048 9051 9054 9057 9060 9062 9065 9068 9071 9073

19

.9076 9079 9082 9084 9087 9090 9092 9095 9098 9100

1,20

.9103 9106 9108 9111 9114 9116 9119 9122 9124 9127

21

.9130 9132 9135 9137 9140 9143 9145 9148 9150 9153

22

.9155 9158 9160 9163 9165 9168 9171 9173 9176 9178

23

.9181 9183 9185 9188 9190 9193 9195 9198 9200 9203

24 0,9205 9207 9210 9212 9215 9217 9219 9222 9224 9227
25

.9229 9231 9234 9236 9238 9241 9243 9245 9248 9250

26 0,9252 9255 9257 9259 9262 9264 9266 9268 9271 9273
27

.9275 9277 9280 9282 9284 9286 9289 9291 9293 9295

28

.9297 9300 9302 9304 9306 9308 9310 9313 9315 9317

29

.9319 9321 9323 9325 9327 9330 9332 9334 9336 9338

1,30 0,9340 9342 9344 9346 9348 9350 9352 9355 9357 9359
31

.9361 9363 9365 9367 9369 9371 9373 9375 9377 9379

32

.9381 9383 9385 9387 9389 9390 9392 9394 9396 9398

33 0,9400 9402 9404 9406 9408 9410 9412 9413 9415 9417
34

.9419 9421 9423 9425 9427 9428 9430 9432 9434 9436

35

.9438 9439 9441 9443 9445 9447 9448 9450 9452 9454

36

.9456 9457 9459 9461 9463 9464 9466 9468 9470 9471

37

.9473 9475 9477 9478 9480 9482 9483 9485 9487 9488

38

.9490 9492 9494 9495 9497 9499 9500 9502 9503 9505

39

.9507 9508 9510 9512 9513 9515 9516 9518 9520 9521

1,40

.9523 9524 9526 9528 9529 9531 9532 9534 9535 9537

41

.9539 9540 9542 9543 9545 9546 9548 9549 9551 9552

42

.9554 9555 9557 9558 9560 9561 9563 9564 9566 9567

43

.9569 9570 9571 9573 9574 9576 9577 9579 9580 9582

44

.9583 9584 9586 9587 9589 9590 9591 9593 9594 9596

45

.9597 9598 9600 9601 9602 9604 9605 9607 9608 9609

46

.9611 9612 9613 9615 9616 9617 9618 9620 9621 9622

47

.9624 9625 9626 9628 9629 9630 9631 9633 9634 9635

48

.9637 9638 9639 9640 9642 9643 9644 9645 9647 9648

49

.9649 9650 9651 9653 9654 9655 9656 9657 9659 9660

1,50

.9661 9662 9663 9665 9666 9667 9668 9669 9670 9672

,t

Ke, t-Papa I.
,t

1.5

.9661 9673 9684 9695 9706 9716 9726 9736 9745 9755

1,6

.9763 9772 9780 9788 9796 9804 9811 9818 9825 9832

1,7

.9838 9844 9850 9856 9861 9867 9872 9877 9882 9886

1.8

.9891 9895 9899 9903 9907 9911 9915 9918 9922 9925

1,9

.9928 9931 9934 9937 9939 9942 9944 9947 9949 9951

2.0

.9953 9955 9957 9959 9961 9963 9964 9966 9967 9969

2.1

.9970 9972 9973 9974 9975 9976 9977 9979 9980 9980

2.2

.9981 9982 9983 9984 9985 9985 9986 9987 9987 9988

2.3 0,9989 9989 9990 9990 9991 9991 9992 9992 9992 9993
2.4 0,9993 9993 9994 9994 9994 9995 9995 9995 9995 9996
2,5 0,9996 9996 9996 9997 9997 9997 9997 9997 9997 9998
2,6 0,9998 9998 9998 9998 9998 9998 9998 9998 9998 9999
2,7 0,9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 999? 9999 9999 9999
2.8 0,9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 0000 0000 0000

Ke, t-Papa II.

,t

0.00 0,00000 0113

0226

0339

0451

0564

0677

0790

0903

1016

01

1128 1241

1354

1467

1580

1692

1805

1918

2031

2144

02

2256 2369

2482

2595

2708

2820

2933

3046

3159

3271

03

3384 3497

3610

3722

3835

3948

4060

4173

4286

4398

04

4511 4624

4736

4849

4962

5074

5187

5299

5412

5525

05

0.0 5750
5637

5862

5975

6087

6200

6312

6425

6537

6650

06

6762 6875

6987

7099

7212

7324

7436

7549

7661

7773

07

7886 7998

8110

8223

8335

8447

8559

8671

8784

8896

08

0.0 9120
9008

9232

9344

9456

9568

9680

9792

9904 * 0016

09

0,1 0240
0128

0352

0464

0576

0687

0799

0911

1023

1135

0,10

0,1 1358
1246

1470

1581

1693

1805

1916

2028

2139

2251

11

2362 2474

2585

2697

2808

2919

3031

3142

3253

3365

12

3476 3587

3698

3809

3921

4032

4143

4254

4365

4476

13

4587 4698

4809

4919

5030

5141

5252

5363

5473

5584

14

5695 5805

5916

6027

6137

6248

6358

6468

6579

6689

15

0,1 6910
6800

7020

7130

7241

7351

7461

7571

7681

7791

16

7901 8011

8121

8231

8341

8451

8560

8670

8780

8890

17

0,1 9109
8999

9218

9328

9437

9547

9656

9766

9875

9984

18

0.2 0203
0094

0312

0421

0530

0639

0748

0857

0966

1075

19

1184 1293

1402

1510

1619

1728

1836 makahiki 2053

1945

2162

0,20

0.2 2379
2270

2487

2595

2704

2812

2920

3028

3136

3244

21

3352 3460

3568

3676

3784

3891

3999

4107

4214

4322

22

4430 4537

4645

4752

4859

4967

5074

5181

5288

5395

23

5502 5609

5716

5823

5930

6037

6144

6250

6357

6463

24

6570 6676

6783

6889

6996

7102

7208

7314

7421

7527

25

0.2 7739
7633

7845

7950

8056

8162

8268

8373

8479

8584

26

8690 8795

8901

9006

9111

9217

9322

9427

9532

9637

27

0.2 9847
9742

9952 * 0056 * 0161 * 0266 * 0370 * 0475 * 0579 * 0684

28

0,3 0892

0997

1101

1205

1309

1413

1517

1621

1725

0788
29

1828 1932

2036

2139

2243

2346

2450

2553

2656

2760,

0,30

0,3 2966
2863

3069

3172

3275

3378

3480

3583

3686

3788

31

3891 3993

4096

4198

4300

4403

4505

4607

4709

4811

32

4913 5014

5116

5218

5319

5421

5523

5624

5725

5827

33

5928 6029

6130

6231

6332

6433

6534

6635

6735

6836

34

6936 7037

7137

7238

7338

7438

7538

7638

7738

7838

35

0,3 8038
7938

8138

8237

8337

8436

8536

8635

8735

8834

36

8933 9032

9131

9230

9329

9428

9526

9625

9724

9822

37

0,3 * 0019 * 0117 * 0215 * 0314 * 0412 * 0510 * 0608 * 0705 * 0803
9921

38

0,4 0999
0901

1096

1194

1291

1388

1486

1583

1680

1777

39

1874 1971

2068

2164

2261

2357

2454

2550

2647

2743

0,40

0,4 2935
2839

3031

3127

3223

3319

3415

3510

3606

3701

41

3797 3892

3988

4083

4178

4273

4368

4463

4557

4652

42

4747 4841

4936

5030

5124

5219

5313

5407

5501

5595

43

5689 5782

5876

5970

6063

6157

6250

6343

6436

6529

44

6623 6715

6808

6901

6994

7086

7179

7271

7364

7456

45

0,4 7640
7548

7732

7824

7916

8008

8100

8191

8283

8374

46

8466 8557

8648

8739

8830

8921

9012

9103

9193

9284

47

0,4 9465
9375

9555

9646

9736

9826

9916

48

0.5 0365
0275

0454

0543

0633

0722

0811

0900

0989

1078

49

1167 1256

1344

1433

1521

1610

1698

1786

1874

1962

0,50

0.5 2138
2050

2226

2313

2401

2488

2576

2663

2750

2837

,t

Ke, t-Papa II.

* 0006 * 0096 * 0185

,t

0.5 2138 2226 2313

2050

2401

2488

2576

2663

2750

2837

51 2924 3011 3098 3185

3272

3358

3445

3531

3617

3704

52 3790 3876 3962 4048

4134

4219

4305

4390

4476

4561

53 4646 4732 4817 4902

4987

5071

5156

5241

5325

5410

54 5494 5578 5662 5746

5830

5914

5998

6082

.6165

6249

55

0.5 6416 6499 6582

6332

6665

6748

6831

6914

6996

7079

56 7162 7244 7326 7409

7491

7573

7655

7737

7818

7900

57 7982 8063 8144 8226

8307

8388

8469

8550

8631

8712

58 8792 8873 8953 9034

9114

9194

9274

9354

9434

9514

59

0.5 9673 9753 9832

9594

9912

9991 * 0070 * 0149 * 0228 * 0307

0,60

0,6 0464 0543 0621

0386

0700

0778

0856

0934

1012

1090

61 1168 1246 1323 1401

1478

1556

1633

1710

1787

1864

62 1941 2018 2095 2171

2248

2324

2400

2477

2553

2629

63 2705 2780 2856 2932

3007

3083

3158

3233

3309

3384

64 3459 3533 3608 3683

3757

3832

3906

3981

4055

4129

65

0,6 4277 4351 4424

4203

4498

4571

4645

4718

4791

4865

66 4938 5011 5083 5156

5229

5301

5374

5446

5519

5591

67 5663 5735 5807 5878

5950

6022

6093

6165

6236

6307

68 6378 6449 6520 6591

6662

6732

6803

6873

6944

7014

69 7084 7154 7224 7294

7364

7433

7503

7572

7642

7711

0,6 7849 7918 7987

7780

8056

8125

8193

8262

8330

8398

71 8467 8535 8603 8671

8738

8806

8874

8941

9009

9076

72 9143 9210 9277 9344

9411

9478

9545

9611

9678

9744

0,50

0,70

73

0,6 9877 9943 * 0009 * 0075 * 0140 * 0206 * 0272 * 0337 * 0402
9810

74

0,7 0533 0598 0663

0468

0728

0793

0858

0922

0987

1051

75

0,7 1180 1244 1308

1116

1372

1436

1500

1563

1627

1690

76 1754 1817 1880 1943

2006

2069

2132

2195

2257

2320

77 2382 2444 2507 2569

2631

2693

2755

2816

2878

2940

78 3001; 3062 3124 3185

3246

3307

3368

3429

3489

3550

79 3610 3671 3731 3791

3851

3911

3971

4031

4091

4151

0,7 4270 4329 4388

4210

4447

4506

4565

4624

4683

4742

81 4800 4859 4917 4976

5034

5092

5150

5208

5266

5323

82 5381 5439 5496 5553

5611

5668

5725

5782

5839

5896

83 5952 6009 6066 6122

6178

6234

6291

6347

6403

6459

84 6514 6570 6626 6681

6736

6792

6847

6902

6957

7012

85

0,7 7122 7176 7231

7067

7285

7340

7394

7448

7502

7556

86 7610 7664 7718 7771

7825

7878

7932

7985

8038

8091

87 8144 8197 8250 8302

8355

8408

8460

8512

8565

8617

88 8669 8721 8773 8824

8876

8928

8979

9031

9082

9133

89 9184 9235 9286 9337

9388

9439

9489

9540

9590

9641

0,80

0,90

0,7 9741 9791 9841

9691

9891

9941

9990 * 0040 * 0090 * 0139

91

0,8 0238 0287 0336

0188

0385

0434

0482

0531

0580

0628

92 0677 0725 0773 0822

0870

0918

0966

1013

1061

1109

93 1156 1204 1251 1298

1346

1393

1440

1487

1534

1580

94 1627 1674 1720 1767

1813

1859

1905

1951

1997

2043

93

0,8 2135 2180 2226

2089

2271

2317

2362

2407

2452

2497

96 2542 2587 2632 2677

2721

2766

28 10

2855

2899

2943

97 2987 3031 3075 3119

3162

3206

3250

3293

3337

3380

98 3423 3466 3509 3552

3595

3638

3681

3723

3766

3808

99 3851 3893 3935 3977

4020

4061

4103

4145

4187

4229

4435

4477

4518

4559

4600

4640

1,00
,t

0,8 4312 4353 4394

4270
0

4
5
Ke, t-Papa II.

,t

1,00 0,8 4312 4353 4394

4270

4435

4477

4518

4559

4600

4640

01 4681 4722 4762 4803

4843

4883

4924

4964

5004

5044

02 5084 5124 5163 5203

5243

5282

5322

5361

5400

5439

03 5478 5517 5556 5595

5634

5673

5711

5750

5788

5827

04 5865 5903 5941 5979

6017

6055

6093

6131

6169

6206

05

0,8 6281 6318 6356

6244

6393

6430

6467

6504

6541

6578

06 6614 6651 6688 6724

6760

6797

6833

6869

6905

6941

07 6977 7013 7049 7085

7120

7156

7191

7227

7262

7297

08 7333 7368 7403 7438

7473

7507

7542

7577

7611

7646

09 7680 7715 7749 7783

7817

7851

7885

7919

7953

7987

0,8 8054 8088 8121

8021

8155

8188

8221

8254

8287

8320

11 8353 8386 8419 8452

8484

8517

8549

8582

8614

8647

12 8679 8711 8743 8775

8807

8839

8871

8902

8934

8966

13 8997 9029 9060 9091

9122

9154

9185

9216

9247

9277

14 9308 9339 9370 9400

9431

9461

9492

9522

9552

9582

15

0,8 9642 9672 9702

9612

9732

9762

9792

9821

9851

9880

16

0,8 9939 9968 9997 * 0027 * 0056 * 0085 * 0114 * 0142 * 0171
9910

17

0,9 0229 0257 0286

0200

0314

0343

0371

0399

0428

0456

18 0484 0512 0540 0568

0595

0623

0651

0678

0706

0733

19 0761 0788 0815 0843

0870

0897

0924

0951

0978

1005

0,9 1058 1085 1111

1031

1138

1164

1191

1217

1243

1269

21 1296 1322 1348 1374

1399

1425

1451

1477

1502

1528

22 1553 1579 1604 1630

1655

1680

1705

1730

1755

1780

23 1805 1830 1855 1879

1904

1929

1953

1978

2002

2026

24 2051 2075 2099 2123

2147

2171

2195

2219

2243

2266

25

2384

2408

2431

2454

2477

2500

1,10

1,20

0,9 2314 2337 2361

2290
26 2524 2547 2570 2593

2615

2638

2661

2684

2706

2729

27 2751 2774 2796 2819

2841

2863

2885

2907

2929

2951

38 2973 2995 3017 3039

3061

3082

3104

3126

3147

3168

29 3190 3211 3232 3254

3275

3296

3317

3338

3359

3380

0,9 3422 3442 3463

3401

3484

3504

3525

3545

3566

3586

31 3606 3627 3647 3667

3687

3707

3727

3747

3767

3787

32 3807 3826 3846 3866

3885

3905

3924

3944

3963

3982

33 4002

. 4040 4059
4021

4078

4097

4116

4135

4154

4173

34 4191 4210 4229 4247

4266

4284

4303

4321

4340

4358

35

0,9 4394 4413 4431

4376

4449

4467

4485

4503

4521

4538

36 4556 4574 4592 4609

4627

4644

4662

4679

4697

4714

37 4731 4748 4766 4783

4800

4817

4834

4851

4868

4885

38 4902 4918 4935 4952

4968

4985

5002

5018

5035

5051

39 5067 5084 5100 5116

5132

5148

5165

5181

5197

5213

0,9 5244 5260 5276

5229

5292

5307

5323

5339

5354

5370

41 5385 5401 5416 5431

5447

5462

5477

5492

5507

5323

42 5538 5553 5568 5582

5597

5612

5627

5642

5656

5671

43 5686 5700 5715 5729

5744

5758

5773

5787

5801

5815

44 5830 5844 5858 5872

5886

5900

5914

5928

5942

5956

45

0,9 5983 5997 6011

5970

6024

6038

6051

6065

6078

6092

46 6105 6119 6132 6145

6159

6172

6185

6198

6211

6224

47 6237 6250 6263 6276

6289

6302

6315

6327

6340

6353

48 6365 6378 6391 6403

6416

6428

6440

6453

6465

6478

49 6490 6502 6514 6526

6539

6551

6563

6575

6587

6599

6658

6670

6681

6693

6705

6716

1,30

1,40

1,50
,t

0,9 6622 6634 6646

6611
0

4
5
Ke, t-Papa II.

,t

1,50

0,9 6622 6634 6646 6658 6670 6681 6693 6705 6716
6611

51

6728 6739 6751 6762 6774 6785 6796 6808 6819 6830

52

6841 6853 6864 6875 6886 6897 6908 6919 6930 6941

53

6952 6962 6973 6984 6995 7006 7016 7027 7037 7048

54

7059 7069 7080 7090 7100 7111 7121 7131 7142 7152

55 0,97162 7172 7183 7193 7203 7213 7223 7233 7243 7253
56

7263 7273 7283 7292 7302 7312 7322 7331 7341 7351

57

7360 7370 7379 7389 7398 7408 7417 7427 7436 7445

58

7455 7464 7473 7482 7492 7501 7510 7519 7528 7537

59

7546 7555 7564 7573 7582 7591 7600 7609 7617 7626

1,60 0,9 7635 7644 7652 7661 7670 7678 7687 7695 7704 7712
61

7721 7729 7738 7746 7754 7763 7771 7779 7787 7796

62

7804 7812 7820 7828 7836 7844 7852 7860 7868 7876

63

7884 7892 7900 7908 7916 7924 7931 7939 7947 7955

64

7962 7970 7977 7985 7993 8000 8008 8015 8023 8030

65 0,9 8038 8045 8052 8060 8067 8074 8082 8089 8096 8103
66

8110 8118 8125 8132 8139 8146 8153 8160 8167 8174

67

8181 8188 8195 8202 8209 8215 8222 8229 8236 8243

68

8249 8256 8263 8269 8276 8283 8289 8296 8302 8309

69

8315 8322 8328 8335 8341 8347 8354 8360 8366 8373

1,70 0,9 8379 8385 8392 8398 8404 8410 8416 8422 8429 8435
71

8441 8447 8453 8459 8465 8471 8477 8483 8489 8494

73

8500 8506 8512 8518 8524 8529 8535 8541 8546 8552

73

8558 8563 8569 8575 8580 8586 8591 8597 8602 8608

74

8613 8619 8624 8630 8635 8641 8646 8651 8657 8662

75 0,9 8667 8672 8678 8683 8688 8693 8699 8704 8709 8714
76

8719 8724 8729 8734 8739 8744 8749 8754 8759 8764

77

8769 8774 8779 8784 8789 8793 8798 8803 8808 8813

78

8817 8822 8827 8832 8836 8841 8846 8850 8855 8859

79

8864 8869 8873 8878 8882 8887 8891 8896 8900 8905

1,80 0,9 8909 8913 8918 8922 8927 8931 8935 8940 8944 8948

81

8952 8957 8961 8965 8969 8974 8978 8982 8986 8990

82

8994 8998 9002 9007 9011 9015 9019 9023 9027 9031

83

9035 9039 9043 9046 9050 9054 9058 9062 9066 9070

84

9074 9077 9081 9085 9089 9093 9096 9100 9104 9107

85 0,99111 9115 9118 9122 9126 9129 9133 9137 9140 9144
86

9147 9151 9154 9158 9161 9165 9168 9172 9175 9179

87

9183 9185 9189 9192 9196 9199 9202 9206 9209 9212

88

9216 9219 9222 9225 9229 9232 9235 9238 9242 9245

89

9248 9251 9254 9257 9261 9264 9267 9270 9273 9276

1,90 0,9 9279 9282 9285 9288 9291 9294 9297 9300 9303 9306
91

9309 9312 9315 9318 9321 9324 9326 9329 9332 9335

92

9338 9341 9343 9346 9349 9352 9355 9357 9360 9363

93

9366 9368 9371 9374 9376 9379 9382 9384 9387 9390

94

9392 9395 9397 9400 9403 9405 9408 9410 9413 9415

95 0,9 9418 9420 9423 9425 9428 9430 9433 9435 9438 9440
96

9443 9445 9447 9450 9452 9455 9457 9459 9462 9464

97

9466 9469 9471 9473 9476 9478 9480 9482 9485 9487

98

9489 9491 9494 9496 9498 9500 9502 9505 9507 9509

99

9511 9513 9515 9518 9520 9522 9524 9526 9528 9530

2,00 0,99532 9534 9536 9538 9540 9542 9544 9546 9548 9550
,t

2.0 0,99532 9552 9572

9591

9609

9626

9642

9658

9673

9688

2.1

9702 9715 9728

9741

9753

9764

9775

9785

9795

9805

2.2

9814 9822 9831

9839

9846

9854

9861

9867

9874

9880

2.3

9886 9891 9897

9902

9906

9911

9915

9920

9924

9928

2.4

9931 9935 9938

9941

9944

9947

9950

9952

9955

9957

2,5

0,9 9961 9963

9959

9965

9967

9969

9971

9972

9974

9975

2,6

9976 9978 9979

9980

9981

9982

9983

9984

9985

9986

2,7

9987 9987 9988

9989

9989

9990

9991

9991

9992

9992

,t

3
4
5
Ke, t-Papa II.

2.8

9992 9993 9993

9994

9994

9994

9995

9995

9995

9996

2,9

9996 9996 9996

9997

9997

9997

9997

9997

9997

9998

3.0

0,9 9998 9998

9998

9998

9998

9998

9998

9999

9999

9999

3.1

9999 9999 9999

9999

9999

9999

9999

9999

9999

9999

3.2

0,9 9999 9999 * 0000 * 0000 * 0000 * 0000 * 0000 * 0000 * 0000
9999