Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Differential and Multistage Amplifiers: The Most Widely Used Circuit Building Block in Analog Integrated Circuits
Differential and Multistage Amplifiers: The Most Widely Used Circuit Building Block in Analog Integrated Circuits
Large-Signal Operation
First look at the emitter currents when the emitters are tied together
v B 1 VE
VT
IS
IS
i E1 e
iE 2 e
iE1
iE1 iE 2
i E1
e
iE 2
v B 2 VE
VT
iE 2
iE 1 i E 2
1
1 e
v B 2 v B1
VT
vB1 vB 2
VT
1
1 e
vB1 vB 2
VT
iE1 iE 2 I
Given the exponential relationship, small differences in vB1,2 can cause all of the current to flow through
E1
vB 2 vB1
E2
one side
vB1 vB 2
VT
V
1 e
1 e
Notice vB1-vB2 ~= 4VT enough to switch all of current from one side to the other
For small-signal analysis, we are interested in the region we can approximate to be
linear
small-signal condition: vB1-vB2 < VT/2
Small-Signal Operation
vB1 vB 2 vd
iC1
1 e
multiply top
and bottom
by
vd
2VT
Ie
iC1
e
vd
2VT
vd
VT
vd
2VT
vd
2VT
iC1
I 1 vd 2VT
I I vd
iC 2
I I vd
2 2VT 2
I vd
ic
2VT 2
ic g m vd 2
gm
I C I 2
VT
VT
For small differential input signals, vd << 2VT, the collector currents are
vd
iC1 I C g m
2
vC1 VCC
vd
I C RC g m RC
2
iC 2
vd
IC gm
2
vC 2 VCC
vd
I C RC g m RC
2
vc1 vc 2
Ad
g m RC
vd
We can break apart the differential pair circuit into two half circuits which
then looks like two common emitter circuits driven by +vd/2 and vd/2
vc1
Ad
g m RC ro
vd 2
RC
Common-Mode Gain
vC1 vCM
RC
RC
vCM
2 R re
2R
vC 2 vCM
RC
2R
If the output is taken differentially, the output is zero since both sides move
together. However, if taken of the single circuit, the common-mode gain is finite
Acm
RC
2R
Ad g m RC
CMRR
Ad
1
gm R
Acm 2
CMRR 20 log10
Ad
Acm
vCM
v1 v2
vd v1 v2
v1 v2
vo Ad v1 v2 Acm
2
Connection to RC not
essential to the operation
Essential that Q1
and Q2 never enter
saturation
Use CD
Implemented by a
transistor circuit