Ground Water is the water found underground in the cracks and spaces in

soil, sand and rock.

Porosity and Permeability

Porosity, the percentage of rock or sediment that consists of voids or openings, is a
measurement of rocks ability to hold water.
Permeability - is a measure of the resistance to the flow of a fluid through a rock.
Water Table - A water table is the boundary between water-saturated ground and
unsaturated ground.

Saturated zone -The saturated zone is the part of the Earth where all the spaces
and fractures of rocks are filled with ground water.
Aquifer - An aquifer is a body of saturated rock or sediment through which water
can move easily.

2 types of aquifer
Unconfined aquifer - An unconfined aquifer is covered by permeable rock and
can receive water from the surface.
Confined aquifer - In contrast, a confined aquifer lies between two layers of less
permeable rocks and is filled with water.

Well - A well is a deep hole, generally cylindrical, that is dug or drilled into the
ground to penetrate an aquifer within the saturated zone. The well water is drawn
by a pump, or using containers, such as buckets, that are raised mechanically or by
hand.
Spring - A spring is a place where water flows naturally from rock onto the land
surface.
Stream- A stream is a body of water with a current, confined within
a bed and stream banks.
Recharge - is the addition of new water to the saturated zone

Effects of Ground- water Action

Karst Topography - The term karst topography describes the landforms in a
region with a large number of caves, sinkholes, and losing streams.
Caves - Caves or caverns are naturally formed underground chambers
Sinkholes - Sinkholes are depressions that form when a portion of the lithosphere
below is eroded away.

Hot water underground

Hot springs are springs in which the water is warmer than human body
temperature.
Geyser - A geyser is a type of hot spring that periodically erupts hot water and
stream.

Geothermal Energy
Electricity can be generated by harnessing naturally occurring steam and hot water
in areas that are exceptionally hot underground.