Ipso facto is a Latin phrase, directly translated as "by the fact itself",[1] which means that a certain

phenomenon is a direct consequence, a resultant effect, of the action in question, instead of being
brought about by a previous action. It is a term of art used in philosophy, law, and science. An
example in law is money laundering: the act is notipso facto illegal because it is an exchange but is
done as a cover for something else, so the act puts the actions of an individual in question. A
common English idiom with a similar meaning is "in and of itself".
Res ipsa loquitor - Latin for "the thing speaks for itself," a doctrine of law that one is presumed to be
negligent if he/she/it had exclusive control of whatever caused the injury even though there is no
specific evidence of an act of negligence, and without negligence the accident would not have
happened. Examples: a) a load of bricks on the roof of a building being constructed by Highrise
Construction Co. falls and injures Paul Pedestrian below, and Highrise is liable for Pedestrian's injury
even though no one saw the load fall. b) While under anesthetic, Isabel Patient's nerve in her arm is
damaged although it was not part of the surgical procedure, and she is unaware of which of a dozen
medical people in the room caused the damage. Under res ipsa loquitur all those connected with the
operation are liable for negligence. Lawyers often shorten the doctrine to "res ips," and find it a
handy shorthand for a complex doctrine.

prescription - Legal Definition. n. The role that the passage of time plays in the making and
ending of certain rights. A way to acquire an easement on or in real property belonging to
another by occupying it continuously for a prescribed period of time.
Estoppel is a collective name given to a group of legal doctrines in common law legal
systems whereby a person is prevented from asserting certain matters before the court to prevent
injustice - the person is said to be "estopped".[1] Estoppel may operate by way of preventing
someone from asserting a particular fact in court, or exercising a certain right, or from bringing a
particular claim. Black's Law Dictionary defines estoppel as a "bar or impediment raised by the law,
which precludes a man from alleging or from denying a certain fact or state of facts, in consequence
of his previous allegation or denial or conduct or admission, or in consequence of a final adjudication
of the matter in a court of law.

Case Digest: Taada vs. Tuvera

G.R. No. L-63915 (146 SCRA 446) April 24, 1985
Taada vs. Tuvera
FACTS:
Petitioners sought a writ of mandamus to compel respondent public officials to publish,
and/or cause the publication in the Official Gazette of various presidential decrees, letters of
instructions, general orders, proclamations, executive orders, letter of implementation and
administrative orders, invoking the right to be informed on matters of public concern as
recognized by the 1973 constitution.
ISSUE:

Whether or not the publication of presidential decrees, letters of instructions, general

orders, proclamations, executive orders, letter of implementation and administrative orders
is necessary before its enforcement.
RULING:

Article 2 of the Civil Code provides that laws shall take effect after fifteen days following the
completion of their publication in the Official Gazette, unless it is otherwise
provided The Court has ruled that publication in the Official Gazette is necessary in those cases
where the legislation itself does not provide for its effectivity date-for then the date of
publication is material for determining its date of effectivity, which is the fifteenth day following
its publication-but not when the law itself provides for the date when it goes into effect. Article 2
does not preclude the requirement of publication in the Official Gazette, even if the law itself
provides for the date of its effectivity.
The publication of all presidential issuances of a public nature or of general applicability is
mandated by law. Obviously, presidential decrees that provide for fines, forfeitures or penalties
for their violation or otherwise impose a burden or. the people, such as tax and revenue
measures, fall within this category. Other presidential issuances which apply only to particular
persons or class of persons such as administrative and executive orders need not be published on
the assumption that they have been circularized to all concerned.
Publication is, therefore, mandatory.