BIOLOGY - IX (Book — 2) 25 CHAPTER - 13 CHAPTER # 13 Support and Movement Multiple Choice Questions 1) Plants cells stretched due to water intake are called of cells. (a) Osmotic pressure (b) Turgor pressure _(c) Plasmolysis (d) Turgialty 2) determines the health of the plant. (a) Water potential (b) Osmosis (c) Turgidity (d) Transpiration 3) plant depends on their turgid cells for mechanical support. (a) Bryophytes: (b) Tracheophytes —_(c) Angiosperms (d) Gymnosperms: 4) Turgidity helps to maintain the balance inside the plant protoplasm. (a) Osmotic (b) Water (6) Turgor pressure (4) Plasmolysig, 5) helps inthe process of ascent of sap. y (@) Osmosis (b) Turgidity (¢) Transpiration _(d) Photosynthesis 6) Aplant and die-when it losses water from the cell. (a) Bend * (b)- Curt = {cyRoll (d) Wilts 7) is a dead permanent vascular tissue help in transpiration of water from roots to apex of plant (a) Phloem (b) Xylem (©) Cortex (d) Pith 8) Xylem provides structural support in (a) Tracheophytes —_(b) Bryophytes ©) Hydrophytes ——_(d) Mesophytes 9) are dead, elongated thick walled cells with large diameter. (a) Vessels (©) Xylem (0) Trachieds (d) Pit 10)_____are dead, elongated thick walled cells with tapering ends. (@) Vessels (b) Xylem (0) Trachieds (@) Phloem 11) Trachieds ere primarily concemed with the of water. (a) Conduction (b) Transformation (c) Translocation _(¢) Transduction 12) Xylem 's living part of prant and performs the functional storage'of food. (a) Coliencnyme (b) Parenchyma ——(¢) Sclerenchyma_—_(d) None of them 13) Xylem: are long, slender. thick walled cells and provide the structural support to the pian: ae () Fibers (b) Vessets (0) Trachieds (d):None of them sin the dicotyledonous plants are tissues. (b) Sclerenchymatous (2) None of them (c) Parenchymatou: 15) tissues are present in epidermis, cortex, and ground tissues of stem arid in the mesophyll cell of plant body ogee s (a) Collenchymatous (b) Sclerenchymatous (c) Parenchymatous (d) None of them ADAMJEE COACHING CENTREat a2, Qs. Qa. Q5. a6. a7. 8. ag. aro. an. Qn2 Q13. 14 O16. Qe. air. aie. Qt Qa. at a2, Qs. a4. Qs. Q7 a8. 29. Q10. Describe the aefects of sx at SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT ‘This chapter comprises on the following questions: Short Questions Answers (Botany Define turgidity ‘Why is turgidity important in plant cell? Define Xylem. Describe different types of xylem. What are the structures formed by secondary xylem (wood) in stern region? Desoribe anfiual rings. Desoribe heart wood and sap wood. Define movement in plants. Define stimulus and response. Define types of response Name the types of plant movements. What are tropic movement and its types? Define photosynthesis and its types. Define geotropism and its types. Define hydrotropism and its types. Define Sessile and motile Define movement and locomotion. Describe locomotion in euglena }. Describe the locomotion in volvox. Descriptive Questions Answers (Botany Define tactic and nastic movement and desoribe types of €ach movement. Describe tne role of the plant hormones in plant movement. ort Questio: we Zool Describe locomotion in amoeba Describe locomotion in paramecium < ‘Write three functions of numan skeleton Describe the division of human skeleton. What are the types o* sketetor” Explain. Give a comparison c’ skeieta._ smooth and cardiac muscles in vertebrates. How the bones are attacnec with muscies and with each other? What are joints and its tyoes? Describe vanous tyoes 0° moveable joints. a: syster Yescriptive Questions Answers (Zoology) Describe the functions of human endoskeleton in detail ADAMJEE COACHING CENTREBIOLOGY ~ IX (Book ~ 2) 27 CHAPTER ~ 13 Short Questions Answers (Botany) Q4: Define turgidity. Definition Turgor Pressure or turgidity is the main pressure of the cell contents against the cell wall in plant celis and bacteria cells, determined by the water content of the vacuole, resulting from osmotic pressure, ie. the hydrostatic pressure produced by a solution in a space divided by a semi-permeable membrane due to a differential in the concentration of solute Q2: Whyls Turgidity Important In Plant Cells? Turgidity is actually the pressure of the cell contents against the cell wall in plant cells. It is determined by the water content in the vacuoles. Turgidity is very important for plants and bacteria. It helps in keeping the plant rigid and upright. It also results in bursting of a cell. It saves the plants from wilting. Q3: Define Xylem. Describe different types of xylem. Definition ‘ Xylem is a dead permanent vascular tissue. It helps in transportation of water and minerals from roots to apex of the plantiand provides structural support in tracheophytes Itis composed of vessels, trachieds, xylem parenchyma and xylem fibers. Physical structure of Xylem: Xylems are composed of the following fourtypes. 1) Vessels These are dead, elongated thick walled cells with large diameter. Vessels are the chief conducting elements. : 2) Xylem Trachieds These are also dead, elongated, thick walled cells with tapering ends and are primarily concerned with the conduction of water. 3) Xvlem Fibers ~ Fibers are long, slender, thick walled celis and provide the structural support to the plant. 4) Xylem Parenchyma This is the only living component in the xylem tissue and performed the functional storage of food. Q4; What are the structures formed by secondary xylem (wood) in stem region? ‘The structures formed by tne aecomposition in xylem tissues are: 4, Annual rings a 2. Heartwood and sapwooc Q5: Describe annual rings Annual rings Concentric rings visible on the wood of a cut tree trunk or other woody stem. Each ring represents a period of growth when new xylem is laid down to replace tissues being ‘converted into wood (secondary xylem). i ADAMJEE COACHING CENTREa6: qr: Qe: as: Q10: The wood formed from secondary xylem produced in the spring and early summer has larger and more numerous vessels than the wood formed from secondary xylem produced in autumn when growth is slowing down. The result is a clear boundary between the pale ‘spring wood and the denser, darker autumn wood. Annual rings may be used to estimate the age of the plant, although occasionally more than one growth ring is produced in a given year. Describe heart wood and sap wood. Sap wood ‘The outer parts of the ring contain comparatively young tissues which remain functional for the transportation of water and minerals are called as sap wood Heart wood In older trees many chemical and physical changes occur in the rings of xylem. When conducting cells of secondary xylem becomes blocked. parenchyma cells die while pigments like gums, resins, essential oils and tannins are deposited. These xylems ‘become emerge as strong supportive component of ‘the tree.. The part where these changes occur is called as heart wood. Define movementin plants, 3 ‘Movement in plants: Plants respond to stimulus, which is usually a large in environmental conditions. In response to stimulus plant as a whole or its parts show some activity known as plant movement. Define stimulus and response. Stimulus: The change in the environment which induces a change in the piant is called stimulus. Response: The reaction of the plant to the stimulus is called the response. Define types of response. Following are the types of responses Positive response: The response towards the stimulus is caliea as positive response. ‘Negative'response: The response away from tne stimuius 15 called as negative response. ‘Name the types of plant movement: Plant movements occur ir rs t¢ certain extemal and internal stimuli, The movements in the plant whicn are ceused py external stimuli are of three types: 1. Tactic movements 1-2. Tropic movements 3. Nasti¢ movenients ADAMJEE COACHING CENTREBIOLOGY — IX (Book - 2) 29 CHAPTER - 13 11: What are tropic movements and its types? Definition When the fixed part of a stationary plant moves in response to an external stimulus, the reaction is known as tropic movement. These movements are also known as tropism. It is @ growth movement and it can be positive or negative. When the plant grows in the direction of stimulus, itis called positive tropism, When it is away from the stimulus or in the opposite direction, it is referred as negative tropism. Tropic movements are slow movements. ‘Tropic movements are of following three types: a) Phototropism b) Geotropism ©) Hydrotropism 12: Define phototropism and its types. Definition ‘The movement of a plant towards or away from the sun light is called as phototropism. Ithas following two types: 1) Positive phototropism Ifthe movement occurs towards the light, itis called as positive phototropism, Examples: stem. 2) Negative phototropism the movement occurs away from the light, itis called as negative phototropism Examples: roots of the plant. Q13: Define geotropism and its types. Definition It is the movement of plant organs in response to the stimulus of gravity. Roots grow downward because of geotropism Ithas following two types 1), Positive geotropism Ifthe root grows towards the source of gravity. itis called as positive geotropism 2) Negative geotropism If the stem grows away from the gravity. it 1s calied as negative geotropism. Q14: Define hydrotropism and its types Definition it is the movement of plant organs in response to the stimulus of moisture. It has following two types: Positive hydrotropism If the movement occurs towards tne s Examples root apices Negative hydrotropism if the movement accurs away from the stimulus of moisture, -«! hydrotropism, Examples shoot apes. ADAMJEE COACHING CENTRE ss ¢* moisture, itis called positive hydrotropism is called negativeQ15: Define sessile and motile. ‘That organisms which remain fixed to the substratum and cannot shift from one place to another is called sessile. Most of the plants are sessile. Motile Those organisms that are capable of moving around from place to place are called motile. Most of the animals are mo! Q16; Define movement and locomotion. Movernent The act of changing place or position by the entire body or by one or more of its parts is called as movement. Movement is one of the characteristic features of living organisms. ‘Study of movements is called kinesiology. Locomotion The ability of an organism to move in a particular direction in its environment, ‘which Teguires a propulsive force which acts against a supporting structure, is called as Jocomotion. Most animals and many single celled organisms have powers of locomotion. ‘Some protoctists possess contractile fibers that exert force on the plasma membrane to change the shape of the cell; this may be combined with cytoplasmic streaming to bring about locomotion (see amoeboid movement) i in many other protoctists: and bacteria the propulsive force is provided by the action of flagella In animals, the force required to initiate locomotion is generated by voluntary muscles. which act against a supporting framework provided by a skeleton. Q.47: Describe locomotion in euglena. Euglena is a diflageliate organism. It has a long thread like flagellum along with a short flagellum at its flagellum base. Locomotion takes place by the whipping movement of its flagellum; this is also called as stroke movement because flagellum bent downward on both the sides powerfully. The movement in Euglena is known as euglenoid movement and it rotate on its own axis. Q18: Describe the locomotion in volvox? Locomotion in Volvox is performed by tne simultaneous action of the flagella of all the cells < in volvox colony. The entire colony rolis over tne wate" nence called the rolling alga, ADAMJEE COACHING CENTREBIOLOGY ~ Ix (Book — 2) 3 CHAPTER - 13 criptive Ss wi an Q1: Define Tactic and Nastic movement and describe types of each movement. ‘Tactic movement Definition These movements are locomotory in'nature. In these movements the whole plant body Moves from one place to another in response to external stimuli such as light, chemicals temperature etc, Types: Depending on the nature of stimuli the tactic movements may be. 1) Phototaxis Phototaxis is a kind of taxis that occurs when a whole organism moves in response to the ‘stimulus of light. This is advantageous for phototrophic organisms as they can orient themselves most efficiently to receive light for photosynthesis, Examples: Chlamydomonas, Euglena 2) Chemotaxi iit : The movement by a Geli ot-organism in reaction to a chemical stimulus is called as Chemotaxis. 3 Examples: The male gametes of biyophytes and pteridophytes area attracted by some chemicals secreted by femiale'sex organs. 3) Thermotaxis a Thermotaxis is a behavior’in which an organism directs its locomotion up or down a gradient of temperature. _ Examples; Movements in unicellular algae. Nastic movement Definition These movements are quick and they are independent of an external source of stimulation ‘They are actually non-directional responses to external stimu . Example: Folding of leaves of Mimosa puica on touct ‘Types: 7 There are several types of nastic movements. Few of tnem are ALANS 1): Siesmonasty This is the plant movement brought about by toucn or the snock generated by touch. Example: Mimosa pudica. . 2) Thermonasty This movement is caused due to variations in temperature. Examples: Crocus and tulip flowers open in increased temperature. ADAMJEE COACHING CENTRE3) Nyctinasty or sleep movement Plants show sleep movement according to the day and night patterns of the light striking the earth. This is the response of a plant to darkness. Exampies: opening and closing of stomata, flowers of Oxalis and leaves of leguminous plants open in the morning and close at night 4) Photonasty This movement is caused by the variation in the intensity of light. Example: Flowers of Primrose open during the evening and night and remain closed during the day time. Q2: Describe the role of plant hormones in plant movement. ‘Auxins are plant growth hormones produced by the root and shoot apices. They play a major role in both phototropism and geotropism, which are caused by the unequal growth of plant parts. Role of auxins in phototropism: Auxins also play a part in phototropism, an occurrence that involves plants bending or moving away from light: The shost:tip is responsible for directional movement by the plant in response to sunlight, as this is the area where auxins can be found Sunlight er dicates auxin, meaning that the part of the shoot tip of the plant which is Teceiving direct sunlight will have the-least amount of auxin. ‘The extra auxin present on the shaded side promotes more cell division and elongation causing the plant to bend towards the sunlight after this top-sided growth Role of auxins in geotropism: Geotropism is a similar occurrence to phototropism where the plant exhibits directional growth in response to gravity. The shoot tip illustrates negative geotropism (grows against the force of gravity) while the root tip exhibits positive geotropism (grows in the same direction as gravity). ‘i Short Questions Answers (Zoology Q1;; Describe locomotion in amoeba. }\ Locomotion in amoeba Unicellular amoeba moves by the formation of its temporary prolszie outgrowths of protoplasm called pseudopodia. These are called faise feet because snap anc site is not fixed. The formation of pseudopodia occurs due to the cnanges in protoplasm. The protoplasm’ flows in inside pseudopodia causing the movement in amoeba towards the desired direction. ADAMJEE COACHING CENTREBIOLOGY ~ IX (Book ~ 2) 33 CHAPTER - 13 Q2: Describe the locomotion in paramecium. Locomotion in paramecium Paramecium moves by its numerous cytoplasmic outgrowths called cilia, These are hair like structures and spread over the entire cellular surface and pierced in the cell membrane called pellicle, Cilia moves by rhythmic stroke movements. Cilia moves forward and backward called power stroke ant recovery stroke respectively. The locomotion of Paramecium is in a zig zag pattern through rotation. Q3: Write three functions of human skeleton. Human skeleton comprises of 206 bones and cartilages. The functions of skeleton are as follows: > It provides structural support to the body. > Itgives shape to the body. » Itprotects vital organs such as brain, heart, lungs ete Q4: _ Describe the division of human skeleton, 2 Human endoskeleton can be divided into following two types: 1) Axial skeleton . It consists of all:the pengeich lie on,the central axis of the body. They form the main framework of the body. ‘wertebrae, sternum and ribs are the part of axial skeleton. 2) Appendicular skeletor The bones which are attached with axial skeleton form the appendicular skeleton like shoulder bones (pectoral. girdle), bones of arms (humerus, radius ulna, carpals etc}, hip bones girdle (pelvic girdle): and bonés of legs’ (femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals etc) from the appendicular skeleton. "> Q 5: What are the types of skeleton? Explain. ‘Types of skeletons ‘There are three different types of skeletons found in animals “1° 4) Exoskeleton ‘The skeleton is present outside the body. It helps in protection support and locomotion of organisms. Examples: Snails, Insects, Scorpion etc. uN * | 2), Endoskeleton ‘The skeleton is present inside of the body and it supports and prote=tc tne internal organs of the body. Examples: Frogs, Reptiles, Birds, Mammals etc 3). Hydrostatic skeleton This skeleton comprises of body fluid and present in invertebrates. Examples: Jelly fish Earthworm, Leeches etc. ADAMJEE COACHING CENTREQ6: Give a comparison of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles in vertebrates. ‘Skeletal muscies ‘Smi le: Cardiac muscies | These muscles are | These muscles are not _| These are special type of | directly attached with —_| attached the skeletal muscles found only in Heart | the skeletal bones. bones and called skeletal muscles | Helps in locomotion They move involuntary | Microscopically these | according to animals _| under the control of muscles are striated but | control and will, means | brain. sey ote urder corte! ot 7] they are voluntary Autonomic Nervous | muscles. | System, Therefore on | | | stimulation heart contract in | one piece | These showlightand | Theydonothaveany | These arealsostriated | dark bands and also _| striations and also called | muscles | called as striated unstriated muscles. | muscles. | These muscles are These muscles are These muscies are roultinucleated uninucieated. | bifurcated, interconnected % ~ | and uninucleated Q7: How the bones are attached with muscles and with each other? The bones. are attached with muscles ‘by the hélp of tendons and with each other by ligaments. Ligaments —— The skeletal bones are joined together by flexible connective tissues called ligaments. It is ‘composed of fibrous tissues. Ligaments lie between the two bones both inside and outside the joint. Ligaments can bear sudden stress by their elasticity Tendons Tendofis attached muscles to the bones. Tendons are also composed of fibrous connective tissues but they are tougher and less elastic than ligaments. . What are joints and its types? * Joints ie place where two or more bones meet is called a joint “Types of joints There are two types:of joints 1) Immoveable joints soo" “ The bones of these joints do not move. Examples: Skull bones. ‘> 2)‘ Moveable joints ‘These joints are generally related to eppendicular skeleton with which muscles are aitached to produce various movements. Examples: Hinge joint, Ball & socket joint ete. ADAMJEE COACHING CENTREBIOLOGY - IX (Book - 2) 35 CHAPTER ~ 13 Q8: Describe various types of moveable joints. Ball and socket joints {n ball and socket joints one of the bones form a ball ike head whereas the opposite bone forms a socket in which a ball isvfitted. Examples of ball and socket joints are hip and shoulder joints, These are the most'mobile type of joints in the human body. They allow arms and legs to swing in many different directions Hinge joints In this variety of joint one of the bone is provided generally with an over grown end which fits in a cavity over the opposite bone. Examples of hinge joint are knee and elbow Joints These enable movement similar to the opening and closing of a hinged door i.e. in one direction only. Q10: Describe the defects of skeletal system. Defects of skeletal system 1) Dislocation of joints 1. The displacement of two:bones,in a joint usually by any injury is called as dislocation of theo Ce gs 2. In this ‘injury, the}jolnt tears and the capsule of the joint damages as well 3. This causes sever pain, swelling and abnormal appearanoe of the joint. 2) Osteoporosis . ace 1. Osteoporosis is ust in old age disorder related with aging. 2. In osteoporosis the bones become soft, porous or spongier, thinner and weaker so that they become fragile and a slight injury may break the bone 3. The ratio of osteoporosis is more in women than men. A 4. It can affect the whole skeleton but hip, wrist and vertebrae are affected worst. escriptive Question: swers (Zoology Q41: - ‘Describe the functions of human éndoskeleton in detail, it 5 Functions of Human Endoskeleton Its 206 bories form a rigid framework to which the softer tissues and organs of tne poav are \ attached, osc © The skeleton has six main functions: ase 4) Support ‘i The skeleton provides the framework which supports the body and maintains its shape. ‘The pelvis and associated ligaments and muscles provide a floor for the pelvic structures. : Without the ribs, costal cartilages, and the intercostal muscles the lungs would collapse, ADAMJEE COACHING CENTRE2) Movement The joints between bones permit movement, some allowing a wider range of movement than others, e.g. the ball and socket joint allows a greater range of movement than the pivot joint at the neck. Movement is powered by skeletal mliscles, which are attached to the skeleton at various sites on bones.» Muscles, bones, and joints provide the principal mechanics for movement, all coordinated by'the nervous system. 3) Protection The skeleton protects many vital organs: The skull protects the brain, the eyes, and the middle and inner ears. ‘The vertebrae protect the'spinal cord. The rib cage, spine, and sternum protect the lungs, heart and major blood vessels. The clavicle and scapula protect the shoulder. The ilium and spine protect the digestive and urogenital systems and the hip, The patella and the ulna protect the knee and the elbow respectively. ‘The carpals and tarsals protect the wrist and ankle respectively, NOME ONS 4) Blood cell production The skeleton is the site of haematopoiesis. which takes place in red bone marrow. Marrow is found in the center of.iong bones: " 5) Storage Bone matrix can store calcium and.is: involved in calcium metabolism, and bone marrow ‘can store iron in ferritin form arid is involved in iron metabolism. However, bones are not entirely made of calcium, but a mixture of =f chonateain ‘sulfate and hydroxyapatite, the latter making up 70% of a bone: 6). . Endocrine regulation Bone calls release a hormone Called. osteocalcin, which contributes to the regulation of blood ‘sugar (glucose) and fat deposition. Osteocalcin increases both the insulin secretion and sefsitivity, in addition to boosting the number of insulin producing cells anc reducing __ stores of fat > Diagrams: T.S of Stem of sunflower (Pg #41) “it. + Movement of the arm (Pg #53) = Ke cence