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C00 Contents
ACI 318-11
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS
FOR STRUCTURAL CONCRETE
with Design Applications
ii
Preface
The first edition of this reference manual was developed to aid users in applying the provisions of the 1971
edition of Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete (ACI 318-71). The second through fifth
editions updated the material in conformity with provisions of the 1977 code edition, the 1980 code supplement,
and the 1983 and 1989 code editions, respectively. The sixth through tenth editions addressed the 1995, 1999,
2002, 2005 and 2008 editions of Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-95),
(ACI 318-99), (ACI 318-02), (ACI 318-05) and (ACI 318-08). Through ten editions, much of the initial
material has been revised to better emphasize the subject matter, and new chapters added to assist the designer
in proper application of the ACI 318 design provisions.
This twelfth edition reflects the contents of Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete
(ACI 318-11). The text and design examples have been revised to reflect, where possible, comments received
from users of the Notes who suggested improvements in wording, identified errors, and recommended items
for inclusion or deletion.
The primary purpose for publishing this manual is to assist the engineer and architect in the proper application
of the ACI 318-11 design standard. The emphasis is placed on how-to-use the code. For complete background information on the development of the code provisions, the reader is referred to the Commentary on
Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318R-11) which, starting with the 1989 edition, has
been published together with the code itself under the same cover.
This manual is also a valuable aid to educators, contractors, materials and products manufacturers, building code
authorities, inspectors, and others involved in the design, construction, and regulation of concrete structures.
Although every attempt has been made to impart editorial consistency to the thirty-four chapters, some inconsistencies probably still remain. A few typographical and other errors are probably also to be found. PCA would
be grateful to any reader who would bring such errors and inconsistencies to our attention. Other suggestions
for improvement are also most sincerely welcome.
iii
Acknowledgments
Wes Ikezoe played a crucial role in the production of this publication. He was responsible for the word processing, layout and formatting of this large and complex manuscript. His assistance is very much appreciated.
Sincere gratitude must be expressed to the authors and contributors of various parts of the first through ten
editions of the Notes. Their initial work is carried over into this edition, although their names are no longer
separately identified with the various parts.
The Editors also would like to thank PCA and ACI for their support in the production of the Notes.
Special thanks go to Basile G. Rabbat whose outstanding effort ensured the high quality of the Notes throughout all the previous editions.
iv
Credits
For Notes to ACI 318-08
Parts
Author(s)
Reviewers
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
James J. Messersmith
James J. Messersmith
Stephen V. Skalko
Jerry M. Spiker
Mahmoud E. Kamara
Mahmoud E. Kamara
Lawrence C. Novak
Amy Reineke Trygestad
Amy Reineke Trygestad
Amy Reineke Trygestad
Mahmoud E. Kamara
Lawrence C. Novak
Basile G. Rabbat
Lawrence C. Novak
Lawrence C. Novak
Mahmoud E. Kamara
Attila Beres
Mahmoud E. Kamara
Mahmoud E. Kamara
Mahmoud E. Kamara
Lawrence C. Novak
Amy Reineke Trygestad
Mahmoud E. Kamara
Mahmoud E. Kamara
Mahmoud E. Kamara
Kenneth B. Bondy
Basile G. Rabbat
Lawrence C. Novak
David A. Fanella
James J. Messersmith
Mahmoud E. Kamara
Mahmoud E. Kamara
Mahmoud E. Kamara
Ronald A. Cook, Basile G. Rabbat
Stephen V. Skalko
Stephen V. Skalko
James J. Messersmith
Lawrence C. Novak, Mahmoud E. Kamara
Lawrence C. Novak
Lawrence C. Novak
Mahmoud E. Kamara
Basile G. Rabbat
Basile G. Rabbat
Basile G. Rabbat
Lawrence C. Novak
Basile G. Rabbat
Lawrence C. Novak
Basile G. Rabbat
Basile G. Rabbat
Amy Reineke Trygestad
Lawrence C. Novak
Amy Reineke Trygestad
Amy Reineke Trygestad
Amy Reineke Trygestad
Mahmoud E. Kamara
Lawrence C. Novak
Attila Beres
Attila Beres
Attila Beres
Amy Reineke Trygestad, Basile G. Rabbat
Mahmoud E. Kamara
Basile G. Rabbat
Attila Beres, Lawrence C. Novak
Stephen V. Skalko, Basile G. Rabbat
Lawrence C. Novak
Lawrence C. Novak
Lawrence C. Novak
Lawrence C. Novak
Note: The updates to the Notes to be in accordance with ACI 318-11 were produced and reviewed by
Mahmoud Kamara and Lawrence Novak.
v
Credits
Mahmoud Kamara, PhD
Mahmoud Kamara had been PCA senior structural engineer for engineered building for more than fourteen
years. He is the author and coauthor of numerous PCA publications and technical guides. He is an active member of the American Concrete Institute and the American Society of Civil Engineers and he chairs ACI/ASCE
Joint Committee 421 Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs. He received the ACI Structural Research Award in
1992 and the Structural Engineers Association of Illinois Meritorious Publication Award for 2008. Currently
he is senior consultant for Structurepoint.
vi
Contents
1 General Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
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10 Deflections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1
12 Shear. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-1
13 Torsion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-1
BACKGROUND. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-1
PRELIMINARY DESIGN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-1
13.6.1 Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-2
13.6.2 Total Factored Static Moment for a Span. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-2
13.6.3 Negative and Positive Factored Moments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-5
13.6.4 Factored Moments in Column Strips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-6
13.6.5 Factored Moments in Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-10
13.6.6 Factored Moments in Middle Strips. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-10
13.6.9 Factored Moments in Columns and Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-10
DESIGN AID DIRECT DESIGN MOMENT COEFFICIENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-11
Example 19.1Two-Way Slab without Beams Analyzed by the Direct Design Method. . . . . . . . . . . 19-15
Example 19.2Two-Way Slab with Beams Analyzed by the Direct Design Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-23
21 Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21-1
22 Footings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22-1
INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27-1
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27-1
19.2 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27-2
19.2.6 Prestressed Shells. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27-2
19.2.7 Design Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27-2
19.4 SHELL REINFORCEMENT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27-2
19.4.6 Membrane Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27-2
19.4.8 Concentration of Reinforcement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27-3
19.4.10 Spacing of Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27-3
REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27-4
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INTRODUCTION .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31-1
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31-1
COMPARISON OF WORKING STRESS DESIGN WITH STRENGTH DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31-2
SCOPE (A.1 OF 99 CODE). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31-4
GENERAL (A.2 OF 99 CODE). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31-5
PERMISSIBLE SERVICE LOAD STRESSES (A.3 of 99 CODE). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31-5
FLEXURE (A.5 OF 99 CODE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31-5
DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR FLEXURE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31-5
SHEAR AND TORSION (A.7 OF 99 CODE). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31-6
REFERENCES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31-7
Example 31.1Design of Rectangular Beam with Tension Reinforcement Only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31-8
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