Present Perfect

Form

Spelling rules for adding ed to

form the past participle
Verbs ending in a silent e
When a regular verb ends in a silent e, only the letter d must be added in
order to form the past participle
Examples
Infinitive

Past Participle

Close

closed

Move

moved

Please

pleased

Verbs ending in y

When a regular verb ends in y immediately preceded by a consonant, the y is

changed to i before the ending ed is added. For example:

Infinitive

Past Participle

Study

Studied

Rely

Relied

Carry

Carried

verb ends in a single consonant

other than w, x or
when a one-syllable verb ends in a single consonant other than w, x or y
immediately preceded by a single vowel, the final consonant must be
doubled before the ending ed is added to form the past participle.

Infinitive

Past Participle

Rub

Rubbed

Trim

Trimmed

Plan

Planned

Stop

Stopped

When a verb of more than one syllable ends in a single consonant other than
w, x or y immediately preceded by a single vowel, the final consonant is
doubled before the ending ed only when the last syllable of the verb is
pronounced with the heaviest stress. In the following examples, the syllables
pronounced with the heaviest stress

Infitive
control
infer
occur
permit

Past Participle
controlled
inferred
occurred
permitted

Infinitive
fasten
order
focus
limit

Past participle
fastened
orderer
focused
limited

The final consonants w, x and y are never doubled when the ending ed is
added.

Infinitive
follow
box
portray

Past participle
followed
boxed
portrayed

It should also be noted that final consonants immediately preceded by two

vowels are not doubled when the ending ed is added.

Infinitive
greet
rain
soak
treat

Past participle
greeted
rained
soaked
treated

Examples Irregular Verbs

Regular

Past

Be
Do
Go
Make
See
Eat
Drive

Was/Were
Did
Went
Made
Saw
Ate
Drove

Past
Participle
Been
Done
Gone
Made
Seen
Eaten
Driven

Structure

Affirmative Sentences

Examples
Form Correct
I have [I've] Talked to Peter
She has [She's] gone to work.
We have [We've] Been to London
They have [They've] Learned English

Negative Sentences

Examples
Form Correct
I Have not Talked to Peter
She has not gone to work.
We Have not Been to London
They Have not Learned English.

Interrogative Sentences

Examples
Form Correct
have I missed the bus?
has he worked as a waiter before?
have you visited London?

Examples
Wh Question
what have you done today?
why has he gone already?
where has she been in the UK

Exercise:
I_____ _____ (be)to Tokyo
She_____ ________(not/study) for the
exam
How_____she______
(do)it?

Exercise:
She_____ ______(learn)tospeak
Russian.

We_______ ________(see)this
movie ten times.