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-Topic-

Housing, Social and

Community Planning
By :

Desy Rosnita Sari

P28017016

NCKU
Urban Planning Department
3rd Presentation
Seminar 4th course
June 13th 2014

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ARTICLES :

A Ladder of Citizen Participation

Sherry R Arnstein
Published in : Journal of the American Institute of Planners 8 (3 July 1969)
Classic Reading In Urban Planning 1995. p; 388
Keywords

: Citizen participation, citizen power, Community

The Ghetto as a Resource for Black America

William W. Goldsmith
Published in : Journal of the American Institute of Planners 40 (1 January 1979)
Classic Reading In Urban Planning 1995. p; 375
Keywords : Ghetto, Black American (Africa-america), American black ghetto,
Black Development.

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REASONS :
1. Classic readings in urban planning
2. Chapter 8th
Planning profession (working with community, and for community)
Self-development
How to work with community in planning
How to understand the changing needs of neighborhood residents (different
planning policy, programs, and activity) that all have contribution to the
resident well-being, especially in the issue of settlement/housing

4/16 1st ARTICLES :

A Ladder of Citizen Participation

?
Sherry R Arnstein
died in 1997

Published in : Journal of the American Institute of Planners 8 (3 July 1969)

Classic Reading In Urban Planning 1995. p; 388
Keywords

: Citizen participation, citizen power, Community

Originally studied physical education

AACOM Executive Director (The American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic
Medicine)
Worked for the US department of health, education and welfare in the 1960s
Director of Community Development Studies for The Commons (a non-profit
research Institute) in the Washington D.C and Chicago
Former chief advisor on citizen participation in HUDs Model city administration
Staff consultant to the president's committee on Juvenile Delinquency
Special assistant secretary of HEW
Washington editor to the Current Magazine

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A Ladder of Citizen Participation

Contents of the

1st

article

Sherry R Arnstein

1. Citizen participation is citizen power

2. Type of participation and non-participation
3. Characteristics and illustrations

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1. Citizen participation is citizen power

What is citizen participation?

What is its relationship to the social imperative of our time?

Citizen Power
**The retribution of power that enable the
have-not citizens who is presently excluded
from political and economic processes to
be deliberately included in the future**

7/16 2. Type of participation and non-participation

Typology of eight level of citizen participation which contains rungs of power

Rungs limitation :

Sherry R Arnstein (1969)

1.
Racism
2.
Paternalism
3.
resistance to power retribution from
power-holders side
4.
inadequacies of the have-not community
political socioeconomic infrastructure and
knowledge-based
5.
difficulty of organizing a representative
and accountable peoples group in the face
of futility
6.
Alienation
7.
distrust.

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3. Characteristics and illustrations

Falls short of the rhetoric of Absolut control, but the intent is that
citizens actually have managerial and policy control and can set the
condition under which government can alter the institution or program
Occurs when through negotiations between government and
citizens, citizens gain the dominant decision making position on
programs affecting them to insure accountability to the clients need

Represents real citizen participation when citizens and governments agree to share
planning and decision-making responsibilities through joint structures, and neither
partner can unilaterally change the agreement. Implicitly stated that citizen have access
to resources comparable to the government partner
Represents tokenism if those previously excluded from power remain a numerical minority
on the board and/or are not accountable to any constituency in the community; another form
is giving only power of advice or planning, but not to turn them into actual decisions
Involves citizens in a significant manner, but is sham if there are no assurances that their
input will be fully incorporated in the decisions, or the full range of options and considered;
frequent forms of attitude surveys, neighborhood meetings, and public hearings
To provide information that is one way to the citizens, or to late to relay effect decisions
and fail to achieve real input; new media, pamphlets response to inquiries, and information
giving (not exchange) meeting are frequent form of one-way communication
Engages citizen in numerous activities, under the guise of citizen involvement in
planning and decision making, but where experts subject the citizens to clinical group
therapy to cure them, rather that to fix the original problem
Places people on advisory boards to rubberstamp; to educate them to the agency
perspective, distorting the participation into public relation joy

Sherry R Arnstein (1969)

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QU0TATION
Participation without redistribution of power is an
empty and frustrating process for the powerless
Sherry R Arnstein. 1969

10/16 2nd ARTICLES :

The Ghetto as a Resource for Black America
Published in

: Journal of the American Institute of Planners 40 (1 January 1979)

Classic Reading In Urban Planning 1995. p; 375

Keywords

: Ghetto, Black American (Africa-america), American black ghetto,

Black Development.

William W. Goldsmith

Professor Emeritus in Department of City & Regional Planning at Cornell

University College of Architecture, Art, and Planning
Served many years for US Environmental Protection Agency on the Clean Air
Act Advisory Committee.

B.S.C.E. University of
California-Berkeley in 1963
Ph.D. from Cornell in 1968

Focus : Development and structure of cities, problems of neighborhoods,

suburbs, and peripheries, racial segregation, inequality, and low-density
sprawl in US cities and poverty, environmental degradation, regional
development, and urbanization in Latin America.

BOOKs
Separate Societies: Poverty and Inequality in US Cities, 2nd edition (2010),
What's Under the Bed? City, Pasta, or Commie: Reflections on a Semester Teaching American
Students in Italy. (Journal of Planning Education and Research (1999))
Operation Bootstrap, Industrial Autonomy, and a Parallel Economy for Puerto Rico. (International
Regional Science Review (1979))

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Contents of the 2nd article

The Ghetto as a Resource for Black

America
Goldsmith
William W.

1. Suburbanization and employment

2. Ghetto capitalism
3. Internal colonialism
4. The ghetto as resource
5. What are the chances?

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Harlems Density
15 million African American jammed in the biggest cities
(Hunters point, Watts, Fillmore, Hough, BedfordStuyvesant, Roxbury..etc)

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1. Suburbanization and employment

John Kain (1969)
The only efficient and satisfactory long run
solution to ghetto problems is suburbanization
of the African American population

Stephen Rattien (1970)

4 steps :
1.
2.
3.
4.

Provides low paying jobs in few industries

High migration to cities increase ethnic community
solidarity and broader distribution of employment
Migration to cities diminish, group solidarity emerge,
dominant to group employment
Transfer take place from high occupational categories
to other industry sector

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2. Ghetto capitalism
Separate development but parallel to capital organization in

A the ghetto

1. Banking industry have to move toward positively to

help to build the city
2. Government subsidy
More involvement White business with Ghetto
B
entrepreneur and enterprise in general
1. Direct investors from corporations .. Including transfer control
into African American control (control over capital), investment
expansion, skill training, and job placementetc

3. Internal colonialism
The creation of new colonies or neocolonial in
order to share a welfare surplus from the
mother land/city
**rejected by Martin rein : relate to Social peace between
lower class, powerful, and conservative

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4. The ghetto as resource

ghetto
capitalism

individual economic
improvement / capitalist and
worker

political power
of ghetto

community
organization

5. What are the chances?

Community
integration

1. Without development, poor African American ghetto can be written offjust

like Indians apparently are
2. Without leadership and political power, ghetto will turn into neocolonial
3. Ghetto community development with African American and white could allies
to mobilized economic, social, n political power

Xie Xie Ni
Thank You
Terima Kasih