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Original Title:

SCIENCE
A CLOSER LOOK
By:
Dr. Jek K. Hackett
Kathryn LeRoy. M.S
Dr. Richard H.Moyer
Dr. Dorothy J.T. Terman
Dr. JoAnne Vasquez
Dr. Gerald F. Wheeler
Mulugheta Teferi. M.A.
Dinah Zike. M.Ed.

.
.
.

www.macmillanmh.com

English Edition Copyright 2009 the McGrawHill Companies Inc


All rights reserved
Arabic Edition is published by Obeikan under agreement with
The McGrawHill Companies Inc 2008

www.obeikaneducation.com

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38


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OF

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1932

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20

1933

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40

1936

10700

1937

9100

60

1940

10800

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16

1942

11000

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32

1945

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1857

88

32

1930

1862

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1959

1965

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28

1974

1870

25

25

1986

1872

160

40

1999

1875

120

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2013

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40

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2027

1883

20

35

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78

33

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48

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30

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31

?How do we measure biodiversity

.

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11 .
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0.3 m2 .
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1 .
2 .
3 31 .
4 54 .

1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992

( g ( )0.3 m g ( )0.3 m g ( )0.3 m g )0.3 m


138
142
140
138
144
77
76
112
134
140
142

126
123
127
125
124
5
4
15
33
56
80

130
132
123
135
132
37
24
38
83
83
113

136
145
131
133
136
56
54
78
103
105
122


()cm
76.78
99.24
93.85
80.42
93.01
41.30
48.46
58.58
83.95
92.43
75.39

Source: David Tilman and John A. Downing, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 1994

32

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33

3 .3






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34


?How do we learn

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1
2
3
4
5
6
2

7
8
9
10
11
12

36


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3 .3 ()




4 .4 .




5 .5 .





6 .6 . .






37


7 .7
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7-9 .12


1 .1


2 .2

. .

38

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