Professional Documents
Culture Documents
دليل التجارب العملية
دليل التجارب العملية
Original Title:
SCIENCE
A CLOSER LOOK
By:
Dr. Jek K. Hackett
Kathryn LeRoy. M.S
Dr. Richard H.Moyer
Dr. Dorothy J.T. Terman
Dr. JoAnne Vasquez
Dr. Gerald F. Wheeler
Mulugheta Teferi. M.A.
Dinah Zike. M.Ed.
.
.
.
www.macmillanmh.com
www.obeikaneducation.com
. .
12
13
14
20
24
28
32
38
" "
"
.
"
)
(
()
.
)
(
)
(
)
(
1 .1
2 .2
3 .3 .
.1
4 .4
()1
()mm
10
20
50
58
60
75
80
85
90
110
120
16
30
41
50
58
70
75
80
100
108
10
12
20
24
30
35
42
50
58
60
5 .5 ) (1 ()
.
()
10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
120
110
100
90
80
70
)mm( 60
50
40
30
20
10
0
100
500
400
500
90
80
400
250
70
315000
200
150
60
250 ml
100
100
200
50
200
150 ml
150 500 ml
100
50
100
50
50
250
40
30
250 ml
500 ml
300
200
100
20
10
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
()
500
400
250
300
200
150
250 ml
100
50
200
100
500 ml
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
10
500
250
200
150
100
50
150 ml
150
100
50
400
250 ml
300
200
100
500 ml
OF
ON
NE
CAL
MODE
11
() .
.
. .
.
.
().
.
().
()
.
.
.
12
( )
1 .1
2 .2 ( )
3 .3
13
.
.
.1
.
.
.2
.
.3
.
.4
.5
. .
.6
.
.
14
) (x
.
y y
10 x
4 x
y y
.40 x
- 1 10 x
40 x .60 x
1 .1
) (m 1000 .
y y .
y y
.
.
y y
1 .1
1000 m
yy
1 mm
: 1.5 mm 1500 m
15
.2
y
.
10 x 40 x
40 x
= 4
10 x
.75 m
- 2
720 m 10 x 60 x
.
1500 m
= 375 m
4
375 m
= 75 m
5
.
:
.1
.3
.3
.2
.3 .
.4
.4
4
.
.
16
- .
.
.1
.2
.5
.3
.6
. 7
.1
.
.2
.
.3
.
.4
.
17
10 - 50
. .8
.
y y
y y .
Electrophoresis
DNA RNA .
1 .1 DNA
DNA .
2 .2 DNA
DNA
DNA
.9
3 .3
( )
DNA
.9
DNA
.
18
Chromatography
) (chromatography paper .
y y .
y y .
y y
.
10
10
19
?How does your biome grow
.
.
.
.
.
y .
.
2.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
( ).
.
.
.
.
.
20
.1 .
.2 .
.1
.
.2
.3
.4
.3
.
.
.5
.
(
).
.4
21
1 .1 .
1 .1
.
2 .2
3 .3 .
22
4 .4
5 .5 .
6 .6 .
7 .7
.
. .
1 .1 .
2 .2
.
23
?Do Freshwater biomes respond differently to acid rain
.
.
:
.
.
.
.
.
(.)2
.
.
.
.
( )pH
.
24 2
.1 .
.1
.2 :
.3
.2
.4
.3
.
( )pH.
.5
.
( )pH
.4
.
.
.6
25
1 .1 )(pH
1 .1
2 .2
.
3 .3
.
26 2
4 .4
5 .5 .
6 .6
.
1 .1
.
2 .2
27
?How can you show a population trend
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
( .)4
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.4
.5
.6
.7
.
.
.8
.1 .
.2
.
.
.3
28
.9
.
) (A
.
. ) (B
.
1 .
.
.
.
.
.
.
/
.
2
.1
.
.1 4
.2
100.
.3
.4 .
.
.
.2
.3
.4 .
.1 3
.2
.3
.4 .
1902 .1950
.
.
.1 5
.2
.3
.4 .
3
1911
1200
1915
3000
1917
4500
1923
3000
1924
3100
1925
3000
1932
8400
20
1933
8400
40
1936
10700
1937
9100
60
1940
10800
80
16
1942
11000
100
32
1945
10400
1946
11000
120
64
1950
9500
240
4096
( )A
( )B
1902
1000
29
1850
38
20
300000
1200
450000
1854
90
15
1650
1856
75
30
500
1800
1857
88
32
1930
1862
40
22
1959
1965
30
28
1974
1870
25
25
1986
1872
160
40
1999
1875
120
80
2013
1880
40
41
2027
1883
20
35
1885
78
33
1888
90
48
1890
87
52
1892
40
38
1 .1
2 .2 .
3 .3 2
30
4 .4 .
5 .5
6 .6 : .
7 .7 .
8 .8
9 .9 350 .
.
1 .1 .
.
( ).
2 .2
31
.
.
.
11 .
.
0.3 m2 .
.
.
.
.
.
. .
.
.1 .
.2 .
1 .
2 .
3 31 .
4 54 .
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
126
123
127
125
124
5
4
15
33
56
80
130
132
123
135
132
37
24
38
83
83
113
136
145
131
133
136
56
54
78
103
105
122
()cm
76.78
99.24
93.85
80.42
93.01
41.30
48.46
58.58
83.95
92.43
75.39
Source: David Tilman and John A. Downing, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 1994
32
.3 .
.
.
.1 .
.1
.2
33
3 .3
4 .4
5 .5
6 .6 .
7 .7 .2
1 .1
2 .2
34
?How do we learn
.
.
.2 .
.3 .1 .
.
( 12).
CD MP3
.
.
.
.1 .
.
.4
.
35
5 .5
.1
( . ).1-3
4-7
8 .8 7-12
.2
6 .6 4-6
.
7 .7
.1
1
2
3
4
5
6
2
7
8
9
10
11
12
36
.
1 .1
.12
2 .2
.
3 .3 ()
4 .4 .
5 .5 .
6 .6 . .
37
7 .7
.
7-9 .12
1 .1
2 .2
. .
38