CARGO WORK CAPT. ERROL FERNANDES Extra Master MARINEZ ENTERPRISESuv epeuseysouine ou11 “2po9 spooy snoisBueg pue spog 1019 ina 841 Uo siaidey ou) Jo UoHuOU JejDeds jo e2feUl OF ox pinom | ‘ures au eonpoidasosje ueoyuapms 841 pue purisiepun 0} {sve o12 yorum swiesBeIp ex atesp 0} sited [eroads lweye1 Seu Jouine ai eonoU | -youEG Ajenba UBO jUapNIs J8A9}9 Se [fom ‘Se yea ouI TeULOs pojuoseid Aj2olU Aion uoRq sey seyeU!oolqNs BY ‘S8}BUI PUEDES PUE STEW O} 10/4 06129 Buyoea} Pue voneuwexg saiseyy 2x3 siyi Bulssed seye Aluo SojoU ay) oI orperduione sey oy ey, PUM de6 sitp peBpug kiown Aten sey sepueuie.s jou3 “ide9 ‘paou parjeme Buoj © useq sey pei “O'S PHEW "PUz 40 snqeyJAs paquoseid au BuLIence yoo 1x0} edoud y ‘poyiow! S811 40 1Y, OY) Seu You EY) Yayo 2101 PUB yso] AjjeoHoeId SI ByepIpUED 4ood eu “snoUILUNjOA oo} 40 je19UB6 001 JayYO 5} aIqEIIEAE euN}EIOH) SUL “suoHeUNUeXe AoUBIaduios ou dn eye. OYUN siuapNIs 10} AijeIoodso ‘ypalgns Siu Uo Syoog Aue Aipiey ose Osu YEU) OR} UMOUY jam B S111 pom omwepeoe eu 01 YoRO.dde PareoIpap puP 1EXa “yBNOIOW) SI O} pIEGaL yum oul Uo uo|sseiduy) Buse] & epew sey af} “eB9/]09 “65u3 y jeONNeN, wiseus AnpeYeg [27 ey) Ul anBealiog Aw se sewA yU9904 US} UNY YUM FOOSSE OSO}O AU YNq SiBAA AUBUL 4OJ JOIN ay} UMOUH BALY | juowiubisse YBno} sig) Bulystiduicooe ue eBuerreyo sin dn Gunjoid 40} sepuewie, jou3 ide9 oyeIMpeIGUC ‘Amueay | 2452) [WYdN Ue 5} YOM ODUVD. Uo yoog & Buuony JO yuaUIUEAOS, ‘Aysionun aunuey uepUl ee000r pue saipnig ownuey paourapy quinyy ‘yoreasoyy yo @Ba[109 seus anpeyeg 129 tedioung-«3 wWOLEWTN TINE "S teW ES MOY “S'S'S IdED auomauos vowseyy waa OLbS9bbz “ON “191 “910 00» Aequiog “wey ‘Bey Auei6y ejemeuoos *u@9eNH JAAIIS ‘E-V SaSIuauaN3 ZANIEVIN ‘4q poustiand “1002 "SH 821d 600z UopIpy puoses 8661 UORIPA S114 suaystiqnd ot jo uojssjutied uonLM on ynouylm Sued Aue Aq 40 WO} Aue UL paonpoides oq Aeui 4009 sitn Jo Wed ON w6uAdoo ©excellent summary ci elaborate niles.and regulations pertal.ing to the subject. This will stand the student in good stead not onlyin the examination butalsoin his practical work at sea. The text admirably mects the requirements of the competency courses an examinations in India and abroad. Such a book shou! therefore, find its rightful place in the hands of all marine students, schools andcolleges. I once again acclaim the stupendous effort put in by Capt. Errol Femandes in bringing out such a fine text book. [wish him all the success in his present and future endeavours, in pursuit of excellence in the field of maritime education . Capt. S.S.S. Rewari - CARGO WORK INDEX CHAPTER SUBJECT PAGE 1 Basic Concepts of Gargo Work 1 2 CareofCargoes 12 3 Lifting Gear 22 4 TheCodeof Safe Working Practice for Solid Bulk Cargoes 37 5 Some Common Cargoes : 46 6 _Thelnternational Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code 87 7 UnitLoadsand Containers 67 8 | Refrigerated and Deck Cargoes 76 9 Tanker Operations 84 10 MoreCargoes 107 41 Cargo Plans 116 12 The Dock Labour Regulations, 123un 2PISINO “Ary UO sem diyse 3eip SYDOp ay} Ut peaids sau atp se diysayy.o} Poysnu sourBua ary pue pasres sem wieye ay, “parnoys pue pjoy somo] a4) Uwioy Buruoo ayouss mes rbey, powureyoy ueWoL9} ayy A\uappng -sajeq woHOo ay umop BuyBiam sem yoiym uox ders yo dusmy 3510] Syrejmonzed Ye >410m 0} 408 sazopanais a4 Y Arains yup Buroq Buuosear oy; ‘wee a4 Popunos auO ou 1onamo}{ 3POq ssaouHY UI Genb ayy sso.90 a1ow! auTU pu S}20P eLOIDI/ UI payi9g iam sdiys sao ua}, “ploy ZON Jo sio}eIHUAA a4) wos 2p paoqou siaasasqo [eianas nq panoud Sjanisnjouos uaaq 10u Sey all a4 JO snes exe at], “UoHUb] Jo aoiNos jeULa}Ko Ue Noy dUTe Uue> pue dn syeay 31 yey} sueour yorym uoHSNqUiOD snoauE;uods 0} 21q wo[goid ay, sfiep asouy ut spunod 42N0 78 pane juawWuB!suo> amnua aup ‘yea spunod gz BulyBram seq ano} Buureyuco yova say Te TIO aug sem atayy uayy pur sem a1oyy 10n9 # ‘axeunyBlu s,i29yj0 Jaryp Y “Oye jo x11 snoxaBuep 8 dn apeur yoyo azows pue usar ‘aout ‘anew Ysy ‘antycins ‘wom cesDs ‘Bupjea| a1am yorum jo autos (10 Bueotaqn| jo sunip jo spaipuny ) uerss2}] ur paddeam uoyjos mex so 53/29 0078 ‘squiog pue Saurus ‘ssopadio} ‘says Jo Bups}suos sanisojdxe jo such ggET ob1e9 jlAD pue AeyBUL Wig paure}uos spjoy ay pur awinsemsem sy “saUUy asoty jo scys OBE Jesaua6 tpi aseo ayy uayo sem se soobiv0 Jo xtiu aqDaID— e YpIM AequIOg OF Suio9 pey yf “sdiys 2y STOUDINS Hoy MOY 1e1p Je SOP au aprsuT Aout sanem Burddey pue sodrys uoousaye ayy, “,4POD [eAIpeg,, auseU sy up saniB Yorym 190} yop aB1e] a4} Aq zano paypyem UoOWIaye JauUINS JOY © UO spoq eNO!) apisBuoye soy aUNIAS HOI OY, PEEL “TT mY gypnut os saquiawios 03 pazu am iey) pp6 Ut pauaddey rey axe uoueas Pue sixiompop je 0} Joputtuas e se santas } a1aymn anogie}] requiN, UY sasnoyarem ayy Jo auo uo ApuaUIWO:d paued Burm at st sity, “61 LADUOA TM ISIT LSI ALAAVS sanford sepubuie, og de -yood sino edse pur ‘Ajjurey Aus wio4 UORNQUIUD Bunuud pue BuidAy ou U1 opm Aus Ae jut Burtou incu 2191du00 2q JOU PINOM JUsWEBPEMOLDE SILL “eq Teursiomod aun wossyoedsos1ueos ; pu uonejoes 16 yeuy uorssajoid b uy our SUTeSNS JeUM SI SS900NS : ceeitelD eu ae9K Abu 08 10} opis Auto} 190!9NS SA OPEL "ue APMIS 0} 81G@ 9q 0} |@SUNOO pue WOPSIM Jo SIIB SIH 40} POD AUEUI | . ‘uoquewoysnosewnu 00) siowio pue swuowinoo pue suosse6ins oIaenyen Si tm 100d Sti ‘yBnouty ows pepin6 sey oy ‘Tediound-xe ‘UeMeLY'S'S’S 48D Fe pases yoog Siu yo UoRe|di0o ected ete a slo) 40} ‘yoreesey B SEIPMIS peouer 26aq100 inpeueg 127 ous 7e SenBealjoo pue sseyDeel Aus 0} IGep e816 & OMO | SANAW39GFTMONHOYBombay went about its leisun B w out its leisurely life, shopkeepers lolling cae leciee Passing the time at their favourite Pastime fm Rod) na ‘et, vehicles slowing down on Frere Road (now POM lo ‘making way for the fire engines to pass. Captai Thomas designed to let out water not eithtes fooea he ha design e fighters flooded the hol siherestvinaio gti eset oie theese heat geeone es the en bubble, burn and begin flying, thick and At 4.06 p.m., by the hands of the clock tower the moment for posterity, huge fragments of metal scrap which cut down m, As if that was not enough, ‘enough, 34 minutes lat was Diager than the fist, Itiookthe Fort Stkne tueip 1000 th and showered its debris all over South Bomb: corded ae a ay. The explosior as Gn earthquake on the seismograph at Simla. Itis yet to be rivaledan one ‘greatest explosions in history! ced ae » Burdon Cover}! Motteala a 70 year old retired ctvil engineer found 2 bar of gol i hich come crashing through the tiles of his ‘ana House, Girgaum. He hand. worth Rs.90,000/- to ct poe csarsea oa woreh Be the police for which he was rewarded with 2) Several years tat ter a chief engineer in ch ireda charge of a di ; Sealoved tm Bombay Harbour found another bar of oat im the rede dimatertal recovered by ‘his ship. After dividing the salvage rear members each got the princely sum of Safety First, lest we forget 1944! vil CHAPTER ONE BASIC CONCEPTS OF CARGO WORK Cargo work involves the loading, discharging, stowage, carriage and care of cargo. The term’ to keep things shipshape’ has, over the years evolved because, on a ship, cargo, stores and other equipment are stowed and looked after with meticulous care in order to avoid damage or deterioration. This is necessary because a ship at sea does not provide a stable platform ‘a warehouse ashore since itis subjected to ship motions like rolling, pitching, etc. The practice of cargo work has evolved over the ages into a fineart. The main aim of a ship is to camry cargo (and/or passengers); it is the purpose for which a ship Hence the study of cargo work assumes utmost importance. A few decades ago, shipping was characterised by the prominence of ‘general cargo ships’. In these ships a wide variety of cargo may be carried which could include bales of cotton or jute, crates of machinery, paper iron, dry bulk cargoes vegetable oils or products, deck cargoes of motor vet timber, reefer cargo in refrigerated chambers, valuable cargi and other specialised vessels. ‘The hazards of each type of cargo and the working of each type of ship may differ vastly. It may not be possible for an individual to have experience on Hence this book, while explaining the basic principles cof cargo work in detail, wil also help one get an understanding of the various aspecis of cargo work indifferent types of ships. So let's start our study of cargo work with an understanding of the different types of ship. The most common type of ship til a few years back was the ip. Cargo is generally stowed in a hold and we start by features of a hold and the stowage of cargo to determine the amount of cargo that can be stowedtherein. all types of vessel 12 ove “We9'e2z =STBOL= uy ued rey sarofo!q jowyBIem, 7 MISLBOL=E'9XEXSZ1=ployeyjoaunjon "SUY ewe'suidep pue we speed "wig'z yiBuey Jo pjoy v UI IH II! (BY'O 4S) SGeIS eyUEIB pue (SEL $$) seseo 100q ‘(01€ 4S) S2f0foIg Jo SOUUO} AUEUL MOH : B[UUIEXS BSHIORA 08180 041 j0 101084 oGemors our Aq popip aq isn pjoy ot injon ey) ‘ploy seinon sed w Uy L29 oB120 Jo sauUD} AUB MOY JNO "40}98) oGemois yBiyB eney sabieo 198) eBeMo}s |jewis B ancy seobue Away sny| “saidno9o BuUO} OUD Ey pue ¥,WZE'O = s106uI Jadoo jo 10}98) eBeMo\S Y,UIZL'9=310940 10102} BeMoIg “6°0 (8659101 = 403 Bu} | !s64 0001 = euUO} O19 | :e}0NN). “06129 jo euuo} B Aq pi 'oye9} o1qN9 40 (oujeu) suuoysenjous Blom yun v Aq pay ins90 eoeds ey} sMo4s I} “UO, essaudxe fijensn 06129 ToWeT SB EMOS “yeas diys yym joe U9 juenaid pue uoHEUEA syeM!O8} pue pisdiys oers otn wy keme 06129 oxp doo Buyjo0 seds 40 suoeq of:e0 “pasn oq sn Aysedeo oeq etn ‘pepeo} Buloq are “oto ‘suinup ‘soseo ‘save. ‘s6eq, ‘soreq uum ‘posh oq snus pjoy oun 0 Ayoedeo ures6 ou ‘Bupoo seds pue SoUresj UBEMIO UI PUR PJoYy BYR Jo SIOUIOD [Te OTM Moy UBD YOIYM S20BIEO odhy ure6 Buypeo| ueym “Ayedeo ulesB oy ueY iow oq JenoU.ueD Ayoedeo ofeq a Jaxemoy “Sue, Bun pure WoHDY oIzROP BPE BOIS ‘Ayoedeo UIBIp PUP ere = 11 Sumog doy-quer 40 susneg 06109 Buyyeeys uepoom 40 Buyyea weds 01-01 ‘srauLfeo ying ureueo UI eUres aly 8q SeUIN}aUIOS UBD Koy Ng seseO solu Ul Ayoedeo,uresB stp uetn Sse} 2q Im Ayoedeo.ojeq ayn AISNOIAGO “suaueyns pue sueeq ‘seurey out Aq pa|dno00 ewINJOA ‘ou J0} peu s} ouRMonTy “Guneid ey or 148u UeyeI ee yidep pue INpEeIG “yBuo} oun vaya eoeds B Jo Ayoedeooiqno etn sii} : Aysedeo ureD, 0\ym Buljeo seds 40 sioueyns Peetpiing oup jo episul oy WOM} yRBUE} swB9q 392 uj Jo episiepun ayy 0} dor 4uUE} ey UO BuyeeYs POM in Woy ‘adap aun ‘sueneg oB1e9 Upeoig own uoy egeds & Jo Ayoedeo o1qno oy* “beercases“ “ ““=708,75= 363.46t. 1.95 Weight of granite slabs that can fitin = 708.75 = 1476.56. 0.48 Broken Stowage : It is the space between packages which remains unfilled. This factor varies with the type of cargo and the shape of the hold. {tis greatest when the packages are of a large size andirregular shape. tis expressed as a percentage of the volume of the cargo and not of the space stored in. Broken stowage must always be added to the stowage factor to getthe correct volume that the cargo will occupy. Worked example : If in the above example, the broken stowage of bicycles, beer cases and granite slabs was 14.5%, 7% and 11.2% respectively how ‘many tonnes of each would you be able to loadin the given hol Ans. Space occupied by bicycles =3.10+14.5%=3.5495m't “ * * “beercases =1.95+7% =2.0865m' +s" “granite slabs=0.48-+ 11.2%=0.5338m'”, Weight of bicycles that can fitin=708,75= 199.68. 3.5495 “_ “beercases* ** “=708,75= 330.681. 2.0865 “~ “graniteslabs" * * *=708,75=1327.74t. 0.5338 Load Density: itis the maximum weight that can be safely loaded ona unit area. It is expressed in tonnes/m*. The height to which cargo can be stowed on a deck will depend on the load density of that deck and the stowage factor ofthe cargo. Worked example : If the load density of the above hold was 8.5t!m’, to what height could you load the above cargoes, taking into account the broken stowage? Ans. To find the weight loaded per min the hold , we divide the total weight loaded by the total area of the hold. For bicycles, weight/m*= 199.68 =1.775 12.5x9 Forbeercases, weight/m’ = 339.68 =3.019 12.5x9 For granite slabs, weight /m® = 1827.74-= 11.802 12.5x9 4 We can see that for bicycles and beer cases, the permissible load density of the deck ie. 8.5tmm* is not exceeded. So we can load these cargoes fully to the maximum height of the hold. However if the case of granite slabs the load density of the deck is exceeded if the hold is loaded fully. So the height of the cargo must be reduced so as to be within the permissible load density. This height can be found out in two way |. Since a load density of 11.802Vm* is obtained when cargo is loaded to. the maximum height of 6.3m, a load density of 8.5tim* is proportionately obtained when cargoisloadedtoaheightof 8.5x6.3 11.802 ji, If 8.5 tonnes can be loaded on an area of 1m’, the total weight that can be loaded overthe entire area of the hold = Load Density x Area =8.5x(12.5x9)=956.25 tonnes. The volume that this weight will occupy =Weightx Stowage Factor= 956.25 x 0.5338 = 510.446m’, ‘The heightofthis cargo willbe = Volume = 510,446 = 4.537m. LxB 12.5x9 Deadweight Cargo : It is cargo on which freight is charged on its weight, . Measurement Cargo: : It is cargo in which freight is charged on the volume occupied by the cargo. Q. How will a shipowner know when to charge freight on weight and when tocharge on volume? A. Ashipis utilized most effectively when her holds are fullas wellas she is loaded down to her maximum draft. This means that she cannot load any ‘more weight nor is there any space available to load cargo. If she loads more of a light cargo, the holds will be full before she gets down to her maximum draft, whereas a neavy cargo would bring her to her loaded draft, before the holds are full. A stowage factor of around 1.2 m’ftis used as the basis for charging freight. Cargoes with a SF above-1,2 m’ft are charged Cn their volume while those having a SF less than 1.2 m't are charged on cargo at any particular time can be found out by divi space on the ship by the available deadweight. This’ ive the ideal SF tor 5“src toni warn] a ETRE ORE HERI REESE casas nara er SISVILOOSN-NON Ad o9 IVHXAVE-HAD AB CHINGOWE/VTINZENAA ‘NEON _ SS EATER Savio a es rs SNIGYT 40118 aon aan ‘94 JO sseuppe pue eweu sepnjouy Supe} Jo Iq & Uy UOREULOJL OU, ‘eBey1e040 suopipuoe pue suey oy uy ekng mau erpjooureu 1D] J0 Iq tp GuwejsueR pue Bulubls Aq 1sNf pjos aq UES o61e9 ‘9uN Jey) SuBaUE LOI ‘JUaUNoOp eiqenoBoU e s! 1! pUE O60 olf Jo 1oUMO un S! Burpe} jo nq eu 30 sopjoy ayy “oBsed oY} OF eNNJOWeWNDOpe sy “Z roumodiys ‘01n J0 s1e2q Uo WweBe 10 s9ySeU oY) Aq PeUBIS GED EIB JO} dIeOeIe SI “L ‘SuoRoUny ureut coup suopsod BuIpe} jo juq oY, : Buype so INN OUL “Bupey jo iq eup.20} eBueYoxe ul Joumodiys ~~ Jo quebe oy) 0} Wey) syepuE} UEYT OYM Jdjeoel B Se Jeddiys ey Oo} UeA/S 4 Aq posenco o6eo oi usm ydjede: yoee suBIs eyeU OULL \uengia1 ain uo seadde djeoa4 s,o7eu1 oYp UO s]UBLUUIOD se our ve Guise dius etn ysureBe suirejo wonaid 0} ‘KjeyesNooe 06189 o4p Jo uoRpUoS eLy sjooye1 Idjooer s,eyeUI OUT EYL Aressedeu S11 5 “spoob aun J0 Uonduosep pue sxieui ‘sennurenb BujpreBer stueuioo yweunied s0U10 10 seBeHOYS ‘oB1e0 aif Jo UoRIpUCD ayn s}eJop Aue WeLA UO e}0U0L “E oBreepjoeBemoseunuedoL Zz Wadxe 0} 72YM Jo salnpe-aud esy"| Wey 2 sn uoy) Ue9 2} “sues Bulpeo| aiojeq eye BUN 0} eigettene eq pinoys pue 14S 8q 01 Sp006 Jo syrejap sUrEIUCD i “PLEO UO paped} S| }2U 06129 10} 4s © Jo ojeus 841 Aq pouBis ydjaoes Bs] SIMA AON S,0FEN OUL SINSWHDOd O5HVS "syod jeuondode registro 0 aRuTO vapor ORIANA C del porte de 12,731. teneladas netas con destino a TEMA- GHANA, su Capirin MANIFIESTO del cargamento que conduce et sneexconey -TALLURGICAL GRAD! ‘ALUMINAIN BULK [__covtene saxo catcwen ‘OE Butros {AN BULK fe A cranes wustzno| BuLTos . 3 3,6 232 ais S| EE pesieell ge gS: gieixeee bsp ) REE ie 8 | 8 ae is gs} dec 8 | 288 a bed lg oo Fig 1.4: Cargo Manifest 8 lading contains the terms and conditions of carriage. (see Fig:1.< of lading must contain an accurate description of the conditc. of cargo and its weight and quantity. Where it is not possible to determine the exact weight, quantity or quality of cargo (e.g. in bulk cargo or if the cargo is in cases, cartons, crates or containers), the bill of lading should contain terms like “sald to weigh”, “said to contain’, “shipper’s weight’, ‘parent good order and condition” and so on. Very often shippers insist on a ‘clean" bill of lading i.e. one without any clauses as to condition of cargo, even offering to indemnify the shipowner against any cargo claims. However this is a fraudulent practice as the shipper's indemnity letter has no legal standing and the shipowner will not be able to escape his fabilty for ‘cargoclaims. Abill of lading is a negotiable document and transfer of ownership and the buying and selling of bills of lading is common practice in intemational trade. A bill of lading may change several hands before it reaches the party who will eventually claim and take delivery of the cargo at the discharge Port. The buyer expects cargo to be as described in the bill of lading; hence it any deficiencies are not mentioned therein, they will be ascribed to the shipowner's neglect in the care and carriage of cargo. The Cargo Manifest : The cargo manifest is a list of all cargo ori the ship at any time, Itis prepared for customs purposes primarily but comes in Useful for several other purposes such as tallying of cargo, checking against over carriage and for ticking off he cargoes whose bills of lading have been sighted. Besides the names of items of cargo, it contains the weight, quantity or numer of packages and the compartment loaded in. When dangerous cargo is loaded a separate manifest for the same has to be prepared. Proper shipping names must be used for dangerous cargo; trade names are not permitted. in addition the commodity must be identified by its U.N.No. MPLESFOREXERCISE jk) : Ve How many tonnes of the following cargoes would fit in ahold 12m x 9mx_ 3.5m, | Withoutany broken stowage? il With the broken stowage as mentioned?.epaurwe wyBjoy oy 398p pue sepisdiys By} UO siaidoup J21eM J0 WLIO} 84 ul SasuEPUCD YoIyM NOdeA.o}EM Ino @AiG 0} Sesneo SIU “Wwod ep sj Mojaq pel009 sje Yoep pue SepIs S_dIYs OU UNA YETUOD UI S| YOIUM ULIEM Oy} PUB eIMONNS S.dIYS BUN S}O09 se PjODSI4L “PIO ulpunouns sre eu 3ng uueM S| ploy oB1e9 ou UI ste ey, “seoeid 29p]oo 0} eop|d uUEM B wos, Se06 diys B UBYA paLLLOS SI BENS s,d1US “yeons 06129 pue yeems 5,diys SB UMOLD} 5] PUB Shem OM uo} 2q KEW YAMS. “WIOd Map sy Mojeq Pe|oo9 UeYM SieidoIp JeyEm Ino SesuEpUICD 412 OU UI INOdEA JeTEM OLY UOYM PEUO} SI eEMS “tno esuepuos oy suiBeq snoden Jovem pure peresnies. ‘seusoseq ‘peoo9 1312 Jo jeazed e YoIyMe eunjesedwie} oY; S}qUIOd MOC vamyesoduior owes 18 11 e7eimyes jn YU snoden soYeM Jo yuNOWE eu} O} sIe Jo JooIed B UI 100 snodea JoyeM Jo yUNOULP otf J0 ON OLR S] AUPILINH @AREION «eo jeored @ u pourequoo snoden s8}2m Jo junoWE OLA S] ANPIINH “ NOLLWTLLNAAGNY Lams pourequjew aqisnuu soupieM AemBues pure jouyed ous -@ “osimueyjo.o Bujeey snoeuBuods Aq aly Yoqeo UO S10 y"A 9 UO 40 SpIOY St UI Ya! eq 0} 5|"O}9 ‘AuuNG ‘edos ‘pom ‘eISEMAIOON “ZL “eyes ApeoisuLAUL eq 0} exe “D9 ‘SEDITEI-N}TEM ‘SYBIYSELJ “9 . "uonjuB) jo seainos Buneeo plone o1 eee O6se9 ‘24 UL 10 5}09p Uo ssaiGald ul eq 0} 5} Bunufed 10 Buyddiyo 510m 304 ON “Ss “suoye|quen jyouunjouionopenyeqoraresisisoue eds y “Bare Bulpeo| oy) s80us AqpueIs doy sylUN Weo} pue sieysinBuPXe e1y-ejqeuod pue peBseYO ujew auy o4p ‘esn 20} {pee pebBui eq 0} anzy Aew Sesoy aly aup “Seo6se9 ejqnsnquico ews UUM “Ss@UIpealjo a1e;s @ UI doy 8q Or SKeme 5] snyeredde Bun pou! lou pue sisneyxe fo}wind. The direction used here is the ay 1ppare airflow rates are achieved with through vent 3 the windward ventilator turned notte Wind and the leeward turned away from the wind. This is necessary ertain cargoes such as coal where only the surface of the cargo is tobe ventilated for the purpose of removing heat, gases or odours. THROUGH SURFACE |. Mechanical Bowers n duets and the syst can bo Si . bo evilched on fxenincondion ne relative vndor ain urkeatralvetiaton, Thos ion and removal of ie caro vraion and remota t,o cuca aed a blowers e; ° tion system consists of one oF oF bo re eah foward a a pa of each el. Tho Bowes oe reve used "bi" orrexhauct Su carried out by using the forward and sto drt nile rand aft biowor through ventilation is carried out iifone ar ots setToe biseaes stopped and te thor running or (ensure there is an inlet or outlet for vacuum or pressure in the hold maj y recut) is leo . possible fora a genio be itedin the ct whoreby that indtedbterertorng ela ren necessary to measure dry and wet bult 7 ih one or one set of blowers 1@ blowers in the same direction this case otherwise excess 16 n be measured automati moisture content of the drying agent may also be indicated. DUNNAGE: ‘The damage caused by sweat may be minimized by adequate use of dunnage to line the boundaries of the compartment. Dunnage keeps the caigo away from the steel shipsides and tank top thus fa circulation and preventing contact with moisture and condensation. The permanent dunnage on the ship's sides is known as spar ceiling or cargo battens. It consists of timber, about 150 mm X 50 mm fitted over the side frames, horizontally into cleats on the frames. These cargo battens are spaced approximately 250 mm apart. They may also be fitted vertically. Spar celling may also be fitted on the fore and aft bulkheads of the hold. The should be covered with a single or double layer of dunnage consisting of 25 mm X 10-300 mm timber, spaced between 250-1000mm ‘apart depending on the size of the packages. The bottom layer is laid athwartships if the hold has biiges running along the sides but is laid fore and aft ifthe hold only has a bilge well in the aft corner. Thisis to ensure free drainage of water into the bilges and the dunnage must be laid so:that the drainage is not impaired or water does not get trapped between the dunnage. The area around the bilges must be raised with dunnage as water tonds to accumulate inthis area. Second hand timber may be used for dunnage, but care should be ‘ensure that is free of stains, oil or grease, residues of pastcargoes, large splinters, etc. which could damage, contaminate or taint the cargo. New timber should be free of strong smells or resin coatings. Old, dirty and broken dunnage should be lifted out from the hold and properly disposed off at sea. Extra dunnage is to be neatly stacked on deck ready for In some ships a permanent wooden sheathing about 70 mm: thick is laid on the tank top in the square of the hatch closely fitted together. This is to protect the tanks top and does not replace the dunnage just mentioned. SEPARATION: Separation is to prevent different cargoes or different parcels of the same cargo from inadvertently getting mixed. The method of separation éepends on the type of cargo being carried e.g. bagged cargo is separated by cloth or netting, stee! billets, pipes, logs or packaged timber can be 76 ZL seideug u/peuje|dxe suone;n6oty Inogey ¥90g eu dn Yoo] aseald ‘siBYIOMYDOP 40 AelEs ey) 0} Bujujeyied suopeinBey 10 “peinsus jou 5] mo10 pue Siayiompop jo Ajejes eu) J! Bfes aq UeD UoHeIedo OBIE ON “squawoBueue Buynoes oy) pue oB1e9 a4) jo uONsod ‘fq peyoadxe oq Kew Yoiym suotipuco seyieam aonos ‘8q Pinoys oB1e0 BuLinoas pue a6emo}s jo seinseeUs 104 Loy} suoIs|oeq “Hest diys euy oy pue sao6ieos0y, ‘Ayenueyod eq jm 06:80 Jo Buynoas pue aBemo) 06129 jo Buunoes pue oBemors ou SulsiAacns pue Buluueld jouuosieg peouatiedxe pue payienb Auedoud '9q Pinoys Buynoas pur eBemois oB:e9 jo syse) Buinoexe jouUosiag “uorinoexe pue uoisiedns ‘Bujuue|d sedoid uo spuadep seo6ie9 jo Buynoas pue aBemoys ojes ou, -y8u7e ind jou axe preoq uo suosiad pue diys oun yeuy hem v Yons ul poinoas pue pomols oq pino\s SeoBie9 jy PONISI “fem sin paBeurep Ayuenboy exe “oa ‘1Bemjoo} jo suoUeO ‘sasvo soqqnA ‘s} um Bumorsiono q 40 Bupyoed so Azenbepeu! “eBeUUNp Yam UI Pely oBeMO}s UA}O1q pu AynjareD pi rt ue Je}; Uo pemo}s aq isnwu spoos ‘sup uERadd of uoYsNquICD snoauE|uOds IL emees © uJ GuDHiOM S| Jessen eu UOY fijP\0dse 8h “018 sButtze0o yorey ‘sBures ‘apisdiys oy) sureBe Bulysnio wy synses yoy yom YOUN ssejare> o} enp eBeUIEP WO} payuonald oq YSN OB1eD ? DNIHSNYO"ONISVHO“ONNONVH “spo06 ejqeystiedf'0"201n uosoyut paMors eq Jou Pinoys sja11Eq 40 ‘9 soo6reo uke se uoulseduIOo ‘oWIes ou) Uy peLLZED eq JOU Pinoys “2}9 “feo ‘sionpoud feUUE “yo ‘sjured 6'9 soofires Auiq. “spees pur urei6 “6-2 xu 0} Aion) So0B1e0 oyeredes 0} Uexe 8q ysnUW SUOANBDAud jeEIDEds “sebIIq e4y 0} pred eq ysnu UO_UE_E JEinoqeq ~ Aresseoeu eq. ABW! Buisuopoap pue pjoy oy UI ysisied jINs ‘Kew sunopo eip ‘Aisnojneud paleo 5} “219 oUeULIM ‘uoUIeUUDD ‘senoj}o “62 juoGund ey -sjjows Buons way Aeme jjom de} eq Pinoys “o}9 "eeu! ‘cooegos “eeyoo “ee} “B'e Ausee juyey ues Jey) SeOBrES UIELIED =NOLLWNINVLNOO “Penowias9q 0} steppe} e|qeuod ey ‘Anjue jo Sueur Jeyj0 pue 110M OBE J8ye PexD0] eq 0} SeSSeIe PIO] “Ss “"parenoo 94 pinoijs ssecoe jo suBeUL JoWjo pue SIO EMUEK -“y ° “Anuenbey wey uo yoyo isn 220110 5,dius ‘pasn exe ueUIyIEM aioys j1 “ANP uo Nd eqo} uEMIUDEN “E “pepinoideq or pjoy erp jo ssous0o je Ut Sunysy poo8 “eyqepjoneun s} 416m IUBIU I. “Kep Aq AIu0 OM Aiqesejord -Z “oBre9 e|qe1INs 1oUN1O YM peMo}s1aA0.eq PINUS 1140 Pex00] 8q UBS YoIYM S1ex99} UI Pa10IS 8q Pinoys se0GED e\qENTEA “L :pemo|jo}eq Aew suonneseid Buymo}o} UL “Bujroytd juenaid 0} uae) oq Pinoys e120 yee16 pepeo} oq o} Sey 06120 ojqenyeny! ‘06160 jo eBeure9 eyes. ou 10} e\q\suodses 5} dius eULL iaDvERITd “4No peyied eq pinoys pjoy oB1e9 eyt 40 uonsedsut jeo!sAyd [OM Se ysoyUEW oY; YpiM O61 poBreyosip OLR BupjooYs Jo weIsks oueLueAUOOU! pue esuedxe AresSedOUUN Jo ep Jeal6 v osneD UES oly 0619 payseoieno eonpay AyenuBIsqns ue UoRerEdes sodold peonpal s| uoneredes 10}peou ayy si8Ute}u09 uy payed s} oB1e0 uayM .“skepeMoU Jo Bsn epeUl Buleg AjGujSeO:0U) e1e sj99ys suayAjod Jo oseig “Sjuyed J9}2M10 SLEW yEYO Aq peyEIEdesCANGO-RELATED DUTIES BALLASTING OR DEBALLASTING : ‘This should be carried out according to the mate's instructions. When ballasting tanks, DB tanks must not be pressed up.as sh inthe tanktop, cargo would be damaged. Ballast and liquid cargo operations ‘must be carried out in close liaison and co-operation with the engine-room staff. Soundings and flow rates must be monitored continuously. When loading, discharging, ballasting or deballasting at a high rate, ensure that moorings are taut, ship is alongside the jetty and gangway is clear of obstructions. LOGBOOKENTRIES: During cargo work appropriate entries must be made in the Mate’s log book to prevent cargo claims being made later. Entries should include: 1. Inspection of the cargo hold by Surveyor prior to loading. 2. Openingand closing of the hatches. 3. Time of arrival and departure of the stevedors labour on the ship and the number of gangs. 4. Time of commencement and ceasing of cargo work. 5. Any interruptions or stoppages during cargo work and their reason.e.g. machinery break down, strikes, inclement weather, shortage of cargo, etc. 6. Thehatch numbers being worked. 7. “The morningand evening drafts. At sea, entries should be made of the weather and sea conditions, especially if adverse. Times when ventilation is carried out, the wet and dry bulb temperatures when doing this and inspection and tightening of cargo lashings are also tobe entered. DAMAGE An alert watch must be kept for damage to the cargo or to the ship. Damaged cargo is to be rejected or the number, marks and description must be noted. A damage report must be prepared for damage to. the ship describing hatch number, location, nature of damage, and reasons for damage and the signature of the cargo foreman obtained as soon as the damage occurs. 20 STABILITY ring the loading of cargo, due regard must be had for the vessel's The cargo should be s0 distributed that there is a reasonable ‘on completion of loading. A high GM makes a shi it movernents in rough weather causing cargoto strai .B.Tanks are consumed, free surfaces are ‘on deck by snow falling, ice accretion, Gof Seas, shifting of weights, etc.” Excessive trim andlstto be avoided. Load density of the deck and tanktop must be kept in mind especially when loading high density cargoes. EXAMPI ISE State if ventilation is tobe carried outin the following cases: Outside Temp. °C Hold Temp.°C Dry Wet Dry 716 2 14 2 195 17 14 atez squeuodwioo spay 0} juEOdWH }sOUL S|! BuRsel JoYY. “Pepuadsns 14BIeM un yak uMtop pue dn puz ep|s 0} apis Guns s} y91Hep eu, “OUBIO 10 >91146P aun Aq pow 61 as0yN WOH} apys dius ety 0} Yon 40 eb1eq B Aq WyBNOIG 51 peo] jooud Buy o} jenba peo} paysiem oud v ys0) o|WeUAP B Uy "seLIBIO due syp|uep Ayoedes soljeuus 40} pesn Ayyeusou jeuuins @uBI0 10 YUP But PUB yoap Uo eke ue 0} po}yoeUs 5] BOUE|EG 2 pur se} ONEIS Y “SAEM:OM) U| PAISO} @q ULI SOUBIO PUL SHOE ‘%0b+ IMS smsi0s< aS +MS smsi0s-102 ‘%S2+1MS amswz> syed “S “MSxs"t see6 poyesedo pueySUIEYO POU “Y MSxs't sIMSi091< « : uz+Imsxees sms109}- 182 : aMS*z “ms Bz>syoiqenwoys oidninIN °C smsxy sxpo|q feyndoncoys i5uis “z -IMSXZ S25 "sjonins’sepoeys’sxooy'SBULL'SUIEYD | “L avoTsooEd FINSNOINOS ‘oz1s sypueyueuodsos ayy 1 IMS eu UBL) e10u! uo spuadep peo] jooud ey *PEOT JOCd Oi PA Audde em yeun peo} sit “peo si se9q Aieres ‘uoum youn sn einsse 0} JUD!OIYNs Peo] BuDyOM sjes oun LEU eAidde ojeney am “uau0dwioo 24 om sina se yiBued ‘511 0)313801 }0UUED om poise} eq 0} 5] 1296 Bupyy e JO wauOdUIOD B LON “dys e Burpunos6un 10) ‘9pj0e} punoi6 jo asn ayy se yons Aouabiewe ue o}pesn Buleqs}yjuaym (2 40 pejsey Bujoq s}juauoduioo yuu (1 ‘pepaaaxe oq fluo we9}|"95n /eUNOU Buunp own Aue ye pepasoxe oq 1ouUe juOUOdUIOD e JO IMS PUL uauodwice jsayzen 31 J0-IMS 84151100 641}0 TMS OU} SIMS juaioyip Jo sjuauoduioo je1enos jo. dn epew sj 1096 6 10UM “1206 Bunyl| 2 jousuodui09 Arona uo payreur Aiqi6a) pue Aue9|9 eq YsNW PEO] BuPHoM ees OU sod sam Le ‘pUENS 9 oos/,aozP 008/,0S1 puensedsoumzy ‘puensg > AUIA 009 009 009 COP eMsiepay TOEPMsiepery ,GOTPMSIePEID = NIVHO oc oe 00€ 08 EvOAN Treueikie, ,CBouerdaiching ,AzeIuEN = adOu {Souuo} ut s}nSe1 OL pure “uA UL JereUreIP ONS! 104m ‘oe]nusi9} BuIMoyfo} OLN LOY} PaUTE go 2q Leo syRBUANS BUPIee!E, “peo Gupyom Jeigo 0} “(1e)s1602 ureYyo e4p u! pepuEUIWHODE! Se) wWeUOdWICD JEU 10 10198} eyeudosdde eup £q pepinip SI pauyeiqo os ssans Bupyeeq jonsySep 0} peyse} ere (sex pue Sedos 40}) 1Jo9 B UL See ONY 10 (‘019 ‘Sap{ORYS “89014 10}) YaTEG e UI UO Kine 30}9H} OULU} Auounne Burtipie0 ep jo eure (A Ayoupne BuyseyerpjoeueN, (AL eo} BuppoM eyes ouLL uBuens Bupyeauq ou, quouodusoo e4p Jo SuOIsUeUUIP 10 6215 sepnjout wa eyeouNse0 350} OULL, ‘sieay)ieo ser» Aq peueduioooe eq Pinoys Kaun ‘dis au} UO penjooas axe ‘ojo ‘sepjoeys ‘sy90/q ‘Seu1m ‘sadou Se YoNs jueUdnbe Aue ZoNAUOM, “peop SupHOMereS OU ure\go 01 sang Supjeerg etn epIAip o} pesn 10}9B} 8 S| AyPES JO.30}e4 exmoey ya ywouodoa 2 YDIUM Je sseys oun S| NBUaNS Bupjecig 40 ssans Bupjeog “esnjeuniou urseeq Ajgjes ue -snyeseddte Guy 40 wouoduoo & yeUp SseNs OUN.S{ PEOT BUPHOM OES yeeig pur AemaniS im pue peo} ey) 280q 0} 21q@ 0g 104 A UOUOCUIOD OLA OYA PEyTEEL 2g IM eBe}s e ‘Kjen\sses6oid peseesour s} Peo} ey) j| “Supyeauq y Jo seBuep nou ‘Aiojes peo} ureyeo e fluo 120q ued 4206 Bunyy & 30 jwoUodWioo YRS “218 ‘seu ‘Sepyoeys ‘S90 “WOOGYOINEP BUN JO ‘ss1suoo yousap B “6'9 “suauodwioo jesanes jo dr epew s} 1208 uN Y YVva5 ONLI BSYHL YALdVHOofthe lifting gear for any elongation, deformation or fracture. The regulations for maintenance, testing and annealing ofcargo gear form apart of the Dock Labour Regulations which are explainedin Chapter 12. Blocks and Purchases A purchase is used to advantage when the load moves in the same direction as the effort. When the load moves in-an opposite direction to the effort itis rigged to disadvantage. The words, advantage and disadvantage do not have their literal meaning in this context. They only pertain to the direction of movement of the load and effort. In fig. 3.1 ifthe top blocks are fixed and the load is attached to the lower blocks, they become rigged to disadvantage. If the lower blocks are fixed ‘and the load is attached to the upper blocks, the purchase is rigged to advantage. ‘The names of the purchases and their rigging should be studied in order tobe able tosoive problems. nical Advantage is the ratio of loadto effort. M.A.=Load (without friction) or Resistance Effort Applied force ‘Yelocity Ratios the ratio of velocity of effortto velocity of load, Velocity = Distance/Time and since the time when the effort and load moves is the ‘same, (the load does not keep moving after the effortis stopped, the formula can bemodified to VR.=! rt = Distance effort moves Velocity ofload Distance load moves Velocity Ratiois also equal to Number of parts of rope at the moving block : I._‘n + 1'when the purchase is used to advantage and ‘n’ when used to isadvantage, where n=number of sheaves. : 24 | WATCH OR | siete wen GUN TACKLE LUFF TACKLE J | a) ) | | THREE FOLD DOUBLE OF, Wo FOLD | th i L a purchase, friction increases the load by about 10% per sheave. Thus, Workputinbyeffort= Workdoné on load + Work spentin overcoming friction. 256 261669 = 001 XBEES = fou: 6=€x6'01 sOes Ayo0}0A fenpinipu o4Rj0 ionpoid ou 29 0} parepisuos oq Aeur wio}sks pouiquice exp Jo ONY ALO0IOA z9s'°0 HoH WA gees= © = PROT = VW "VIN=weishs 04240 Aouo1o43 “reqeiveIp WW S| 5] apse) YoreM at 10} adod UO|KUJo 971s WNL UL 08 ZLeE=,0S ‘ouojosoy ooe . B=edo1 uoyAusoyssang Bupeaig Osiy 4 ZZe"e = 9 x Z9g"0 aq 11M Sse1S Buryeoiq sy) pue } Z9G°0 = #e0q 0} ancy jm ePj9e1 YorEA oY} Jo odo4 UO!AU-oUN YOUR IMS UY SME wish so wwzerL=G 1299'0= & & “uA POPVOF HET =(OOLETXHET REF HST) = (OOTETXMUFM)=3 “Bejuenpesip 0} pesn 9pjoR} YoreM 40} © ‘© =u ‘pz = meseyaind puoses ay 40} Peo] eu sewiooeg ‘eseyound ys1y a4} Jo HOY au} ‘SEUUO} ¥z"| MON yoowerp wu gz, 5] apjOB} UNB ou 405 pasinbe1 ado: oueyAdordAjod yo e215 wnuN}Uju Ou, uuigz 40 uM EZZ=a 00e res DE ‘s1ja10t, o0e {UE = odo1 euarfdosdkjod jo song Bupyearg 1 vh'L= 9x2" 1 oq itm ador siutjo ssens Bupjeeig YO}e URS! YoIyM SoUUOI 72'| JO IMS B 4£9q 01 BIqe eq IsNU edos ou a10JI0y, 92 wes 8 1e8q 01 o1ge 9q Isnus edos oun e10}e!0UL, ‘sedo1 say) Aq -pereys Suleq S| peo| ‘ous ojtya ‘tied Burney exp jo edos eyBurs oun fq @u109 1 YOYS Up TEU PeOHOU OG HM € ‘vee eLOFe= € WA (GOLETXEXZFE)=(OOLETXMUFM)=3 veneaysied%z}=uonoy4 “spoyyeus sein eu Jo Aue Bulsn ¢ st eBeuenpe (01 pasn apjoe UNB e Jj OMe AYOOIEA SUL suUole=M ‘Z=UOS “soneausz sey opioe) un y soy (9=feyes jo 1010848 osn pue seseyoind ou oq 19) eneoys'ied 21 se uoROIy ewnssy) ‘epf02} YoIEM a4} 10} peiinbe! ado uo}u jo 21s wnuujulu pue WaIshs ou Jo Aoustoiye ‘payinbe1 oye ip ino puy ‘eBeIUEApESIP 01 pesn ep7e) YOTEM. 8 Jo 0019 BuAow! 84y o} peinoas sem eseypnd six jo ed BuyneY OUR JT ‘paynbe1 edo1 eue)AdoudAjod jo oz1s winusuju pue Hoye oun an pul, ‘SeuUo} & Jo PEO} e Ul O} Pesn s} eBEWEApE 0} PeBBU epyE UN Yt TSRUEXS POON YA ‘axa %00Lx¥IN= %001XOXM= Yoye Aq peydde 0, 00} x ISEMUSSUOP HOM IMFSST| = s} woysKs e jo KTSTTT “01 HEYA JoMNO s] UOROLY | @BUEYO MM eINUO} OuLL ‘senowi peo} eoueISIC “a “WA = SBROUTOPS SOUIIG = T ‘PeOI= M ‘yoo =a e184m “uA 3 (OUMTFM)=3 — ‘BujSueweoy Fax (peo}x%01 xU+ peo) ="axvEHaTHESIMPLE DERRICK A simple derrick consists of derrick boom which is raised, lowered and moved sideways by several different purchases. The derrick boom is supported at its base and allowed to turn around as well as up and down by @ gooseneck arrangement which is welded to the mast or samson post. The {oad is lifted by means of the ginfall or runner wire which is the only wire connected to a winch. The derrick is moved sideways and positioned by ‘means of the side guys. Once the derrick is positioned the weight is taken by the preventer guy which has to be made taut. The preventer guy is a thick wire with a chain or other easy means of securing at one end. It takes the Weight of the derrick and load during working of the derrick. The side guys are rope purchases and are not meant to take the weight of the derrick and load during cargo work. They should be slightly slacker than the preventer guy. The derrick is raised or lowered by means of the topping lft. This wire is wound on a drum near the winch. The drum also carries a bull-wire. To raise or lower the derrick, the bull-wire is wound on the winch drum, the brake on the topping lift drum is lifted and the winch is rotated to drive the topping lft drum in the direction desired - to raise or lower the derrick. When in the desired position, the brake is lowered and the bull-wire is unwound from the winch drum. Simple derricks come in sizes ranging from 2-20 tonnes SWL. They are ‘easy to operate and maintain; requiring litle attention besides regular Sreasing, painting and inspection THE UNION PURCHASE SYSTI Asimple derrick, by itself, is not of much use. Most often, two are used together in what is known as the Union Purchase system. Here the runner Wires of both derricks are ‘coupled’ or ‘married’ through swivels to a union hook and worked in conjunction with each other. The inshore derrick is Plumbed over the quayside and the other derrick is plumbed over the hatch, The preventer and side guys are rigged so as not to obstruct the movement of cargo betwen the hatch and quay. Sometimes the side guys are replaced by a schooner guy which always remains clear of the cargo workingarea. When working a union purchase system the following precautions must be taken into accou 1. The SWL of a union purchase rig must be calculated in accordance with classi An6 sowuenoig above, the Code of Safe Working Practices for Merchant Seamen Fecommend that the SWL.should not exceed one-third the SWL of the smaller derrick. 2. The operating angle of the derrick should preferably be not less than 80° to the horizontal and in no case shoulditbe less than 15 3._The maximum included angle between the cargo wires should not exceed 120° so that forces in the rig are kept to a minimum. To ensure this, Unduty long slings must not be used and winchmen must not lft the load 29“uone101 001410; pauusexe 8q Ol seneays ‘sjoajep Aue 10} peyoayo.eqo; sy00/q puR sasmily “Zz “esi eiojeq paulurexs Ainjosco oqpinous panjonulsboB ly “1 SUITARBST BUPURTTUSTN STOTMETEG “21040 SeUUO} 005 o1dn yy) Ue YoIUM sep uarojenig, eu pue SoUUO} Og oIdN speo} 10} SHOE ,UB|TEH, youseg yn away y: g'e Bis oe ,84y Bulag e804} Jo snowey sour 'spseA dius sno“eA kg padorenap aq pinoo peo} tp Jo BueMmo} 10 61 reg 0} unBuens pur eis x ‘uloo.0n0 0} peubisep sem sem aseyound uolun atp pue Aijiqeiensouew pexoe] yousep e|dui}s Ou. SOUSA. OBNIN. LATTAM jam oveurpiooo pinoys pue peoustiedxe eq Pinoys UELUYOUIM “Ss “vomBIOUe}ep s0\N UL MSOs IM SILA Se SLFEMING JO SIfes PrENB pue sBulweoo yorey yp 1sureBe gnu 0} pemojte eq tou pinoys sieuUNYy “py “Aayes 40} pauinbes wnwiu ey puotsg sSuTe0 YoVeY pue ses preN6 enoge wiers{g eseyoing uoUN eyL: +e Bia3. Allgearselectec should be of adequate SWL. 4. Allowance should be made for the. weight weight. 5. End links, rings or shackles to hang. 6. Strops, wire slings, eye bolts etc. to be examined that they are of adequate strength. 7. While slinging, wood or other packing to be used to protect the sling trom any sharp edges on the load and to prevent the sling from cutting into the load. 8. Avoid shocks due to load slipping or sudden starts. 9. Winch-men should be experienced, co-ordinate well and operate smoothly. ited plus the purchase fe freely. from whichever point they : The ship must have an adequate GM because when the load 's lifted its centre of gravity rises to the derrick head. Hence the centre of ‘A negative metacentric height (-GM) must be surface effect may have tobe reduced. ‘upright with moorings taut and manned as when the load is swung out board, Gangway mustbe clear of the jetty. 12. Barges that are notin immediate use must be cast off. 13. Preventer stays may have to be rigged onto the mast. 14, Winches must be put in double gear. 15. Steadying lines must be secured if possible to the comers of the oad, 16. Remove guard rails possible. STUELCKEN DERRICKS. ‘The main feature of a Stueicken Derrick is the fork-type, twin, V-masts which enable the derrick to be swung through the masts and work hatches fore and aftof i's posi thout any re-rigging. There are different types of ‘Stuelcken Derticks; mainly classed on the way the cargo tackle is brought from for'dtoaftand vice versa kis is brought from for'd to aft and vice versa through 180° when in jhe vertical position, In this type he boom (below the slewingftopping blocks and above the ginblocks) and a pivot at the bottom. 2.PendulumType: The cargo tackie is arranged on one side of the boom 32 Fig. 3.6 :A Stuelcken Derrick or vice versa when the boom is swung and swings from ford to aft po: through, 3.Double Pendulum Type : In this, the cargo tackle is suspended on both sides of the boom and attached to the cross bar. To swing from forward to aft or vice versa, the lower blocks on the cargo fackle are disconnected from the cross bar, one is taken around the boom and attached at the opposite ends of the cross bar. The tackle is now ready to be operated on the other side of the derrick. 33se eungy: 1 614 sod anves a ‘STOMLNOS SNVE: ‘sueeu jenuew Ag Umop Aisyes peo} 243 Bulg oy ‘jq)ss0d 51 ‘pepuedsns 51 peo} at UatM IWOWIOUL TeIONLO B ye SIE} WTSKS ‘lynesply 10 9uNDeI6 By BSED ye0} Ayayes 1o4jour eney 00} SCYOUIN >youuap etuos pue SUELO “ 1d S41 0} y Bunsey ‘eureio oun Bupyed om possed-Aq eq ued Siu asoULL Poy! Buled WOH IMS MR UEUT LOEB peo} 1d 0} 40 5e/6ue yes puokag peme|s Sujaq Woy euBIO ey UENe:d 0} ‘syus jos puokaq Palomo} 40 pastes Bulg Woy aif eyy JAAaid 0} 195 ‘aq ueo 5;no-Ino opeWIOAny “BulddoyBumMe|s 10} 1o\O OLA puB xOoY OB1e9 ou {Jo} @UO - S|O1]UOD OM} WON) PELEAOUEU eB SEUEID “hjowded IGZ - 1S WO, nq Aijewuou axe soueso s.d1US jenoueu jo oe:Bep UBIY e eney pue ayyesien Aion axe Kay 7208 S.diys ie 40 @sn 0} 1S0!SEe ySoU! OY} are SOUEIO SNVEO “seuuoy ‘00S oxdn sytj Aazey Ajowenxe ejpUeY 0} YING eq UBD SyoIUEP USYD|EMS"S ‘Bujeiedo s1 yousep ueyoants aun Yo|YM oF eysoddo SopIs 4 UO poreiedo pue sisod etp 0: PeyDene oq UeO SySUeP oB1e9 346H| ALEUIPIO'L -seyouym paromod ‘eiqeuns 6usn hq peseesouy Ayenuersqns eq ueo Buljpuey 0612 jo peads 9 “sBuyeeq uopony-nue pefees WIN 1 Buldéinbe Aq eousueyujeUl eumumu speeu LONTeI/EISUI YOWNEP }OUM CULL"S “ejqissod ‘sje s} uojesedo jonuos ejowely “sjo.qUCD 112 eye1edo UeD UBL BUO'y ponies eqorisewoynjoye pue 20) yiog seuigY sued ysod ey YGnosg yOLEP oY BuIGuyms Jo AyOe"E “speoj 1oyows 04 6uGueyp vey 20 380d otp YBnoug yOLWEP Oty BuIBUYMS USYM UOAS 20M OP/IE} [ENUEL ON “ypuuep eip Buynajs 104 Suequoneid pue shnB I1e 30 eouesay’L : PILE USPIOMS BJO SOHETTENDY “susoog 06120 om yum poddinbe sodA ‘itp ‘Sepis jog wo uogeiedo snoeueynuuts 10.5 : adAl JoureWOD 10 BOTS “pojanop s1ueds oy1s0 apoe1 orp Bujnoes 0 poods oun snip re) U6 o1p 0110 1 Burddor ‘uj 0) peysene oq ueo wrup puodes & edfy si4p Uy: uojsi9, peeds UOIH'yEXAMPLES FORE) :RCISE In the following problems unless mentioned otherwise, use a value of 10% of the load, per sheave for friction and a factor of safety ot 6 for ropes and wires. 1. A weight of 8 tonnes is to be lifted using a two fold purchase to advantage. Find the effort required and the efficiency of the system. Use the different formulae to confirm your answer. 2. Using a three-fold purchase rigged to disadvantage, to lft a weight of 9.6 tonnes, find: the tension in the hauling part the efficiency of the system ‘the minimum size of manila rope that can safely be used in the purchase. 3. Aste! girder weighing 6 tonnes isto be lifted by a single derrick usinga {gun tackle to advantage. A lead block at the derrick head loads the wire down to the winch. Find the minimum size of 6 X 24 wire to be used for the runner wire. 4, If friction accounts for 12% of the load per sheave, find the mi size of nylon rope that can be used in a watch tackle to life a weight of 5.5 tonnes. 5. A6tonne woightis to be lifted using a gyn-tackle to advantage. Ifthere isalead blockon the masthead find: the effortrequired the efficiency of the system the minimum size of polypropylene rope tobe used. Assume friction tobe 8% of the load per sheave. ittaweight of 4.5 tonnes. secured to the block of a single whip of the system is equal to the product d tho effort required to lift the weight and The hauling part of this purchase rigged to advantagp. I the vel of the individual velocity ratios, the efficiency of the system. 7. A gyn tackle reeved to advantage and a tuff tackle reeved to disadvantage are together used to lift a load of 22 tonnes, The weight is ‘suspended from the gyn tackle whose hauling partis secured to the moving block of the luff tackle. Fit minimum size of 6 X 37 wire to be used in these two purchases, 36 CHAPTER FOUR CODE OF SAFE PRACTICE FOR SOLID BULK CARGOES Bulk cargoes include coals, concentrates, grains, fertilisers, anima! foodstuffs, minerals and ores. These cargoes constitute a high proportion of seaborne trade, AIM OF THE CODE : The Solid Bulk Code aims to: 1. Tohighiight dangers associated with the shipment of bulk cargoes. 2, Togive guidance on procedures to be adopted. 3. Tolisttypical cargoes currently being shipped in bulk. 4. Todescribe test procedures to determine various characteristics of bulk cargoes. DEFINITIONS: Solid Bulk Cargoes : Solids in particle or granular form, generally ~ homogeneous in composition, loaded directly in the ships holds without any packaging. Angle of Repose : It is the angle between a horizontal plane and the cone slope. obtained when bulk cargo is loadedonthis plane. Fig. 4.1 : Angle of Repose Concentrates : It is enriched material obtained after physical or chemical separation of unwanted constituents from natural ores. Natural ores contain a large percentage of large particles and lumps. Concentrates usually consist of fine particles or pellets. ‘Moisture Migration : Concentrates have moisture entrained in them. 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O} anp‘oB20 fysuEP {ySiy Bulpeo} Joye Ardwe S400} PIoy ayy esred|g yeUY 49BUEP © S| HOLL 2uUC) / ,WIZOL 0} 66's Uo@MINg SIO}NE) BBEMOrS Ye SyEUI JOUR OF UEP pu sovds jo dn {inj Ajjensn ere sjossea o8129 ye10U9D “OUUOL / ,LH9S'O eu 559] 10198) @Bemoys e eney Jey) eso\N exe SeObED AysueP YIM : SNOLLAVOaUd GNV SGHVZVH TWWHNLONYLS {seyequ20u09) (sset90 8 S240) 3@NC Aq ele (vio 10 ss07) 1eamwA_ BA) wewubzv0H sopuoy oo, u——__ 4 YS COL oyouus uyub] “snquiog sinoden (yerens) (e20) jung quodg 9KOL —_UOISOLOD equowoy fupueg Avec a aoiod seeys —_PeOT sa vonleaa = {— WYNLONYLS WOIWSHO ALTIEVLS: sa09uV9 41nd OLaNa SauvZvH -(aitg) tod exmsiour moy 2up Jo %06 PUNoze S| ‘6109 yei0U08 ® Aq eBELLR 104 ofes PesepISUOD BTEsIUSDUGO B JO 1USTUOD aumsiou! uinwixew ou stay: CIAL) WOM Sanson SRTEHOASTET, -sdojenep eves Moye YOU ye u9qUCO aimsiow eBeueaed OM Sty: TENA) WOE SIMSON MOL ejdures jo 14BIOM [EIOL %00Lx —TEEMJOTIBIEM = OW ejduses 619 Jo 14S18M [2101 84 UL PEUTEIUED 1o}EM 2440 14SIOM aSeusoied eup s} ofduses © JO TUSIUCD eINISIOWN + TSHIOD SIMSIOM ‘06160 Jo HUSTEMe ul Buginser “yi6ueNs 1294s feusoyul S}'Ses0]SSeus Ou ou ‘dojonap Kew BIEIS OT © smu. yoyem oun Bupeidsip ‘seveptlosuooTimber Planks 2emx 25cm Shores 4Ocmx10em \ ‘Scmxt0em 5 Steal brackets oo \ welded to deck Fig. 4.3 : Shifting Boards GENERAL PRECAUTIONS WHEN LOADING BULK CARGO: 1. Inspectthe hold for sui prior loading. 2. Ensure that bilge wells, strainer plates, sounding pipes, bilge suctions etc. are tested and satisfactory. 8. Protect deckmachinery agai 4. The accommodation air-con on recirculation, 5. Soundbilges before andatterloading. 6. While loading high density cargo the cargo should not fal the empty hold as the tank top may get damaged. .A few should be gently loweredat first. ahigh GM, fora give ship than fora tender loaded in the lower hold only. However, tdust. \g systern must be screened or put ip. Because of this, the er ire cargo is to be 1 lower hold tank top gets overstressed or if the vessel tends to become too stiff then some minimum amount of cargo may be putin the t'ween deck. 8. Bulk cargoes are loaded at ahi sequence, trim, list, gangway, moorings etc. must allbeattendedto. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS: 1... While loading discharging 6r transporting bulk materials, all appropriate ratiénal and international safety regulations are to be observed, Medical advice is given in the MFAG (Medical First Aid Guide for use in accidents involving dangerous goods.) Certain bulk materials are liable to oxidation, emission of toxic fumes and self heating, particularly when wet. The shipper should inform the Master prior to loading on all physical properties, and chemical hazards of the cargo so that oxygen and toxic gas measuring instruments may be carried. 5 2. Bulk material may cause oxygen depletion in a cargo space. Entry of personnel into enclosed spaces should not be permitted until adequate ventilation and testing of the atmosphere is done with appropriate instruments. Emergency entry may be undertaken only with self-contained breathing apparatus and protective clothing. 3. Dust created by certain cargoes may constitute a health as well as an explosion hazard. Use of dust masks, ventilation and hosing down rather than swéeping are methods to combat thishazard. 4. Sampling and test procedures are described to determine cargo properties CONCENTRATES PROPERTIES OF CONCENTRATES Cargoes which may liquefy includes concentrates, certain coals and other materials listed in Appendix A. Ata moisture content above the TML, shift of cargo may occur as.a result of liquefaction. Such cargoes appear to be in a relatively dry, granular state when loaded. But due to compaction not return with the roll ‘the other way. Thus the ship may progressively list dangerously and capsize. HAZARDS OF CONCENTRATES: 1. High density 2. Dryshift (below TML) 3. Wet shift (above TML) aer soulonego=8'eXS'ZEXLLX6'O= GXGX1X60= Ploy ayLut pepeojoques yey cB1e9 wnuxeyy “SUY Ploy aut jo Bua} eu yBnosy ues jeuUM yeys e pouiuin sem 06129 01n u POW semobiesoy, + ¢.we'g sem diys oun 40 yeup Jens aug 1 'sese0 SuyMo|}o} 84} Ul ‘94 O61e0 ‘9uy Jo 14Btey wnwncews a4) Pino weUA UE PRO| NOK pinom (y,WSS'O 4S) eyesquequos esoueB uw pue (y,War" 4S) Pew UBEGeAos Jo SeuUO} AUB mou ‘UBly WOE pue peog Ws'Z) "Suo| WZ} PIOY UF : BTUWEXS BEHION ude ,06 eu09 ‘aun puno1e syujod ino} ye s0}eNOId 8 Aq peinsvow 91 peqozuoY aun UM soyeu adojs ouoo oy) yeu ojSue ou “peunod Bujeq 5} jeverew ou) se yeod 8u00 au punare ¥seIj 642 Jo YINow su Buyajonai fq’euop @q ued su “ouco DinNoUAAS UlI9} 0} se Os doy au0D OLN enoge soxjouus moj B wO1}Ayn}aze0 eoueeq oyi,.znod mon “eu09 8 wH0} 0} 8ded yéno1 aty Uo! 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O61e9 jo Auanyjop UUM “8 ~-Bujpeo} opsoudisnfuerer eq jsnu soidues yse) uaig Uoneydioaid 0} pasodxe s1 apd yooIs eu @seOUL -L quiod Burdalys oun oF se120U ajId yoo3s oy) OY UE}e} 0q 0} SeIduIES Se}, “OWN PUB “WLI Ou Bugeis Auoye10qe| 1uajedusoo e wos, eyeaYNNIED B GoNpoId shu ieddIUS °9 Aigeuns eq pinous Supe? je stk ‘ubiam Aq; ssa} 80 0} NO LUM KEW AyUEND otf ‘10m PepBO| SI INUGINS SY ‘e6po]ueo yenp eseypa soba] pue susBeq Xoq ‘Sienco YoHeU Jo oprsiepun oi pred Busod ouane sejnonred ym paueero AIYBNOIOYR 24 O} SPIOH “@BzEUPSIP UO ‘s nopanneqorweishs'0O y “Burpeo} oud paysem eum eqOrsPIoH E -s96}19 eu o1u) Kem sy Bu1puy wo3y snp woraid 04 ‘PEyINED od pinoys squiyo Aury “spreod Jaqui uum parenco pue perser eqorse6K “ployeut ur yat eq 0112940 jul 0500] ON “PeAOUIaS OG oF"BH9‘poOMIO Se0eId 'sHEs Yeu e|TBUILTEYU! Te PUB ALYENOIOLB PauBETO eq PINCUS SPICH “t NOUWHvdatd CTOH -ponouies s| Buneooqured oun as8yM seere Ayejnonsed-‘eull) ym peyeod Ajjeseqil @q Pincus Y PIOW ey perord ‘01, “pepouoo Aipeq useq envy Seeze pojsny pus doy ue) otp Atjeyedse ploy otf Ul HOM jooIs eu TET EES eq IM W OGFeYOSIP UO PUT anydins yo Jemod enjsoul09 84} seo UBL ojBMJo GouEsaid OU, “AYNGEUIEY PIES Si pue pasres Buloq snp 1uansid 0} uoRIpudoIeMe UI PEpeO| sLNYCINS ~E -peprone oq few so6uep sip ‘Buideams jo peersuy umop Busou Aq “peveinven 10m 9q Pinoys spjoy eouey pus esue Aew prezeY SLA 'SpIoU Ou Buydeoms: aqum -Bulsu ysnp ywareid 0} Buypeo| exojeq Joye ySO) LIM, PoneN ‘s}snyding eous} “uo!sojdxe Ue Bujsneo eyuby Aupees ues snp snydins “Z “oo esnpue seouenue yorey Pue SOUTEY ‘|yy esop ‘ebse} 5} uy OU -yzoujouss 0} Bare BujLung ©4p O1UO Peleus: ‘nydins e0ul 40 pesn eq Kew Jovem ysas Jo Aesds euy B S1nG00 OMy H.W syoopuc pebiueqorsesousremyserd It opeds B eonpoud pue y sujebe e195 PINoo qeaB tp ebreyosip Buunp se-“splou u) yot 0g 0} 299 ‘te06 Buryse| ‘s1en00 o61q ‘Be syoo{go feyoul eso] ON3. All bales should be clean, perfectly dry and free from any grease or stains, Wet bales if stowed in a confined space will heat and deteriorate, Wet and dry bales should not be stowed together. Wetness may not be readlly apparent as the outside of he bales may get dried quickly. 4. Loosely packed bales or those with broken bands and torn wrapping ‘should be rejected as these permit air circulation and catch fire easily. 5. Where second hand hessian wrapping is used some countries may insist on fumigation of the bales. So new material must be used for ‘wrapping and for replacing parts of wrapping cut off for sampling or grading ofthe cargo. 6. Port marks should not be obliterated and the cargo should be w segregated to prevent over carriage or delay indischarge. 7. Dunnage used should be clean, dry and free from oll or grease stains. RICE PROPERTIES Rice is mostly carried in bags except for very short voyages when it may bbe carried in bulk. In such cases holds should be prepared as for grain cargo and loading to be carried out as per grain rules. Rice requires an efficient and elaborate ventilation and drainage system because : 1.ltevolves carbonic acid gas, 2.Ithas a high moisture content which can lead to ship's sweat forming, The loss of wei 9 could be as much as 5% due to moisture being given out. This moisture condenses on the ships sides, decks and steel 2 in the cargo is dampened or wetted by this moisture, great heat anc ity. Rice is easil bulkheads. stowage quickly rots. This reaction gener ‘odour which affects other rice bags in the the not noticeable till afteritis cooked. inted and HOLD CLEANING AND PREPARATION Holds should be cleaned and made free from foul odours by thorough washing and then complete drying. Bilges should be cleaned and 52 jeetened, No dampness to be present in the holds or blges. If sufficient '@ isnot available for washing and drying, then the holds may be sprinkled with sawdust and broomed down thoroughly with hard brooms. DUNNAGE Dunnaging ofthe rice cargo has to be very thorough with special attention being paid at the turn of the bilges and on stringers, brackets and other parts likely to collect condensed moisture. Double dunnage is laid on the tank top consisting of 8 cm” wooden battens laid athwartships and 2'/, cm x 15 cm, wooden planks laid on top of them. The lower battens aro ‘spaced 25 cm apart and the top ones 10 cm apart. The aim of the dunnage is to prevent any bags coming into contact with the steel tank top and to tate free drainage of water o the bilges. SPAR CEILING ‘Spar ceiling is to be closely spaced and carried well upto'the top of the i not, bamboo is to be Secured to the same, closely spaced, to prevent ‘© contact with plating, frames etc. as well as to ensure free circulation of air between the ship side and the cargo. placed over any steel parts not covered by spar ceiling. e.g, ete. RECEIVINGTHE CARGO. ‘The cargo must be inspected before itis loaded. Bags are checked that they are dry and it rice and paddy. LOADING AND VENTILATION ‘Temporary vertical box ventilators are fitted in position as follows; one at each corner of the hatchway and one in the middle of the hatch coaming ‘on each side making sixin all for the hatchway. Two are fitted at each end of the hold, one to port and one to starboard. These lead to permanent forshafts. 53CEMENT GENERAL : There are many types of coment, varying greatly in their relative densities, and therefore in their stowage factors. It may be shipped in barrels which should be paper lined, in kraft bags or gunny bags. More recently it has been shipped in bulk in specially designed with mechanical means of discharging the cement (Self-unloading ships). PREPARATION : Holds should be well swopt, and the limber boards ‘made dust tight, this should enable the siftage to be recovered as clean as Possible and there will probably be a considerable amount of this, Should ‘sugar have been recently carried in the compartment, then th frames, beams etc. should be thorough, and the hi ispected prior to loading, as sugar, to the extent of only .001 percent mixing with cement has the effect of rendering the cement worthless as a binding mixture. The hold should be well dunnaged to prevent the bags coming into contact with the steelwork. Use could be made of dunnage, paper and bamboo mats to cover bulkheads and pillars. LOADING : Care must be taken to avoid damage to containers during loading. Canvas slings to the used with bags. Slings must not be dragged anda proper landing platform should be used. STOWAGE : As mentioned above, cement should not be loaded in the same compartment as sugar, ammonia orits sulphate as their fumes or gas alters the character of the cement to a quick-drying coment. When overstowing other cargo with bagged cement a firm and Ie Platformis essential. Boards should be placed so as to withstand the weight, As there will be a lot of dust, any goods which might be adversely affected should not be overstowed with coment. Any fine goods should be carefully covered. DURING THE VOYAGE : Sweat and any form of moisture must be kept to a minimum. In order to achieve this careful attention must be paid to ventilation. (see nates on ventilation). DISCHARGING: The same care must be taken asin loadingio prevent excess leakage. Separation of different parcels is usually made easy by the shipper using bags of different colours for difforent ports, 56 CHAPTER SIX THE INTERNATIONAL MARITIME DANGEROUS GOODS (IMDG) CODE AIM 1. To regulate the transport by sea of dangerous goods to reasonably Prevent injury to persons or damage tothe ship. 2. To regulate transport by sea of marine pollutants to prevent harm to the marine environment, However any regulations should not unnecessarily impede ‘the movement of dangerous goods. REG.1: APPLICATION Applies to all ships carrying dangerous goods as classified in Reg. 2in Packaged form or solid form in bulk except ship stores and equipment. REG.2: CLASSIFICATION Dangerous goods are dividedinto the following classes: Fig. 6.1 : Labels All lettering black Class: Explosives e.g. Nitroglycerine, ORANGE cyclonite (RDX), ammunition Class 2 : Petroleum Gases, 876s “ejpeidanes ap Jo eBeyzaiqjoquansa eur qiosqe 0} Ayjuenb yueloins Jo oq pue papun ja) ajoeidagal jewiOnoUL 0} yo0IGns 0g YOU 1m porejoosse Jo aigedeo pue uojpuco pooh uj ‘opeui jjom oq 0} Guppeg —“L ONDIOVd :£°4u SeoUETSINS sTOTSe DUE pS SWOSUETIOOSTN 659219 “eposansneg ‘ploy. ounyding 69 SORISOUOD: 8SSID “wou uana pur yeqoo ‘wnjuogs ‘wns Jo sadojos} ujeyia0 pue winoyy, “G-o ‘SEVBIEUTAANDEOPEY: 2 sseiQ “suawjoeds opsoubeip pue seouejsqns [eo|Bojorg “B-a SeOUBISNS SHONDATUI:Z'9 S8vID peor} fueenoL ‘POY aissnid ‘Seo 4891 6°° SOUEISqE {BROT -SHOWOSTOA:198Se19 pxo1eg foueseG ‘poy anevehxo10d ‘5° SEPROTSTOTEDIO ZS Sse oprosed unipos *e12201N9 uinisseiod “Oprcoxed wnjjuois “6°28 ‘SSOTE ISHS BUSIPRO:1'S S510 ‘shoe uyeyeo pue seow wini9j@_ “win}ssBIod “wntpos °6°e ‘SeseD SEUNTET ICTS sToyEM YR YEIUOS UP TBE SSOUBISAMS :e'y S5P10 -smuoydsoud ‘yems jess pue uost “60 TORSMAUIOS swoouETuods OY OEY SOOUESANS ‘zy SSPIO “wuo} pos Ut stusen so ured ‘ese eiyxe, ‘Isnp ourz “Be ‘SpIOT OREM: S610 -seyeisip wingjoned ‘auonyoy‘senjensesoud poom °6'8 ‘SpPIMDTSIEUMIET: ESS3. _Anullage should be kept sufficientto allow for expansion at the highest temperature normally expected on the voyage. 4. Cy tested, maintained and correctly filled. 5. Empty uncleaned receptacles to be treated as filled receptacles unless adequate measured are taken to nulltyany hazard. REG. 4: MARKING, LABELLING, PLACARDING 1. Correct technical name is to be durably marked; not trade or local name alone. 2. Packages are to be provided with distinctive labels, stencils of the labels or placards tomake clear the dangerous properties of the goods. 3. The information provided by labels, stencils or placards are to be ‘identifiable on packages surviving at least three months immersion in the sea. Hence account should be taken of the method of marking and affixing the labels, durability of the materials used and surface of the package. 5 oF if stowed and handled REG.S: DOCUMENTS 1. Correct technical name is to be used in documents and correct tion description given according to cla Reg.2. 2. Documents are to inciude a signed certificate or declaration from the shipper that the shipment is properly packed and marked, labelled or placarded and in proper condition for carriage by sea. 3. Every ship shall have a special list or manifest or stowage plan for dangerous goods, showing class and location af goods on board. REG.6: STOWAGE REQUIREMENTS 1. Dangerous goods are to be stowed safely and appropriately according to the nature of the goods. Incompatible goods shall be segregated from one another. 60 Fs for gases under pressure should be adequately constructed, 2 securely closed while at sea and segregated from detonators. .Electrical apparatus and cabling i such compartments shall be so designed and used as to minimise the risk offire or explosion. 3. Dangerous goods in packaged form which give off vapours shall be ‘ed in a mechanically ventilated space or on deck. Dangerous goods in form in bulk which give off dangerous vapours shall be stowed in a well ied space. 4, _ Inships carrying flammable gases or liquids special precautions shall be taken againstfire or explosion. 5. Substances which aré liable to spontaneous heating or combustion shall not be carried unless adequate precautions against fire are taken. REG.7: EXPLOSIVES IN PASSENGER SHIPS. Explosives ‘are divided into subdivisions 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 1.4 and 1.5. ‘They are further grouped into compatibility groups A, B, C, D, E, F,G,H, J, K, Lands. 1. _ Explosives in subdivision 1.4, compatibility group S may be carried in any amount in passenger ships together with any one of the following: a. Explosives in compatibility groups C, D, E-maximum 10 kgs. b. Explosive articles in compatibility group G, not requiring special stowage - Maximum 10 kgs. c. Explosive articles in compatibility group B-Maximum 5 kgs. articles for ife saving purposes - maximum 50 kgs. 4. Explosi 2. Ad luantities or types of explosives may be carried in passenger ships in which special safety measures approved by the Administration are taken. Annex Ill of the International Convention for’ the ~ Prevention of Pollution from ships 1973 as modified by the Protocol of 1978 (Marpol 73/78) is reproduced in full in the IMDG code. It, contains regulations for the prevention of pollution by harmful substances carried byseain packaged form. 61