Color, pH and Specific

Gravity

Results and Observation

Specific Objective:
Know the normal constituent of urine
Identify and understand the significance of
abnormal urine components
Define the specific gravity (high/low)

TEST

NORMAL URINE
SPECIMEN

ABNORMAL
URINE SPECIMEN

COLOR OF URINE

Dark yellow

Light yellow

CONSISTENCY OF
URINE

Clear liquid

Clear liquid

GLUCOSE

negative

Trace 5

KETONE

negative

0.5s

Discuss the principle of Ketone

through the use of reagent strip.
Testing your urine for ketones is a quick and easy way to
determine if you are at immediate risk for Diabetic
Ketoacidosis (DKA). This can occur when people with type 1
diabetes dont take insulin for long periods of time, when
insulin pumps fail to deliver insulin and the wearer does not
monitor blood glucose, or during serious illness (in type 1 or
type 2) when insulin doses are missed or not increased
appropriately for the stress of illness. Without enough
insulin, the cells in the body cant absorb glucose and go
into starvation mode, breaking down fats for energy.
Ketones are a by-product of fat breakdown, and high levels
can be toxic.
Trace or small concentrations indicate you may be starting to
build up ketones in your system and should make sure your
pump is delivering insulin or determine if you missed a
shot.
Not eating for about 24 hours or a very low-carb eating plan
can result in a small amount of ketone production that may
show as a color change on the ketone test strip.

Discuss the principle of Glucose testing

through the use of reagent strip.
Enzymatic Testing

Specific for glucose

Detect the oxidation of glucose of gluconic acid

Based on a double sequential enzyme reaction

To detect if patient has Diabetes Mellitus

Protein: Biuret Test

Metabolism and Energy
Production
Analysis of Urine

Procedure

Place 1ml of normal urine and 1ml of abnormal urine

sample in separate test tubes.

To each tube, add 10 drops of 10% NaOH, mix

add 5 drops of 10% CuSO4 to each tube, mix

Procedure

Record observations

A rose to violet tint indicates the presence of

albumin or related materials in the urine.

Results and Observation

Specific Objective:
Detect presence of peptide bonds

NORMAL
URINE
SPECIMEN

ABNORMAL
URINE
SPECIMEN

COLOR OF
SOLUTION

Blue green

Dark blue
(with rose
tint)

INTERPRETATI
ON

Negative
presence of
albumin

Positive
presence of
albumin

OBSERVATION
S

guide questions

What substances are

normally found in urine

The biochemicals found in the urine are

predominantly the endproducts of the nitrogen
metabolism process, these include urea, uric acid
and creatinine. Other components of urine include
sodium chloride( common salft) and over 100 other
substances that are usually present but only a trace.

Discuss the relationship of

urochrome with normal
urine color

Urobilin or urochrome is the chemical primarily

responsible for the yellow color of urine. Its a linear
tetrapyrrole compound that along with the related
compound urobilinogen are degradation products of
the cyclic tetrapyrrole heme.s

Why is protein not

normally detected in urine?
Proteins are too large during ultrafiltration in the
glomerulus
Therefore they brokedown to amino acids to be
ultrafiltrated.
Urea is made of broken down old protein for excretion
in urine
Proteinuria- presence of abnormal quantities of protein
in the urine, which may indicate damage to the
kidneyss

How do pre-renal, renal, and post renal

proteinuria differ from one another?

Pre-renal proteinuria
An increase in the blood concentration of low molecular
weight protein leads to an increase in their filtration.
The tubular maximal reabsorption capacity is
exceeded, which leads to increased excretion
into the urine.
This proteinuria is observed after physical exercise
and are observed most often in young adults.

Pre-renal proteinuria may occur in cases of fever,

myocardial infarction, nervous system damage
(i.e. stroke), emotional stress, intra-vascular
hemolysis (hemoglobinuria), musculoskeletal
injuries (myoglobinuria ) and myeloma (BenceJones proteinuria).

Renal proteinuria
Most renal proteinurias are persistent and originate in
the glomerulus. The concentration in urine exceeds
0.25 g/L. It is often a marker of glomerulonephritis,
in association with microhematuria. The increase in
the concentration of low molecular weight proteins
in blood cause an increase in their filtration. The
ability of tubular reabsorption is exceeded which
leads to increased excretion.
It is seen in cases of decreased kidney function such
as diabetes, lupus erythematosus or the taking of
nephrotoxic drugs (i.e. aminoglycosides, cytostatics)

Postrenal Proteinuria:
A proteinuria due to bleeding or infection of the
kidneys, ureter, bladder or urethra.
Post-renal proteinuria occurs with inflammatory
diseases such as cystitis, prostatitis and urinary
tract bleeding.

Explain the protein error of indicators and list

any sources of interferance that may occur
with this method of protein testing
Protein error of indicators
principle: at fixed ph, certain indicators
show one color in the presence of protein
and another in absence of presence
HIGHLY BUFFERED

Explain the protein error of indicators and list any sources of interferance that may occur
with this method.
Primarily measures ALBUMIN
1. indicator: tetrabromphenol blue
2. Citrate Buffer: maintains 3 pH

Explain the protein error of indicators and list any sources of interferance
that may occur with this method.
Presence of albumin
1. indicator YELLOW TO BLUE
2. Biuret test ROSE TO A VIOLET

Discuss Microalbuminuria including its

significance, reagent strip tests and
principles governing its use.

microalbuminuria

The
test is a urine test that
measures the amount of albumin in your urine. If kidney damage
has occurred, albumin will leak into the bloodstream and will be
present in the urine. The microalbuminuria test is also known as:

the ACR test

the albumin-to-creatinine ratio test
the urine albumin test

The Urinalysis Reagent Strips (Urine) are firm plastic

strips onto which several separate reagent areas are
affixed. The test is for the qualitative and semiquantitative detection of Creatinine, and Albumin at
low concentrations also known as Microalbumin in
urine

The Urinalysis Reagent Strips (Urine) are firm plastic

strips onto which several separate reagent areas are
affixed. The test is for the qualitative and semiquantitative detection of Creatinine, and Albumin at
low concentrations also known as Microalbumin in
urine