Gord, tNctor Company, GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING and TOLERANCING POCKET GUIDE TO SUPPLEMENT THE ASME Y14.5M — 1994 DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING STANDARD @,P =D +M QUALITY DESIGN MANUFACTURING PRODUCT ACTIVITIES ACTIVITIESGEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING (GDT) INTRODUCTION The purpose of an engineering drawing is to clearly convey the product design intent of function. To do so, it must be interpreted by Design and Manufacturing uniformly. GDT is the Engineering Product Definition Standard which describes the geometric features of a product and their operational relationships (expressed as tolerances) to each — other and their functional interfaces with mating parts, assemblies, etc. It provides the documentation base for the design of the production and quality systems. This booklet is intended to serve as an aid in understanding GDT and is a condensed version of the material. For additional information refer to “Dimensioning and Tolerancing, ASME > Y14.5M-1994”, DIMENSIONS SHOWN IN THIS PUBLICATION ARE IN MILLIMETERS. The Illustrations shown in this booklet are intended to aid the user in understanding the principles and methods of Dimensioning and Tolerancing. Many of the Illustrations are incomplete by intent and should not be used as the basis for Design Criteria, Acceptance, or Rejection of Components.TABLE OF CONTENTS ITEM PAGE INTRODUCTION GEOMETRIC CHARACTERISTIC SYMBOLS .......-.--- 1 COMMON TERMS AND DEFINITIONS ....--+---++2+++> 2 FEATURE CONTROL FRAME ......- 00+ 0e seer ererete 3-4 GENERAL RULES DATUM SYSTEM STRAIGHTNESS FLATNESS CIRCULARITY «2.2.0.0 sce eee eee reer eene net n eens 18 CYLINDRICITY ... PROFILE PARALLELISM ........000-ee rere eee reenter esses PERPENDICULARITY .. ANGULARITY .....000-000: cere etree etn e sees re sees 31 TANGENT PLANE «1.0.00 0 0022 cere seer eee ee eres tes 32 POSITION SYMMETRY .......000200e eect eee eee e eee eee sces 54GEOMETRIC CHARACTERISTIC SYMBOLS ate oe CHARACTERISTIC snweou | FOR . ~~ [straigHtNess | INDIVIDUAL FLATNESS a | FEATURES FORM CIRCGULARITY TO 0. CYLINDRICITY To FORINDIVIDUALOR | PROFILE OF ALINE oO | RELATED PROFILE ~ | FEATURES PROFILE OF A SURFACE a — “YANGULARITY 2 ORIENTATION [PERPENDICULARITY [it | ____ [PARALLELISM |Z _t FOR RELATED [POSITION _ | + | FEATURES LOCATION concentaiciy ss | O | ‘SYMMETRY RUNOUT cicuLARRUNOUT | | TOTAL RUNOUT a Arrowheads) may be filed or not filed. I MATERIAL CONDITIONS TERM [MAXIMUMMATERIALCONDITION LEAST MATERIAL CONDITION [REGARDLESS OF FEATURE SIZE _ “ADDITIONAL AL SYMBOLS — ___TERM SYMBOL | TERM DIAMETRICAL FEATURE ‘COUNTERSINK ORTOL ZONE % DEPTHIDEEP — BASIC DIMENSION 50 SouaRE@HAPE) S| REFERENCE DIMENSION (60) | DIMENSION NOT TO _ - PROJECTED TOLERANCE | —q@ =—| |SOME ZONE, |__| Nuaer oF Times! [ DATUM FEATURE (al [PLACES . ARC LENGTH [DATUMTaRGeT | “| [RADUIS _ [DATUM TARGET PONT | SPHERICAL RADIUS _ DIMENSION ORIGIN FEATURE CONTROL FRAME [CONIGAL TAPER ‘SLOPE - ‘COUNTERBOREISPOT- [PAGE * Datum Feature Triangle may be filed or not filed.GUMMUN ITERMd ANU DEFINITIONS BASIC DIMENSION A numerical value used to describe the theoretically exact size, profile, orientation, or location of a feature or datum target. It is the basis from which permissible varia- tions are established by tolerances on other dimensions, in notes, or in a feature control frame. MAXIMUM MATERIAL CONDITION (@) (MMC) ‘The condition in which a feature of size contains the maximum amount of material within the stated limits of size — for example, minimum hole diameter, maximum shaft diameter. LEAST MATERIAL CONDITION(®) (LMC) ‘The condition in which a feature of size contains the Jeast amount of material within the stated limits of size — for example, maximum hole diameter, minimum shaft diameter. REGARDLESS OF FEATURE SIZE (RFS) ‘The term used to indicate that a geometric tolerance or datum reference applies at any increment of size of the feature within its size tolerance. (No additional positional or form tolerance is available; no matter what the size). FULL INDICATOR MOVEMENT (FIM) ‘The total movement of an indicator when appropriately applied to a surface to measure its variations. (Formerly called total indicator reading-TIR). VIRTUAL CONDITION ‘A constant boundary generated by the collective effects of a size feature’s specified MMC or LMC material condition and the geometric tolerance for that material condition, EXTERNAL FEATURE _ MMC CONCEPT — a constant value equal to its maximum material condition size PLUS its applicable geometric tolerances. LMC CONCEPT — a constant value equal to its least material condition MINUS its applicable geometric tolerances. INTERNAL FEATURE MMC CONCEPT — a constant value equal to its maximum material condition size MINUS its applicable geometric tolerances. LMC CONCEPT —a constant value equal to its least material condition PLUS its applicable geometric tolerances. IDENTIFICATION OF TOLERANCE ZONE Where the specified tolerance value represents the diameter of a cylindrical or spherical zone, the diameter or spherical diameter symbol shall precede the toler- ance value. Where the tolerance zone is other than a diameter, identification is unnecessary, and the specified tolerance value represents the distance between two parallel straight lines or planes, or the distance between two uniform boundaries, as the specific case may be. 2FEATURE CONTROL FRAME The feature control frame consists of: 1. Type of control (geometric characteristic) 2. Tolerance zone 3, Tolerance zone modifiers (i.e. @ or ©) 4. Datum references if applicable and any datum feature modifiers. GEOMETRIC E7 [08 je ~ TOLERANCE CHARACTERISTIC ty cRaNCE SYMBOL- Lx GEOMETRIC @| c ky CHARACTERISTIC s c 7 ‘SYMBOL DATUM TOL ZONE REFERENCE sO) SHAPE LEER MATERIAL CONDITION SYMBOL TOLZONE = MATERIAL SHAPE CONDITION ‘SYMBOL FEATURE CONTROL FRAME INCORPORATING FEATURE CONTROL FRAME A DATUM REFERENCE ONE DATUM MULTIPLE DATUM REFERENCE PRIMARY PRIMARY TWO SECONDARY DATUM REFERENCES — [@|% os @l slow] SECONDARY THREE PRIMARY TERTIARY DATUM. { REFERENCES _. NF, (é]a 05 @lFlelo] ORDER OF PRECEDENCE OF DATUM REFERENCESFEATURE CONTROL FRAME (Cont.) COMPOSITE FEATURE CONTROL FRAME ‘SYMBOL FOR ALL AROUND $122 Bia p@lee TWO SINGLE SEGMENT FEATURE CONTROL FRAMES 02 @| 4 [s@ COMBINED FEATURE CONTROL FRAME AND DATUM FEATURE SYMBOL a) FEATURE CONTROL FRAME WITH A SYMBOL FOR ALL AROUND [S[bos OO 16 PROJECTED TOLERANCE ZONE SYMBOL MINIMUM PROJECTED HEIGHT OF TOLERANCE ZONE FEATURE CONTROL FRAME WITH A PROJECTED TOLERANCE ZONEGENERAL RULES LIMITS OF SIZE For an individual feature of size: No element of the actual feature shall extend beyond the specified high or low limits of size or the envelope of perfect form at MMC. Where the actual size of a feature has departed form MMC to LMC a variation in form is allowed equal to such departure. This control does not apply to stock such as bars, sheets, tubing or other items produced to established industry standards. EXTERNAL FEATURE INTERNAL FEATURE ATH 22.2 AT G23 22.4 ——s be ezzome () — RMOEEM™ | ©22ume Biy Suey eorm 22.1 >|" e— PERFECT PERFECT —+| - 622.2 (MMC) 9224-1 gre he —si'— 6.22.3 (MMC) >| be 622.2 (MMC) 224 ee4 p224 D221 et" @ 22.3 (MMC) LIMITS OF SIZE & FEATURE RELATIONSHIP ‘The limits of size of an individual feature prescribes the extent to which variations in its geometric form, as well as size, are allowed (Fig. 1). FIG.1 4 G3 25 G24 . _DESIGN INTENT __ _POSSIBLE RESULT _ Therefore relationship between individual features must be controlled to avoid incomplete drawing requirements; geometric tolerancing is used to control the location or orientation (Fig. 2). Mee @ 3 a 0.5 MOVEMENT or - — 8% (elo sla {al @1TOL- ___DESIGNINTENT _——_—|_ CONTROLLED RESULT PERFECT FORM MMC & FEATURE RELATIONSHIP If it is necessary to establish a boundary of perfect form at MMC to control the ralationchin helwean faatneae the follnwing mathnde (A RC TD) are nsedGENERAL RULES (Cont.) A. Specify a zero tolerance or orientation at MMC, including a datum refer- ence (at MMC, if applicable), to control angularity, perpendicularity, or parallelism of the feature B. Specify a zero positional tolerance at MMC, including a datum reference at MMC, to control coaxial or symmetrical features. C. Indicate this control for the features involved by a note such as PERFECT ORIENTATION (or COAXIALITY or SYMMETRY) AT MMC REQUIRED FOR RELATED FEATURES. D. Relate dimensions to a datum reference frame by a local or general note indicating datum precedence. The noted dimensions define only the maxi- mum material condition envelope related to the datum reference frame defined by the datums. ALL GEOMETRIC TOLERANCES RFS applies, with respect to the individual tolerance, datum reference, or both, where no modifying symbol is specified. MMC or LMC must be specified on the drawing where it is required. EXAMPLE: IMPLIES RFS 270.08] Zz [Gd o13/ a] AL SCREW THREADS Fach tolerance of orientation or position and datum reference specified for a screw thread applies to the axis of the thread derived from the pitch cylinder (diameter). ‘Where an exception to this practice is necessary, the specific feature of the screw thread (such as MINOR DIA or MAJOR DIA) shall be stated beneath the feature control frame or beneath the datum feature symbol, as applicable. EXAMPLE: (APPLICABLE TO (APPLICABLE TO DATUM) FEATURE CONTROLLED) [ols ow Bla) MAJOR @ MAJOR &GENERAL RULES (Cont.) GEARS AND SPLINES ‘A QUALIFYING NOTATION MUST BE ADDED TO THE SYMBOL OR NOTE (E.G., MAJOR J) [& [9 008 @A] MAJOR © EXAMPLE: DATUM FEATURES AT VIRTUAL CONDITION When a feature is designated to be used as a datum feature (Fig, 1, B and C) these datum features apply at their virtual condition when used for verifying a feature relationship to them (Fig. 2). FG.1 hme a mes ot ee [61 0s @|A b@lc@) oO 7 Lo kl 16 c+ boob a | HL axe? + li a Ft [e]e 02 Ga] pew ee Sood FIG. 2 @ 9.25—2HOLES rote (VIRTUAL CONDITION OF DATUM FEATURES) —— Basic -! = —— 50 —->| 13 16 MIN — BASIC BASIC lw at Co Ail ZB. MIN @ 4.4—2PINS t (vi sve CONDITION) = GAGE FOR ee FEATURE RELATIONSHIPSDATUM SYSTEM DATUM {A theoretically exact point, axis, or plane derived from the true geometric counterpart of specified datum feature, A datum isthe origin from which the location or geometric char- acteristicsof features of a part are established. DATUM FEATURE SIMULATOR ‘A surface of adequately precise form (such as surface plate, a gage surface, or a mandrel) contacting the datum feature(s) and used to establish the simulated datum(s). SIMULATED DATUM A point, axis, or plane established by processing or inspection equipment (datum feature simulator). DATUM FEATURE ‘An actual feature of a part that is used to stage the part in the equipment (datum feature simula- to:) for purposes of relating its geometry (relationships) to the datum reference frame. DATUM REFERENCE FRAME Sufficient datum features, those most important to the design of a part, or designated por- tions of these features are chosen to position the part in relation to a set of three mutually perpendicular planes, jointly called a datum reference frame (sce figure 1). This reference frame exists in theory only and not on the part. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a method of simulating the theoretical reference frame from the actual features of the part (Gee figure 2). This simulation is accomplished by positioning specifically identified fea- tures in contact with appropriate datum simulators, in a stated order of precedence, to restrict motion of the a part and to relate the part adequately to the datum reference frame. FIG. 1 _ _. DATUM POINT z DATUM AXIS DIRECTION OF 90° MEASUREMENTS 30° oo 3 x | a U ~ DATUM AXIS DATUM AXIS MUTUALLY PERPENDICULAR PLANESDATUM SYSTEM (CONT.) [FIG. 2a ESTABLISHMENT OF DATUM A S, RFS EXTERNAL FEATURE THIS ON THE DRAWING a - i MEANS THIS — NOTE: Simulated datum feature not shown for clarity Datum feature Simulator (e.g. Collet True geometric counterpart of datum feature A (smallest circumscribed cylinder) ~Tomponent Datum axis A (theoretical) (Axis of true geometric counterpart) FIG, 2b NON-SIZE DATUM FEATURE ESTABLISHMENT OF DATUM PLANE THIS ON THE DRAWING ss. a A MEANS THIS Datum plane A (theoretical) (True geometric counterpart of datum feature A) Datum Feature Simulator (e.g. Surface Plate) ‘Simulated datum plane A ‘Simulated datum feature {Plane established from the actual (Surface of manuafacturing or surface of the datum feature simulator) verification equipment) (2) Component & datum feature simulator prior to contact (Plane established from the actual Datum plane A (theoretica) sur feature simul (True geometric counterpart surface of the datum simulator) {True geome (b) Component & datum feature simulator in contactDATUM SYSTEM (Cont.) [FIG 2c ESTABLISHMENT OF DATUM AXIS, RFS INTERNAL FEATURE _ THIS ON THE DRAWING A MEANS THIS Datum feature A - “jue geometric counterpart |. of datum feature A (Largest inscribed cyinder) Datum axis A (theoretical) (Axis of rue eomatc counterpar) NOTE: Simulated datum feature not shown for cary DATUM FEATURE SYMBOL PLACEMENT (SOME TYPICAL EXAMPLES) parm REFERENCED BY THE A 18 TO BE A PLANE a ) Ql - TOTHE FEATURE OUTLINE TO AN EXTENSION OF THE FEATURE A CYLINDRICAL FEATUR FEATURE — DATUM REFERENCED BY THE FEATURE ISTOBE AN AXIS | NON CYLINDRICAL FEATURE So, DATUM REFERENCED BY THE / FEATURE IS TO BE A CENTER- tt [PLANE \PART POSITIONING IN THE DATUM REFERENCE FRAME (DRF) NON-CYLINDRICAL DATUM FEATURES —~ e110 B | 1 I . — 20! +e} i oxo? HE |G 02 @lalelc] qi A i Go COMPONENT AS DRAWN ‘The primary datum feature relates the part to the datum reference frame by bringing a minimum of three points on the surface into contact with the first da- tum plane. The part is further related to the frame by bringing at least two points of the secondary datum feature into contact with the second datum plane. The relationship is completed by bringing at least one point of the tertiary datum fea- ture into contact with the third datum plane. SECOND DATUM PLANE B (SECONDARY) —/ FIRST DATUM PLANE A. (PRIMARY) THIRD DATUM PLANE C (TERTIARY) SEQUENCE OF DATUM FEATURES RELATING COMPONENT TO DATUM REFERENCE FRAME(DRF) (Cont.) CYLINDRICAL DATUM FEATURES 19 19 19) “pA 19) B COMPONENT AS DRAWN The datum established by a cylindrical surface is the axis of a true cylinder simulated by the processing equipment. A cylindrical datum feature is always associated with two theoretical planes intersecting at right angles on the datum axis. ESTABLISH (SECONDARY) —~ DATUM AXis B N s< FIRST DATUM PLANE A (PRIMARY) These two theoretical planes are represented on a drawing by center lines crossing at right angles. The intersection of these planes coincides with the datum axis. Once established, the datum axis becomes the origin for related dimensions while the two planes (X and Y) indicate the direction of measurements. NOTE: The processing equipment controls movement in three mutually perpendicular directions, These three directions establish the three perpendicular planes of. the datum reference frame which can be used as origins of measurements. Ma- chine tables and movements, surface plates, etc., are not true planes, but are of. such quality they simulate datum planes adequately. Measurements, therefore are made from planes, axes, and points in the processing equipment.DATUM TARGETS A specified point, line, or area on a part used to establish a datum. DATUM TARGET POINT ‘A datum target point is indicated by the symbol X (cross) which is dimensionally located on a direct view of the surface. POINT CONTACT AT BASIC LOCATION \GOMPONENT LOCATING / PIN DRAWING CALLOUT INTERPRETATION DATUM TARGET LINE A datum target line is indicated by the symbol X (cross) on an edge view of the surface, a phantom line on the direct view or both. COMPONENT hy at| <4 aa of Locarine 7 | Av DRAWING CALLOUT INTERPRETATIONDATUM TARGET AREA ‘A datum target area is indicated by section lines inside a phantom outline of the desired shape, with controlling dimensions added. The diameter of circular areas is given in the upper half of the datum target symbol. ~~ “| (B12) CONTACT AREA ‘AT BASIC LOCATION COMPONENT | Zh _ _ A “Ft 18) tL = wl b LocatiIne PIN DRAWING CALLOUT INTERPRETATION DATUM TARGET AREA ‘Where it becomes impracticable to show a target area, the method shown below may be used. o3 COMPLEX OR IRREGULAR SURFACES - The datum feature symbol should be attached only to identifiable datum features. Where datums are established by targets on complex or irregular surfaces, the datum symbol is not required. For further information and a pictorial example see ASME Y14.5M - 1994 page 79 paragraph 4.6.7.| 4NOTIV9 ONIMVHG ANOTIVS ONIMVEG LNOTIWS ONIMVHG NOISNaWIG NOISNBWNIG BOVJENS V NO S3NM1 3ZIS SH HLM 38 LSNWN azIS SHL HLM 38 1S ANSW374 OL INIOd LSNW | aW¥us TOULNO aun AWVud TOHLNOO SUNIVa4 SINS TOUINOO Bunuvad \ | [een] = | (woal= oS Lt ge ze | ez? 5 ad = | eo Te > = | DINWN SPxe ue Jo 2ouEs2]01 ssoUNYSTENS Ser sre ue Jo oouesa|o}ssaINYsTENS | aonyms v UO sour] wSUIDTO Jo DoURsa}OVSS=UNYTT \ €3asvo Zasvo| Lasy “og snus our] wexpous panwap 10 1uOUWa|9 PaxopISUCD otf YOTYA UTILM UO? AOUEIa 'HNOZ SONVYA TOL SSANLHDIVE -auy] 1ySteas v st stxe ue Jo Zoe B Jo TUOWO|S UE axe UONTPY ‘SSANLHDIVE SIXVNVOLGaMday | | TWORGNITAD SNVid W3LN30 ] ] NSHM 3ZIS OL SALLIGGY 2 ao0d{|—] | IOSKYNVOL | | | I | . 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JO 413834 LNOHLIM 3d¥HS O1UL3SWO39 NUL SHL OL TWWUON 3OV4UNS SHLNO NOLLVOO7 AUSAS LV C3AOW HOLVOION! “LON ALNOTIVS ONIMVHG -gouei90} nouns ayy UY aq Isnut aoBFMS amUA ap sso" sWOUIA|O dOBIMS |TV SLNONNY TWLOL i | | i |NOLIWLAYduALNI ANOT1V9 SNIAVEO | 3NOZ “TOL AWOIMGNNADSO vsixv Wniva =e TLOH - ~ | | | BUNLWAd BHL 40 SLNAW313 daSOddO ATIWOILLAWVIC 1 ‘TV dO SLNIOd NVIG3W “ay snus payjonuos | | Suroq amreay at Jo spxe TeuONNs-ssox9 [Te YORA URAIM pure SIE UIMIEP dtp YALA SepIOUIOD STKE asoYsA DUOZ dOUeIIIOY yeoupuyso y | THNOZ SONVYS TOL ALIOIHLNSINOD vaunyeay wnyep Jo sixe auf Yim qworuBuo9 are VORAFOAAL Jo auni8ky v Jo syrawoye pasoddo ATTeomaurEDp [Te JO squrod uerpour aqp azayas WONTPUCS 3Y,L, | | *ALIOIULNSONOOD T QVSLSNI 31sOUd | | camo | | HO ‘LNONNH 'NOLLISOd qWOIHGNITAD | SHBIaIGOW | ASNOLAULISHLAGINONS © | (yTsow lO] | gUslOON | 3A © ALOIHLN3ONOO | — NOILVOOT | (SAISNadXS AUSA) 2 | ard Set | | : SIXV SYVAWOO LSM “t | dVHS SNOZ ‘SH3IdIGOW ONSY3d3u TOSWAS ONY | SONVYSTOL | YSaW3AW3Y OL SAIH SONVHSTIOL WIHELYIN WnLWo OLLSIUSLOWHVHO dO AdAL j ALIOIULNAJDNOODNOTESNOTESA publication of the Ford Motor Company GDT Technical Committee, affiliated with the Ford Motor Company Engineering CAD and Drafting Standards Committee. (http://www.wise.ford.com) 1st Edition January 1995 2nd Edition June 2001 Peete bam 4ANE AANA Eaed Matne Ramnon