Lecture Number: 1

ELECTRONICS

Prepared and Presented By:

Dr. Muhammad Haneef

Assistant Professor

Atomic Structure

HISTORY OF THE ATOM

1808

John Dalton
suggested that all matter was made up of
tiny spheres that were able to bounce around
with perfect elasticity and called them

ATOMS

HISTORY OF THE ATOM

1898

Joseph John Thompson

found that atoms could sometimes eject a
far smaller negative particle which he called
an

ELECTRON

Sub-Atomic Particles of Atom

1) Proton
2) Neutron
3) Electron

Summing up:
The atom is a basic unit of matter
that consists of a dense central
nucleus surrounded by a cloud of
negatively charged electrons.
The atomic nucleus contains a mix
of positively charged protons and
electrically neutral neutrons

Structure of Atom

Atomic Number

An atom's atomic number is

the number of protons there
are in the nucleus.

Mass Number

Mass number is the number of

neutrons added to the number of
protons

Isotopes
Atoms of the same element can have
different numbers of neutrons; thus
they may have same atomic
Number but different mass number
known as Isotopes

Three Isotopes of Hydrogen

Conductor, Insulator &

Semi Conductor
In a conductor, electric current can flow
freely
Electrons in the outer most shell of an
atom are bonded loosely in Conductor
so can move freely thats why it can
conduct electricity.

Most solid materials are classified as

insulators because they offer very
large resistance to the flow of
electriccurrent.
Some materials are particularly good
insulators and can be characterized
by their highresistivity.

Asemiconductorhaselectrical
conductivityintermediate to that of
aconductorand aninsulator.
Semiconductors differ from metals in
their characteristic property of
decreasing electrical resistivity with
increasing temperature

We can also explain conductor,

insulator and Semi Conductor using
Band Theory

Chemical Bond

Achemical bondis an attraction

betweenatomsthat allows the
formation ofchemical
substancesthat contain two or more
atoms.

Three types of Chemical Bonds

1) Ionic
2) Covalent
3) Coordinate Covalent