`

Early Alternatives to Psychoanalysis

ANNA FREUD

Anna Freud (18951982)- is the daughter of Sigmund Freud. An

established psychoanalyst in her own right, Anna Freud defended
the psychoanalytic stages of development against Melanie Klein
who stated the existence of pre-oedipal development in children.
She introduced the concept of developmental lines in child
development. These developmental lines are a childs universal
attempts to adapt to life in every one of its psychological
aspects.

CARL JUNG

Carl Gustav Jung (18751961)- heavily influenced by Freud,

though he deviated from the hard sexuality of Freudian
psychoanalysis, postulated a less sexual interpretation of the
libido. He also introduced the concept of the collective
unconscious as the single most influential aspect of human
character. In addition to the collective unconscious Jung also
introduced the concept of the archetype, as the basic elementary
unit of the collective unconscious. He also introduced the
concepts of intro- and extro- version.

ALFRED ADLER

Alfred Adler another ex-disciple of Freud, expressed Freudian

concepts of the infant sexuality, unconscious and repression nonexistent while reducing the Oedipal complex to a desire to
dominate a female. He also postulated that real or self-perceived
human weaknesses to be the origin of inferiority complexes.
Inferiority based feelings that are constructive spurns growth and
development. Alfred Adler also considered life to be inherently
meaningless except in context with human purpose.

KAREN HORNEY

Karen Horney dissented from the Freudian canon by emphasizing

the existence of other causes of mental illness outside of the
disrupted and/or maladapted sexual development of individuals.
She introduced the concept of uncaring and empathetic
parenting as the basic evil in human development and the source
of most neurosis and problematic world-views. Karen Horney also
describes womens problem with inferiority lies not in a

biologically determined nature, but a cultural hegemony

operated and created by men.