AM broadcasting

Amplitude of the carrier signal is varied in response to

the amplitude of the signal to be transmitted o Amplitude
modulation is done by a unit called mixer (nothing but a
multiplier) which produces an output ( sin )sin where is
the modulating frequency is the carrier frequency is the
amplitude of the carrier and is the amplitude of the
modulating signal = + pc pm m c m c pc pm output V V t
t V V is known as the modulation index.

Frequency of the carrier signal is varied in response

to the amplitude of the signal to be transmitted o
Frequency modulation is achieved by designing an
oscillator whose frequency is controlled by the
modulating signal using voltage controlled
oscillator (VCO) o FM broadcasting is over 88 MHz
108 MHz o FM channels are separated by 0.2 MHz