Chng 1 : Khi nim v o lng v cm bin

Chng 1 : Khi nim v o lng v cm bin

I. Cu trc ca mt dng c o khng in.

Chuyn I
s cp
(cm bin)

I lng
khng in

II. Cc thng s c trng ca chuyn i

1. Phng trnh chuyn i

Mch o

C cu
ch th

i lng
khng in

I lng
in

My o gm 3 Khu :
+ Chuyn i (sensor): thu nhn v bin i s thay i ca i
lng khng in thnh s thay i ca i lng in u ra.
+ Mch o: gia cng tn hiu t khu chuyn i cho ph hp
vi c cu ch th. Bao gm : khuch i, dch mc, lc, phi
hp tr khng
+ C cu ch th: hin th kt qu o (S, kim, in t).
o lng khng in

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Chng 1 : Khi nim v o lng v cm bin

Chuyn i

Y
i lng
in

i lng in (Y) ng ra ca chuyn i lun c th biu

din theo ng vo khng in (X) qua mt hm f.
Y = f(X)
Tc dng ca nhiu: Y = f(X, X1, X2,, Xn)
Trong X1, X2, l nhng i lng nhiu, do vy iu kin l
tng l cc i lng ny bng 0.
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o lng khng in

Chng 1 : Khi nim v o lng v cm bin

+ Phng php chun cm bin (Calibration)

2. nhy.

Chun cm bin l php o nhm mc

ch xc lp phng trnh chuyn i ca
cm bin hoc di dng phng trnh
hoc dng th

nhy l t s bin thin u ra theo bin thin u vo.

nhy ch o :

Thc hin php o vi nhng tn hiu

ng vo xi xc nh tm c ng ra yi
xy dng ng c tnh

Y Y
=
X 0 X
X

S X = lim

nhy ch o Sx cng ln tc kh nng o c cc i

lng bin thin u vo cng nh ng ngha vi chuyn
i cng tt

+ Chun n gin

nhy ph :

+ Chun nhiu ln : p dng cc cm

bin c tnh tr: xy dng ng c
tnh khi ng vo tng ln v xy dng
ng c tnh khi ng vo gim
xung.
o lng khng in

S Xi =

lim

X i 0

Y
Y
=
X i
X i

nhy ph Sxi cng nh tc nh hng ca cc i lng

ph (nhiu) cng nh ng ngha vi chuyn i cng tt
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o lng khng in

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Chng 1 : Khi nim v o lng v cm bin

Chng 1 : Khi nim v o lng v cm bin

chn la: t l gia nhy ch o v nhy ph

Ki =

Sx
S Xi

Cm bin c Ki cng ln cng tt

V d: cho 2 cm bin c nhy nh bng sau:

V d v nhy

Cm bin

Sx

Sxi

CB1

8.10-3mV/kg

4.10-6mV/0C

CB2

9.10-3mV/kg

8.10-6mV/0C

Nn chn cm bin no? Ti sao?

S XCB1 > S XCB 2

S X 1CB1 S X 1CB 2
o lng khng in

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Chng 1 : Khi nim v o lng v cm bin

Chn cm bin 1

o lng khng in

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Chng 1 : Khi nim v o lng v cm bin

3. Ngng nhy v gii hn o.

Ngng nhy l bin thin ln nht ca ng vo m ng
ra cha thay i
Y = f(X + 0) 0 cng nh cng tt
Gii hn o l phm vi bin thin ng vo m phng trnh
chuyn i cn nghim ng.
Khi la chn cm bin phi chn cm bin c gii hn o ln
hn hoc bng khong mun o.
4. tuyn tnh.
Mt cm bin c gi l tuyn tnh trong mt di o xc nh
nu trong di o nhy khng ph thuc vo gi tr o.
Nu cm bin khng tuyn tnh, ngi ta s dng cc mch o
hiu chnh thnh tuyn tnh gi l s tuyn tnh ha.
o lng khng in

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o lng khng in

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Chng 1 : Khi nim v o lng v cm bin

Chng 1 : Khi nim v o lng v cm bin

+ ng thng tt nht (Best Straight Line)

Khi chun mt cm bin, ngi ta o c cc cp gi tr ng vi
ng ra v ng vo {xi, yi}.
+ L tng th nhng gi tr ny s nm trn mt ng c
trng l ng thng
- Thc nghim cc im ny khng nm trn cng ung thng
m nm trn 1 ng gi l ng cong chun.
ng thng c xy dng t kt qu thc nghim sao cho sai
s l nh nht : ng thng tt nht.
y = a.x + b

a=

5. Sai s. L sai lch gia gi tr thc v gi tr o c gm sai s

tuyt i v sai s tng i
C 3 lai sai s ch yu trong chuyn i i lng o lng khng
in :
+ Sai s phi tuyn l sai s xut hin trong kt qu o do c tnh
chuyn i l phi tuyn.
Khc phc : tuyn tnh ha c tnh chuyn i
+ Sai s ph l sai s xut hin do nh hng ca cc i lng ph.
Khc phc : s dng cm bin ng trong mi trng theo yu cu
ca nh sn xut, Lc nhiu, B nhiu, Phi hp tng tr v.v

N y i .xi y i xi
N xi2 ( xi )

y . x ( y .x ). x
b=
N x ( x )
i

2
i

2
i

+ Sai s ngng : sai s do ngng nhy. Sai s ny ph thuc

vo cng ngh ch to nn khng c cch khc phc.

o lng khng in

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Chng 1 : Khi nim v o lng v cm bin

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o lng khng in

Chng 1 : Khi nim v o lng v cm bin

III. Phn lai chuyn i.

1. Chuyn i tch cc v th ng.

Chuyn i c th c phn loi theo 1 trong cc tiu chun sau:

+ Yu cu v ngun cung cp:

a. Chuyn i tch cc: i hi s cung cp nng lng bn

ngai hay tn hiu kch thch tc ng.
Nguyn l chuyn i : da trn cc hiu ng vt l bin i
mt dng nng lng no thnh nng lng in.

- Tch cc v th ng

+ Hiu ng nhit in:

+ Trng thi tn hiu ra:

(M1)

T1

(M2)

- Tng t v s
0oC

+ Trng thi o lng

+ Hiu ng p in:

- Trng thi lch v cn bng.

eT1

(M1)

F
vF

o lng khng in

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o lng khng in

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Chng 1 : Khi nim v o lng v cm bin

Chng 1 : Khi nim v o lng v cm bin

+ Hiu ng cm ng in t

B
e

+ Hiu ng quang - in t

Ngai ra cn nhiu hiu ng khc nh : Hiu ng quang in,

hiu ng ha in, hiu ng Hall, v.v (TLTK)
b. Chuyn i th ng.
Pht tn hiu p tr li s tc ng ca kch thch bn ngai m
khng cn nng lng cung cp t bn ngai.
V d: cp nhit in, chuyn i p in
Chuyn i th ng thng c ch to t nhng tr khng
c thng s ch yu nhy vi i lng cn o.
o lng khng in

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Chng 1 : Khi nim v o lng v cm bin

o lng khng in

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Chng 1 : Khi nim v o lng v cm bin

2. Chuyn i tng t v chuyn i s.
a. Chuyn i tng t: cung cp tn hiu lin tc trong c cng
, thi gian v khng gian
Hu ht cc gi tr o lng vt l mang tnh cht tng t.
V d : nhit , s dch chuyn, cng sng
b. Chuyn i s: tn hiu ra gi trng thi cc bc hoc ri rc
Tn hiu s d dng lp li, ng tin cy v d truyn i xa.
V d: Shaft Encoder, Contact switch

o lng khng in

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o lng khng in

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Chng 1 : Khi nim v o lng v cm bin

Chng 1 : Khi nim v o lng v cm bin

IV. Nhiu o.

3. Trng thi hat ng.

Chia lm 2 lai chnh : Nhiu ni ti v nhiu ng truyn

a. Ch lch: tn hiu phn hi l s thay i

(lch) so vi trng thi ban u ca thit b o.
S thay i ny tng ng vi gi tr o

+ Nhiu ni ti pht sinh do khng han thin trong vic thit

k, ch to cc b cm bin. Nhiu ni ti khng th khc phc
nhng c th gim thiu.

b. Ch cn bng: a nh hng ca tn
hiu o ln h thng o lng chng li
tc ng ca h thng o lng

+ Nhiu do ng truyn pht sinh do nhng ngun nhiu, t

trng, trng in t sng radio, do mch phi hp trn
ng truyn, hoc pht sinh ti my thu. gim nhiu trn
ng truyn ta c th s dng mt s phng php nh: cch
ly ngun, lc ngun, ni t, b tr linh kin hp l,

Dng c o lng ch cn bng c th c kt qu o chnh

xc hn ch lch nhng p ng thng chm hn
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o lng khng in

Chng 1 : Khi nim v o lng v cm bin

Chng 1 : Khi nim v o lng v cm bin

Cc bc la chn cm bin:

Mt s bin php khc phc nhiu

Nguon nhieu
Nguon 50Hz
Nguon 100Hz
150 Hz do may
bien ap b bao hoa
ai phat thanh
Tia la do chuyen
mach
Dao ong
Dao ong cap noi
Bang mach

o ln

Chc nng: - i lng vt l cn o

Bien phap khac phuc

100pA
3V
0.5V

Cach ly nguon nuoi, man,noi at

Loc nguon
Bo tr linh kien hp ly

1mV
1mV

Man chan
Loc, noi at,man chan

- chnh xc

- Phng php o
- Sai s

- phn gii
Mi trng - Kh hu, nhit , p sut, m
- in, t trng

Ghep noi c kh, khong e day cao ap gan

au vao chuyen oi
S dung cap t nhieu(ien moi tam
100pA
0.01-10pA Cacbon)
Lau sach, dung cach ien Teflon
10pA

o lng khng in

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o lng khng in

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Kt ni

- in: ngun cung cp in p, cng sut

- Tn hiu: Tng t (dng in, in p, tn s)
S (kt ni ni tip hay song song)
- C : chn lai u ni

o lng khng in

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