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Series Formulas PDF
Series Formulas PDF
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Series Formulas
1. Arithmetic and Geometric Series 2. Special Power Series
Definitions:
First term: a1
Nth term: an
Number of terms in the series: n
Sum of the first n terms: Sn
Difference between successive terms: d
Common ratio: q
Sum to infinity: S
k =1
an = a1 + ( n 1) d
2a1 + ( n 1) d
2
1
n ( n + 1)( 2n + 1)
6
1 2
2
n ( n + 1)
4
a + ai +1
ai = i 1
2
a + an
Sn = 1
n
2
Sn =
k =1
k =1
k = 2 n ( n + 1)
an = a1 q n1
ln (1+ x ) = x
Sn =
S=
an q a1
q 1
x3 x5 x 7 x9
+ +
...
3! 5! 7! 9!
cos x = 1
x 2 x 4 x6 x8
+ +
...
2! 4! 6! 8!
tan x = x +
a1 q 1
q 1
a1
1 q
x2 x3 x 4 x5
+ + ...
2 3 4 5
sin x = x
ai = ai 1 ai +1
Sn =
x 2 x3
+ + ...
2! 3!
ex = 1 + x +
x3 2x5 17x7
+
+
+ ...
3 15 315
sinh x = x +
x3 x5 x 7 x 9
+ + +
...
3! 5! 7! 9!
cosh x = 1 +
x 2 x 4 x6 x8
+ + +
...
2! 4! 6! 8!
tan x = x
x3 2x5 17x7
+
+...
3 15 315
www.mathportal.org
3. Taylor and Maclaurin Series
Definition:
f(
f (a )( x a ) 2
+ . . .+
2!
f ( x) = f (a ) + f (a ) ( x a ) +
Rn =
Rn =
f(
n)
( )( x a )
n)
(a) ( x a )
n 1
( n 1)!
+ Rn
n!
f(
n 1)
a x
a x
n 1
( )( x ) ( x a )
( n 1)!
Taylor series for f(x) about x = a. If a = 0 the series is often called a Maclaurin series.
Binomial series
(a + x)
= a n + na n1 x +
n ( n 1)
a n2 x 2 +
n ( n 1)( n 2 )
2!
3!
n
n
n
= a n + a n 1 x + a n 2 x 2 + a n 3 x3 + ...
1
2
3
a n 3 x3 + ...
Special cases:
(1 + x )
= 1 x + x 2 x3 + x 4 ...
1 < x < 1
(1 + x )
= 1 2 x + 3 x 2 4 x3 + 5 x 4 ...
1 < x < 1
(1 + x )
= 1 3 x + 6 x 2 10 x3 + 15 x 4 ...
1 < x < 1
(1 + x )
1
2
= 1
(1 + x ) 2
= 1+
1
1 3 2 1 3 5 3
x+
x
x + ...
2
24
246
1
1 2
1 3 3
x
x +
x + ...
2
24
246
1 < x 1
1 < x 1
x 2 x3
+
+ ...
2! 3!
a = 1 + x ln a +
ln (1 + x ) = x
( x ln a )
2!
( x ln a )
3!
+ ...
x 2 x3 x 4
+
...
2
3
4
2
1 < x 1
3
x 1 1 x 1 1 x 1
ln (1 + x ) =
+
+
+ ...
x 2 x 3 x
1
2
www.mathportal.org
Series for trigonometric functions
sin x = x
x3 x5 x7
+
+ ...
3! 5! 7!
cos x = 1
x2 x4 x6
+
+ ...
2! 4! 6!
2 2 n 22 n 1 Bn x 2 n 1
x 3 2 x5 17 x 7
tan x = x +
+
+
+ ... +
3
15
315
( 2n ) !
2 2 n Bn x 2 n 1
1 x x3 2 x 5
cot x =
...
x 3 45 945
( 2n )!
0< x <
sec x = 1 +
E x2n
x 2 5 x 4 61x 6
+
+
+ ... + n
+ ...
2
24
720
( 2n ) !
2 2 2 n 1 En x 2 n
1 x 7 x3
csc x = + +
+ ... +
+ ...
x 6 360
( 2n )!
sin 1 x = x +
cos 1 x =
<x<
<x<
0< x <
1 x 3 1 3 x5 1 3 5 x 7
+
+
+ ...
2 3 24 5 246 7
sin 1 x =
1 < x < 1
1 x3 1 3 x5
x+ +
+ ...
2
2 3 24 5
x3 x 2 x3
+
+ ...
x
3
5
7
1
1
1
tan 1 x =
+
+ ...
3
5 x5
2 x 3x
1
1
1
+ 3 5 + ...
2
x
3x
5x
1 < x < 1
if 1 < x < 1
if x 1
if x < 1
x3 x 2 x 3
+
+ .. .
x
3
5
7
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
cot x = tan x =
+ ...
2
3
5
x
3x
5x
7 x7
1
1
1
1
+ ...
+
3
5
x 3x
5x
7 x7
if
1 < x < 1
if x 1
if x < 1
x3 x5 x 7
+
+
+ ...
3! 5! 7!
cosh x = 1 +
x2 x4 x6
+
+
+ ...
2! 4! 6!
( 1)
x3 2 x5 17 x7
tanh x = x
+
+ ... +
3
15
315
( 1)
1 x x3 2 x 7
coth x = +
+
+ ... +
x 3 45 945
n 1 2 n
n 1 2 n
Bn x 2n1
( 2n ) !
+ ...
if 0 < x <
if
<x<