S dng Bng AQL

(AQL)
Kha hc 1: Cc kin thc c bn v qun l cht lng
Cho b phn QA
Cp nht ngy 05 thng 4 nm 2013

Quy trnh bi ging

Cc bc trong quy trnh

Hot ng

Thi gian
d kin

Gii thiu

Ngi hng dn gii thiu

5 pht

Phn 1:

Hng dn bng slide

60 pht

K hoch ly mu v nh ngha
AQL

Thc hnh

Phn 2:

Hng dn bng slide

ng dng Bng AQL

Thc hnh

Kim tra k nng

Kim tra k nng

60 pht

25 pht

Phng php kim hang

Vic nh gi cc c tnh v cht lng c thc hin theo mt s cc phng
php. C 6 phng php c lit k di y l c s dng mt cch rng ri.
Khng kim
Kim 100%
Ly mu theo % nht nh
Kim lng hng ngu nhin
Ly mu kim (Tiu chun c th chp nhn v loi)

Ly mu c th chp nhn da vo xc sut

1. Khng kim tra c th c m bo khi bit c kh nng v xc sut sn

phm li l nh. Trong mt s trng hp, cc nguyn liu n t cc nh cung cp
khc nhau c th khng c kim tra bi v nh cung cp c cc tnh nng ni tri
v cht lng.
Khi khng bit kh nng v mc cht lng ca sn phm, khng kim tra
thng dn n hu qu l cc chi ph tng v phi ti ch cc sn phm li. Khi cc
sn phm li v tnh b giao hng cho cc n v tip theo s dng, theo cc
cng on phi b dng li sa. Khi bit c cc ri ro c th xy ra, phng
php ny c th dn n cc tn tht v rc ri ng k cho cng ty.
2. Mt khc, sn phm c th c kim 100%. Trong trng hp c th, kim 100%
hoc thm ch kim 200% c th cn thit, c bit khi n lin quan n vic sng
cn. Trong cc quy trnh hng ngy, kim tra tng sn phm l rt tn km chi ph
v thng khng t hiu qu 100% v khng cn thit m bo cht lng.
Cch kim 100% l mt cch phn loi sn phm tt khi sn phm li.
3. Phng php ly mu khng khoa hc, l phng php ly mu theo % nht nh,
y l mt quy trnh rt ph bin. Ti sao khng lm mi chuyn n gin v ch ly
10% mu t mt l hng? Vn ca phng php ny l mu ly t cc l hng
nh c th qu t v mu ly t l hng ln c th qu ln. ng thi, cc ri ro km
theo chng ta khng th lng trc c. Mt im na l, mt mu ln khng
cha ng nhiu thng tin. Nu s lng mu l ng k quyt nh mc cht
lng v c th a ra quyt inh chp nhn hay loi l hng , vic ly mu
nhiu hn s khng cn thit.
4. Kim lng hng ngu nhin i khi c s dng khi mun kim sot thng k
mt quy trnh no . Kim tra ngu nhin c s dng kim tra quy trnh ang
trong qu trnh kim sot v bo co mc cht lng ca sn phm. Khng
bit c ri ro ca vic ly mu, cng nh phng php ny khng m bo c
cht lng u ra c mc c th chp nhn c hay khng. Loi ly mu ny
c th c s dng khi mt nh cung cp c cp chng ch hoc c chng
nhn l lun cung cp mt sn phm c cht lng tt nht trong mt thi gian di
hoc kh nng kim l kh tt nn cc phng php kim tra khc l khng cn
thit.
5. Ly mu kim l vic ly mu c thc hin da theo cc cch c bn thng
gp nhng tiu chun chp nhn khng c th. Mt bn bo co cht lng c
to v cc n v sn xut s quyt nh s phi lm g nu sn phm khng th
chp nhn. S dng phng php ly mu kim khi cc bin php kim sot cht
lng sn xut c bit l c thc hin mt cch chnh xc. Kh nng tin hnh
phi c bit v xc sut ca cc hng li theo mc kim tra phi rt nh.
6. Ly mu chp nhn, da vo xc sut, n c s dng hu khp trong ngnh
cng nghip may. Nhiu phng php ly mu c dng thnh bng v c pht
hnh v c th c s dng trong cc bui o to nh. Mt s cc ng dng yu
cu cc phng php ly mu c bit duy nht, v th chng ta c th hiu c

phng php ly mu c pht trin nh th no l rt quan trng. Trong ly mu

chp nhn, ta bit c ri ro ca vic a ra mt quyt nh sai. Khi kim hng
c nh gi bi thi , (sn phm c phn loi theo t cht lng v li) s
dng 4 kiu phng php ly mu chp nhn, vi cc phng php ly mu tng l
hng mt l ph bin nht. l bi v chng d thc hin v tin hnh hn so vi
nhng phng php khc v chng c hiu qu.

Tt c chng ta bit rng kim tra l cng c c s dng nh gi sn phm

ca chng ta c p ng c cc thng s k thut v cc yu cu ca khch hng
ra hay khng? Mc d kim tra l quan trng v n cho chng ta bit mc c
th chp nhn c ca mt sn phm nhng n khng th a ra xc xut kim l
100% cho tt c s lng ca mt n hng c th hoc ca nhiu n hng. Ch
yu l do cc nguyn nhn sau:
Tn km chi ph.
Kim 100% him khi t c chnh xc 100% v c th tin cy c.
N c th khng c tnh thc t v vic x l s lng hng ha qu ln dn n
kt qu l hng ha mt i tnh mi ca n.

Chng ta bit rng kim 100% c th khng l mt cch lm tt nht, cu hi ra

l Nu khng kim tra 100% th chng ta phi kim bao nhiu? C 2 s la chn.
La chn th nht l t ra mt t l kim c nh ca cc l hng s c kim
t c mt mc c th chp nhn c ca ton b l hng. Hoc la chn th
hai l s dng quy trnh Ly mu chp nhn t c mt phng php ly mu
theo bng AQL cho v a ra mt quyt nh chp nhn. La chn u tin l ty
v n khng c tnh khoa hc v mt c bn m c th cho chng ta bit mc
ng tin cy ca phng php kim ny. Bi v cc quyt nh chp nhn l cc
quyt nh mang tnh kinh t quan trng nn vic c mt phng php ng tin v
c tnh khoa hc a ra quyt nh chp nhn nh vy l rt quan trng v
phng php ny c th trnh c ri ro.
Ly mu chp nhn l mt phng php khoa hc v n cng cho chng ta thy
c xc sut ca vic a ra s nh gi sai khi s dng phng php ny.

K hoch ly mu
K hoch ly mu l g?
Cc cch kim tra trn mt sn phm, c yu cu kim tra da trn 2 tiu
ch: chp nhn hay l loi
Mt mu c la chn v c kim tra da trn nhiu yu t khc nhau.

 Quyt nh da trn cc tiu ch c th v s lng li hoc loi li c pht

hin trn mu kim.
Sn phm: c nhm theo cc l hng hoc tng chic n l t mt chui
ni tip.

Vi cc sn phm c nhm theo l hng, chp nhn hoc loi ton

b l hng .

Vi sn xut lin tc, c th a ra quyt nh tip tc ly mu hoc

kim tra 100% cc sn phm tip theo.

Ly mu khi kt thc quy trnh sn xut l tin hnh kim tra d cc quy trnh kim
sot cht lng c c thc hin hay khng. Nu cht lng c kim sot mt
cch tt, sn phm s c chp nhn v c chuyn n cho cc n v tip theo
hoc n tay khch hng. Nu cht cht lng hoc kim sot cht lng khng tt,
quy trnh ly mu s ngn c s lng cc sn phm li khng qu ln. B phn
sn xut cng c th s dng phng php ly mu ny.

T chc kim tra hoc chc nng kim tra cui chuyn c nhng mc tiu sau nhm
t c qua vic p dng cc phng php ly mu.

m bo cht lng nhng khng ci thin cht lng

Bo co thc trng cht lng ca b phn sn xut cho nhng ngi qun
l

Cung cp cc bin php an ton thch hp ngn vic vn chuyn cc sn

phm li

m bo rng cc b phn sn xut thc hin ng chc nng ca mnh

trong vic kim sot cht lng

Vi phng php ly mu, c hai dng:

Ly mu n v ly mu kp.
Mt s khch hng c th yu cu ly mu n v mt s c th yu cu ly mu
kp, tt c u ph thuc vo yu cu ca khch hng.
V c bn chng ta bit c iu g? Nhng khchh ng khc nhau s c
nhng tiu chun cht lng khc nhau.

Ly mu n
Khi mt l hng c chuyn n kim tra cht lng hoc v tr kim tra, chng
ta la chn mt lng mu kim ngu nhin t l hng .

Nu s lng li hoc s o li trong mu vt qu s o li c th chp nhn c,

l hng s b loi (khng t).
Nu s lng li hoc s o li trong mu khng vt qu s o li c th chp nhn
c, l hng c chp nhn (t).
Cc l hng khng t thng c ch thch chi tit cc nguyn nhn b loi. Trong
mt s trng hp c th b loi.
V cc l hng t v chp nhn c gi ti tay khch hng. Nhng l hng khng
t s c tr li kim tra li.
Ly mu kp
Mt l hng c chuyn n kim tra cht lng hoc v tr kim tra.
Gi s hai lng mu kim l n1, n2 v hai s lng c th chp nhn c l c1,
c2 hoc AN1, AN2).
u tin, ly lng mu kim n1.
Nu s lng cc li hoc s s li trong mu kim u tin vt qu c2, l hng
khng t v mu kim th hai khng cn phi kim.
Nu s o li trong mu kim u tin khng vt qu c1, l hng t v mu kim
th hai khng cn phi kim na.
Nu s o li trong mu kim u tin ln hn c1 v nh hn hoc bng c2, mu
kim th hai (n2) s phi ly kim tra.
Nu mu kim th hai c kim:
a) v c s o li cng vi s o li ca mu kim th nht khng vt qu c2, l
hng c nh gi l T.
b) v c s o li cng vi s o li ca mu kim th nht vt qu c2, l hng
c nh gi l KHNG T
i) L hng khng t c ch thch r rng hoc b loi.
ii) L hng t v chi tit l hng khng t c gi ti cng giao hng
V d v ly mu kp:

Mu kim th
nht: n1

Nu s o li

Kt qu

>c2

L hng khng t, khng cn kim

mu kim th hai

<c1

L hng t, khng cn kim mu kim

th hai

Mu kim th
hai: n2

>c1 <=c2

Tip tc kim mu kim th hai

n1+n2 = s o li
<c2

L hng t

n1+n2 =s o
li>c2

L hng khng t

K hoch ly mu theo Bng AQL

AQL l mt thut ng thng c s dng khi chng ta nhc n cht lng trong
ngnh cng nghip may.
Mi ngi thng s dng thut ng ny mt cch kh t do.
Vy AQL l g?
AQL l Acceptable Quality Level, ngha l mc cht lng c th chp nhn
c.
Cc chuyn gia v cht lng s dng k hoch ly mu theo Bng AQL quyt
nh chp nhn hay loi hng kim. Hng kim c th l hng ha th (cha qua x
l), c trao i, ang trong qu trnh sn xut, hng ha v dch v cui cng,
trc v trong khi giao hng, v.v
Ngi kim tra ph thuc vo bng AQL quyt nh lng hng cn kim.

Tip theo, ti s gii thiu vi cc bn ngha ca mt s thut ng.

1. AQL:
L mc cht lng c xc sut chp nhn c mt l hng cao. AQL cng c
nh ngha l t l ti a s o li trn mi l hng c th c coi l t yu cu
nh mt mc trung bnh ca c qu trnh kim..
2. S lng l hng
L mt tp hp cc n v ring l t mt ngun chung, s hu nhng c im
chung v cht lng v c gi i theo nhm c kim tra/chp nhn cng
mt lc. (S lng l hng= N)
3. K hoch ly mu:
L k hoch ch nh s lng hng cn c chn t mt l hng kim. S lng
mu v s o li c th chp nhn c m t tng k hoch ly mu c th.
4. Cp kim:

Cp kim quyt nh mi quan h gia s lng l hng v s lng mu kim.

Mc kim c s dng cho bt c yu cu c th no s c quy nh r.
C mc kim l: I, II, III c cho trong Bng 1 l thng s dng. Thng thng,
ngi ta s dng cp kim II. Tuy nhin, c 3 cp kim c bit khc: S-1. S-2, S3, S-4 cng c cho trong cng bng 1 v c th c s dng khi cn kim nhng
lng mu tng i nh v c ri ro ly mu cao hoc c th b qua.
C 3 cp kim thng thng v 4 cp kim c bit. Cc cp kim (t I n
III) thng c s dng cho kim nh khng tn hi. Cp II l cp thng thng
( tr lng kim nh). Cp I ch yu cu 40% lng kim ca cp II v c th c
s dng cho nhng yu cu nghim ngt hn. Cp III bng 160% lng kim ca
Cp II. Cp III s c ri ro thp hn trong vic chp nhn l hng vi s li vt qu.
Tuy nhin, cn phi kim tra s lng mu ln hn. Tr khi trong trng hp b ch
nh th ngi ta mi s dng Cp II kim.
Cc cp kim S-1, S-2, S-3 v S-4 c th c s dng khi cn kim nhng s
lng mu nh hoc c ri ro cao. V d nh y l nhng phng php kim tn hi
hoc tn km chi ph (mt thi gian), hoc vi cc l hng ln, mun kim cc s
lng mu kim nh v cc ri ro cao c th b qua vi cc quy trnh lp li (inh c
ca my, dn tem, cc cng on bt cht, v.v..) c thc hin bi nh cung cp.
S lng mu kim ln cho cc cp kim tng t S-1 n S-4.
5. n v li:
Mt n v li l mt n v c mt hoc nhiu li. Vic kim tra cc n v li
thng m s lng cc n v li. Mt ngoi l l cc k hoch ly mu khc nhau
cho cc n v li c tnh s n v li bng cch o cc thng s mang tnh
cht vt l v p dng phn b thng thng. Thay v m cc n v li, chng ta
m s lng cc n v li.
6. Li nng:
Li nng nh hng ln n cht lng ca sn phm, dn n kt qu: sn phm
khng c s dng ng vi mc ch mong mun ca n. Mt sn phm c mt
hoc nhiu li nng. Bn c th t mnh a ra mt danh sch cc li ln cn c
kim tra. T chc AQF (mt t chc ch tp trung vo cc dch v kim sot cht
lng) ngm nh rng Li ln theo AQL l 2.5.
7. Li nh:
Li nh l li khng nh hng nhiu n kh nng s dng ng vi mc ch
mong mun ca mt sn phm; hoc mt s c im ca mt sn phm b li ny
khng nh hng n kh nng s dng ca sn phm. Mt sn phm s c mt
hoc nhiu li nh.
8. Li nghim trng:
Li nghim trng l li mang tnh cht nghim trng hoc khng an ton. Mt sn
phm c th c mt hoc nhiu li quan trng. Bn c th t mnh chun b mt
danh sch Cc li quan trng cn c kim tra. T chc AQF (mt t chc ch tp

trung vo cc dch v kim sot cht lng) ngm nh rng Li quan trng theo
AQL l 0.

Cc bc ly mu theo Bng AQL:

1. u tin, la chn k hoch ly mu ph hp
2. Quyt nh % AQL
3. Quyt nh cc tham s ca cc k hoch ly mu
4. Xc lp lng mu kim, tiu chun chp nhn v loi b
5. La chn cc phn cn kim mt cch ngu nhin
6. Kim tra tng phn theo cc c im cho
7. Chp nhn hoc loi cc phn cn li.

BNG I Cc k hiu theo s lng mu kim

S lng l
hng

Cp kim c bit

Cp kim thng
thng

S-1

S-2

S-3

S-4

GI

GII

GIII

2 n 8

9 n 15

16 n 25

26 n 50

51 n 90

91 n 150

151 n 280

281 n 500

501 n 1200

1201 n 3200

3201 n 10000

10001 n
35000

35001 n
150000
150001 n
500000
500001 v ln
hn

y l BiU tiu chun ly mt sn phm trong mc c cht lng c th

chp nhn c.
Cp I
Nh cung co ny c vt qua hu ht cc ln kim tra trc khng? Bn c cm
thy t tin v cht lng sn phm ca h khng? Thay v khng lm g kim
sot cht lng, khch hng c th kim tra cc mu kim t hn bng cch la
chn Cp kim l Cp I.
Tuy nhin, kim hng theo cp ny, tit kim thi gian/chi ph, cha ng
nhiu ri ro. Nhn chung, kh nng tm thy cc vn v cht lng km hn.
Cp II
Cp ny c s dng rng khp nht, c s dng nh mt cch mc nh.
Cp III
Nu mt nh cung cp thng c cc vn v cht lng, cp ny l hp l.
Phi kim tra nhiu mu kim hn v mt l hng s (rt c kh nng) b loi nu
cht lng ca l hng thp hn tiu chun cho php ca khch hng.
Mt s khch hng la chn cp kim l Cp III c cc sn phm c gi tr
cao. La chn cp ny cng th v v ch mt 1 ngy kim tra cc l hng c
s lng nh, bt k la chn cp no.
4 Cp kim c bit.
y l cc cp kim c bit, ch c s dng trong trng hp ch cn kim tra
mt s t cc mu kim. C 4 cp kim c bit l S-1, S-2, S-3 v S-4 [] c th
c s dng vi lng mu kim tng i nh v ri ro ly mu cao, hoc c th
b loi/b qua.
Di Cp S-3, s lng mu cn kim tra thp hn Cp S-4, v tip tc nh vy.
Trn thc t: Vi hng ha tiu dng, kim sot cht lng thng c thc hin
di cp thng thng.
Cc cp c c ch c s dng cho nhng kim tra nht nh v n mt thi
gian hoc tn hi cc mu kim. Mt trng hp khc s dng cc cp kim c
bit l hp l nh kim sot hng chuyn ln cng-ten-n kim tra bn trong
thng carton, khng tn qu nhiu thi gian kim tra.

Trch nhim ca khch hng l la chn cp kim tra mu kim nhiu hn

kim tra. ng ngha vi vic c hi loi cc sn phm cao hn khi chng khng
t yu cu. Nhng n cng c ngha l kim tra mt nhiu ngy (nhiu chi ph)
hn.
Da vo s lng n hng v cp kim, chng ta s la chn ch ci tng ng
trn bng trn. V d, chng ta c mt n hng gm 5000 sn phm v khch
hng ca chng ta yu cu kim cp GII (Cp kim thng thng II). Theo
, chng ta cso th chn k hiu ch ci tng ng vi ch L.

BNG II cc k hoch ly mu n theo cch kim thng thng.

Bng ny ch ra lng mu kim khch hng v gii hn cht lng c th chp
nhn c, s lng li chp nhn (Ac) v s lng li khng chp nhn (Re).
T Bng I trc, chng ta bit M k hiu l L, theo da vo gii hn cht
lng c th chp nhn c ca khch hng, v d l AQL 2.5. Chng ta s c
lng mu kim tng ng l 200 ci v s lng li c th chp nhn c l 10
ci v s lng li khng chp nhn c l 11 ci.

 Mi tn xung : S dng k hoch ly mu u tin di mi tn

Mi tn ln : S dng k hoch ly mu u tin trn mi tn
Ac : S lng li chp nhn c
Re : S lng li khng chp nhn c
V d 1:
Chng ta c mt n hng c 500 chic o v khch hng yu cu Cp kim l
GII, AQL 2.5 (ly mu n). Theo , c bao nhiu chic o c nht ngu nhin
kim tra? C bao nhiu o li vn c th chp nhn c? V bao nhiu ci li
khng th chp nhn c?