Chng 1

KHI NIM V
S GN NG
V SAI S

I. KHI NIM SAI S :

sai lch gia gi tr gn ng v gi
tr chnh xc gi l sai s.

Ta c 4 loi sai s :
Sai s gi thit
Sai s s liu ban u
Sai s phng php
Sai s tnh ton

Sai s phng php : Cc phng php dng

gii cc bi ton k thut thng l cc
phng php gii xp x gn ng, mi
phng php c 1 sai s nht nh no , sai
s ny gi l sai s phng php
Sai s tnh ton : Tnh ton bng my tnh
thng ch s dng 1 s hu hn cc ch s
hoc lm trn s, cc sai s ny tch ly
trong qu trnh tnh ton gi l sai s tnh
ton hay sai s lm trn.

II. CCH BIU DIN SAI S :

Gi A l s chnh xc ca bi ton
S a gi l s gn ng ca A nu n xp x A
k hiu a A
i lng = | a A |
gi l sai s thc s ca s gn ng a

1. Sai s tuyt i
Trong thc t do khng tnh c A, ta tm 1
s dng a cng b cng tt tho
| a A | a
a gi l sai s tuyt i ca s gn ng a
K hiu A = a a

2. sai s tng i : (tnh theo %)

Sai s tng i ca s gn ng a l s dng
a tnh theo cng thc

a = a / |a|
V d :
Gi s A = ;
a = 3.14 l s gn ng ca
Xc nh sai s

 Gii
Ta c
= 3.14159265358979323846264338327

| 3.14 - | < 0.01

a = 0.01
a = 0.3185%

Mt khc

| 3.14 - | < 0.0016

a = 0.05096%
a = 0.0016

Do cng 1 gi tr gn ng c th c
nhiu sai s tuyt i khc nhau, trong v d
ny, sai s 0.0016 l tt hn
V d : Cho a = 1.85 vi sai s tng i l
0.12%, tnh sai s tuyt i
a = |a| * a
= 1.85 * 0.12 /100 = 0.00222

3. Sai s ca mt hm :
Cho hm y = f (x1, x2, . . . , xn)
Mi bin xi c sai s xi. Xc nh sai s ca y

Sai s tuyt i

Sai s tng i

V d : Cho A = 1.50.002
B = 0.123 0.001 C = 13.00 0.05
Tnh sai s tuyt i
1.x = a + b
2.y = 20a 10b + c
3.z = a + bc
4. t = a3 + 2a2 +8
Gii
1. x = a + b = 0.002 + 0.001 = 0.003
2. y = 20a + 10 b + c = 0.1
3. z = a + |c| b + |b| c = 0.02115
4. t = |3a2 + 4a|a = 0.0255

V d : Cho f = x3+xy+y3.

Bit x=2.43470.0035, y=2.6278 0.0062.

Tnh sai s tuyt i f

Gii

V d :
Din tch ng trn S = R2
vi = 3.14 0.002 v R = 5.25 0.001 m
Tnh sai s tuyt i v tng i ca S
Gii :
sai s tuyt i
S = R2 * + 2R*R
= (5.25)2x0.002 + 2x3.14x5.25x0.001
= 0.088095
Sai s tng i
S = 3.14 x (5.25)2 = 86.54625
S = S / S = 0.1018%

III. BIU DIN S THP PHN

S thp phn a c biu din di dng
a =

amam-1 ... a1a0.a-1a-2 ... a-n

1. Lm trn s
Lm trn s l b 1 s cc ch s l bn
phi c 1 s ngn gn hn v gn ng vi
a.

Gi s ta mun lm trn n ch s l th
k (1 k n).
xt 2 s
a- = amam-1 ... a1a0.a-1a-2 ... a-k
a+ = amam-1 ... a1a0.a-1a-2 ...(a-k+1)
chn s lm trn l a- hoc a+ theo iu kin
Nu a-k-1 (ch s sau ch s l th k)
< 5 : = a 5 : = a+

V d :
Cho a = 456.12345678
Lm trn vi 2 ch s l
= a- = 456.12
Lm trn vi 4 ch s l
= a+ = 456.1235

 Sai s lm trn
t
Ta c
Vy sai s lm trn :

* NX : Ta c a. Vy khi lm trn sai

s s tng ln , nn trong tnh ton ta trnh
lm trn cc php ton trung gian, ch lm
trn kt qu cui cng.

V d : Cho s CX A, a = 187.123456 l s
gn ng vi sai s l 0.0001. Gi l s lm
trn ca a vi 4 ch s l. Tnh sai s ca so
vi A
gii
Sai s
= | 187.1235 187.123456 | = 0.000044
Vy

= 0.000044 + 0.0001 = 0.000144

Bi tp
Bit A c gi tr gn ng l a=3.2705 vi sai s
tng i l a= 0.64%. Ta lm trn a thnh vi 2
ch s l. Tnh sai s tuyt i ca

gii
Sai s
= | 3.27 3.2705 | = 0.0005
Vy

= 0.0005 +0.0209312=0.0214312

Ch :
Trng hp lm trn trong bt ng thc, ta
dng khi nim lm trn ln v lm trn
xung
Lm trn ln :
v ln hn

= a+ , p dng cho cc s

Lm trn xung : = a- , p dng cho cc

s v nh hn

V d :
a < 13.9236
lm trn ln vi 2 ch s l ta c
a < 13.93
b > 78.6789
lm trn xung ta c
b > 78.67

Bi tp :
Lm trn n 2 ch s l cc s trong cc
biu thc sau :
a.a=12.6724

b. a=1.5476

c.a12.8713

d. a1.2354

e. a=-15.6584

f. a-23.5776

2. Ch s c ngha :
l nhng ch s tnh t ch s khc 0 u
tin t tri sang.
V d :
10.20003 c 7 ch s c ngha
001234.34 c 6 ch s c ngha
0.010203 c 5 ch s c ngha
10.20300 c 7 ch s c ngha

2. Ch s ng tin :
Cho a A vi sai s a .
Ch s ak gi l ch s ng tin nu
hay

a 10k / 2
k log (2a )

V d : Tm s ch s ng tin ca a
1. a = 75.3456 vi a = 0.0044
2. a = 75.3456 vi a = 0.0062
gii
1. Ch s ak l ng tin nu
k log(0.0088) = -2.0555
vy ta c 4 ch s ng tin 7, 5, 3, 4.
2. k log(0.0124) = -1.9065
vy ta c 3 ch s ng tin 7, 5, 3