CHNG 2

GII GN NG
PHNG TRNH PHI TUYN

I. T BI TON :
Bi ton : tm nghim gn ng ca
phng trnh
f(x) = 0
vi f(x) l hm lin tc trn khong
ng [a, b] hay khong m (a,b).

1. Khong cch ly nghim

Khong ng hay m trn tn ti duy nht
nghim ca phng trnh gi l khong cch ly
nghim
nh l :
Nu hm f lin tc trn on [a,b] tho iu kin
f(a) f(b) < 0 th phng trnh f(x) = 0 c nghim trn
[a,b].
Nu hm f n iu ngt th nghim l duy nht.

[a, b] l KCLN ca pt khi

f(a) f(b) < 0
o hm f
khng i du
trn on [a,b]

V d :
Tm cc khong cch ly nghim ca pt
f(x) = 3x2 + lnx= 0
Gii :
f(x) = 6x +1/x >0 x>0
f hm tng ngt nn pt c ti a 1 nghim

f(0.3)= -0.93, f(0.4)=-0.44, f(0.5)=0.057

Vy khong cch ly nghim l (0.4,0.5)

V d :
Tm cc khong cch ly nghim ca pt
f(x) = x3 - 3x + 1 = 0
gii :
Ta lp bng gi tr ti cc im c bit
x
f(x)

-3

-2

-1

-1

-1

Nhn vo bng ta thy pt c nghim trong cc khong

(-2, -1) (0, 1) (1,2)
V pt bc 3 c ti a 3 nghim, nn cc khong cch ly
nghim l : (-2,-1) (0,1) (1,2)

Bi tp :
1. Tm cc khong cch ly nghim ca pt
f(x) =ex x2 + 3x -2
Gii
f(x) = ex - 2x + 3
Ta lp bng gi tr ti cc im c bit
x
f(x)

-3

-2

-1

Nhn xt : f(x) > 0, x[0,1].

Vy khong cch ly nghim (0,1)

2. Tm cc khong cch ly nghim ca pt

f(x) =xcosx 2x2 + 3x+1
f(x) = cosx xsinx -4x +3
Ta lp bng gi tr ti cc im c bit
x
f(x)

-3

-2

-1

Nhn xt :
f(x) < 0 x[1,2],
f(x) > 0 x[-1,0]
Vy cc khong cch ly nghim : (-1. 0), (1,2)

2. Cch gii gn ng pt f(x) = 0

B1: tm tt c cc khong cch ly
nghim
B2: trong tng khong cch ly
nghim, tm nghim gn ng ca
phng trnh

Cc phng php gii gn ng

Phng php chia i
Phng php lp n
Phng php lp Newton

3. Cng thc sai s tng qut :

nh l :
Gi s f(x) lin tc trn [a,b], kh vi trn (a,b)
Nu x* , x l nghim gn ng v nghim chnh
xc ca phng trnh v
|f(x)| m > 0, x (a,b)
th sai s c nh gi theo cng thc :
|x* - x| |f(x*)| / m

V d : Xt phng trnh
f(x) = 2x3 - 3x2 - 5x + 1 =0
trn khong [2.2, 2.6]
Tnh sai s nu chn nghim x* = 2.45
Gii
f(x) = 6x2 - 6x - 5
g(x)=|f(x)| = 6x2 -6x-5, x[2.2,2.6]
g(x)=12x-6>0, x[2.2,2.6],
g(2.2)=10.84

|f(x)| 10.84 = m, x[2.2,2.6]

Sai s

|x*-x| |f(x*)|/m 0.0143

Ghi nh : sai s lun lm trn ln

V d : Xt phng trnh
f(x) = 5x+
-24 = 0
trn khong [4,5]
Tnh sai s nu chn nghim x* = 4.9
Gii
f(x) = 5 +
=>

|f(x)| 5 +

= m, x[4,5]

Sai s
|x*-x| |f(x*)|/m 0.3485

II. Phng Php Chia i

Xt phng trnh f(x) = 0 c nghim chnh xc x
trong khong cch ly nghim [a,b] v f(a)f(b) < 0.

ngha hnh hc

ao

xo

x2

x1

bo
b

b1

a1
a2

b2

1.t [ao,bo]=[a, b], d0=b0-a0=b-a

Chn xo l im gia ca [a0,b0]
Ta c xo = (a0+b0) / 2
Nu f(xo) = 0 th xo l nghim xong
2. Nu
f(ao)f(xo) < 0 : t a1 = ao, b1 = xo
f(xo)f(bo) < 0 : t a1 = xo, b1 = bo
Ta thu c [a1, b1] [ao,bo] cha nghim x
d1 = b1-a1= (b-a)/2,
im gia x1 = (a1+b1) / 2

3. Tip tc qu trnh chia i nh vy n n ln ta c

[an, bn] [an-1,bn-1] cha nghim x
dn = bn-an= (b-a)/2n, f(an)f(bn) < 0
im gia xn = (an+bn) / 2, an xn bn
Ta c

lim xn = x

Vy xn l nghim gn ng ca pt

Cng thc sai s

|xn x| (b-a) / 2n+1

V d : Tm nghim gn ng ca pt
f(x) = 5x3 - cos 3x = 0
trn khong cch ly nghim [0,1] vi n=3
Gii
Ta lp bng
n

an f(an)

bn f(bn)

xn

f(xn)

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.25

0.25

0.25

0.5

0.375

0.125

0.375 -

0.5

0.4375

Nghim gn ng l x3 = 0.4375

0.0625

V d : Tm nghim gn ng ca pt
f(x) = 2+cos(ex-2)-ex = 0
trn khong [0.5,1.5] vi sai s 0.04
Gii
Ta lp bng
n

an f(an)

bn

f(bn)

xn

f(xn)

0.5

1.5

0.5

1.5

1.25

0.25

1.25

1.125

0.125

1.125

1.0625 -

0.0625

1.0625 -

1.03125

0.03125

Nghim gn ng l x = 1.03125

III. Phng Php Lp n

Xt phng trnh f(x) = 0 c nghim chnh xc x
trong khong cch ly nghim [a,b] v f(a)f(b) < 0.
Ta chuyn pt f(x) = 0 v dng
x = g(x)

By gi ta tm iu kin dy {xn} hi tu
Ta c nh ngha sau
nh Ngha : Hm g(x) gi l hm co trn on
[a,b] nu q : 0<q<1 sao cho
| g(x) g(y) | q | x y |, x, y [a,b]
q gi l h s co
kim tra hm co, ta dng nh l sau
nh l : Nu hm g(x) lin tc trn [a,b], kh vi
trn (a,b) v q : 0<q<1 sao cho
| g(x) | q, x (a,b)
Th g(x) l hm co vi h s co q

V d : Xt tnh cht co ca hm
g(x) =
trn khong [0,1]
Gii
Ta c
|g(x)| =
q 0.0771 < 1
Nn g(x) l hm co

 tm nghim gn ng, ta chn gi tr ban u xo

[a,b] ty
Xy dng dy lp theo cng thc
xn = g(xn-1), n = 1, 2,
Bi ton ca ta l kho st s hi t ca dy {xn}
Tng qut, dy {xn} c th hi t hoc phn k
Nu dy {xn} hi t th n s hi t v nghim ca pt

V d : Xt tnh cht co ca hm
g(x) = (x2-ex+2)/3
trn khong [0,1]
Gii
g(x) = (2x-ex)/3
g(x) = (2-ex)/3=0 x = ln2
Ta c g(0) = -0.33, g(1) = -0.24
g(ln2) = -0.2046
| g(x) | 0.33 = q < 1, x[0,1]
Nn g(x) l hm co

nh l (nguyn l nh x co) :
Gi s g(x) l hm co trn [a,b] vi h s co q,
ng thi g(x) [a,b], x [a,b]
Khi y vi mi gi tr ban u xo [a,b] ty ,
dy lp {xn} hi t v nghim ca pt
Ta c cng thc nh gi sai s
tin nghim
hu nghim
Nhn xt :Cng thc (2) cho sai s tt hn cng thc (1)

V d : Xt phng trnh
f(x) = x3 3x2 - 5 = 0
trn khong cch ly nghim [3,4]
Gi s chn gi tr ban u xo = 3.5
a. Tnh gn ng nghim x4 v sai s 4
Gii
Ta chuyn pt v dng x = g(x)
C nhiu cch chuyn :
Cch 1:
Khng phi hm co

Cch 2:

q 0.37037 < 1 nn g hm co
Hin nhin g(x) [3,4] nn pp lp hi t
xy dng dy lp

Ta lp bng

Sai s

xn

3.5

3.408163265

3.430456452

3.424879897

3.426264644

b. Tm nghim gn ng vi sai s 0.001 (dng cng

thc tin nghim)

Nghim gn ng x6 = 3.426005817

c. Tm nghim gn ng vi sai s 0.001 (dng cng

thc hu nghim)
Ta lp bng
n

xn

3.5

3.408163265

0.06

3.430456452

0.02

3.424879897

0.0033

3.426264644

0.00082

Nghim gn ng x* = 3.426264644

V d : Tm nghim gn ng ca pt
trn khong cch ly nghim [9,10] vi sai s 10-8
chn gi tr ban u x0 = 10
a. Dng cng thc tin nghim
b. Dng cng thc hu nhim

Gii
|g(x)| =
q 0.0034 < 1, nn g(x) l hm co
D dng kim tra g(x) [9,10], x [9,10]

Theo nguyn l nh x co th pp lp hi tu
xy dng dy lp

a. Sai s (dng cng thc tin nghim)

Nghim gn ng x3 = 9.966666789

b. Sai s (dng cng thc hu nghim)

Ta lp bng
n

xn

10

9.966554934

0.12x10-3

9.966667166

0.38x10-6

9.966666789

0.13x10-8

Nghim gn ng x3 = 9.966666789

V d : Xt phng trnh
x = cosx
trn khong cch ly nghim [0,1]
Gi s chn gi tr ban u xo = 1. Xc nh s ln
lp n khi xp x nghim pt vi sai s 10-8
(dng cng thc tin nghim)
Gii
a. g(x)=cosx
g(x)=-sinx
g(x) l hm co vi h s co q = sin10.8415 < 1
Mt khc g(x) =cos x [0,1] nn pp lp hi t

xy dng dy lp
xo = 1
xn = cos xn-1
Xc nh s ln lp bng cng thc tin nghim

Vy s ln lp n = 113

Nhn xt :
Tc hi t ca pp lp n ph thuc vo gi
tr ca h s co q
q cng nh (gn vi 0) th pp lp hi t cng
nhanh
q cng ln (gn vi 1) th pp lp hi t cng
chm

IV. Phng Php Lp Newton

Mt phng php lp khc l pp lp Newton,
nu hi t s cho tc hi t nhanh hn
Gi s hm f kh vi trn khong cch ly nghim
[a,b] vi f(a)f(b) < 0 v f(x) 0, x[a,b]
Phng trnh f(x) = 0 tng ng vi pt

 tm nghim gn ng ta chn 1 gi tr ban u

xo[a,b] ty . Xy dng dy lp {xn} theo cng
thc

Cng thc ny gi l cng thc lp Newton

Tng qut, dy {xn} c th hi t hoc phn k

 ngha hnh hc
y = f(x)

x2

x1

xo

nh l :
Gi s hm f(x) c o hm n cp 2 lin tc v
cc o hm f(x) v f(x) khng i du trn on
[a,b].
Khi y nu chn gi tr ban u xo tha
iu kin Fourier
f(xo)f(xo) > 0
Th dy lp {xn} xc nh theo cng thc Newton
s hi t v nghim ca pt

Ch :
iu kin Fourier ch l iu kin khng
phi l iu kin cn
Qui tc n gin chn x0 tha iu kin
Fourier :
nu o hm cp 1 v 2 cng du, chn xo = b.
Ngc li tri du chn xo = a

 nh gi sai s ca pp Newton ta dng

cng thc sai s tng qut
|xn - x| |f(xn)| / m
m = min |f(x)|
x[a,b]

Bai tap : Cho phng trnh

trn khong cch ly nghim [0,2]. Dng pp Newton
tnh nghim x3 v nh gi sai s 3 theo cng thc sai
s tng qut
Gii
1.Kim tra iu kin hi tu
f(x)=3x2-18x-4+3sin(3x/4)/4<0
f(x)=6x-18+9cos(3x/4)/16<0, x[0,2]
o hm f, f cng du, chn x0=2

2. Xy dng dy lp Newton

Cng thc sai s

xn

1.116731092

0.966885248

0.959934247

0.72*10^-4

V d : Tm nghim gn ng ca pt
f(x) = x-cos x =0
Trn khong cch ly nghim [0,1] vi sai s 10-8
Gii
1.Kim tra iu kin hi tu
f(x) = 1+sinx > 0, x[0,1]
f(x) = cosx > 0
f(x) v f(x) cng du, chn xo = 1 ta c pp
lp Newton hi t

2. Xy dng dy lp Newton

Cng thc sai s

xn

0.750363867

0.02

0.739112890

0.47x10-4

0.739085133

0.29x10-9

Nghim gn ng x3 = 0.739085133