Positive

reinforcement
by
BF Skinner

Applied
Behaviour
Analysis
(intensive
education
therapy for
children with
autism)

Token
Economi
es

The token economies approach were originally founded by

Ayllon and Azrin in 1961 which they used it in a Psychiatric Hospital
in Illinois. This approach is based on the principles of Applied
Behaviour Analysis that is used as an intensive education therapy
for children with autism. It also emphasize the use of positive
reinforcement by BF Skinner to target behaviour change.
According to Weller(2005) and Uams(2007), using tokens could
reinforce techniques in achieving better results. It help students to
visualize progress, learn to self monitor and also learn to regulate
behaviour. In other words, using tokens let students work first, and
then get their rewards. Using tokens could also give pupils an
intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. It also promote sense of
competition in terms of collecting the tokens.

Participati
on

Overt active
participation
:
-observable
and
measurable by
teacher
talking,writing,
gesturing

Peter Kopack (2012)

Definition:
the act of
taking part
or sharing
in
something

Covert active
participation:
-unable to be
seen by teacher
imagining,thinki
ng,
picturing,reme
mbering

EFFECTS

 Pupils will feel more appreciated on their

actions.
Pupils want to learn more and participate
more.
Promote sense of competition among pupils.
Gives intrinsic and extrinsic motivation to
pupils.
Intrinsic motivation refers to being involved
in an activity for the sheer pleasure that
such involvement elicits.
Teacher succeed in shaping desired

behaviour.
Pupils participate actively in activities and in
lesson.