awmifwef;rsm;udka&$@=unf@+cif;

ar(30) ae@
ordkif;rSm txif&Sm;qkH;+zpf&yfESpfc&k SdcJ@w,f?wck u Arm+ynfu vlxkacgif;aqmif a' :pk udk ' DyJ&if;rSm
vkyf=uHowf+zwfwJ@ cH+yif; a=uuGJbG,f+zpf&yfwck/ aemufwcku wD,ifrif&if+yifay:rSm (1989)wkH;u
w&kwfausmif;om;awG/ armfpDwkH; &kyfykH=uD;wnfhwnfhrSm/ avbmwD&kyfxkudk t+yD;owfxkqpfvdkuf+yD;
w&kwftm%m&Sif wdefa&Smifzdef eJ@ vDyif;wdk@udk pdefac:vdkufwJ@ae@/
ol&Jaumif;awGudkowfr&bl;qdkwmtm%m&SifawG arvrSm ydk+yD;oabmaygufoif@w,f?

tydkif;(1)

“usaemhrdbeSpfa,mufpvHk;u qdkAD,ufausmif;qif; tif*sifeD,mbGJh& ynmwwfawGaygh/

,Ofaus;r_@awmfvSeaf &;umvwHk;u olwdkhudkuGef+rLepfwyfeDawmfu zrf;qD;ac:aqmifoGm;wJhaemuf/
usaemhudkv,form;awGuarG;pm;cJhw,f?usaemhudk=udKufyHkr&ygbl;Asm/
wtdrfjyD;wtdrfajymif;cJh&w,f?aemufqHk;awmhrdbrJha*[mudkydkhcHvdkuf&awmhwmygyJ?
w&ufrmS usaemfaewJh usK, H ef; qdkwJh+rdK@av;qDivsift=uD;tus,fv_ywf ,fAs/
vl ESpfodef;ausmfavmuf&dSr,f? tukefaoukef=uw,f?
usaemfe@J upm;az:uav;awGvnf;ivsi'f %fa=umifhaoqHk;uke=f uw,f?
usaemfolwdk@tavmif;awGudk=unfhjyD; [mvm[if;vif;&yfaerdw,f?
b0rSmodu|rf;cJhwmqdkvdk@olwdk@wawGy&J Sdwmrdk@vm;?usaemfowdxm;rdwJh
tcsdefrSmusaem@ajczrdk;ay:/uif;vdyfavsmwaumifwufaewmudktxdwfwvef@awG@vdkuf&w,f?usaemfwdk@
odcJhbl;wmu/ 'DowW0gawGuusaemhudkaoapavmufw,fqdkwmaygh/
reufvif;awmhusaemftyd , f mxJrmS
usaemhajczrdk;av;udkr&Jw&J=unfhvdkufrdw,f?
usaemfraoao;ygvm;vdk@xw d fueJawG;vdkufrdw,f?
bm&,fvdk@r[kwfbl;/usaemh&ifxJrSm,Hk=unfr_@wcktjrpfwG,fvmcJhw,f?ig&SifoefaeOD;r,fqdkwmaygh?”
vDvl; qdkwJhw&kwfausmif;om;wa,mufudkrrSwfrdbl;qdk&if
wD,ifrifausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_@umvwHk;u/ &ifjyifeDay:rSmaumifrav;wa,mufu
vdkufvmjyD;/ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawG0dkif;zGJ@r*Fvmaqmifay;vdkufwJhpHkwGJwwJGudkrSwfrdygvdrfhr,f?
olwdk@pHkwGJuw&kwfausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_@umvwHk;updwf0ifpm;r_@cH&wJhcspfcsif;zGJ@oHpOfwckyg?
vDvl;urdkifwaxmifausmfa0;wJh+rdKhuav;w+rdKhqDuaeyDuif;wuUodkvfausmif;om;cgif;aqmif+zpfwJh 0ef'ef;
(Wan Dan) /w&m;a[m&mrSmqGJaqmifr_htm;aumif;o/l0rfacsmif0g; (Wan Chaohua )
udkqufoG,fzdk@vmcJholyg?ol@udkw&kwfausmif;om;qEN+yyGJ&JheHygwfq,f&Spfa,mufa+rmufacgif;aqmift+zpf
0&rf;xkwfzrf;qD;zdkh=udK;pm;aewHk;a[mifaumifu 'Drdkua&pDa&;v_yf&Sm;r_hudkaxmufyHhulnDay;cJhwJh
&kyf&Sifxkwfvkyfa&;rSl;wa,muf&JhOD;aqmifulnDr_@a=umifhvGwfa+rmufvmcJh&olyg?

tydkif;(2)
usaemfa0usif&Sif;&Jhw&kwftm%mydkifawG&JhcHk&Hk;a&ShrSmxDrxifvrf;avsmuf+yD;cGef;wkH@+yefar;cGef;xkwfa
ewJh[efyefawGudk=udKufcJhbl;ygw,f?wD,ifrifausmif;om;acgif;aqmif Li Lu (vDvl;)&Jh
 ordkif;qdkif&mtcsuftvufawGudk+iif;ckef+yD;tiftm;+yif;xefwJhacsycsufawG/rSifouf+yD;a+ymp&m&Smr
&+zpfaewJh+Adwdvsausmif;om;awG&Jhtv,frSmta&mifvufaewJ@ol@&JhrsufvHk;wpHkudkatmufpzdk'f@wuUodkvf&Jh
pif+rifhwckay:u ( Debate )aqG;aEG;+iif;ckefr_@rsm;pGmudkESpfESpf+cdKuf+cdKuf=unfhcJhbl;ygw,f?
(2004) 'D rdku&ufwpfawG&JhnDvmcHrSmw&kwfausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawGudkrdef@cGef;a+ymzdk@
tar&dueforRwa&G;aumifyGJ0ifzdk@vsmxm;cH&olawGe/J@edkifiHa&;rJqG,fa&;aumfrwDuyGJxkwfvdkufwJhtcg/
usaemh&Jhpdwf0ifpm;r_@wckuolwdk@tay:rSmydk+yD;tm&HkpdkufvmcJhygw,f?qufcHpm;=unfh&atmifyg?

“usaemfwdk@wD,ifrif&if+yifay:uOuUX=uD;armf&Jh&kyfyHka&ShwnfhwnfhrSm
avbmwD&kyfxkudkaqmufvkycf Jh=uw,f?usaemfwdk@&Jhv_yf&Sm;r_@+zdKcGJcH&tHk;/
oHcsyfuma&ShrSmtefwk&yfaewJhausmif;om;wa,muf&JhyHk&,f /
&if+yifeDay:u avbmwD&kyfxk&,fudk wurBmvHk;u trSwf&ae=u&r,f?”
eDapG;&JvGifhaewJhtvHawG/qdk&S,fvpftifwmae&Sife,foDcsif;eJ@rma=um+ywfom;aewJhxDrxifyHk&dyfawG/
vGwfvyfr_@ ('grSr[kwf) ao+cif;w&m;/ESpfckxJub,ft&mudka&G;rvJ
qdkwJhydkpwmawG / yDuif;wuUodkvfuygarmuQawG&Jhausmif;om;awGtay:v_@aH qmftm;ay;w
&m;a[mr_@awG/
wu,fawmharv 27 &ufae@udkw&kwfausmif;om;awGu Liberty Day
vGwfa+rmufr_@ae@vdk@owfrSwfcJh=uygw,f?arv&Jh 'k wd,ywfxJup+yD;ausmif;om;awGu
tpdk;&udk+yK+yifa+ymif;vJa&;vkyfzdkhtwGuftpmiwfcqH EN+yyGJ+yif;+yif;xefxefvkyfaecsdef+zpfygw,f?
w&kwftpdk;&twGuftusyftwnf;+zpfapwJht&muarv(13)&ufae@rSmqdkAD,ufacgif;aqmifa*:Amacsm@zft
vnfa&mufvmcsdef+zpfwJhtwGufqEN+yyGJudk&yfqdkif;ay;zdkhvDyif;(0ef=uD;csKyf)uawmif;qdkcsufudk
taumiftxnfaz:zdk@twGuf+yK+yifa+ymif;vJa&;orm;vdkhemrnf=uD;wJh
ausmufusd,ef;udkapv$wfcJhygw,f?tJ 'DwHk;ua*:Amacsm@zfuta&S@*smr%Dtygt0if
qdkAD,uf+ynfaxmifpk[m+yK+yifa+ymif;vJa&;vkyfzdkhvdkae+yDvdk@,Hk=unfwma=umifhedkifiHwumudk
vSnfhvnfc&D;xGuf+yD;aqG;aEG;aewJhumvyg?
ppfat;wdkufyGJumvudktqHk;owfrJhol@t,ltqudkbufaygi;f pHku+iif;ckefar;cGef;xkwfaewJhtcsdefrSmwD,ifrif
ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_@[mawmrD;wckvdkqufwdkufavmifu|rf;cJh+yD;arv(17)&ufae@rSm+rdKhaygif; 150 ausmf
vma&mufyl;aygif;cJh=uygw,f?yDuif;wuUodkvfuausmif;om;acgif;aqmif 0rf'ef; u

“ 'g[mausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_@uae trsdK;om;v_yf&Sm;r_ho%ef+zpfvmwma=umifh
usaemfwdk@udk0ef=uD;csKyffvDyif;uarv (18 )&ufae@rSmac:awG@+yD;twdtvif;+cdrf;a+cmufw,f?
usaemfw@kd qEN+yyGu
J kdr&yfb;l qd&k if+zpfay:vmrJq
h ;kd =udK;awG/tEW&m,fawGuo
kd w
l m0efr,leikd b
f ;l vd@k ayg”h

arv (19) &ufae@rSm ausmufusd,ef;u ausmif;om;awG&dS&mudka&mufvmcJ@+yD;/ “ usaemf/aemufusrS

vmawG@wJ@twGufpdwfraumif;+zpfrdygw,f? usaemfawmif;yefzdk@vmwmr[kwfygbl;/
ausmif;om;awGtqmiwfcHqEN+ywm[m/ar#mfvif@csufwpkHw&mtwGuf ygwDudka0zefwmawG
udkvufcHygw,f/ygwDudka0zefwm[m vdkvnf;vdktyfygw,f/
w&kwf+ynf[macwfrSD+cif;av;&yfudkra&mufao;wma=umif@/
tJ@ 'Dtcsdefxdapmif@apcsifygw,f? usaemfwdk@u touf=uD;yg+yD/ usaemfwdk@[m ta}umif;t&mwckt+zpf
aqG;aEG;p&m r[kwfawmhygbl;/ ausmif;om;awGtm;vnf;t&rf;enf;aewma=umif@tpmiwfcH qEN+y
wmudk&yfapcsifygw,f? awGqHkaqG;aEG;zdk@twGuf uGef+rLepfygwDu wcg;zGif@xm;ygw,f?”
ausmufusd,ef;&J@ rdef@cGef;xJu “usaemfwdk@u touf=uD;yg+yD/ usaemfwdk@[m
ta}umif;t&mwckt+zpfaqG;aEG;p&m r[kwfawmhygbl;”qdkwJ@pum;[m ausmif;om;xk=um;rSm
a&;yef;pm;cJ@ygw,f? “ygwDwGif;rSmEdkifiHa&;&_yfaxG;r_awGt&rf;rsm;aew,f” vdk@olwday;cJ@ovdkygyJ/
ta&;ay:ppftkyfcsKyfa&; rm&S,favmxkwfwJ@tcg olu +yif;+yif;xefxefuef@uGufcJ@wma=umifh/-
o@ludk&mxl;uz,f&Sm;cJhygw,f? ausmif;om;awGuawmh arvukefrmS avbmwD&kyfxkudk armf &Jh &kyfykHa&S@rSm
t+yD;xkqpfvdkuf=uygawmhw,f?

tydkif; (3)

1950umvawGqDuyg?uGef+rLepftkyfpkeJ@taemuf 'Drdkua&pDtkyfpkESpfckt+ydKif=uJ=uwJ@tcg/
w&kwf+ynfeJ@ywfouf+yD;wm;&rJ@enf;AsL[may:rSm tar&duefynmwwftkyfpkawG=um;
oabmxm;uGJcJ@=uygw,f?wcsdK@uw&kwfawGursdK;cspfawG+zpfw,f?
“rsdK;cspfpdwf"mwf&SdolawGeJ@qufqH&mrSmuGef+rLepfawGe@J wdkufyGJppfrsufESmzGif@wJ@tcsufwckwnf;eJ@
oGm;udkifwG,fvdk@r&bl;?owdxm;&rJ@wef+yefowfuGif;awGtrsm;=uD;&Sdw,f”
vdk@oHk;owf+ycJ@=uygw,f? ' gayrJ@tar&dueftdrf+zLawmfeJ@tm%m&yk*~dKvfawGu
“w&kwfawG[mrsdK;cspfpdwf&SdolawG”+zpfw,fvdk@t,ltqwif+yvmolawGudk&mxl;uz,f&Sm;cJhovdk/*k%fod
uQmq,fr&atmif/vlawmrwdk;0HhatmifvkyfcJh=uw,fvdk@edkifiHa&;ody`HygarmuQawGuedkifiHwumqufqHa&;
pmoifcef;awGrSmoHk;oyf+yav@&Sdygw,f?tdrf+zLawmfu uGef+rLepfrSefor#&efol qdkwJ@t+rifwckwnf;eJ@
csnf;uyfyHk&ygw,f?

r=umao;cifuAm*sD;eD;,m;wuUodkvfwckrSmudk&D;,m;ausmif;om;wa,mufuausmif;om;ta,muf(30)
ausmfudkaoG;at;at;eJ@ypfowfvdkufawm@tm&Sa'ouvlawG&J@ZD0rsdK;&dk;aA'/
pdwfydkif;qdkif&mtm;enf;csuf/tm;omcsuf/rdom;pkzGJ@pnf;yHk/=udK;pm;r_@udkarmifeSifapwJ@wGef;tm;awGudk
wpqDqGJxkwfav@vmwJ@pmwef;awGa&S@qif@aemufqif@qdkovdktar&duefpmoifausmif;awGqDa&muf&Sd
vmcJ@ygw,f?udk&D;,m;orRw&J@0rf;enf;a=umif;o0%fv$mawG/tar&duefudk&D;,m;awG&J@qkawmif;yGJawG
udk=unf@+yD;/tar&duefausmif;om;awGutH@=owoif@oHk;oyf+yygw,f
”rif;wdk@tm&Sa'ouvlawGupkaygif;wm0efcHr_@udk,lwwf=uawm@igwdk@twGuftxl;tqef;yJ/
wu,fawm@pdwWZvlowform;qdkwmvlrsdK;wdkif;rSm&SdwwfwmygyJ?
txl;o+zif@wGef;tm;zdtm;rsm;vGef;wJ@tar&duvdkedkifiHrSmydkqdk;wmayg@/igwdk@ucGJ+cm;+rifygw,fuGm/udk&D;,m;
tzGJ@tpnf;awGuawmif;yefzdk@rvdkygbl;/
' D vlwa,muftwGufeJ@vnf;vlrsdK;wrsdK;vHk;&J@*k%foduQmxdcdkufroGm;edkifygbl;”wJ@
'gayrJ@ aocsmwmwckutm&Sa'ouvlawGtay: tm&kHpdkufppfwrf;xkwfvmwJ
pmawGydkrsm;vm+cif;yg?
tar&duef+ynfaxmifpkvlOD;a&oef;(300) ausmf&J@
(5)&mcdkife_ef;[mtm&Sa'ouvmwJ@vlrsdK;eG,fawGyg/tJ 'Dtm&Sa' ouvmwJ@vlawG[mvlenf;pk
(Minority) vlrsdK;awGxJrSmtatmif+rifqHk;vlawG+zpf+yD;/ 20&mcdkife_ef;ausmfutaumif;qHk;
wuUodkvfawGrSm0ifa&mufynmoif,lcJ@=uw,f?49&mcdkife_ef;ausmfutenf;qHk;wuUodkvfubGJ@wckckudk&,l
w,f?ysrf;r#0ifaiG[ma ':vm(57000)ausmftxufrSm&=uw,f/

(tar&duef+ynfaxmifpkrSmwESpf0ifaiG(30000)atmufa&mufolawGudkqif;&Jiwf+ywfr_@rsOf;atmufuvlawG
/a':vm(55000)ausmf0ifaiG&SdolawGudktv,ftvwfvlwef;pm;vdk@owfrSwf+yD;
a':vm(85000)ausmf0ifaiG&SdolawGudkawm@tedrf@qHk;csrf;omolrsm;vdk@oHk;owf=uygw,f?)
r=umao;rDu(2007) ESpf&J@tawmfqHkausmif;om;ta,muf(20)udkynma&;Xmeppfwrf;u
aexkwf+yef=u+im+yD;owif;pmawGxJrSmyHkawGeJ@wuGxnf@+yD;az:+ycJ@ygw,f?
olwdk@[mbmomwdkif;/twef;wdkif;rSm*&dwfattqif@eJ@tawmfqHk;atmif+rifcJ@=u+yD;taumif;qHk;wuUodkvfa
wGrSmvuf&Sdynmoif=um;cGif@&cJ@=uolawGyg?xl;+cm;wmwckuta,muf(20)xJu(16)a,muf[m/tm&Sa'
ou a+ymif;a&$@vma&mufaexdkifolawG/w&kwfrsdK;eG,fawGeJ@AD,iferfuvmwJ@olawG+zpfae+cif;yg?
wD,ifrif&if+yifausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_@acgif;aqmifawGeJ@w&kwf+ynfuvmwJ@ausmif;om;awGta=umif;
quf=unf@=u&atmifyg?

tydkif;(4)

“w&kwf+ynf&@J +y\emudkusaemfwdk@w&kwf+ynfwGif;rSmyJ&Sif;&r,f?usefwJ@vlawGpGwfzufwmrsKd ;vufcHp&mt

a=umif;r&Sdbl;”vdk@+ywf+ywfom;om;a+ymolwD,ifrifausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_@&J@eHygwfwpfacgif;aqmif 0gef'ef;
( Wan Dan )u/oluol*wday;xm;wJ@twdkif;ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_@+zdKcGJcH&&ifxGufra+y;yJ/
+ynfwGif;rSmyJqufvufv_yf&Sm;r,fqdkwJ@qHk;+zwfcsufeJ@aecJ@+yD;/w&kwfuGef+rLepfygwD&J@zrf;qD;r_@udkcHcJ@&ygw,f?
tarSmifwdkufxJrSmol@udktm%mydkifawGu&uf&ufpufpufESdyfpuf/wdkufydwfxm;vdkufwJ@tcgrSmawm@
ol@usef;rma&;qdk;0g;vmwma=umif@tar&duef+ynfaxmifpkuaq;ukozdk@twGufo@ludkw&kwf+ynfxJu
qGJxkwfvmcJ@ygw,f?0if'ef;u[m;AwfwuUodkvfuaeordkif;bmom&yftxl;+yKeJ@bGJ@vGefawGudk
qufwufcJ@+yD;yg&*lbGJ@udk1994rSm&cJ@ygw,f?ol@&J@tcef;xJrSmwD,ifrif&if+yifausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_@wHk;uaus
mif;om;wa,mufoHcsyfumum;a&S@rSm&yfxm;wJ@yHk=uD;wckeH&Hay:rSm&Sdr,f?tdyf,mab;ywfvnfrSmpmtkyfa&/
tenf;qHk;oHk;axmifausmfavmuf&SdrJ@pmtkyfawGutxyfvdkuftxyfvdkuf+yef@usJae+yD;xuf+rufpl;&SwJ@ol@&J@
rsufvHk;awGutckvdka+ym+ycJ@bl;ygw,f?
“'Dyef;csu
D m;uusaemfb,fb0uvmwmvnf;qdkwmudkrar@zdk@/vlawGodatmifvdk@csdwfqGJxm;wm/
w&kwf+ynfeJ@ta0;wae&mudka&mufaewJ@umvrSmpmawGzwfzdk@vdkw,fAs/
urBm=uD;w+cm;wzufrSmbmawG+zpfaew,fqdkwmudkzwfcGif@r&wJ@&aJ bmfawGtwGuf/usaemfwdk@uydkzwfay;&
rSmrdk@vm;”
Fang Lizhi (zefvD[GD;)qdkolu
wcgwHk;uuGef+rLepfygwDtaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSl;ausmufusd,ef;&J@t=uHay;t&m&Sdyg?
wD,ifrifausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_@+zpfay:atmif=uHpnfaecJ@olvdk@pGyfpGJr_@eJ@1987rSmol@udkygwDu&mxl;+zKwfcscJ@yg
w,f?oluausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_@t+yD;rSmawm@yDuif;utar&duefoH&Hk;qDedkifiHa&;cdkv_HcGif@awmif;cJ@+yD;
t&DZdk;em;wuUodkvf ( University of Arizona)&J@&lyaA'XmerSmygarmuQt+zpf
pmydk@csoif=um;aeolyg?
wcgwHk;uyDuif;aeGOD;pmapmif&J@t,f 'Dwm+zpfcJ@ol/ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_@+yif;xefaecsdefrSm
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawG&J@twdkifyifcH/tm;tudk;cH+zpfcJ@&ol/0ef*sifawmif Wan Juntao
uaxmifxJrSmq,f@oHk;ESpf+ypf'%fcHcJ@+yD;wJ@aemuf Economic Review pD;yGm;a&;pmapmifwck&J@
t,f' Dwm+zpfcJ@+yD;/0if'ef;/zef@vD[GD;eJ@twlw&kwf+ynfzGJ pnf;yHk+yK+yifa+ymif;vJa&;edkifiHa&;wGef;tm;tzGJ@wzGJ@udk
(2005)atmufwdkbm(11)&ufae@uzGJ@pnf;cJ@ygw,f?olwdk@(3)a,mufaygif;+yD;vSnf@vnfpmoifaewJ@
/wuUodkvfpmoifcef;awGqDrSmtar&duefausmif;om;awGuolwdk@udkwav;wpm;&dk&dkaoao/
oif=um;em;axmifvdk@
 Chai Ling csdKifvif;uw&kwfausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_@+zdKcGJcH&+yD;wJ@aemufzrf;0&rf;xkwfxm;
wJ@pm&if;rSmeHygwfav;tqif@&Sdolyg? ukefavSmifuGefwdefemxJrSm xnf@+yD;olrudk +yifopfedkifiHqDckd;xkwf/
aemufawmhtar&duef+ynfaxmifpkqDEdkifiHa&;cdkv_HcGifhawmif;/
olruy&ifpwefwuUodkvfeJ@[m;AwfpD;yGm;a&;wuUodkvfuaebGJ@&cJ@+yD;ckcsdefrSmawm@atmif+rifwJ@pD;yGm;a&;o
rm;wa,muf+zpfvmcJ@yg+yD/
” “'g[medkifiHa&;v_y&f mS ;r_@a=umif@&vmwJ@vufaqmifawGyg”vdk@b0udkrar@yJa+ymav@&SdwJ@olruDk
'Drdku&ufwpfygwDnDvmcHupif+rif@awGrSmtxl;rdef@cGef;a+ymrJ@{nf@onft+zpf [Dvm&Duvifweftkyfpku
yGJxkwfay;av@&Sdygw,f?olrwdk@tkyfpkuynma&;twGufvdktyfwJ@owif;tcsuftvufawG/
xkwfukefypPnf;awG/u|rf;usifr_@oifwef;awGudkzGif@vSpf&if;edkifiHwuma&mufw&kwfausmif;om;awGudktvkyf
vufoifawGac:cdkif;+yD;w&kwf+ynfrtwGif;xJuwuUodkvfawGtxdtifwmeufpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;udkcsJ@xGifedkifcJ@
olawGyg?
wD,ifrif&if+yif &J@tpmiwfcHqEN+yyGJudk^d;aqmifcJh+yD;/ awG@qHkaqG;aEG;yGJrSmwHk;u 0ef=uD;csKyfvD;yif;udk
+ywf+ywfom;om;a0zefcJhol/ w&kwfuGef+rLepfygwDuvdkcsifol eHygwf (2) t+zpf 0&rf;xkwfxm;ol
aumifrav;uawmh/ u,fvDzdk;ed;,m;wuUodkvf&J@ enf;+yq&mrwa,muft+zpf/ w&kwf+ynfta=umif;udk
a+ym+yaeolt+zpf/wnf&SdaecJ@yg+yD/

wu,fawmh AD,uferfuvmwJ@ol+zpf+zpf/+ynfr=uD;uvmwJ@ol+zpf+zpf/w&kwfawG&J@xl;+cm;csufu
0d&d,&Sdr_@/=udK;pm;r_@eJ@rsdK;cspfpdwf=uD;rm;r_@awGyg?
'DtcsufudkedkifiHwumw&kwfausmif;om;awGrSmtxift&Sm;awG@&ygvdrf@r,f?
“w&kwfawG[mrsdK;cspfawG+zpfw,f”qdkwmudktar&duef+ynfaxmifpku
'Duae@awmhaumif;aumif;oabmayguaf eygowJ@?

tydkif; (4)

“ wcgwkH;uawmifwef;awGatmufrSm aus;&Gmav;w&Gm&dSw,f/
aysmfaysmf&$if&$ifae=uwJhom;tzwawGvnf;&dSw,fAs/ +y\emu awmifwef;=uD;qDudk oGm;+yD;tpm&Sm&ayrJh/
tpmu enf;enf;av;yJ&wmrdk@vm;/ aemufqkH;awmh awmifwef;=uD;udka&$@ypfzdk@/ om;tzwawGqkH;+zwf
vdkuf=uw,f? wcsdK@u “'DDavmuf=uD;wJhawmifwef;=uD;a&$@zdk@qdkwm+zpfEdkifyghrvm;”vdk@ ar;=uw,f/
tzdk;tdk u “ ighrSm om;orD;awG&Sdw,fuGm/ igh vufxufrmS ra&$@Edkif&if/ olwdk@vufxufus&ifawmh
a&$@edkifrSmayg@uGm?” vdk@+yefa+zvdkufw,f?”

cyf+yHK;+yHK;a+ymaewJ@ w&kwfausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif/vDvl; &J@ rsufrSef=unf=unfatmufrSm/

t&nfvnfhaewJhrsufvHk;awG wcsufwcsuf ta0;udk ai;&if;r_dif;&D-vdk@
&SifuGJuGJcJh&wJh---[dk;-- wD&ifrif&if+yifay:uaumifrav;udk owd&aewmvm;/
ivsif '%feJ@ ywf=um;tufxae/wdkuf+ydKawGeJ@wkefcgaewJ@usHK&rf;+rdK@ qDu aoqkH;aewJh
i,fupm;az: rdbrJh uav;awGqDrSmvm;/ w&kwf uGef+rLepfwyfeDawmfu ac:oGm;wJh ol@rdbESpfyg;&Sd&m---
ynmwwfawGudk^D;aESmufaq;a=uma&;/ vlxkqDu +yefvnfoif=um;a&; tus^f;pcef;awGqDudkvm;

aEG^D;rSm usaemfvnf; rD;avmifaewJh tcef;i,fxJvl;v$ef@vdk@

ed*Hk;
'D&ufawGrSmusaemfwdk@udkzrf;pm;aewJ@ykH&dyfESpfck&Sdygw,f? wcku udkrif;udkEkdif/ udkudk=uD;eJ@
&Spaf v;vk;Hrsdk;qufawGacgif;aqmifwJ@vlxkv_y&f mS ;r_@yg? tus^f;axmifawGxJrSm q,fpkESpfESpfpkenf;yg;
b0awG&if;cJ@+yD;wmawmif/ ppftpdk;& &J@ tifrwefuvdrfuuspfrsm;wJ@ owfuGif;awG=um;rSm/
vlxktwGufrm;rm;rwfrwf&yfwnfae=u+yD; b0wckvk;Hudk ,kH=unfr_@tay:yHkxm;=uwm/
=uufoD;x avmufatmif av;pm;p&m aumif;ygw,f?
aemufwcku w&kwfausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawG&J@ rdrad &mufaewJ@vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rSmxdk;azmuf0ifa&muf/
vlrsdK;*k%foduQmudk+rSifwif+yD; w&kwf+ynftwGuf ar#mfvif@csuf=uD;=uD;xm;cJ@=uykH yg?
a':atmifqef;pk=unf u oltzGJ@csKyfu vlawGudk/ t+yifa&muf &if ynmoifzdk@a+ymcJh/rSmcJhwm
ta=umif;rJh[kwf[efrwlbl;/ enf;vrf;opfawGudk
&Sm=uH+yD;/vlxkudkwae&m&muaetm;ay;ulnD=uzdk@twGuf
olru tultnDawmif;aewmvdk@ usaemfwdk@oabmaygufvdkufygw,f?
ar(30)rSm/
usaemfwdk@ avbmwD&kyfxkav;udk avSuav;wpif;ay:wif+yD;/ yifv,fwckqDudk ar#mcsay;vdkufygw,f?
rkewf dkif;xJrSm usaemfwdk@&@J acgif;aqmifawG/ &Jabmfoli,fcsif;awG/ usrf;rm=uygap vdk@qEN+yKv#uf/

e,l;a,muftxufydkif;a'oausmif;om;rsm;

sources

Documentary film: Moving the Mountain