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Types of Classification
Types of Classification
Types of classification
Methods of Classification
i. Classification is done according to a single attribute or variable, is known as one way
classification.
ii. Classification done according to two attributes or variables is known as two-way
classification.
iii. Classification done according to more than two attributes or variables is known as
manifold classification.
Examples:
1. One-way classification
No. of students who secured more than 60 % in various sections of same course
3. Manifold classification.
Classification of employees according to skill, sex and education.
Note: G: Graduate
NG: No Graduate
Tabulation
a. Tabulation follows classification. It is a logical listing of related data in rows and columns.
b. Objectives of tabulation are:
i. To simplify complex data
ii. To highlight important characteristics
iii. To present data in minimum space
iv. To facilitate comparison
v. To bring out trends and tendencies
vi. To facilitate further analysis
Classification Tabulation
Data is divided into groups and sub Data is listed according to a logical
groups on the basis of similarities and sequence of related characteristics
Dissimilarities.
2. What do you understand by frequency and frequency distribution?
What do you understand by class-intervals? What do you understand
by mid-value? Make a frequency distribution with 5 classes from the
following data:
13 15 18 26 55 54 34 65 54 47 39 28 90 23 55 45 67 34
67 87 23 56 76 80 92 83 82 45 67 87 77 66 34 43 56
ANS.
Frequency and Frequency Distribution
a. The number of units associated with each value of the variable is called frequency of that
value. Suppose the variable takes the value 15 and the value 15 occurs 3 times then 3 is
called the frequency of the value 15.
WIDTH =20
3. What do you understand by the multiple bar diagram? Prepare a
multiple bar diagram from the following data:
Year 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Rice Yield (M-Ton) 199 201 300 250 352 325 366
Wheat Yield (M-Ton) 225 300 250 230 190 201 325
ANS.
ANS.
iii. It is capable of further algebraic treatment. Suppose if X1, X2….. Xn are the means of n1,
n2…….nn sets of values, then their combined arithmetic mean value is given by
X= n1x1 + n2x2+……+nnXn
n1+n2+……..+n4
ANS.
Every human activity has an element of uncertainty. Uncertainty affects the decision making
process. We use the word “Probably” every often, like, probably it may rain today, probably
the share price may go up in the next week. Therefore there is a need to handle uncertainty
systematically and scientifically. Probability theory helps us to make wiser decisions.
a. Experiment:
An operation that results in a definite outcome is called an experiment.
Tossing a coin is an experiment if it shows Head or tail on falling. If it stands on its edge,
then it is not an experiment.
b. Random Experiment:
When the outcome of an experiment cannot be predicted, then it is called Random
experiment or stochastic experiment
c. Sample space or total number of outcomes of an experiment is the set of all possible
outcomes of a random experiment and is denoted by S. In tossing two coins S = {HH, HT,
TH, TT}. The number of out comes is denoted by n(s) = 4. If the number of outcomes is finite
then it is called Finite Sample Space otherwise it is called Infinite Sample Space.
d. Event:
Events may be a single outcome or combination of outcomes. In tossing a coin getting a
head is (event A) a single outcome. Therefore P (A) = ½ In tossing two coins getting a head
(event A) a combination outcomes HT and TH therefore P(A) = 2/4 = 1/2 . It is a subset of
sample space.
ANS.
Bernoulli Distributions:
A variable which assumes values 1 and 0 with probabilities p and q=1p,
is called Bernoulli variable. It has only one parameter p. For different values of p (0£p£1), we
get different Bernoulli distributions. 1 represents the occurrence of success
0 represents the occurrence of failure. In other words the assumption for the distribution is
outcome of a experiment is of dichotomous nature i.e. Success / failure, present / absent,
defective / non defective, yes / no etc. Example: When a fair coin is tossed the outcome is
either head or tail. The variable “X” assumes 1 or 0.
An experiment which results in two mutually exclusive and exhaustive outcomes is called a
Bernoulli experiment. Let a Bernoulli experiment be repeated “n” times under identical
conditions, Let Xi, for i=1 to n, assume the values 1 or 0. Then Xi is a Bernoulli Variate with
probability p. Let X = X1 + X2 +……..+Xn denote the number of success in the “n” repetition.
Then X forms Bernoulli distribution. Its mean is p an variance is pq.
Binomial Distribution:
It is a discrete probability distribution. Its probability mass function is given by P(X) = nCxq nx
p x, x = 0 to n. The Binominal Distribution is given by (q+p) n = q n + nC1 q n1
p 1 + nC2q n2 p 2 +…………………..+p n
The successive terms of the expansion gives the probability of 0, 1, 2 ……..n success. The
mean and variance of the distribution are np and npq. “n” and “p” are its parameters. It is a
unimodal distribution. For fixed n or p as p or n increases the distribution shifts from left to
right.