rhje
1 Ap`Zp hySy>]$_y¨ dl–h [\p Ap`Zu S>hpb]$pfuAp°
(dyfi[Mb kluaA° dl]$uËep `°S>.)
2
2 Neb[° Bdpd A.k.dp¨ ‚\d S>hpb]$pfu : Bdpd A.k._° r]$g\u Qplhp 8
3 Ap`Zu Bdpd A. ‚–e° bu∆ afS> : Bdpd A.k. _u ≈y]$pB, ]y$:Mdp¨ NdNu_ b_hy¨ 10
4 Ap`Zu ”u∆ S>hpb]$pfu : Bfi[°Tpf 11
5 Ap`Zu Qp°\u S>hpb]$pfu : aL$[ Bdpd A.k.`pk° d]$]$ Qplhu 14
6 Bdpd A.k. _u d]$]$ L$fhu 16
7 Bdpd Aıf (A.k.)_p riApAp° kp\° ]$p°ı[u L$fhu A_° d]$]$Í$` \hy¨. 17
8 Bdpd Tdp_p A.k. _u Myiu dpV°$ MQÆ L$fhp°. 19
9 Bdpd A.k. _° q]$g\u Qplhp A_° Tbp_ \L$u$ Bdpd (A.k.) _u d]$]$ L$fhu 21
10 `rh” Bdpdp° A.k. A_° Bdpd° Tdp_p (A.k.)_u ‚i¨kpdp¨ AL$u]$[ L$gpd fQhp 24
11 Bdpd (A.k.) dpV°$ ]y$Ap L$fhu 25
12 Bdpd° Tdp_p (A.k.) dpV°$ ]y$Ap L$fhp_p AdyL$ ape]$pAp° 25
13 Bdpd° Tdp_p (A.k.) dpV°$ L$°V$guL$ ]y$ApAp° 27
14 ]y$ApA° _y]$bpl_u aTug[ A_° ape]$pAp° 31
15 Bdpd A.k._u _kul[ 33
16 Bdpd T dp_p A.k._p S>g]$u Tylzf dpV°_u ]y$Ap 34
17 Bdpd° Tdp_p (Afhplp°_p au]$p) _u dygpL$p[ dpV°$_u ]y$Ap 34
18 ]y$Ap ]$f Neb[ 36
k¨L$g_ & ‚L$piL$ :- 8,Ag dyfi[Tf A°`pVÆ$d°fiV$, kyMX$uep i°fu,dlzhp.
lq]$ep° : 6 Í$p/-
X$uTpB_ : d°V≤$p° L$p°Á‡eyV$f, Np^L$X$p b≈f, dlyhp dp°.9824504100
 ""‚L$pi_ ip dpV°$?''
Aâpl kyÂlp_ly h [Apgp A_° Bdpd°Tdp_p (A.k.) _u d]$]$ A_°
[p•auL$\u Ap Duties towards Imam-e-Zamana (a.) _pd_u
A¨N∞°∆ `ysı[L$p_p° NyS>fp[u A_yhp]$ hp¨QL$p°_u rM]$d[dp¨ ‚ı[y[ L$fuA° R>uA°.
Ap qL$[pbdp¨ Ap`œ¨ Ası[–h, Bdpd° Tdp_p (A.k.) ‚–e°_u Ap`Zu
`p¨Q Sy>]$u Sy>]$u S>hpb]$pfu, S>°d L$° Bdpd_° Qplhp, Bdpd_p Nddp¨ ]y$:Mu \hy¨,
Bfi[°Tpf, Bdpd `pk° d]$]$ dp¨Nhu A_° Bdpd_u d]]$ L$fhu hN°f° hp[p°_p°
rhN[hpf Dâ°M L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep° R>°.
Ap _p_L$X$u qL$[pbdp¨ k¨`|ZÆ ]y$ApAp° A_° [°_p° NyS>fp[u A_yhp]$ fSy> L$fu
iL$ep _\u. Agb— [°_u qL$[pbp°dp¨ lhpgp Ap`hpdp¨ ApÏep R>°. dapr[lzg
∆_p_ _pd_u qL$[pb S>° NyS>fp[u,D]yÆ$,Afbu cpjpdp¨ kfm[p\u dm° R>°. [°dp¨
Ap b^u ]y$ApAp° Afbu A_° NyS>fp[u A_yhp]$ kp\° Ap`hpdp¨ Aphu R>°.
Ap`Zp kdpS>dp¨ lpg_p k¨≈°Np°dp¨ Bdpd (A.k.)_u N•b[_p Tdp_pdp¨
Ap`Zu iy¨ af≈° R>°? Ap khpg gp°L$p°_p dNS>dp¨ Oydfpe R>°, –epf° A° khpgp°_p
k¨[p°jL$pfL$ S>hpbp° qL$[pb_p kfm A_° kp]$u NyS>fp[u cpjpdp¨ fSy> L$fhpdp¨
Aph°g R>°. Bdpd° Tdp_p (A.k.)_u rM]$d[dp¨ l]$uep [fuL$° `°i L$fuA° R>uA°.
Ap qL$[pb_p° H¡guidp¨\u kfm A_° kp]$u NyS>fp[u cpjpdp¨ A_yhp]$ L$fu
Ap`_pf rbfp]$f_p lL$dp¨ ]y$ApA° M•f L$fuA° R>uA°.
Aâpl [Apgp Adpfu Ap _p_L$X$u L$p°rii_° L$byg afdph° A_° Adpfp° iydpf
Bdpd° Tdp_p (A.k.)_p Nygpdp°dp¨ Lf° [°hu ]y$Ap.
Ap qL$[pb_p° khpb ip°l]$pA° L$fbgp,Akufp_° L$fbgp,[\p ABÁdA°
dAkydu_ A.dy.k. [\p Mykyk_ fkyg° AL$fd k.A.h., S>.ap[°dp Tlfp
(k.A.) [\p S>._f∆kMp[y_ (k.A.) [\p _° `lp¢Q°.

‚L$fZ - 1
Ap`Zp hySy>]$_y¨ dl–h [\p Ap`Zu S>hpb]$pfuAp°
[dpd [pfua A° dlp_ Aâpl [Apgp dpV°$ S>°Z° Ap`Z_° ifuf Ap‡ey A_°
`R>u [°dp¨ Í$l dyL$u_° _hpS>ep. A° Í$l Ap`Z_° kpQp fı[p_u rl]$pe[ L$f° R>°. ≈°
Ap`Z_° kpQp fı[p_u rl]$pe[ dmu _ lp°[ [p° Ap`Z° `Z `rd_p ]°$ip°_p
dpN£ Qpgu_° Nydfpl \B Nep lp°[ A_° ]y$r_ep [\p ApM°f[dp¨ Aâpl_p
NTb_p° cp°N b_u Nep lp°[. b°iL$ ≈° Bfikp_, Mpk L$fu_° A°lg°b•[
(A.dy.k.)_° dp__pf riApAp° Aâpl [ApgpA° Ap`°gu _°Ad[p°_u NZ”u
L$f° [p° [° [yf[S> iyæ$_p° rkS>]$p° L$fhp gpN°. A_° (A–e¨[ dlp¨_) Aâpl_p° iyæ$
b≈hhp dpV°$ L$fhpdp¨ Aph°g rkS>]$pdp¨\u `p°[p_y¨ dp\y¨ JQy _ L$f°. Ap\u S>
Bdpd° Tdp_p (A.) A° ]$f°L$ _dpT `R>u iyæ$_p° rkS>]$p° L$fhp° A–e¨[ S>Í$fu
NZpÏep° R>°.
`rh” dpAkyd Bdpdp° (A.dy.k.)_u l]$ukp° A° hp[ ]$ipÆh° R>° L°$ riAp
Mp_]$p_dp¨ Ap`Zp° S>fid \hp° A° Ap`Zp `f Aâpl [Apgp_p° Akp^pfZ
aTg R>°. b°iL$ A° dp” A_° dp” Aâpl [Apgp_u Tp[ R>° L°$ S>° ]y$r_ep_p°
`pg_lpf R>°, A_° [°S> ApV$gu b^u _°Ad[p° Ap`u iL$hp dpV°$ isL$[dp_ R>°.
`eN¨bf k.A.h. D`f l.∆b∞Bg Aâpl kyÂlp_ly h [Apgp [fa\u hlu
gph[p l[p, S>°_p iÂ]$p° Ap ‚dpZ° R>° :-
""S>epf° L$p°B dpZk dpfu rkhpe bu≈ L$p°B_° Aâpl dp_[p° _ lp°e (A°V$g°
L°$ [°_p° gp A°gpl Bââpl_p° AL$u]$p° lp°e) [° fkyg_° dpfp b¨]$p A_° `eN¨bf
dp_[p° lp°e [°dS> Agu (A.)_° dpfp Bdpd A_° Agu (A.)_p h¨iS>dp¨\u
\A°gp Bdpdp°_° gp°L$p° D`f dpfu lzS>S>[ dp_[p° lp°e [p° `R>u ly¨ dpfp aTg\u
[°_° S>fl[dp¨ ]$pMg L$fui A_° dpfu dpau \L$u [°_° S>lfld_u ApN\u bQphui.
lz¨ [°_° dpfu _T]$uL$u A[p L$fui. lz¨ [°_p dpV°$ L$fpdp[ hp∆b L$fu ]$Bi A_° dpfu
_°Ad[p° [°_p dpV°$ `|ZÆ L$fu ]$Bi. lz¨ [°_° dpfp Mpk A_° dy—L$u b¨]$pAp°dp¨\u
NZui. [° d_° bp°gphi° [p° lz¨ [°_° S>hpb Ap`ui. lz¨ [°_u _dpTp° L$byg L$fui. [°
]y$Ap L$fi° [p° lz¨ [°_u lpS>[p°_° `yfu L$fui. ≈° [° dp•_ fl°i° [p° lz¨ dpfu d°m° [°_°
_°Ad[p° A[p L$fui. ≈° [° r_fpi \B Nep° li° [p° lz¨ [°_p dpV°$ kp¨–h_ Ap`ui.
≈° [° ([°_p Ny_plp°_° L$pfZ°) ]y$f \B S>i° [p° lz¨ [°_° dpfu [fa bp°gphui. ≈° [°
dpfu [fa `pR>p° afi° [p° lz¨ [°_p° `ı[php° L$byg L$fui. Sp° [° dpfp ]$fhp≈
MMX$phi° [p° lz¨ [°_p dpV°$ ]$fhp≈ Mp°gui. (L$dpgyÿu_ ‚L$fZ 24 l]$uk _¨.3
`p_p _¨.278 D]Æy$ Aph©r—).
dp_¨h[p Bdp_u cpBAp°, D`fp°L$[ l]$uk hp¨√ep `R>u Ap`Z° _uQ°
dyS>b_p r_ZÆe `f AphuA° R>uA°, S>° Ap`Zp Bdp__° Y¨$Y$p°m° R>°.
(1) Ap`Z° riAp lp°hp_p° JQp° ]$fS>≈° Ap`d°m° ‚p· L$ep£ _\u, `f¨[y Ap
Aâpl [Apgp_p aTg R>° L°$ Ap`Zp° riAp AL$u]$phpmp `qfhpfdp¨ S>fid \ep°.
(2) Aâpl [Apgp Ap`Zp dp¨-bp` D`f [°_u fld[ _pTug afdph° A_°
[°Ap°_° gp¨bu ∆¨]$Nu A[p L$f°. Ap`Z° Ap`Zp dp¨-bp`_p° A° dpV°$ iyæ$ A]$p L$fhp°
≈°BA°, L°$ [°Ap°A° Ap`Zu rl]$pe[ A_° dpNÆ]$iÆ_ dpV°$ `yf°`yfp ‚e–_p° L$epÆ A_°
Ap`Z_° kpQp lL$ dpNÆ `f fpøep. _lu[f Ap`Z° Nydfpludp¨ cV$L$u Nep lp°[.
Aâpl [Apgp Ap`Z_° Ap`Zu D`f dp¨-bp`_p S>° lL$L$ R>° [°_° A]$p L$fhp_u
[p•auL$ A_° rl]$pe[ Ap`° [\p A° L$pddp¨ Ap`Zu d]$]$ afdph°.
(3) Ap`Z° Aâpl [Apgp_u aTg \L$u S> S>fl[dp¨ ]$pMg \B iL$uiy¨.
Bdpd° kS>≈]$ A. l¨d°ip Ap ]y$Ap `X$[p l[p. ""Ae dpfp Aâpl Adpfu kp\°
[pfp aTg\u h[pÆh L$fS>°, [pfp A]$g_p° h[pÆh _ L$fS>°.'' (fÂb° Apdug_p b°
aTg°L$, hgp [p°ApduÎ_p b° A]$g°L$).
(4) A°L$ rhQpf L$f[p d|L$u ]°$ [°hp° khpg R>° L°$ Aâpl [Apgp_u dp°lÂb[_p
L$pfZ° Ap`Z_° [°_u B[pA[ L$fhp_u [p•qaL$ ip dpV°$ \[u _\u? Ap`Z° A°L$
]$pMgp° ≈°BA°. Ap`Zpdp¨\u OZp gp°L$p° L$p°B Ap°rakdp¨ L$pd L$f[p lp°e R>° A_°
drl_p_° A¨[° `p°[p_p L$pd_p b]$gpdp¨ S>° [° A°L$d_p dprgL$ A\hp [p° d°_°S>f
`pk°\u `Npf d°mh[p lp°e R>°. Ap `Npf Í$`° S>° `•kp dm[p lp°e R>°, b]$gpdp¨ [°
fL$d Ap`Z_° ]$ffp°S> Ap°R>pdp¨ Ap°R>p ApW$ L$gpL$ S>° Ap°qakdp¨ `kpf L$fhpdp¨
Aph° R>° [°V$gp° kde, [° rhcpN_p dprgL$_° hap]$pf fl°hp `∞p°–kpl_ Ap`° R>°. A°
ApW$ L$gpL$_p° kde S>° Ap`Z° Ap°qakdp¨ hu[phuA° R>uA°, [° kdedp¨ Ap`Z°
dprgL$_° hap]$pf fl°hp D`fp¨[ A°hp L$pep£\u `Z bQ[p fluA° R>uA°, S>° Ap`Zp
A°L$d_p dprgL$_° `k¨]$ _ lp°e, `f¨[y Ap S> bpb[dp¨ Ap`Z° Aâpl [Apgp_p
lzL$d_u B[pA[ L$fhpdp¨ r_Ûam S>[p lp°BA° R>uA°. Ap`Z° A° Aâpl
[Apgp_p lzL$d_y¨ `pg_ L$f[p _\u, L°$ S>° Ap`Zp° dprgL$ A_° `pg_lpf R>°.
A°V$gy¨ S> _lu [°Z° Ap`Z_° ]y$r_epdp¨ A_°L$ ‚L$pf_u kyM A_° kp^_ - kNhX$
Ap`u R>°. [°dS> ApM°f[_u _°Ad[p°_p° `Z [° dprgL$ R>°.
(5) riApAp°_p rhøep[ Aprgd i•M AÂbpk° Ly$Ádu A.f. (dapr[lzg
∆_p__p k¨`p]$L$) rhi° A° hp[ ≈rZ[u R>° L°$ [°Ap° S>epf° k|[p –epf° `p°[p_p `N
hpmu_° k|[p l[p. A_° [°Ap° L$l°[p l[p L°$ d_° A° hp[_u ≈Z R>° L°$ Aâpl l¨d°ip
d_° Sy>A° R>° A_° dpfp L$pepÆ°_u [°_° ≈Z R>°, [p° lz¨ [°_u kpd° dpfp `N a°gphu_° L°$hu
fu[° k|B iLy¨$?
 (6) iy¨ [dpd dykgdp_p°dp¨ Aâpl ‚–e°_u dp°lÂb[ A_° _T]$uL$u A°L$
kfMu R>°? Ap`Zu ≈[ A_° Ap`Zp dp¨- bp` Lyfbp_ \pe, Bdpd° lzk•_
(A.)_u Ly$fbp_u `f, L°$ [°Ap°A° Ap hp[ Ap`Zp dpV°$ ı`Ù$ L$fu Ap`u R>°.
A°L$ q]$hk Bdpd° lzk•_ (A.) [°d_p kp\u]$pfp° `pk° ApÏep. Aâpl
kyÂlp_lz h [Apgp_u lÁ]$p° k_p L$epÆ `R>u `eN¨bf k.A.h. `f ]y$Í$]$p° kgpd
dp°L$Îep. `R>u afdpÏey¨ : L$kd R>° My]$p_u L°$ [°Z° b¨]$pAp°_° _\u `•]$p L$epÆ rkhpe L°$
[°Ap° [°_u dAf°a[ (Ap°mM) d°mh° A_° [°_° Ap°mMu_° [°_u Bbp]$[ L$f°.
A° hM[° Bdpd A._p A°L$ klpbu Dcp \ep A_° `yR>ey¨ : dpfp dp-bp`
Ap`_p `f Ly$fbp_ \pe, afTfi]°$ fk|g! AÎgpl_u dAf°a[ iy¨ R>°? –epf° Bdpd°
lzk•_ (A.) A° afdpÏey¨ : [dpd eyNdp¨ Tdp_p Bdpd_u dAf°a[ A° Aâpl_u
dAf°a[ R>°. (b°lpÍ$g Afihpf cpN-23 `p.93).
‚L$fZ - 18 D`f_u l]$uk\u A° hp[ [fa ¬ep_ ]$p°fpe R>° L°$ Tdp_p Bdpd_u Ap°mM
]y$Ap ]$f Neb[ (dpf°a[) hNf Aâpl_u dpAf°a[ d°mhhu iL$e _\u.
B.AgufTp A.k.A° [°d_p iuAp_° lzL$d Ap‡ep° L° kpl°bzg Ad∞ Bdpd° [°_y¨ L$pfZ A° R>° L°$ `eN¨bf k.A.h. A° afdpÏey¨ L°$ : ≈° L$p°BA° Adpfp
Tdp_p A.k. dpV°$ Ap ]y$Ap `Y°$........... (A°lg°b•[) dp¨\u L$p°B A°L$_p° `Z BfiL$pf L$f° [p° [°Z° dpfp° BfiL$pf L$ep£ R>°. A\hp
bu∆ A°L$ S>¡epA° afdpÏey¨ L° ≈° L$p°B Adpfp (A°lg°b•[) dp¨\u R>°âp_p° BfiL$pf L$f°
[p° [°Z° ≈Z° L°$ dpfp° BfiL$pf L$ep£. A\hp afdpÏey¨ : S>° L$p°B `p°[p_p Tdp_p_p Bdpd
A._° Ap°møep hNf d©–ey `pd° [°_u dp•[ ≈luguËe[_u dp•[ R>°.
D`f_u hp[_° Ak¨øe l]$ukp° A_° hpL°$Ap[p° ‹pfp kd\Æ_ dm°gy R>°. Alv aL$[
A°L$ ]$pMgp° fSy> L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°.
l.fkyg° My]$p k.A.h._p Tdp_pdp¨ lıkp_ bu_ kprb[ blzS> D√Q L$np_p
ipA°f l[p. [°Ap° l.fkyg° My]$p k.A.h. A_° [°Ap°_u A°lg°b•[ (A.dy.k.) _u
ip_dp¨ AiApf fQ[p l[p. A° hM[_p kdpS>dp¨ [°d_y¨ ı\p_ blzS> dl–h_y¨
l[y¨. [°dS> l.fkyg° My]$p k.A.h. _u `l°gp [°Ap° duÁbf D`f b°ku_° `eN¨bf
k.A.h._u ip_dp¨ L$gpd fSy> L$f[p l[p. N]$uf°Myd_p b_ph hM[° lıkp_°
l.Agu A._u ip_dp¨ 14 AiApf_u ≈°X$ fQu l[u. (S>°_p° Dâ°M
"AgN]$uf'_pd_u qL$[pbdp¨ dp•Sy>]$ R>°.) A° hM[° l.fkyg° My]$p (k.A.h.) A°
afdpÏey¨ l[y¨ L°$ : Ae lıkp_, S>epf° [d° Ap AiApf Adpfu ‚i¨kpdp¨ L$lp° R>p°,
–epf° [° [d° _\u L$l°[p `Z [dpfu ∆c`f Í$lzgLy$]y$k Ap `¨qL$[Ap° dyL°$ R>°.
lıkp_ rb_ kprb[_y¨ `eN¨bf k.A.h._u _S>fp°dp¨ Ap ı\p_ l[y¨,`f¨[y
A°S> lıkp_ rb_ kprb[ ”u≈ Mguap_p Tdp_p ky^u ∆h¨[ f¸p. A_° S>epf°
[°Ap°_° gp°L$p°A° l.Agu A._p lL$ rhi° `yR>ey¨ –epf° [°Ap°A° L$¸y¨ l[y¨ : ""lz¨ ≈Z[p°
_\u'' bfpbf [°S> hM[° Aâpl kyÂlp_lz h [ApgpA° lıkp__u AiApf
fQhp_u A_° `Y$hp_u _°Ad[ R>u_hu gu^u. –epf `R>u S>epf° gp°L$p° lıkp_ `pk°
S>B_° L$p°B i°Af_u `l°gu `¨qL$[ L$lu_° [° i°Af `yZÆ L$fhp_y¨ L$l°[p l[p –epf°
lıkp_ A°d S>hpb Ap`[p L°$ : [d_° gp°L$p°_° dpfp AiApf `l°gu `¨qL$[ [p° ep]$
R>°. d_° [p° [° `Z ep]$ Aph[u _\u!!
lıkp_ rb_ kprb[_p° ”u≈ Mguap_u Tdp_pdp¨ Bfi[L$pg \ep°, l.Agu
A._u rMgpa[_p Tdp_pdp¨ L°$V$gpL$ gp°L$p°A° l.Agu A._° khpg L$ep£ L°$ : iy¨
lıkp_ rb_ kprb[ Ap`_p riAp [fuL°$ Bfi[L$pg `pÁep? l.AduÍ$g
dp°Ad°_u_ Agu BÂ_° [prgb A.d° S>hpb Ap‡ep° L°$ : S>° L$p°B `p°[p_p Tdp_p_p
Bdpd_° Ap°mMep hNf d©–ey `pd° R>° [°_u dp•[ ≈l°guËe[_u dp•[ R>°.
D`f_p hpL°$Ap_° Ap ‚L$fZ_p ‚pf¨cdp¨ Ap`hpdp¨ Aph°g `eN¨bf
k.A.h._u l]$uk_p ‚L$pidp¨ (b¨_° l]$ukp°_° kp¨L$mu_°) ≈°hpdp¨ Aph° [p°, A° hp[
ı`Ù$ \B ≈e R>° L°$ Tdp_p_p Bdpd A° [°d_p Tdp_p_y¨ Aâpl_u _°Ad[p°
`pdhp_y¨ A°L$ dp” "dfL$T' lp°e R>°. ≈° Ap`Z° Bdpd[_p° ÷Y$ AL$u]$p° ^fph[p
lp°BA° A_° Tdp_p_p Bdpd A._p lzL$dp°_y¨ `pg_ L$f[p lp°BA° [p° Ap`Z°
Aâpl_u ]$ep A_° dp°lÂb[_° `p” b__pfpAp°dp¨\u \Biy¨. S>° OX$uA° Ap`Z°
Bdpd A.\u ]y$f \Biy¨ –epf\u Ap`Z° ]y$r_ep A_° ApM°f[_u dykub[p°dp¨ Xy$bu
S>Biy¨.
Bdpd° Aıf (A.) A° Ap dy]$πp rhi° i•M dyau]$ (A.f.) _° A°L$ [p•L$uAdp¨
afdpÏey¨ R>° L°$ : Ad° [dpfp L$pep£\u Npa°g _\u A_° l¨d°ip [d_° ep]$ fpMuA° R>uA°.
≈° [°d _ lp°[ [p° [dpfp ]y$Ìd_p°A° [dpfp° _pi L$fu _pøep° lp°[. (A°l[°≈S>°
[bfku cpN-2, `p_p _¨.93)
Bdpd° Tdp_p (A.) _u D`fp°L$[ l]$uk_p hpL$ep°dp¨ Bdpd A._u [°_p ]$f°L$
riAp ‚–e°_u dp°lÂb[ A_° gpNZu ÏeL$[ \pe R>°. b°iL$ Bdpd A. Ap`Z_°
Ap`Zp dp¨-bp` L$f[p¨ `Z h^pf° Qpl° R>°. dp_h¨[p riAp Apgud° q]$_ k•e]$
BÂ_° [pDk (A.f.) L$l° R>° L°$ : 13 TuglS>S> luS>fudp¨ Bdpd° Aıf A.k._°
kpdfpÆdp¨ ≈°ep. [°Ap° ]y$Ap L$f[p l[p, riAp L°$ S>° hap[ `pÁep R>° [°_p _pd gB_°
afdphu f¸p l[p L°$ : Ae dpfp fb, [°Ap°_° (dpfp Tlzf `R>u) dpfu lzLy$d[dp¨
_dpT° ib, rTepf[° Apiyfp rTepf[° ≈d°Ap `Y$hp_u [pL$u]$ L$fu R>°.
‚L$fZ - 16
Bdpd T dp_p A.k._p S>g]$u Tylzf dpV°_u ]y$Ap
Bdpd° Tdp_p (A.k.) dpV°$ ]$f°L$ hp∆b _dpT `R>u ”Z hM[ Ap fu[° ]y$Ap
`Y$hp_y¨ B. kpq]$L$ A.k. _° afdpÏey¨ R>°.
(dyfiMb kluaA° dl]$uËep `°.101)
‚L$fZ - 17
Bdpd° Tdp_p (Afhplp°_p au]$p) _u dygpL$p[ dpV°$_u ]y$Ap
B.kp]$uL$ A. A° afdpÏey¨ L°$ S>° L$p°B ]f°L$ hp∆b _dpT `R>u Ap ]y$Ap `Y°$
[°_° B.Tdp_p l.dud l° dud ]$pg bu_ B.lk_ A._u ıh`_dp¨ ep ≈N©[
lpg[dp¨ rTepf[ (dygpL$p[) _kub \i°.
∆h[p L$fS>°. Apd L$¸p `R>u Bdpd° (A.) A° ]$f°L$ ∆h[p riApAp°_p _pd
bp°ghp_y¨ iÍ$ L$eyÆ A_° ]y$Ap L$fu L°$ : Ap b^p_° [y¨ dpfu lzLy$d[ ky^u ∆h[p fpMS>°.
(duL$uepgyg dL$pfud cpN-1 `°._¨.199 apfku Aph©r—)
Ap fu[° Tdp_p_p Bdpd A. [°d_p riApAp° ‚–e° gpNZu ^fph° R>°. S>epf°
Ap`Z° Bdpd A._p° riApAp° ‚–e°_p° ApV$gp° b^p° [uh∞ A_° D–L$V$ ‚°d ≈°BA°
R>uA° –epf° Ap`Z° ifd_u gpNZu A_ychuA° R>uA°. b°iL$ A° hp[dp¨ i¨L$p _\u L°$
Bdpd A. S>°V$gu dp°lÂb[, D–L$V$[p A_° Ap–due[p kp\° Ap`Z_° Qpl° R>° [°V$gu
dp°lÂb[, D–L$V$[p A_° Ap–due[p Ap`Z_° Ap`Zp Bdpd A.‚–e° lp°hp_p°
]$php° L$fu iL$[p _\u. R>[p¨ Ap`Zpdp¨ Bdpd ‚–e° ‚°d A_° gpNZu ÏeL$[ L$fhp_p°
Acph R>°. Agb— gpNZu ÏeL$[ L$epÆ hNf_p ‚°d_u qL≠$d[ blzS> Ap°R>u lp°e R>°.
l.AduÍ$g dp°Ad°_u_ Agu BÂ_° Abu [pgub (A.) afdph° R>° L°$ b°iL$,
dpZk_p q]$g_u dp°lÂb[ ∆c ÏeL$[ L$f° R>° A_° dp°lÂb[_u ≈l°fp[ (S>°_u kp\°
dp°lÂb[ lp°e [°_u) dygpL$p[dp¨ R>°. ([S>âuep[° rlL$d[ `p_p _¨.125 l]$uk
_¨.15).
Ap`Z° Tdp_p_p Bdpd A. ‚–e° Ap`Zu dp°lÂb[ A_° gpNZu ÏeL$[
L$fhp_° ""Bdpd A._u Neb[_p Tdp_pdp¨ riApAp°_u af≈°'' L$lu iL$uA°.
Ap S>hpb]$pfuAp°_u ep]$u OZu gp¨bu R>° A_° ep]$u rhı[©[ L°$d _ lp°e? L°$dL°$
b°iL$ Bdpd° Tdp_p (A.) A° R>° L°$ S>°Ap°_p° gp¨bp kde\u Bfi[°Tpf L$fhpdp¨ Aphu
f¸p° R>°. A_° crhÛe_y¨ L$peÆ dp°Vy¨$ A_° A_l]$ dl–h_y¨ R>°. - S>°dp¨ ApMu ]y$r_ep `f
rhS>e d°mhhp°, [dpd rhdp¨ Bıgpd_u ı\p`_p L$fhu A_° Ap S>du_ S°
Afiepe A_° A–epQpfp°\u cfpB NB li° [°_° A]$gp° Bfikpa\u cfu ]°$hu.
Ap qL$[pbdp¨ Bdpd° Tdp_p (A.) ‚–e°_u S>° S>hpb]$pfuAp°_p° Dâ°M
L$fhpdp¨ Aphu f¸p° R>°, [°dp¨\u h^ydp¨ h^y S>hpb]$pfuAp° `|ZÆ L$fhu A° Ap`Zp
∆h__p° dL$k]$ lp°hp° ≈°BA°. Ap`Z° ApNm ≈°Biy¨ [° ‚dpZ° L°$V$guL$
S>hpb]$pfuAp° A°hu R>° L°$ S>°_u ‚–e° Ap`Z° h^y N¨cuf[p`|hÆL$ ¬ep_ Ap`hp\u
rhi°j buSy>¨ L$p¨B L$fhp_u S>Í$f fl°[u _\u.
`eN¨bf° Bıgpd (k.A.h.)A° afdpÏey¨ L°$ : S>fl[_p ”Z [bL$L$p R>° A_°
S>lfld_p ”Z [bL$L$p R>°. S>fl[_p kp•\u JQp [bL$L$pdp¨ A° gp°L$p° li° L°$ S>°Ap°
Adp° (A°lg°bb•[)_° q]$g\u Qpl[p li° A_° [°d_u Tbp_ A_° ifuf \L$u Adpfu
d]$]$ L$f[p li°. S>fl[_p h√Q°_p [bL$L$pdp¨ A° gp°L$p° li° L°$ S>°Ap° Ad_° q]$g\u
Qpl[p li° A_° [°_u Tbp_\u Adpfu d]$]$ L$f[p li°. S>fl[_p ”u≈ [bL$L$pdp¨ A°
gp°L$p° li°, L°$ S>°Ap° aL$[ Ad_° q]$g\u Qpl[p li°. (b°lpÍ$g Afihpf cpN-27
`p.93 l]$uk _¨.53).
‚L$fZ - 2
Neb[° Bdpd A.k.dp¨ ‚\d S>hpb]$pfu : Bdpd A.k._°
r]$g\u Qplhp
L$p°B`Z ÏesL$[_° Qplhp_u r_ip_u A° R>° L°$ S>°_° Qpl[p lp°BA° [°_u k¨cpm
g°hu, [°_u B√R>pAp°_° `yfu L$fhu, [°_u S>Í$fuep[p° A_° Myiu_° Ap`Zu Myiu `f
AN∞[p Ap`hu. S>° hı[y Ap`Zp dpV°$ Qpl[p lp°BA° [° S> hı[y [°_p dpV°$ `Z
Qplhu. A_° S>° bpb[_p° Ap`Z_° _p`k¨]$ lp°e [° bpb[ [°_p dpV°$ `Z _
L$fhu/_ \hp ]°$hu. Ap D`fp¨[ [°d_u N°flpS>fudp¨ [°d_° ep]$ L$fhp A° `Z
dp°lÂb[_u r_ip_u R>°.
]$pMgp [fuL°$ Ap`Z° Ap`Zp L$p°B rd”_° QpluA° R>uA°. Ap`Z° A° `Z
≈ZuA° R>uA° L°$ ^yd∞`p_ L$fhy¨ A° _yL$kp_L$pfL$ R>°. ≈° Ap`Zp° L$p°B rd” ^yd∞`p_
L$f° [p° ıhpcphuL$ fu[° [° `Z [°_p _yL$kp__p° cp°N b_i°. [°\u Ap`Z° Ap`Zp [°
rd”_u lpS>fudp¨ ^yd∞`p_ L$fhp\u Qp°L$L$k bQiy¨. Apd L$fhy¨ [° Ap`Zp rd”
‚–e°_u dlp°Âb[_u r_ip_u R>°. ≈° Ap`Z° Bfp]$p`yhÆL ≈Zu ≈°B_° [°_u
lpS>fudp¨ ^yd∞`p_ L$fuiy¨ [p° [°_p° A\Æ A° \i° L°$ Ap`Zp dpV°$ rd” ‚–e°_u $
gpNZu_y¨ L$p°B dl–h _\u. A°V$gy¨S> _lv Ap`Z° [°_p ‚–e°_u gpNZu `f
Ap`Zp Ïek__° AN∞[p Ap`uA° R>uA°.
ANpD A° hp[_p° Dâ°M \B Q|L$ep° R>° L°$ Ap`Z° Bdpd° Tdp_p A. _° QpluA°
R>uA°. `f¨[y Ap`Zu [°Ap° ‚–e°_u gpNZu_° dp°lÂb[ ÏeL$[ L$fhp_u fu[ A°L$
‚L$pf_u R>°. Ap`Z° b^p A° hp[ ≈ZuA° R>uA° L°$ Ap`Zp kpfp A_° Mfpb
[dpd ‚L$pf_p Adg Bdpd A._u rM]$d[dp¨ ]$f k·pl° fSy> L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°.
A\hp AdyL$ l]$ukp° dyS>b ]$f k·pl_p b° q]$hk° fSy> L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. Ap`Z° A°
`Z ≈ZuA° R>uA° L°$ S>epf° [°Ap° A. Ap`Zp _°L$ L$pep£_° ≈°h° R>° –epf° sıd[ L$fu_°
_°L$ Adg L$f_pf dpV°$ Myiu ÏeL$[ L$f° R>°. `¨f[y S>epf° Ap`Zp Ny_pl ≈°h° R>°. –epf°
[°Ap° NdNu_ b_u_° fX°$ R>°.
lh° Ap`Z° Ap`Zu Tp[_° S> Ap khpgp° L$fuA°, Ap`Z° Ap`Zp
Tdp_p_p Bdpd° A._° `lp¢Q[p Nd A_° Apky¨ bpb[dp¨ L°$V$gp ≈N©[ A_°
q]$g_° ip¨r[ dm° R>°. `f¨[y [°_p q]$gdp¨ dygpL$p[_u [X$` bpL$u fl° R>°. hpı[hdp¨ ]y$Ap
L$f_pf _d∞[p `|hÆL$ Aâpl_u bpfNpldp¨ Bdpd° Tdp_p (A.k.) _p hl°gp Tlzf
\hp dpV°$ ]y$Ap dp¨N° R>°. [° A°lg°b•[ (A.k.)_p lL$p° A]$p L$fhp dpV$°, [°Ap°_u
rM]$d[ L$fhp [°Ap°_p lzL$d b≈hhp A_° `p°[p_u ]y$ApAp°dp¨ Dâ°M L$epÆ
‚dpZ°_u lpS>[ `yfu \hp_u Apip fpM° R>°.
Ap ]y$Ap L$f_pf_u B√R>p lp°e R>° L°$ A°lg°b•[ (A.k.)_p¨ d]$]$Npfp° A_°
rM]$d[Npfp°dp¨ `p°[p_p° kdph°i \pe.
Ap ]$yAp B]y$g qa”, B]y$g ATlp, B]°$ N]$uf A_° ]$f°L$ Sy>ÁAp_p q]$hk°
`X$hu dyı[lb R>°. A° L$]$pQ A°V$gp dpV°$ lp°e L°$ Ap`Z° Ap`Zp Bdpd A_°
dpNÆ]$iÆL$_° ]$f°L$ Myiu_p ‚k¨Np°dp¨ ep]$ L$fuA°. Ap`Zu Myiu Ap`Zp Tdp_p_p
Bdpd hNf A^yfu fl° R>°. Ap hp[dp¨ i¨L$p _\u. Ap`Z° Ap`Zu B]$ °_° kpQu fu[°
–epf° S> d_phu iL$uA° S>epf° Ap`Zp Bdpd_u dygpL$p[_u _°Ad[ dm°gu lp°e.
A°L$ A°hp° q]$hk Aphi°, S>epf° Bdpd (A.k.) `p°[p_p Tylzf_y¨ A°gp_ L$fi°. A_°
[°Ap° (A.k) _u lpS>fu\u Ap`Z_° [©· L$fi°.
""Ae bpf° Bgplp, Ad° [pfu bpfNpldp¨ lp\ JQp L$fu_° A° Apip kp\° ]y$Ap
L$fuA° R>uA° L°$ Adpfp _pd A°hp gp°L$p°dp¨ iprdg L$f S>°Ap° `pk° aL$[ Bdpd_u
dpf°a[ S> _ lp°e, `f¨[y Bdpd_u dygpL$p[_p° ifa `Z dm°gp° lp°e.
]y$ApA° _y]$bl Bfikp__° Bdpd° Tdp_p (A.k.) \u _T]$uL$ L$f° R>°. [°\u Ap
]y$Ap Aâpl [Apgp `pk° S>° ≈A°T lpS>[ dpV°$ L$fhpdp¨ Aphi°, [° BfiipAÎgpl
Ap ]y$Ap_u bfL$[\u `yfu \i°.
fÂb_p [L$Âbg rdflp BflL$ Afi[ıkduDg Agud.
‚L$fZ - 15
Bdpd A.k._u _kul[
Bdpd° Tdp_p (A.k.) kp\° k•e]$ fÌ[_° dygpL$p[ \pe R>°. [°Ap° fı[p° c|gu
Nep lp°e R>°. A_° A°L$ S>¨Ngdp¨ AV$hpe Nep lp°e R>°. Bdpd° Tdp_p A.k. [°d_°
afdph° R>° L°$ [d° rT.Apiyfp... Apiyfp.....Apiyfp L°$d _\u `Y$[p? [d° (rTepf[°)
≈d°Ap, ≈d°Ap, ≈d°Ap .... L°$d _\u `Y$[p? [d° _dpT° [lS>Spy]$, [lS>≈y]$,
[lS>≈y]$ (_dpT° ib) L°d$ _\u `Y$[p?
Ap hpL°$Ap_y¨ [pfZ A° _uL$m° R>° L°$ B.Tdp_p A. A° [°d_p iuApAp°_°
 Ap ]y$Apdp¨ Bdpd[ A_° _°[©–h_u S>Í$fuep[_u kdS>Z Ap`hp D`fp¨[ A°
hp[ `f `Z ‚L$pi `p\fhpdp¨ ApÏep° R>°, L°$ `rh” `eNÁbf (k.A.h.) _u hap[
`R>u A°lg°b•[ (A.k.)_p° rhfp°^ L$fu_° [°Ap° `f TyÎd ip dpV°$ L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep°
l[p°?
Ap ]y$Apdp¨ A°lg°b•[ (A.k.) _p° kpQp° df[bp° [°dS> [°Ap°_y¨ kp•\u Ó°õ$ lp°hy¨
kprb[ \pe R>°.
lL$uL$[dp¨, Ap ]y$Ap_p° A°L$ A≈°X$ dy]©p° A° R>° L°$ Ap ]y$Ap `Y$_pf Bdpd° Tdp_p
A.k. [fa ApL$rjÆ[ \pe R>°. Ap ]y$Ap `X$hp\u Tdp_p_p Bdpd dpV°$ [°_p q]$g_p
DX$pZdp¨ Akp^pfZ A_° Mpk ‚L$pf_u dp°lÂb[ `•]$p \pe R>°. S>epf° Ap ]y$Ap_p
A\Æ [fa ›ep_ Ap`hpdp¨ Aph° R>° –epf° ]y$Ap `Y$_pf_y¨ ¬ep_ `p°[p_p kdpS>_p
hp[phfZ [fa M¢Qpe R>°. S>epf° ]$ffp°S> dTlb_p° A°L$ _hp° A\Æ L$fhpdp¨ Aph°
R>°. Qpf°bpSy> k—p_u kpW$dpfu Qpg[u ]°$Mph R>°. S>ep¨ ]y$Ìd_p° [°_u kp\° b]$gp°
g°[p S>Zpe R>°. [°dS> Ly$fAp_ A_° dTlb_° kdS>hp° dyÌL°$g S>Zpe R>°. Ap
k¨≈°Np°dp¨ Ap ]y$Ap `Y$_pfp_p ∆h `p°[p_p Bdpd_u lpS>fu dpV°$ [g`p`X$ \hp
gpN° R>°. [°_° A° hp[ kd≈e R>° L°$ `p°[p_p Tdp_p_p Bdpd\u ]|$f lp°hp_° L$pfZ° [°_°
L°$V$gu dyÌL°$guAp° A_ychu `X°$ R>°.
(24) ]y$ApA° _y]$bpl_p r_erd[ r[gph[ L$f_pf_p q]$gdp¨ A°L$ _hu Apip_y¨
qL$fZ ≈N° R>°. [° ]$f°L$ _hp° q]$hk A° Apip kp\° iÍ$ L$f° R>° L°$ BfiipAâpl ApS>°
Bdpd° Tdp_p (A.k.) Tylzf afdphi°. Bdpd_p° A° Qpl_pf L$l° R>° A° Bdpd L$ep¨
R>°. S>°Ap° ]$p°ı[p°_° BTT[ Ap`° R>°, ]y$Ìd_p°_° Tgug L$f° R>°? L$epf°L$ [° Ap¨Mdp¨ Ap¨ky
kp\° ep]$ L$f° R>° L°$ dpfp dpV°$ A° hp[ Ak¸ \B flu R>° L°$ lz¨ gp°L$p°_° [p° ≈°B iLy¨,$ `f¨[y
Ap`_p ]$u]$pf _ L$fu iLy$? A° dpfp dpV°$ Ak¸ hp[ R>° L°$ bu≈ gp°L$p°A° [d_° R>p°X$u
]$u^p R>°. –epf° lz¨ [dpfu dygpL$p[ dpV°$ Í$]$_ L$Í$ Ry>¨? Ae Ald]$_p afT¨]$ : Ap`_u
dygpL$p[_p° L$p°B fı[p° R>° Mfp°?
Ap ]y$Ap `Y$_pfp_p q]$gdp¨ Bdpd ‚–e°_u dp°lÂb[ A_° Í$lp_u r_õ$p `•]$p
\pe R>°. A_° [° Bdpd kp\° Ap iÂ]$p°dp¨ hp[Qu[ L$fhp gpN° R>°. Ae Bdpd lz¨ gp°L$p°
kp\° [p° hp[Qu[ L$fu iLy¨$ Ry>¨ A_° [°d_u `pk°\u dpfu hp[_p° S>hpb `Z d°mhy Ry>¨
`f¨[y Ap`_p pk g°hp_p° L°$ bu≈° S>fp S>°V$gp° AhpS> `Z kp¨cmu iL$[p° _\u.
Ae dpguL$ ! lz¨ Ap`_° L$B S>¡epA° ≈°B iLy$ A_° Ap`_° L$ep¨ ip°^y?
lL$uL$[dp¨ Ap ‚L$pf_u hp[Qu[\u ]y$Ap `Y$_pf_y¨ q]$g _yfp_u \pe R>°. A_°
gpNZuiug R>uA°? iy¨ Ap`Z° riApAp° dp°lÂb[ (A.dy.k.)_p Nd dpV°$ `•]$p
L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep R>uA°? [p° `R>u Bdpd (A.) Ap`Zp Ny_plp°_p L$pfZ° fX°$ [° L°$V$gy¨
ep°¡e R>°? Ap khpgp° Ap`Zp dpV°$ ]y$:M A_° ifd_y¨ L$pfZ R>° A_° Ap khpgp°_p
Ap`Zu `pk° L$p°B S>hpb _\u.
S>epf° Ap`œ¨ _p_y¨ bpmL$ AX$^u fp[° fX$hp gpN° R>° –epf° Ap`Z° DW$u_°
[p–L$pguL$ [°_u k¨cpm gBA° R>uA°. [p° `R>u Ap`Z° _dpT° kyÂl_p° kde `kpf
\B ≈e A_° ky[p fluA° A_° Ap`Zu _dpT L$Tp \B ≈e [° ep°¡e R>°? S>epf° L°$
lL$uL$[dp¨ Ap`Z° A° hp[ ≈ZuA° R>uA° L°$ Ap`Zu _dpT L$Tp \hp_p L$pfZ°
Ap`Zp Tdp_p_p Bdpd (A.) ]y$:Mu \pe R>°. Ap`Zu afS> rhi° `rh” `eN¨bf
k.A.h.A° afdpÏey¨ R>° L°$ L$p°B `Z dp°du__y¨ Bdp_ –ep¨ ky^u k¨`|ZÆ _\u, S>ep¨
ky^u [° d_° [°_u `p°[p_u Tp[ L$f[p¨ AN∞[p _ Ap`° (A°Vg° L°$ [°_u Tp[ L$f[p¨
`eN¨bf k.A.h._° h^pf° Qpl[p° _ lp°e) A_° dpfu A°lg°b•[_° `p°[p_p Ap•gp]$
L$f[p¨ h^pf° Qpl[p° _ lp°e.
_uQ° ]$ipÆh°g ‚k¨N A° hp[ ]$ipÆh° R>° L°$ bu∆ L$p°B `Z bpb[ L$f[p¨ Bdpd°
Aıf A.k. _° h^pf° ip dpV°$ Qplhp ≈°BA°? S>epf° `eN¨bf k.A.h. d°"fpS> `f
S>fl[p°dp¨ Nep –epf° [°Ap° ABÁdp (A.dy.k) _p _|f_° ≈°ep¨ A°L$ _|f Í$Ly$Adp¨ TyL°$gy
l[y¨. S>epf° `eN¨bf (k.A.h.) A° Ap _|f rhi° Aâpl_° `yR>ey¨ –epf° L$l°hpdp¨
ApÏey¨ L°$ : Ae dp°l¨d]$! Ap [dpfp h¨kuAp°_p _|f R>°. [°Ap°_u h√Q° S>° _yf R>°, [°
[dpfp R>°âp hku l.L$pA°d A. R>°. S>°Ap° [dpfp lgpg_° lgpg A_° [dpfp
lfpd_° lfpd [fuL°$ ‚ı\pr`[ L$fi°. Ae dp°lÁd]$ (k.A.h.) [d° [° gp°L$p°_° ]$p°ı[
fpM≈°, b°iL$ [°Ap°_° ]$p°ı[ fpM_pfpAp°_° lz¨ ]$p°ı[ fpMy Ry>¨. (L$dpgy]$©u_ cpN-1
`p_p _¨.200)
Ap`Z° R>°âp Bdpd A._p° Tdp_p° ≈°hp dpV°$ _kub]$pf bfiep R>uA°. A°
Bdpd (A.) L°$ S>°d_° Qplhp_p° lzL$d bu≈ L$p°B [fa\u _lv- `Z Aâpl
[Apgp_p `p°[p_p [fa\u R>°. Ap`Zp rhŸp_ Aprgdp°A° Ap`Zp q]$gdp¨
Bdpd° Aıf A.k.‚–e°_u dp°lÂb[dp¨ h^pfp° L$fhp dpV°$ Ap`Z_° A°L$ kp]y¨$ k|Q_
L$f°g R>°. [° A° R>° L°$ Ap`Z° Bdpd° Tdp_p A._° A°d L$lu_° hpf¨hpf Ap`Zu Tp[_°
ep]$ ]°$hfphhy¨ ≈°BA° L°$: ""Ae Bdpd, Ae kpl°b° Tdp_ A.lz¨ Ap` A. _° Qplz¨
Ry>¨''. ≈° Ap fu[° Ap`Z° r_edu[ fu[° L$¸p L$fuiy¨ [p° A°L$ [bL$L°$ - `qfh[Æ_ tb]y$A°
Ap`Zp° _ak Ap`Z_° L$l°i° L°$ ≈° [y¨ Bdpd_° Qpl[p° lp°e, [p° [y¨ A° L$pd L$f S>°
Bdpd A._° `k¨]$ lp°e A_° A° L$pd\u ]|$f fl° S>° Bdpd A._° _p`k¨]$ lp°e A°Vg° L°$
A°_u Myiu_° [pfu Myiu A_° [°_p Nd_° [pfp° Nd dp_.
[d° A° hp[ _p¢^u li° L°$ L$epf°L$ [d_° A°hy¨ gpN° R>° L°$ [d_° dp\p_p° ]y:Mphp° \pe
R>°. [° hM[° Ap`Z° k¨`|ZÆ [¨]y$fı[ lp°BA° R>uA° `Z "dp\p_p ]y$:Mphp_u L$Î`_p
A\hp [p° rhQpf_° gu^° Mf°Mf dp\y¨ ]y$:Mhp gpN° R>°. Ap hp[_° dp_kip˜uAp°
‹pfp "V°$ıV$ A_° V≤$pe' A°V$g° L°$ AM[fpAp° L$fu_° AS>dphhpdp¨ ApÏep R>°. S>°dp¨
[°Ap°A° A° hp[ kprb[ L$fu R>° L°$ dpZk_p q]$dpNdp¨ S>° hp[ lp°e R>°.[°_u [°_p
ifuf D`f Akf \[u lp°e R>°. Agb[, Ap`Z° ≈° k[[ Ap`Zu ≈[_° Bdpd°
Tdp_p A.‚–e° dp°lÂb[_u hp[_u ep]$u Ap`[p fluA° [p° Ap`Zp L$pep£ `Z
Ap`Zp q]$dpN_u hp[_° kd\Æ_ L$f[p¨ \B S>i°.
‚L$fZ - 3
Ap`Zu Bdpd A. ‚–e° bu∆ afS> : Bdpd A.k. _u ≈y]$pB,
]y$:Mdp¨ NdNu_ b_hy¨
Bdpd° kpq]$L$ A.A°L$ gp¨bu l]$ukdp¨ afdph° R>° L°$: ]y$r_epdp¨ A°°L$ `Z Ap¨M S>°
Adpfu dykub[p° `f NdNu_ \i° [p° [°Ap° ApM°f[dp¨ Ad_° `yg° L$p•kf rkhpe
bu∆ L$p°B S>¡epA° _lv dm°. (b°lpÍ$g Afihpf cpN:-8 `p.22 l]$uk _¨.17)
Afie l]$ukdp¨ Bdpd A. afdph° R>° L°$ : ≈° L$p°B dpZk_y¨ q]$g Ap ]y$r_epdp¨
Adpfp `f \[p¨ TyÎdp° `f ]y$:Mu \pe [p° [°_p° ]f°L$ pk "[ıbul'_p° khpb fpM° R>°.
(Dkyg° L$pau l]$uk _¨.3 `p_p _¨.320)
[fbul_p° khpb L°$V$gp°?
l.Agu A._u l]$uk ‚dpZ° [ıbul_p° khpb A° R>° L°$ ""S>epf° Bfikp_
"kyÂlp_âpl' L$l° R>° –epf° [dpd aqfÌ[pAp° [°_p `f fl°d[ _prTg L$f° R>°.
([hlu]°$ k]y$L$ cpN-1 `p_p _¨.312)
bu∆ A°L$ l]$ukdp¨ Bdpd° kpq]$L$ A.afdph° R>° L°$ : ApMfu Tdp_pdp¨ gp°L$p°
(Adpfp L$pA°d - Bdpd° Tdp_p A.rhi°) L$l°i° L°$ [°Ap° Bfi[L$pg L$fu Nep R>°.
L°$V$gp¨L$ L$l°i° L°$ [°Ap° L$p°B MuZdp¨ NpA°b \B Nep R>°. `f¨[y dp°rd_p° [°Ap°_u
Sy>]$pBdp¨ fX$u DW$i°. (Neb[° _p°dp_u ApMf Tdp_p rhi°_p ‚L$fZdp¨ `p_p
_¨.77)
Bdpd d|kp L$pTud (A.) _u l]$uk d|S>b (Neb[_p) ApMf Tdp_pdp¨
(3) B]y$g au”_p° q]$hk
(4) B]y$g ATlp (bL$fu B]$) _p° q]$hk
(5) B]°$ - N]$uf_p° q]$hk
(6) 15 du ipAbp__p° q]$hk
(7) ib° L$]$f (dpl° dybpfL°$ fdTp__u 19,21,23 _u fp[°)
(8) Bdpd° lzk•_ (A.k.) _u dykub[p° `f Í$]$_ L$epÆ `R>u.
(9) Bdpd° lzk•_ (A.k.) _p fp°Tp dybpfL$dp¨
(10) `rh” L$pAbp `pk°
(11) _dpT° ib `X$[u hM[°
Vy$¨L$dp¨ Bdpd° Tdp_p (A.k.) dpV°$ ]$ffp°S>, lf`m ]y$Ap L$fhu ≈°BA°.
Aâpl [ApgpA° Ap`Zp D`f S>° _°Ad[p° _pTug afdphu R>°. [°_p dpV°$
A_° Ap`Z_° [° riAp b_phhp Qpl[p° l[p°. [° S> riAp b_pÏep R>°. [° dpV°$ [°_p°
iyæ$ A]$p L$fhp° ≈°BA°. [° Ap`Z_° Bdpd° Tdp_p (A.k.) dpV°$ ]y$Ap L$fhp_u
[p•auL$ Ap`° A_° [°Ap° (A.k.) _u kpQu dpAf°a[ L$fph°. [° Bdpd° Tdp_p
(A.k.)_p Tylzf_p° kde Ap`Zu ∆¨]$Nu ]$fÁep_ dyL$fÆf L$f° A_° Bdpd
(A.k.)_p Agd l°W$m Ap`Z_°, Ap`Zp Ly$Vy¨$bS>_p° A_° bpmL$p°_° ilu]$ \hp_y¨
_kub a$fdph°.
Ad° Aâpl [Apgp `pk° ]y$Ap L$fuA° R>uA° L°$ Adpfp Ap _d∞ ‚epk_° L$byg
afdph° A_° Adpfp Ap Adg_p° b]$gp° L$b∞_u `l°gu fp[ dpV°$ A_pd[ lp°e.
(Apdu_)
‚L$fZ - 14
]y$ApA° _y]$bpl_u aTug[ A_° ape]$pAp°
Bdpd° Tdp_p (A.k.) dpV°$ L$fhpdp¨ Aph[u ]y$ApAp° A_° rTepf[p°dp¨
]y$ApA° _y]$bl_y¨ A°L$ Mpk ı\p_ R>°. Ap A°L$ k¨`|ZÆ ]y$Ap lp°hp D`fp¨[ OZu b^u
bpb[p°_p° kdph°i \[p° lp°e [°hu rTepf[ `Z R>°.
Ap ]y$Apdp¨ Ly$fAp_° d∆]$_u Sy>]$u Sy>]$u Ape[p° A_° 5rh” Bdpdp°_u l]$ukp°
\L$u dTlb A_° Bdp__u hp[p° kd≈hhpdp¨ Aphu R>°. Ap ]y$Ap dp°A[bf lp°hp
rhj° A°V$gy S> ≈Zhy¨ `yf[y¨ R>°, L°$ Ap ]y$Ap_p ]$f°L$ hpL$e_u `yhÆc|rdL$pdp¨ Ly$fAp__u
Ape[p° A\hp A°lg°b•[ (A.k.)_u l]$ukp° fl°gu R>°.
ATp°dg bgp ..........R>°.
(12) AâplzÁdf TyL$_p [p•auL$[ [p'A.......
"duıbpl' _pd_u qL$[pbdp¨ L$aAdu gM° R>° L°$ : Bdpd° Tdp_p (A.k.)
[fa\u [pgud L$fhpdp¨ Aph°gu Ap ]y$Ap Ap`Z° hpf¨hpf `X$hu ≈°BA°.dapr[lzg
∆_p_dp¨ "Bgplu ATp°dg bgp.......' ]y$Ap `R>u Ap ]y$Ap Ap`hpdp¨ Aph°gu
R>°. S>°_p iÍ$Ap[_p iÂ]$p°. "AâplzÁdf TyL$_p [p•auL$[ [pA............' R>°.
D`fp¨[ Ap ]$yAp duL$epgyg dL$pfud kpfp¨i (NySfp[u>) dp¨ `pR>m_p¨ `°S> D`f
Ap`hpdp¨ Aphu R>°.
(13) kgpdyâpl° L$prdgy—pd.................
dapr[lzg ∆_p_dp¨ AâplzÁdf TyL$_p [p•auL$[ [pA A° ]$yAp `R>u Ap`hpdp¨
Aph°gu A_° ""kgpdyâpl° L$prdgy—Apd.....A° iÂ]$p°\u iÍ$ \[u Ap ]y$Ap M|b S>
AkfL$pfL$ R>°. lpS>[p° `yfu \hp dpV°$ Ap ]y$Ap `X$hp_u cgpdZ L$fpB R>°. Ap ]y$Ap
]y$ApA° _y]$bp_u qL$[pb_p¨ `pR>m_p¨ `°S> `f Ap`°g R>°.
(14) ]$f°L$ _dpT `R>u `X$hp_u ]y$Ap :
duL$epgyg dL$pfud _pd_u qL$[pb_p g°ML$ Bdpd° S>Aaf kpq]$L$ (A.k.)\u
A°L$ l]$uk hZÆh[p L$l° R>°, L°$ Bdpd° (A.k.) afdpÏey¨ : riApAp° D`f_p Adpfp
lL$L$p°dp¨\u A°L$ lL$ Ap `Z R>° L°$ [dpd _dpT `R>u [°Ap° lp\p°_° bg¨]$ L$fu A_°
S>dZp lp\\u `p°[p_u ]$pY$u `L$X$u Ap ‚dpZ° ]y$Ap `X°$.
""ep fÂb° dp°lÁd]$ AS>∆g afS> Apg° dp°lÁd]$ ep fÂb° dp°lÁd]$$ BlaT
Neb[ dp°lÁd]$ ep fÂb° dp°lÁd]$ Bfi[L$ud g°BÂ_[° dp°lÁd]$ Agerlıkgpd.''
A_yhp]$ : Ae dp°lÁd]$_p fb, dp°lÁd]$_p Ly$Vy¨$b_p Tylzfdp¨ S>Î]$u L$f. Ae
dp°lÁd]$_p fÂb (Bdpd° Tdp_p A.k. \L$u) dp°lÁd]$_u ]y$ø[f_p° b]$gp° g°.
D`fp°L$[ hZÆh°g ]y$ApA° D`fp¨[ bu∆ OZu ]y$ApAp°_y¨ hZÆ_ duL$uepgyg
dL$pfud_p g°ML°$ [°d_u qL$[pbdp¨ L$eyØ R>°. Ap ]y$ApAp° rhi° dprl[u d°mhhpdp¨
Ap`Z° Aprgd°]$u__u d]$]$ gB iL$uA° R>uA°. Ap D`fp¨[ A° S> qL$[pbdp¨ AdyL$
Mpk q]$hkp°, ı\m A_° kde_u rhN[ Ap`hpdp¨ Aphu R>°, L°$ S>°dp¨ Bdpd° Tdp_p
(A.k.) dpV°$ ]$yAp L$fhu blz S> ape]$pL$pfL$ _uhX°$ R>°. S>°dp¨_u L°$V$guL$ rhN[ _uQ°
dyS>b R>°.
(1) ]$ffp°S> _dpT° kyÂl `R>u
(2) Sy>ÁAp_p q]$hk° (ApMp° q]$hk)
S>epf° L$pA°d (A.) _y¨ _pd g°hpdp¨ Aphi° –epf° riApAp°_u Ap¨Mp° Ap¨kyAp°\u
cfpB S>i°. A°hp riApAp° L$epd[dp¨ Adpfu kp\° li°. [°Ap° Adpfp\u Myi li°,
A_° Ad° [°d_p\u fp∆ lp°Biy¨.
‚L$fZ - 4
Ap`Zu ”u∆ S>hpb]$pfu : Bfi[°Tpf
L$p°B_° `Z Qplhp_y¨ `qfZpd A° lp°e R>° L°$ [°_u N°flpS>fudp¨ [°d_° ep]$
L$fhpdp¨ Aph° A_° Ap[yf[p`|hÆL$ [°d_u fpl ≈°hpdp¨ Aph°.
Ap hp[_° A°L$ ]$pMgp \L$u kd∆A°. S>epf° L$p°B bpmL$p°_p¨ r`[p `p°[p_p
h[_\u ]|$f L$p°B Npddp¨ _p°L$fu L$f[p lp°e A_° [° S>epf° [°_p bpmL$p° kp\° ap°_ `f
hp[ L$f° –epf° ıhpcprhL$ fu[° S> `l°gp° khpg A° lp°e R>° L°$ : ""`‡`p, [d° Of° L$epf°
Aphip°?'' Aphp° khpg `yR>hp_y¨ bpmL$_° iuMhhpdp¨ Aph[y¨ _\u. `f¨[y Ap
Ap¨[fıLy$fZp A_° bpmL$_p q`[p ‚–e°_u Ly$]$f[u dp°lÂb[_p L$pfZ° `yR>hpdp¨
Aph[p° lp°e R>°. ApV$gy¨S> _lv, bpmL$ `p°[p_p r`[p_° k[[ ep]$ L$f[p fl° R>°,
[°dS> [°d_p rd”p° kp\° fd[p¨ fd[p¨ A°hy¨ L$l°[p kp¨cmhp dm° R>°, L°$ dpfp r`[pA°
L$¸y¨ R>° L°$ : [°Ap° Vy¨$L$ kdedp¨S> Aph_pf R>°.
Ap`Zp° Bdpd° Tdp_p A.‚–e°_p° ‚°d `Z _p_p bpmL$p°_p° [°_p r`[p
‚–e°_p ‚°d_u S>°d ıhpcphuL$, iy¬^ A_° Ly$]$f[u lp°e [p° L°$V$gy¨ kpÍ$ \pe?!
b°iL$ Bdpd (A.) _p° Bfi[°Tpf L$fhp° A° Bdpd ‚–e°_u dp°lÂb[_u r_ip_u
R>°. S>° rhi° Bdpd kpq]$L$ (A.) afdph° R>°, ""Bdpd_p Tlzf dpV$° khpf A_° kp¨S>
Bfi[°Tpf L$fp°''.
A°L$ ipA°f blyS> ky¨]$f iÂ]$p°dp¨ Bdpd A._p Bfi[°Tpf_u hp[_° Ap fu[°
ÏeL$[ Lfu R>°, ""Aâpl Nhpl R>° L°$ lz¨ Ap`_° ep]$ L$f[p° _\u `f¨[y¨ lz¨ Ap`_° ep]$ L$B
fu[° L$ͨ$! S>epf° L°$ lz¨ Ap`_° c|Îep° S> _\u''! (duLepgyg dL$pfud cpN:- 2 `p_p
_¨.308)
b°iL$ Bfi[°Tpf_p° kpQp° A\Æ A° R>° L°$ Ap`Zp q]$gp°dp¨\u Ap`Zp Bdpd A.
_u ep]$ L$]$u c|gphu _ ≈°BA°. Ap`Zpdp¨\u S>° L$p°B Mpguk q]$g, M|gyk r_Ëe[
A_° dp°lÂb[_u gpNZu kp\° Bdpd° Tdp_p A._p Tlzf_p° Bfi[°Tpf L$f[p lp°e
[p° [°Ap° A°L$ Mpk ı\p_ A_° dl–h ^fph° R>°, S>° hp[ _uQ° dyS>b_u l]$ukp°\u
ı`Ù$ \pe R>°.
(1) Bdpd° ≈af kpq]$L$ A.afdph° R>°, L° ""S>° L$p°B Ap ]y$r_epdp¨\u L$pA°d
A._p Bfi[°Tpf (L$f[p lp°hp_u) lpg[dp¨ rh]$pe g°, [p° [° ≈Z°L°$ Adpfp kp\°
Adpfp [¨bydp¨ l[p°''(L$dpgy]$©u_ cpN-2 `p.644 l]$uk _¨.1,duLepgyg
dL$pfud cpN-2 `p.206 `iwe_ Aph©r—)
(2) bu∆ l]$ukdp¨ Bdpd° kpq]$L$ A. afdph° R>° L°$ S>° L$p°B Adpfu lzLy$d[_p°
Bfi[°Tpf L$f°, [p° [° Aâpl (kyÂlp_lz h [Apgp)_u fpldp¨ `p°[p_p gp°lu\u
_lphp kdp_ R>°.(L$dpgy]$©u_ cpN-2 `p.645 l]$uk _¨.6,A_° duL$epgyg
dL$pfud cpN-2 `p.207 `iwe_ Aph©r—)
(3) Afie A°L$ l]$ukdp¨ Bfi[°Tpf_p L$pd_p dl–h `f cpf Ap`u_° Bdpd°
kpq]$L$ A.A° afdpÏey¨ L°$ : A° riApAp° Myi_kub R>° L°$ S>°Ap° Neb[_p Tdp_pdp¨
[°d_p Bdpd A._p° Bfi[°Tpf L$f°, [°hp gp°L$p° Aâpl_p ]$p°ı[ R>°. [°hp gp°L$p°_° X$f
_lv lp°e A_° _ [p° [°Ap° ]y$:Mu \i°. (L$dpgy]$©u_ cpN-2 `p_p _¨.357 l]$uk
_¨.54 A_° duL$uepgyg dL$pfud cpN-2, `p_p _¨.207 `iwe_ Aph©r—)
(4) dyaTTg BÂ_° Ddf L$l° R>° : A°L$ hM[ d¢ Bdpd ≈af kpq]$L$ A._u
lpS>fudp¨ lTf[ L$pA°d A._° ep]$ L$epÆ,[°dS> A°hp gp°L$p°_° ep]$ L$epÆ L°$ S>°Ap° Bdpd
A.k._p° Bfi[°Tpf L$f[p L$f[p ]y$r_ep\u rh]$pe \B Nep l[p, –epf° Bdpd° kpq]$L$
A.A° S>hpb Ap‡ep° L°$ : S>epf° Bdpd° Tdp_p A. Tylzf afdphi° –epf° Bdpd
A.A°hp gp°L$p°_u L$b∞_u `pk° S>i° A_° [°Ap°_° [°d_p _pd gB_° k¨bp°^_ L$fi° A_°
afdphi° L°$ [dpfp Bdpd° Tlzf L$epÆ° R>°. ≈° [d° B√R>p° [p° Aphp° A_° [°d_u kp\°
≈°X$pB ≈h. (N•b[° i•M [yku `p_p _¨.276 A_° duLepgyg dL$pqfd cpN:- 2
`p_p _¨.7 `iwe_ Aph©r—)
(5) l. AduÍ$g dp°Ad°_u_ A.k. A° afdpÏey¨ ""S>° gp°L$p° Ap ]y$r_epdp¨
Adpfp lzL$dp°_y¨ `pg_ L$fi°,[°Ap° ApM°f[dp¨ Adpfu kp\° D√Q ]$fS>≈ `f li°,
A_° S>° gp°L$p° Adpfu lzLy$d[_p° Bfi[°Tpf L$f° R>°, [°Ap° A°hp R>° L°$ [°Ap°A° ≈Z° L°$
Aâpl [Apgp_u fpldp¨ ]$qfepdp¨ Xy$bL$u gNphu lp°e. (b°lpÍ$g A_hpf cpN-
55 `p_p _¨.7 rdL$epgyg dL$pqfd cpN-2 `p_p_¨.210 `iwe_ Aph©r[)
(6) Bdpd° ≈af kpq]$L$ A.A° afdpÏey¨ ""S>° L$p°B `p°[p_p Tdp_p _p
Bdpd_p° Bfi[°Tpf L$f[p L$f[p d©–ey `pd° [° Bdpd A._p [¨bydp¨ [°Ap° kp\° lpS>f
lp°e [°hp gp°L$p° kdp_ R>°.'' –epf `R>u Bdpd \p°X$u hpf fp°L$pB Nep A_° afdpÏey¨ ''
_p, [°hp gp°L$p°_p° ]$fS>≈° Bdpd_u kp\° flu_° Bdpd A._p ]y$Ìd_p° kpd° [ghpf\u
gX$_pf S>°hp° R>°'' –epf `R>u \p°X$uhpf AV$L$u_° Bdpd° ApNm afdpÏey¨ '' _p, [°hp
∆_p_ _pd_u qL$[pbdp¨ R>°. S>°_u iÍ$Ap[_p iÂ]$p° Ap ‚dpZ° R>°.
: AâplzÁd Affua_u _akL$........
(6) rTepf[° Apg° epku_
Bdpd° Tdp_p (A.k.) afdph° R>° L°$ : S>epf° [d° d_° bp°ghhp Qplp° –epf° Ap
rTepf[ `X$u_° d_° bp°gphp°. Ap ]y$Ap `Z dapr[lzg ∆_p_dp¨ rTepf[_p
rhcpNdp¨ kf]$pb_u rTepf[_p d\pmp l°W$m Ap`hpdp¨ Aphu R>°. S>°_u
iÍ$Ap[_p iÂ]$p° Ap ‚dpZ° R>°.... kgpdy_ Agp Apg° epku_ Ap rTepf[
[p°laA° ApM°f[ `°S>.45,119) D`f `Z R>°.
(7) Aby Tffpb Bıalp_u_u kghp[
Bdpd° Tdp_p (A.k.) A° Ap kghp[ ]$f Sy>ÁAp_u Aıf_u _dpT `R>u
`Y$hp_u cgpdZ L$fu R>°. Bdpd° Tdp_p (A.k.) A° `p°[° Ap kghp[ Aby
Tfb_° [pgud afdphu l[u.dapr[lzg ∆_p_dp¨ Sy>ÁAp_p q]$hk° `Y$hp_u
rTepf[_p ‚L$fZdp¨ Ap`hpdp¨ Aphu R>°.
(8) Sy>ÁAp_p q]$hkp° `X$hp_u Bdpd° Aıf_u rTepf[
Ap rTepf[ `Z dapr[lzg ∆_p_dp¨ Ap`hpdp¨ Aphu ° R>°..... Ap rTepf[
]y$ApA° _y]$bp_u qL$[pb_p¨ `pR>m_p `°S> D`f Ap`°g R>°.
(9) Bdpd° fTp (A.k.) A° Bdpd° Tdp_p (A.k.) dpV°$ afdph°gu
]y$Ap: Bdpd fTp (A.k.) `Z Bdpd° Tdp_p (A.k.) dpV°$ ]$f Sy>ÁAp_p ]y$Ap
L$f[p l[p. Ap ]y$Ap dapr[lzg ∆_p_dp¨ ]y$ApA° Al]$ `R>u Ap`hpdp¨ Aphu R>°.
S>°_u iÍ$Ap[_p iÂ]$p° Ap ‚dpZ° R>°.AâplzÁd A]$a°l A_ hguËe°L$........... Ap
]y$Ap Ap S> qL$[pbdp¨ `°S> _¨.36 D`f Ap`°gu R>°.
(10) ]y$ApA° AâplzÁd Aıg°l..........
Bdpd° f°Tp (A.k.)A° AâplzÁd Aıg°l......iÂ]$p°\u iÍ$ \[u ]y$Ap _dpT
Aıf_u Ly_y[dp¨ `X$hp_u [pL$u]$ afdphu R>°.
(11) ]y$ApA° Bgplu ATp°dg bgp
L$aAdu L$l° R>° L°$ Ap ]y$Ap A°L$ L•$]$u_° Bdpd° Tdp_p (A.k.) A° [pAgud L$fu
l[u. Ap ]y$Ap `X$hp `R>u [° L•$]$u_° Ry>V$L$pfp° dm°g l[p°.Qpgp° Ap`Z° `Z
""N•b[_p Tdp_pdp¨\u dysL$['' d°mhhp dpV$° Ap ]y$Ap r_erd[ `X$uA° Ap ]y$Ap
dapr[lyg ∆_p_dp¨ Ap`hpdp¨ Aph°gu R>°. S>°_p iÍ$Ap[_p iÂ]$p° Bgplu
 (2) ]y$ApA° NfuL$ :
Bdpd° kpq]$L$ (A.k.) A° S>epf° Tp°fpfl _pd_p klpbu_° Neb[_p kdedp¨
Bdp__u kgpd[u dpV°$ ]y$Ap NfuL$ hpf¨hpf `X$[p fl°hp_u [pL$u]$ L$fu R>°.
Ap ]y$Ap _uQ° ‚dpZ° R>°.
]y$ApA° NfuL$
ep Aâplp° ep fldp_p° ep fludp° ep dp°L$â°bg L$p°gyb° kÂbu[ L$Îbu Agp
]$u_°L$ (dy_[rleyg AAdpg)
(3) ]y$ApA° Al]$ :
Bdpd °S>Aaf° kpq]$L$ (A.k.) afdph° R>° L°$ ≈° L$p°B 40 r]$hk ky^u _dpT°
kyÂl `R>u ]y$ApA° Al]$ `X°$ [p° [° Bdpd° Tdp_p (A.k.) _u lzLy$d[_p Tdp_p
ky^u AhÌe `lp¢Qi°. A_° L$]$pQ ≈° [° `l°gp [°_p° Bfi[L$pg \B S>i°, [p° Tylzf_p
kde° Bdpd (A.k.) [°_° L$b∞dp¨\u Dcp° L$fi°. Ap D`fp¨[ Ap ]y$Ap_p ]$f°L$ iÂ]$_p
b]$gpdp¨ Aâpl kyÂlp_lz h [Apgp ]y$Ap `Y$_pf dpV°$ 1000 _°L$uAp° gM° R>°
A_° 1000 Ny_plp° dpa L$f° R>° (b°lpÍ$g Afihpf cpN-102, `p.111)
Aphp°, ApS>\u S> Ap`Z° b^p kp\° dmu_° A° hp[_p° r_ZÆe L$fuA° L°$
]$ffp°S> khpf° kyÂl_u _dpT bp]$ ]y$ApA° Al]$ `X$uiy¨. Ap ]y$Ap `X$hpdp¨ ]$k rdr_V$
L$f[p h^pf° kde gpN[p° _\u. Ap D`fp¨[ dı∆]$p°dp¨ kyÂl_u _dpT `R>u Ap
]y$Ap_u r[gph[ kpdyrlL$ fu[° L$fphhp_p ‚e–_p° L$fhp ≈°BA°.
(4) ]y$ApA° _y]$bpl :
]$f iyæ$hpf° Ap ]y$Ap `Y$hp_u Bdpd S>Aaf kpq]$L$ (A.k.) A° [pL$u]$ afdphu
R>°. _y]$bpl iÂ]$_p° A\Æ \pe R>° fX$hy¨. Sy>ÁAp_p° q]$hk Bdpd° Tdp_p (A.k.) _p°
q]$hk R>°. Ap q]$hk° Bdpd° Tdp_p (A.k.)_° Qpl_pfpAp° [°d_p ApL$p Bdpd°
Tdp_p (A.k.)_° ]y$ApA° _y]$bpl \L$u k¨bp°^_ L$fu bp°gph° R>°.
Ap ]y$Ap_p iÂ]$p° ˘]$$e_° ı`iw ≈e [°hp R>°. ‚–en A_ych ]y$Ap_u r[gph[
(L$fu [°_p A_yhp]$ [fa ¬ep_ Ap‡ep) `R>u S> \pe R>°.
(5) ]y$Ap ]$f N•b[° Bdpd° Tdp_p (A.k.) :
i°M AÂbpk° Ly$ÁduA° Ap ]y$Ap_° Bdpd (A.k.) _p Mpk _pA°bp°_p
lhpgp\u _p¢^u R>°. [°Ap° afdph° R>°. L°$ ≈° [d_° Sy>ÁAp_p q]$hk° L$p°B _°L$ L$pd
L$fhp_u [L$ _ dm° [p° Ap ]y$Ap_u r[gph[ [p° S>Í$f L$f≈°. Ap ]y$Ap dapr[lzg
gp°L$p°_p° ]$fS>≈° `eN¨bf° Bıgpd (k.A.h.) kp\° flu gX$pBdp¨ ilu]$ \_pf S>°hp°
R>°'' (b°lpÍ$g Afihpf cpN:- 56 `p_p _¨.126 l]$uk _¨.18)
(7) Bdpd° dp°l¨d]$ bpqL$f A.A° afdpÏey¨ ""Bdpd A._p° Bfi[°Tpf L$fhp_u
lpg[dp¨ Ap ]y$r_ep\u rh]$pe g°_pf dpV°$ _yL$kp_ _\u L°$dL°$ [° A°hp k•r_L$p°_u S>°d
d©–ey `pd° R>°, S>° l.L$pA°d A. kp\° [°Ap°_p [¨bydp¨ lpS>f lp°e. ""(Dkyg° L$pau
cpN-1 `p_p _¨.376 l]$uk _¨.1 A_° duL$epgyg dL$pfud cpN - 2 `p_p
_¨.213 `iwe_ Aph©r—)
(8) Bdpd dp°l¨d]$ bpL$uf (A.) A° afdpÏey¨ ""l.L$pA°d A._p Tlzf_p°
Bfi[°Tpf L$fhp_p° b]$gp° [°_p S>°hp° R>° L°$ L$p°B q]$hk_p kdedp¨ fp°Tp fpM° A_° fp[
Bbp]$[dp¨ rh[ph°. ""(Dkyg° L$pau cpN-2 `p_p _¨.222 l]$uk _¨.4 A_°
duL$epgyg dL$pfud cpN - 2 `p_p _¨.213 `iwe_ Aph©r—)
Ïlpgp hp¨QL$p°, `rh” Bdpdp°_u D`fp°L$[ l]$ukp° Bdpd A._p Bfi[°Tpf _y¨
dl–h A_° d|Îe ı`Ù$ L$fhp dpV°$ `|f[u R>°. Ap b^u l]$ukp° Ap`Z_° Bdpd A.k.
‚–e°_u dp°lÂb[dp¨ h^pfp° L$fhp dpV°$ A_° Bdpd A._p Tlzf_p° Bfi[°Tpf L$fhp
dpV°$_p ‚e–_p° dpV°$ ≈N©[ L$fhp ‚p°–kplu[ L$f° R>°.
Ap rhjedp¨ ApNm h^[p `l°gp Ap`Z° Ap`Zp l]$e_p JX$pZdp¨\u A°
khpg_p° S>hpb d°mhuA° L°$ ""iy¨ Ap`Z° Bdpd A._p Tlzf \hp rhj° ce
A_ychuA° R>uA°? '' ıhpcprhL$ fu[° A°L$ dpZk A°huS> ÏesL$[_p° Bfi[°Tpf L$f° R>°
S>°_p\u [°_° L$p°B ]$l°i[ L°$ ^pı[u _ lp°e, [°dS> A°huS> ÏesL$[_p° Bfi[°Tpf L$fhpdp¨
Aph° R>° S>°_p `p°[p_u `f L$p°B lL$ L°$ ]$php° _ lp°e. ]$p.[.A°L$ Qp°f L$]$u `Z `p°guk_p°
Bfi[°Tpf L$f[p° _\u L°$ A°L$ ifpbu dı∆]$_p dp•gp_p `p°[p_u kpd° Aph° [°hu
‚[unp L$]$u L$f[p° _\u.
Ap`Z° kpQp A\Ædp¨ Bfi[°Tpf L$f_pfp –epf° S> NZpiy¨ S>epf° N•b[_p
Tdp_pdp¨ Ny_plp°\u ]$|f fl°hp_p N¨cuf[p`|hÆL$ ‚e–_ L$fuiy¨. kp\p°kp\ Bdpd
A.k._° l¨d°ip ˘]$$e`|hÆL$ Qpl[p fl°iy¨.
Alv Ad° A°L$ rh‹p_ dpZk° kpdp∆L$ Ïehlpf L°$ ]¨$c rhi° L$f°gu hp[_°
‚ı[y[ L$fuA° R>uA°. ]$p.[. kdpS>_p AdyL$ hpguAp°_u A°hu aqfep]$ lp°e R>° L°$
""Ad° iy¨ L$fuA°? Adpfp bpmL$p° A°V$gp b^p ∆]$©u L°$ lW$ugp R>° L°$ Adpfu hp[
dp_[p _\u. [°\u Adpf° af∆ep[ V$°guhuT_ ≈°hy¨ `X°$ R>°.'' A° gp°L$p° bpmL$p°\u [p°
X$f° R>°,`f¨[y Ny_pl L$fhpdp¨ Aâpl A_° [°_p Bdpd\u X$f[p _\u.
 Ap`Z° Aâpl `pk° Ly$ApÆ_° d∆]$_u _uQ°_u Ape[ Ap`Zp q]$gp°dp¨
l¨d°ip fl° [° dpV°$ ]y$Ap L$fuA° ""iy¨ [d° _\u ≈Z[p L°$ Aâpl [d_° Sy>A° R>°?''
‚L$fZ - 5
Ap`Zu Qp°\u S>hpb]$pfu : aL$[ Bdpd A.k.`pk° d]$]$ Qplhu
L$p°B`Z ÏesL$[_° Qpl[p lp°hp_u r_ip_u A° R>° L°$ [° `p°[p_u kpfp A_° Mfpb
b^uS> lpgp[dp¨ S>°_u kp\° dp°lÂb[ lp°e, [°_p rhi° q]$g_p D¨X$pZ\u rhQpf[p°
fl° R>° A_° [° fu[° dl°byb_° `p°[p_p h•QpfuL$ cpNu]$pf fpM° R>°.
Aâpl kyÂlp_lz h [Apgp Bfikp__p Ly$]$f[u ıhcph rhi° Ly$fAp_° d∆]$dp¨
afdph° R>°. (Ae _bu) [° R>[p¨ `Z ≈° [°Ap° [pfp\u (_plL$) TNX$p° L$f° [p° L$lu ]°$
([d° dp_p° L°$ _ dp_p°) d¢ [°dS> dpfp A_yepeuAp°A° [p° `p°[p_y¨ dı[L$ Aâpl_u
ApNm _dphu ]$u^y¨ A_° [d° qL$[pbhpmp [°dS> ≈lugp° (A°V$g° Afb_p dyÓuL$p°)
\u L$lu ]$p° L$° iy¨ [d° Bıgpd gphp° R>p°? afu ≈° [°Ap° Bıgpd gph° [p° [°Ap° `Z Mfp°
dpNÆ d°mhu g°i° A_° ≈° [°Ap° dp_° _lv [p° (tQ[p L$fhu _lv, L$pfZL°$) [dpf° rif°
dp” (k¨]°$ip_y¨) `lp¢QpX$hy¨ S> R>°. A_° My]$p ≈[° (`p°[p_p) b¨]$pAp° (_u lpg[p°) _°
kpfu fu[° r_lpm° R>°. (ky.Apg° Bdfp_ Ap.20)
Bdpd dp°l¨d]$ bpL$uf A.A° afdpÏey¨ : [dpfp hp∆b L$pdp°_° A]$p L$fhpdp¨
A_ychhu `X$[u dyÌL°$guAp°dp¨ kb∞ L$fp°, [dpfp ]y$Ìd_p°_p¨ TyÎdp° kpd° h^pf°
kl_iug b_p° A_° [dpfp Tdp_p_p Bdpd A.kp\° k¨b¨^ ≈°X$u fpMp°. (Ag
luS>S>° audp Ag luS>S>l g°ML$ k•e]$ lpiud byflp_, Aˆ° byflp_ `p_p
_¨.334)
Afbu cpjp\u `qfQu[ gp°L$p° A° hp[ ≈Z° R>° L°$ "fpb°[y' iÂ]$bpb° dyapAgpl
Apop\Æ dpV°$ h`fpe R>°. Afbu cpjpdp¨ Aphp Apop\Æ hpQL$ iÂ]$ S>epf° A°L$S>
L$pddp¨ b° ÏesL$[Ap° fp°L$pe°gu lp°e –epf° hp`fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. D]yÆ$ ÏepL$fZdp¨
Apop\Æ_p Ap ‚L$pf_p L$pm_° hpf¨hpf hp`fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. ]$p.[. "dy_pT°fl' iÂ]$
A° hp[ ]$ipÆhhp dpV°$ h`fpe R>° L°$ b° ÏesL$[Ap° A°L$ bu≈_u kp\° QQpÆ L$fu flu R>°.
Ap D]$plfZ_° gndp¨ fpMu_° ≈°BA° [p° D`fp°L$[ Ape[_p"fpb°[y' iÂ]$
hp`fphpdp¨ ApÏep° R>° [° b° ÏesL$[_p° `fı`f_p° k¨b¨^ ]$ipÆh° R>°.
Ap A_y`d hp[dp¨ Aâpl (kyÂlp_l h [Apgp) A°° A° hp[ ]$ipÆhu R>° L°$
S>epf° [d° [dpfp Tdp_p_p Bdpd A.kp\° k¨`LÆ$ fpMip° [p° [°Ap° A.k._p
q]$gp°dp¨ `Z [dpfp dpV$° A°L$ Mpk ı\p_ S>¡ep fl°i°.
(24) [° rlkpb_p q]$hk° (L$epd[dp¨) 70,000 dp°Adu_p°_u iapA[ L$fu
iL$i°.
(25) Ap ]y$r_epdp¨ [°_° `p°[p_p dp¨-bp` kp\° _°L$ h[Æ_ L$fhp_p° b]$gp° dmi°.
Ïlpgp cpBAp°, Alv Bdpd° Tdp_p (A.k.) dpV°$ ]y$Ap L$fhp_p aL$[ AdyL$
ape]$pAp° S> fSy> L$fhpdp¨ ApÏepR>°. Aphp A_°L$ ape]$pAp°_y¨ hZÆ_ L$fhpdp¨ ApÏey¨
R>°. Ap b^p ape]$pAp°_° Ly$fAp__u Ape[p° A_° `rh” Bdpdp° (A.k.)_u
l]$ukp°_y¨ kd\Æ_ dm°gy R>°. lL$uL$[dp¨ Ap`œ¨ k]$_kub R>° L°$ Ap`Z° Bdpd°
Tdp_p (A.k.) dpV°$ ]y$Ap L$fu iL$uA° R>uA°. Bdpd (A.k.) dpV°$ ]y$Ap L$fhp_u
[p•auL$ dmhp A_° [°dp¨ h^pfp° \hp dpV°$ r_õ$p`|hÆL$ ]y$Ap L$fhu ≈°BA°. [dpd
gp°L$p°_° Ap [p•auL$ dm[u _\u. Qpgp°, Ap`Z° Aâpl kyÂlp_lz h [Apgp `pk°
dpAkyd Bdpdp° (A.)_° hkugp° b_phu_° ]y$Ap L$fuA° L°$ [° Ap`Z_° Bdpd°
Tdp_p (A.k.) dpV°$ ]y$Ap L$fhp_u [p•auL$ A[p L$f°. (Apdu_)
lh° khpg A \pe L°$ Bdpd° Tdp_p (A.k.) dpV°$ ]y$Ap L$B fu[° L$fhu?
Agb—, Ap`Zp `p°[p_p iÂ]$p°dp¨ `Z Bdpd (A.k.) dpV°$ ]y$Ap L$fu iL$uA°
R>uA°. A\hp [p° b°l[f A° R>° L°$ `rh” Bdpdp° (A.k.) A° k|Qh°gu ]y$Ap `Y$uA°.
Alv Bdpdp° (A.k.) _u L°$V$guL$ ]y$ApAp°_p _pd A_° [°_u ‚p\rdL$ rhN[ ‚ı[y[
L$fuA° R>uA°. Ad° Apip fpMuA° R>uA° L°$ Ap ]y$ApAp° `X$hp\u ]y$ApAp°_p° ape]$p°
dmu iL$i°. Ap D`fp¨[ Ap ]y$ApAp° \L$u Í$lp°_° [pS>Nu dmi°, [°dS> Bdpd
(A.k.)_p hl°gp Tylzf \hp dpV°$ hpf¨hpf ]y$Ap L$fhp_p° D–kpl ≈Ni°.
‚L$fZ - 13
Bdpd° Tdp_p (A.k.) dpV°$ L$°V$guL$ ]y$ApAp°
(1) ]y$ApA° afT
AâplzÁd Ly$â° hguËe°L$............
Ap ]y$Ap ]$ffp°S>_u hp∆b _dpT_u Ly$_y[dp¨ `X$hu dyı[lb R>°.i•M AÂbpk°
Ly$Ádu "dy_[lueyg AAdpg' _pd_u [°d_u qL$[pbdp¨ gM° R>°. L°$ :
”u∆ ib° L$]$f A°V$g° L°$ 23 du dpl° dybpfL°$ fdTp__u fp[° Aâpl_u lÁ]$ A_°
`rh” Bdpd `f kghp[ dp°L$Îep bp]$ Ap ]y$Ap AâpllzÁd Ly$â°
hguËe°L$.......`X$hp_y¨ QyL$hy¨ _ ≈°BA°. lL$uL$[dp¨ lpg[p¨ - Qpg[p¨ k|[p¨ b°k[p¨,
l¨d°ip Ap ]y$Ap ]$f°L°$ `X$hu A–e¨[ S>Í$fu R>°.
 ‚L$fZ - 12
Bdpd° Tdp_p (A.k.) dpV°$ ]y$Ap L$fhp_p AdyL$ ape]$pAp°
(1) ]y$Ap L$f_pf [°_p L$pep£_p rlkpb hNf S>fl[dp¨ ‚h°i d°mhi°.
(2) [°_° L$epd[_p q]$hk_u ‡epk\u fnZ dmi°.
(3) [° Aâpl kyÂlp_lz h [Apgp dpV°$ NhÆÍ$` b_i°.
(4) [° Aâpl_p NTb\u kyfrn[ fl°i°.
(5) afuÌ[pAp° [°_p dpV°$ ]y$Ap L$fi°.
(6) [°_p dpV°$ `rh” Bdpdp° (A.k.) ]y$Ap L$fi°.
(7) Bdpd dpV°$ [°_u ]y$ApAp°_p `qfZpd° [°_u `p°[p_u ]y$ApAp° L$byg \i°.
(8) [° dpZk dpV°$ Bdpd° Tdp_p (A.k.) Mpk ]y$Ap L$fi°.
(9) Aâpl kyÂlp_lz h [Apgp [°_p Bdp__° "k¨`|ZÆ Bdp_' NZi°.
(10) [°_u NZ”u dlp_ ilu]$p°dp¨ \i°.
(11) [° `rh” Bdpdp° (A.k.) _u iapA[ d°mhhp_° `p” b_i°.
(12) [° Bdpd (A.k.) _p kp\u]$pfp°_p kd|ldp¨ ipdug \i°.
(13) [°_° `eNÁbf (k.A.h.) _u kp\° flu_° L$fhpdp¨ Aph[u S>°lp]$dp¨
ilu]$_p° ]$fS>≈° dmi°.
(14) ]y$Ap L$fhp\u Bdpd A.k. ‚–e°_u dp°lÂb[dp¨ h^pfp° \i°.
(15) [°_u ApeyÛe gp¨bu \i°.
(16) [°_p Ny_plp° _°L$udp¨ b]$gpB S>i°.
(17) [° ]y$r_ep_p A_° gp°L$p°_p _yL$ip_ (Mfpbu) \u bQu iL$i°.
(18) [° ApMfu Tdp_p_p c∞Ù$pQpf\u bQu_° fl°i°.
(19) Ap ]y$r_ep_u dyÌL°$guAp°\u [° kyfrn[ fli°.
(20) [°_u fp°Tudp¨ h^pfp° \i°.
(21) ≈° [° Bdpd° Tdp_p (A.k.) _u lzLy$d[ `l°gp d©–ey `pdi°, [p° [°_° (Bdpd
A.k._u lzLy$d[ ]$fÁep_) ∆h¨[ L$fhpdp¨ Aphi°.
(22) [°_° ≈N©[ L°$ kyhp_u lpg[dp¨ Bdpd° Tdp_ (A.k.)_u dygpL$p[_u [L$
dmi°.
(23) [°_p Ny_plp°_° bnu ]°$hpdp¨ Aphi°.
Ap`Z° Aâpl [Apgp_p Ly$fAp__p BÎd_p dprgL$ - A°lg°b•[ A.dy.k. _p
lzL$dp°_° ≈Z[p lp°BA° `Z [°_p `f Adg _ L$fuA° [p° Ap dp°lÂb[ iL$e b_°
_lv.
Ïlpgp hp¨QL$p°, Ap`Zu A° afS> R>° L°$ Ap`Zp Tdp_p_p Bdpd kp\° k¨`LÆ$
(fÂ[) iÍ$ fpMuA°. (Ap qL$[pb_u iÍ$Ap[dp¨ hZÆ_ \B Ney¨ R>° [° fu[°) Bdpd°
Tdp_p A. kp\° k¨hp]$ L$fhp_y¨ iÍ$ fpMuA°. [°dS> Ap`Zp ]$f°L$ L$pdp° rhi° Bdpd
`pk°\u d]$]$ dp¨NuA°. Ap`Zp dp__ue Apgudp° A_° dpNÆ]$iÆ_ A° Ap`Z_° Ap
hp[ iuMhu R>° L°$ L$p°B Mp_]$p_ dpZk `pk°\u A° hp[_u Apip fpMhpdp¨ Aph[u
_\u L°$ [°_p `pk° k[[ Ap∆∆ L$fu_° L$p°B hı[y dp¨Nhpdp¨ Aph° A\hp [°_° k[[
rh_hZu L$fu_° bp°gphhpdp¨ Aph° [°d R>[p¨ [° S>hpb _ Ap`°.
Agb—, Ap ‚L$pf_u Adg_u A`°np Tdp_p_p Bdpd `pk°\u [p° fpMu S>
_ iL$pe. Bdpd° Tdp_p (A.) Ap`Zu hp[p°_° kp¨cm° R>° A_° Ap`Zu
dp¨NZuAp°_° Ap`Zp lL$dp¨ Ó°õ$ lp°e [° fu[° `yfu L$f° R>°. Ap`Z° ]$f hj£ ipbp_
dlu_p_u 15du [pfuM° AfuTp gMu_° [°dp¨ `p°[p_u lpS>[p° fS|> L$fuA° R>uA°°.
A_° \p°X$p kde `R>uA° hp[ Sy>A° RuA°, L°$ [°dp¨\u L°$V$gu B√R>pAp° `|fu \B.
Ap`Zu Mpdu R>° L°$ Ap`Z° aL$[ 15 du ipbp__p S> q]$hk° AfuTp gMu_° Bdpd
A.`pk° Ap`Zu lpS>[p° fS|> L$fuA° R>uA°. Bdpd A. Ap`Z_° L$p°B `Z q]$hk° L°$
kde° c|g[p _\u. Bdpd A.[p° ı\m L°$ kde_p b¨^_ hNf l¨d°ip Ap`Zu d]$]$
L$fhp dpV°$ [•epf lp°e R>°.
A° hp[dp¨ L$p°B i¨L$p _\u L°$ ApS>_p eyNdp¨ Bdpd° Aıf A. `pk° Aâpl
[Apgp [fa\u Ap`hpdp¨ Aph°gu A° iqL$[ A_° k—p R>° L°$ S>°_p\u [°Ap° (A.)
Ap`Zp dpV°$ r`[p kdp_ R>°. lq]$kp°dp¨ bep_ \ep dyS>b Bdpd A. Ap`Z_°
Ap`Zp dp[p-r`[p L$f[p `Z h^pf° Qpl° R>°. ≈° Ap`Zp bpmL$_° L$p°B dyÌL°$gu
lp°e A_° [° Ap`Zp `pk° d]$]$ dp¨Nhp_u b]$g° blpf_u Afie L$p°B ÏesL$[ d]$]$
dp¨N° [p°, bpmL$_p A° L$peÆ\u Ap`Z_° L°$V$gy¨ ]y$:M gpN° R>°? A° hp[dp¨ i¨L$p _\u L$°
Tdp_p_p Bdpd (A.)_° `Z Ap ≈°B_°° blzS> [L$gua \pe R>° S>epf° Ap`Z°
Ap`Zp ∆h__u dyÌL°$gu, ‚Òp°dp¨ Bdpd A. rkhpe bu≈ gp°L$p° `pk° DL°$g dpV°$
S>BA° R>uA°.
lL$uL$[dp¨ dp” Bdpd A.k. A° R>° L°$ S>°Ap° `pk° Ap`Zu [dpd
dyÌL°$guAp°dp¨ [°d_u `pk° d]$]$ dp¨NuA° A_° kdıepAp°_p DL°$g dpV°$ `Z Bdpd_y¨
dpNÆ]$iÆ_ kp\° [hıkyg L$fu iL$pe R>°. D`fp¨[, ≈° Ap`Z° QpluA° [p° Ap`Zu
cpjpdp¨ `Z Bdpd (A.) kp\° hp[Qu[ L$fu iL$uA° R>uA°. dp__ue hp¨QL$p°, A°
hp[ ≈Zu g°hu ≈°BA° L°$ Bdpd A. dpV°$ cpjp_u L$p°B depÆ]$p _\u. ≈° Bdpd A.
iplu hNf gMpe°gp `”p°_p S>hpb Ap`u iL$[p lp°e [p° L$p°B `Z cpjpdp¨
L$fhpdp¨ Aph°gu hp[_p° S>hpb Ap`hp° [°Ap° A.k. dpV°$ AiL$e _\u.Ad° A° hp[
afu\u ep]$ ]°$hfphuA° R>uA° L°$ A^yfpi, Mpdu A\hp b°]$fL$pfu Bdpd° Aıf A.
[fa\u _\u `f¨[y Ap`Zp [fa\u R>°. ≈° Ap`Z° Ap`Zp q]$g_p JX$pZ\u Bdpd
A. kp\° dSy>b[ AL$u]$p kp\° hp[ L$fhp_y¨ iÍ$ L$fuA° [p° Ap`Zp dpV°$ S>° kp•\u
kpfp° fı[p° li°, [° Bdpd A.[fa\u kyQhhpdp¨ Aphi°. [°dS> Ap`Zp dpV$° ]y$r_ep
A_° ApM°f[dp¨ Ap Adg_p° ape]$p° dmi°. b°iL$ Bdpd A. Ap`Zp lL$dp¨ S>°
hp[ kpfu li° [° S> L$fi° A_° S>° Mfpb li° [° Ap`Z_° _lv `lp°QpX°$.
Ap [bL$L°$ Ad° A° hp[ [fa `Z Ap`_y¨ ¬ep_ ]$p°fuA° R>uA° L°$ Neb[_p
Tdp_pdp¨ `Z L$°V$gpL$ gp°L$p°_u Bdpd A. kp\° dygpL$p[ \B lp°e [°hp ‚k¨Np° ≈°hp
dm° R>°. Ap`Zp kdpS>_p bpmL$p°_° _L$pdu fp°dpQ¨L, A_° AøgpL$ bNpX$_pfu
hp[pÆAp° hp¨Q[p fp°L$u_° Bdpd° Tdp_p A._u Neb[dp¨ gp°L$p° L$B fu[° Bdpd A._°
d˛ep A_° Bdpd A.[°d_u L$B fu[° d]$]$ L$fu? [° hp[p°_y¨ hZÆ_ L$f[u qL$[pbp°_y¨
hp¨Q_ L$fhp_u ‚°fZp Ap`hu ≈°BA° (Ap dpV°$ eykya° Tl°fp B.dl]$u (A.k.)_u
dygpL$p[_p ‚k¨Np° cpN 1 \u 5 bpmL$p°_° hp¨Qhp Ap`u iL$uA°.)
‚L$fZ - 6
Bdpd A.k. _u d]$]$ L$fhu
Bdpd° Aıf A._° Ap`Z° L$B fu[° `¬^r[\u d]$]$ L$fu iL$uA° [°_u ep]$u W$uL$
W$uL$ ‚dpZdp¨ gp¨bu R>°. A”° A°L$S> S>¡epA° [° ep]$u ‚ı[y[ L$fhu iL$e _\u [°dS>
A°d L$fhp_p° Adpfp° Apie `Z _\u. Alu Ap`Z° Ap`Zp Tdp_p_p Bdpd
A. _° d]$]$ L$fhp_p kfm fı[pAp° A° R>° L°$ S>°_p \L$u L$p°B`Z Aâpl_u A_° `rh”
Bdpdp° A._u Myiu d°mhhp B√R_pf Bfikp_ Bdpd A._u rM]$d[ L$fu iLi°.
`f¨[y Bdpd A._° d]$]$ L$B fu[° L$fu iL$pe [°_u ep]$u `l°gp Aphp° Ap`Z° _uQ°_u
l]$ukp°_° ¬ep_\u hp¨QuA°, S°_u rhN[p° ≈Zhu Ap`Zp dpV°$ blzS> S>Í$fu R>°.
(1) Bdpd ≈af kpq]$L$ A.afdph° R>°, L°$ Adpfp L$pA°d A._u N•b[_p
Tdp_pdp¨ ≈° [d° [°Ap° A._° dp” A°L$ [uf b_phu_° d]$]$ L$fu iL$p°, [p° [dpfp A°
L$peÆdp¨ k¨L$p°Q A_ychip° _lv. (N•b[° _p°dp_u `p.173)
Ap [bL$L°$ [dpd ipef° A°lg°b•[ (A.k.) rbfp]$fp°_° rh_¨[u R>° L°$ Bdpd°
Tdp_p (A.k.)_u ip_dp¨ L$l°hpA°gp AL$u]$[ L$gpd_u S>° qL$[pbp° R>°. [°_° h^ydp¨
h^y k¨øepdp¨ ‚rkŸ L$fphu [°_p° ‚Qpf L$fhp_p h^ydp¨ h^y ‚e–_p° L$fhp. Ap`Z° A°
hp[ kpfu fu[° ≈ZuA° R>uA° L°$ dTlb_p ‚Qpfdp¨ A°lg°b•[ (A.k.) _u
aTgu[dp¨ AL$u]$[, L$gpd fQ_pfp ipefp°A° AN–e_p° cpN cS>Ïep° R>°. [°\u S>
[°Ap° gp°L$p°_p q]$gdp¨ Bdpd° Tdp_p (A.k.) ‚–e°_u dp°lÂb[ `•]$p L$fhp dpV°$
dl–h_p° cpN cS>hu iL$° R>°.
‚L$fZ - 11
Bdpd (A.k.) dpV°$ ]y$Ap L$fhu
""duL$epgyg dL$pfud au ahpA°]u]$ ]y$Ap gug L$pA°d'' _pd_u qL$[pbdp¨
Ape[yâpl k•e]$ [L$u Bıalp_uA° Bdpd° Tdp_p (A.k.) dpV°$ ]y$Ap L$fhp_p A_°
[°d_p\u \[p¨ ape]$pAp°_y¨ rhN[hpf hZÆ_ L$f°g R>°.
duL$epgyg dL$pfud _pd_u Ap dp°V$u qL$[pb_p b° cpN R>°. S>°dp¨ g°ML°$ Bdpd°
Tdp_p (A.k.) dpV°$ ]y$Ap L$fhu ≈°BA° [° hp[_° Sy>]$p Sy>]$p 110 L$pfZp° Ap`u_°
fSy> L$fu R>°. A_° Bdpd (A.k.) dpV°$ ]y$Ap L$fhp_u S>Í$f[ ‚–e° Ap`Z_° ≈N©[
L$epÆ R>°. [°dS> Bdpd (A.k.) dpV°$ ]y$Ap L$fhp\u ]y$r_ep A_° ApM°f[_p 90
ape]p$_y¨ hZÆ_ `Z L$eyØ R>°.
My]$ Bdpd° Tdp_p (A.k.) A° afdpÏey¨ R>° L°$ : dpfp Tylzf dpV°$ h^pf° ]y$Ap L$fp°
[°dp S> [dpfu _≈[ R>°.(L$dpgy]$©u_ cpN-2, `p.485 `p_p.284)
Bdpd° S>Aaf kpq]$L$ (A.k.) A°L$ l]$ukdp¨ afdph° R>° L°$ : S>epf° b_u
BıfpBg (_pdu L$p•d) _° aufAp•__p TyÎd A_° A–epQpf\u bQhp_u A_° [°d_u
kdıepAp°_p r_hpfZ_u L$p°B Apip _ flu, –epf° [°Ap° b^p S>¨Ngdp¨ A°L$W$p \ep
A_° Aâpl [Apgp `pk° fX$u fX$u_° [\p Ap∆∆ L$fu_° d]$]$ dpV°$ ]y$Ap L$fu. Ap
]y$Ap_y¨ `qfZpd A° ApÏey L°$ : Aâpl [ApgpA° ([° L$p•d_p d]$]$Npf b__pf)
l.dykp (A.k.) _u rhgp]$[ 400 hjÆ hl°gu L$fu. Bdpd (A.k.) ApNm afdpÏey¨
: dpfp° afT¨]$ `Z A° kde ky^u Tylzf _lv afdph° L°$ S>ep¨ ky^u (ApMfu
Tdp_p_p) riApAp° [°d_p dpV°$ ]y$Ap _lv L$f°.
 ‚L$fZ - 10
`rh” Bdpdp° A.k. A_° Bdpd° Tdp_p (A.k.)_u ‚i¨kpdp¨
AL$u]$[ L$gpd fQhp
(1) Bdpd° kpq]$L$ (A.k.) A° afdpÏey¨ L°$ S>° L$p°B Bdpd (A.k.)_u ‚i¨kpdp¨
AiApf `Y°$ [p° Aâpl [°_° S>fl[dp¨ A°L$ Of A[p L$fi°. (hkpA°gyÌriAp cpN-
10 `p.437 l]$uk - 1)
(2) bu∆ A°L$ l]$ukdp¨ R>Ã$p Bdpd (A.k.) A° afdpÏey¨ : L$p°B`Z dpZk A°
kde ky^u Bdpd_u ‚i¨kpdp¨ AL$u]$[ L$gpd L$lu iL$[p° _\u L°$ S>ep¨ ky^u [°_°
([°_p A° L$peÆ dpV°$) Í$lzg - Ly$]y$k_u d]$]$ lp¨rkg _ \B lp°e. (hkpA°gyÌriAp
cpN- 10 `p.467 l]$uk - 2)
(3) Bdpd° f°Tp (A.k.) A° afdpÏey¨,L°$ S>° L$p°B Adpfu aTug[_° `p°[p_p
L$gpd \L$u ÏeL$[ L$f° [p° Aâpl [°_° S>fl[dp¨ A°L$ dL$p_ A[p L$fi°, S>°_y¨ L$]$ Ap
]y$r_ep_p L$]$ L$f[p kp[ Nœ¨ dp°Vy¨$ li°. Aâpl A_° [°_p `eNÁbfp°_u _T]$uL$u
^fph[p [dpd afuÌ[pAp° Ap dLp_dp¨ [° ipef_° dmhp dpV°$ Aphi°.
(hkpA°gyÌriAp cpN- 7 `p.467 l]$uk - 3)
(4) Ly$d•g BÂ_° T•]$g]$u L$l° R>° L°$ : lz¨ Bdpd dp°lÁd]$ bpL$uf (A.k.) _u
qM]$d[dp¨ lpS>f \ep°. Ap`° (A.) d_° k¨bp°^u_° L$¸y¨ : Ae Lyd•g ≈° dpfu `pk°
ApMu ]y$_uep_p° M≈_p° lp°[ [p° [°dp¨_p° dp°V$p° rlıkp° lz¨ [d_° Ap`u ]°$[. Apd
R>[p¨ lz¨ [dpfu `pk° A° iÂ]$p° ]$p°lfphy¨ Ry>¨, S>° Bdpd (A.k.) A° lıkp_ BÂ_°
kprb[_° L$¸p l[p L°$ S>ep¨ ky^u [d° Adpfu aTug[dp¨ L$l°gp AL$u]$[ L$gpd `Y$[p
fl°ip°, Í$lzg Ly$]$πk [d_° d]$]$ L$f[p fli° (fDTA° L$pau cpN- 8 `p.102)
Alv khpg A° \pe L° ≈° L$p°B `pk° AL$u]$[ L$gpd L$l°hp_u AphX$[ L°$ nd[p
_ lp°e [p° [°hp dpZk° iy¨ L$fhy¨ ≈°BA° ? A° k¨≈°Np°dp¨ [° dpZk° Bdpd (A.k.)_u
ip_dp¨ Bdpd (A.k.) ‚–e°_u dp°lÂb[_p ‚r[L$Í$`° L$l°hpA°gp AL$u]$[ L$gpd
(L$pÏep°) A°L$W$p L$fhp ≈°BA°.
ipefp° A° hp[ kpfu fu[° kd∆ iL$i° [°Ap° [°d_p L$gpd Í$lzg Ly$]$πk_u d]$]$\u
S> fQu iL°$ R>°. gp°L$p°_p kd|l_u h√Q° - dyipefpdp¨ S>epf° AL$u]$[ L$gpd_° ]$p]$
Ap`hpdp¨ Aph° –epf° [°dZ° A° d]$]$_p° iyæ$ A]$p L$fhp° ≈°BA°. Ap fu[° iyæ$ A]$p
L$fhp\u [° ipef_u ‚r[õ$pdp¨ OV$pX$p° \[p° _\u. bÎL°$ [°_u [p•auL$ A_° A«>$dp¨ h^pfp°
\pe R>°.
(2) lTf[° Bb∞plud A._° _dÍ$]°$ ApNdp¨ _pøep l[p, A° hpL°$Ap° bep_
L$fhp_u kp\° dpAkyd A.dy.k. afhdph° R>° L°$ : A° b_ph hM[° A°L$ _p_L$X$p° ]°$X$L$p°
blzS> L$W$Z q]$g fpMu_° `p°[p_p dyMdp¨ `pZu cfu_° _dÍ$]°$ kmNph°gu ApN
[fa a¢L$[p° l[p° (A° rhQpfuA° L°$ ]°$X$L$p_p dyMdp¨ L°$V$gy¨ `pZu kdpey¨ li°?) [° ]°$X$L$p_°
`yR>hpdp¨ ApÏey¨ L°$ : iy¨ [pfp `pZu a¢L$hp\u AphX$u dp°V$u ApN byTpB iL$hp_u R>°?
Ap khpg_p° ]°$X$L$pA° S>° S>hpb Ap‡ep° [° _hpBdp¨ dyL$u ]°$_pfp° R>°. [°Z° S>hpb
Ap‡ep° L°$ : lzS>S>[yâpl - l.Bb∞plud A._° bQphhp dpV°$ d° dpfu isL$[ dyS>b_p
[dpd ‚e–_p° L$epÆ, [° hp[ dl–h_u R>°. Ap _p_L$X$p° ‚k¨N Ap`Z_° A° hp[_u
_kul[ Ap`° R>° L°$ Bdpd° Aıf A._° d]$]$ L$fhp dpV°$ Ap`Z° Ap`Zu isL$[,
kp^_p° A_° l°rke[ dyS>b_p [dpd ‚e–_p° L$fhp ≈°BA°.
(3) Bdpd° kpq]$L$ (A.k.) afdph° R>°, L°$ ≈° lz¨ Bdpd° Tdp_p (A.k.)_p
kde ky^u `lp¢√ep° lp°[, [p° lz¨ dpfu ApMu ∆¨]$Nu [°d_u rM]$d[ L$f[. (b°lpÍ$g
Afihpf cpN- 5).
D`f ]$ipÆh°gu l]$ukp°\u Ap`Z_° A° hp[ kd≈e R>° L°$ Tdp_p_p Bdpd
(A.k.)_u ([°d_u d]$]$ dpV°$ [uf b_phhp S>°hp) _p_L$X$p L$pd\u iÍ L$fu_°
[°Ap°_u ∆h_cf d]$]$ L$fhp ky^u_u rM]$d[ L$fu iL$pe R>°. lh° khpg A° `•]$p \pe
R>°, L°$ ≈° lTf[ dl]$u (A.k.) ≈l°fu Í$`dp¨ Ap`Zu h√Q° lpS>f lp°[ [p° Ap`Z°
[°Ap° (A.k.) _u M|b S> kpfu fu[° rM]$d[ L$f[p fl°[. `f¨[y lpg_p N•b[_p
Tdp_pdp ¨Ap`Z° Bdpd (A.k.)_u d]$]$ L$B fu[° L$fu iL$uA°? Ap khpg_p
S>hpbdp¨ L°$V$gpL$ dy]$©pAp° ‚ı[y[ R>°.
‚L$fZ - 7
Bdpd Aıf (A.k.)_p riApAp° kp\° ]$p°ı[u L$fhu A_°
d]$]$Í$` \hy¨.
(1) l.Bdpd Agu BÂ_° dykp Aff°Tp (A.k.) A° afdpÏey¨ : ""≈° L$p°B
S>Í$f[d¨]$ riAp_° d]$]$ L$f°, ([°_p `f A°lkp_ L$f° [°_u kp\° k¨b¨^p° ≈mh°) [p° [°
Ad_° d]$]$ L$fhp [\p Adpfu kp\° k¨b¨^p° ≈mhhp kdp_ R>°.'' (L$prdgyTrTepf[
: `p_p _¨.319)
(2) l.Bdpd dykp L$pTud (A.k.) afdph° R>°. : ""≈° L$p°B riAp [dpfu `pk°
[°_u lpS>[ gB_° Aph° [p° A°d kd≈° L°$ Aâpl° [dpfp `f fl°d L$fu R>°. A_° [dpfp
dpV°$ [°_u fl°d[_p ]$fhp≈ Mp°gu _pøep R>°. b°iL$ ≈° [° S>Í$f[d¨]$_u d]$]$ L$f° [p° [°
`p°[p_° ([°_p L$peÆ \L$u) Adpfu _T]$uL$ \i° : Ap L$pd kpQ° S> Aâpl_u rhgpe[
d°mhhp kdp_ R>°.'' (b°lpÍ$g Afihpf : cpN- 74 `p_p _¨.413)
(3) Bdpd ≈af kpq]$L$ (A.k.) A°L$ l]$ukdp¨ afdph° R>° L°$ My]$p_u L$kd, ≈°
L$p°B Adpfp riApAp°dp¨\u aL$[ A°L$ dpZk_° Myi L$f° [p° [° Ad_° Myi L$fhp
kdp_ R>°, –epf `R>u Bdpd° ApNm afdpÏey¨ : _p,[° `eNÁbf (k.A.h.) A_°
Aâpl_° Myi L$fhp kdp_ R>°.
(4) Bdpd dykp BÂ_° S>Aaf kpq]$L$ (A.k.) A°L$ l]$ukdp¨ afdph° R>° : ""S>°
L$p°B Adpfp A°L$ riAp_u lpS>[ `yfu L$f°, [p° [° Adp° Alg°b•[ (A.k.) _u lpS>[
`yfu L$fhp kdp_ R>°.
(5) `rh” `eNÁbf (k.A.h.)A° afdpÏey¨ : ""≈° L$p°B dpZk `p°[p_p
dp°Adu_ cpB_u d]$]$_p° ‚e–_ Aâpl_u Myiu dpV°$ A_° ApM°f[_u cgpB dpV$°
L$f°, [p° [° A°L$ l≈f hjÆ ky^u A°L$ `Z Ny_p° L$epÆ rkhpe A_° Ap¨M_p° `gL$pfp° dpepÆ
hNf Aâpl_u d]$]$ L$fhp kdp_ R>°. (L$dpgy]$©u_ : `p_p _¨.541)
D`fp°L$[ l]$ukp°\u A° hp[ ı`Ù$ \pe R>° L°$ l.Agu (A.k.)_p riApMp°_°
Bdpd_u N•b[_p Tdp_pdp¨ d]$]$ L$fhu, [°d_u B√R>pAp°_° `yfu Ly$fhp_p° b]$gp°
`rh” Bdpdp°_° d]$]$ L$fhp_p b]$gp kdp_ R>°.
b°iL$ ≈° L$p°B bpmL$_° [°_p dp¨-bp`_u N°f lpS>fudp¨ d]$]$ L$fhpdp¨ Aph° [p° [°
bpmL$_p dp¨-bp` S>epf° `pR>p af° –epf° [°_p bpmL$_° L$fhpdp¨ Aph°gu d]$]$_°
`p°[p_p `f L$fhpdp¨ Aph°gp A°lkp_ kdp_ NZ° R>°.
Bdpd lk_ AıL$fu (A.k.) _u l]$uk A”° ‚ı[y[ L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°, S>° [dpd
hp[p°_p° kpf A° R>° L°$ N•b[° Bdpd (A.k.) _p Tdp_pdp¨ L$p°B ≈rlg_° dTlb_u
hp[ iuMhhu A°-A°lg°b•[ (A.k.) _p bpmL$_p dp\p `f ‚°d\u lp\ a°fÏep
kdp_ R>°. (Bdpd A._u N•b[_p Tdp_pdp¨ riApAp° e[ud/A_p\ R>°.) Ap
$L$pep°Æ_p° b]$gp°A° R>° L°$ bpmL$_p dp\p D`f lp\ a°fh[u hM[° [° bpmL$_p dp\p_p
S>°V$gp hpm D`f lp\ af° [°V$gu k¨øep ‚dpZ° [°_p Ny_plp° bnu ]°$hpdp¨ Aphi°.
A°L$ Aop_ dpZk_° Bdpd° Tdp_p (A.k.) rhi°_y¨ dpNÆ]iÆ_ Ap`hy¨ [° 100
hjÆ_u kpQu A_° L$byg \e°gu Bbp]$[ L$f[p¨ h^pf° kpͨ$ L$pd R>°. Aâpl_u _S>fp°dp¨
A°hp dpZk (A°Vg° L°$ gp°L$p°_° Bdpd ‚–e° dpNÆ]$iÆ_ Ap`_pf dpZk) _u lpS>fu
70 dp°du_p° L$f[p h^pf° kpfu R>°.
D`fp°L$[ l]$uk\u Ap`Z° _uQ° dyS>b_p hp[_p [pfZ D`f Aphu iL$uA°.:
iÂ]$p°\u Ap°mMp[u ÏesL$[Ap°_° ≈Z° R>°. S>° gp°L$p° Ap iÂ]$\u `qfrQ[ _ lp°e
[°Ap°A° Aprgdp°_p° k¨`LÆ$ L$fhp° ≈°BA°. [°dS> [°dZ° `p°[° [\p [°d_p bpmL$p°A° A°
hp[ ≈Zu g°hu ≈°BA° L°$ [°d_p ]$f°L$ L$pep£ AN–e[p ^fph° R>°. [°dZ° gp°L$p°dp¨
rhMhp]$ Dcp° \pe [°hp L$p°B L$pep£ L$fhp _ ≈°BA°.
(2) D`f_u l]$ukdp¨ Ny_plp° dpa \hp_u S>° hp[ ]$ipÆhhpdp¨ Aphu R>°, [°
A°hp Ny_plp°_u hp[ R>° L°$ S>° c|g\u \ep lp°e A\hp bmS>bfu `yhÆL$ L$fphhpdp¨
ApÏep lp°e. Ap`Zpdp¨\u L$p°BA° A°d dp_u g°hy¨ _ ≈°BA° L°$ "∆Â[ A_° [pNy['
`f_u gp_[ q]$hk A_° kp¨S>_p kde° d_aph° [°hp Ny_plp° L$fhp_u `fhp_Nu
Ap`° R>°. A_° [° Ny_plp°_u L$p°B k≈ Ap`hpdp¨ _lv Aph°, [°hy `Z dp_u g°hy¨ _
≈°BA°.
(3) Ap`Zp -bpmL$p°_° Ap`Z° Aâpl A°L$ lp°hp rhi°_u hp[ ([p•lu]$) bpf
Bdpd (A.k.) A_° Qp•]$ dpkydu_ (A.k.) rhi°_u [pgud Ap`uA° R>uA°. [°hu
S> fu[° Ap`Z° bpmL$p°_° A°lg°b•[ (A.k.) _p ]y$Ìd_p°\u `Z hpL°$a L$fhp ≈°BA°.
A_° –epf° S> Ap`œ¨ Bdp_ k¨`|ZÆ \i°.
A°L$ AN–e_u hp[ ¬ep_dp¨ fpMhp S>°hu R>° L°$ ApS>° `Z Bdpd° Tdp_p
(A.k.) _p OZp ]y$Ìd_p° R>° L° S>°Ap° ≈l°fdp¨ A_° Ny· fu[° Bdpd (A.k.) _u
rhÍ$Ÿ L$pd L$fu f¸p R>°. A° `rh” Bdpdp° (A.k.) _p ]y$Ìd_p°_° Ap°mMhp_u fu[
A° R>°, L°$ S>° gp°L$p° Ap`Z_° Bdpd (A.k.) \u ]|$f L$fu_° `p°[p_u [fa bp°gph° [°
gp°L$p° Bdpdp° (A.k.) _p ]y$Ìd_p° R>° A_° [°hp gp°L$p°\u l¨d°ip ]|$f fl°hy ≈°BA°.
Ap`Z° Ap`Zu Tp[_° A° khpg `yR>hp° ≈°BA°, L°$ iy¨ dpf° L$p°B A°hu S>Í$f[
L$p°B B√R>p L°$ L$p°B kdıep R>° L°$ S>° Bdpd° Tdp_p (A.k.) ‹pfp `yfu \B _ iL°$? iy¨
]y$r_epdp¨ L$p°B A°hu lı[u R>° Mfu, L°$ S>°_u `pk° Bdpd L$f[p `Z hp^f° isL$[ A_°
k—p lp°e? b°iL$ Ap b^p khpgp°_p° S>hpb _L$pfdp¨ S> Aphi°. Ap`Z° Ap`Zu
kdıepAp°_p DL°$g dpV°$ A°lg°b•[ (A.k.) _p ]$fhpS>° S>B_° [°d_u S> d]$]$_u
dp¨NZu L$fhu ≈°BA°. A°d L$fhp dpV°$ h^pf° [L$gua g°hp_u L°$ ‚hpk L$fhp_u S>Í$f
_\u. [° dpV°$ Ap`Zp Ap¨ky A_° Ap`Zu ]y$ApAp°/ _dpTp° `yf[u \B `X$i°.
Ap`Zp Tdp_p_p Bdpd (A.k.) Neb[dp¨ flu_° `Z Ap`Zu AhÌe d]$]$ L$f°
R>°.
afuÌ[pAp° `Z Adpfp ]y$Ìd_p° D`f gp_[ dp°L$g° R>°. `R>uA° afuÌ[pAp° A°
dpZk_u ‚i¨kp L$f° R>° A_° [°_p dpV°$ Bı[Napf L$fu_° [°_p dpV°$ AÎgpl_u
fl°d[_u ]y$Ap dp¨N° R>°. afuÌ[pAp° Aâpl `pk° A° dpZk `f fl°d[ dp°L$ghp_u
]y$Ap L$f[p L$l° R>°, L°$ Ap b¨]$p A° [pfu lzS>S>[_u d]$]$ L$fhp dpV°$ [°_p\u b_[p
‚e–_p° L$epÆ R>°. ≈° [° Ap_p\u h^pf° L$p¨B L$fu iL$[p° lp°[ [p° [° `Z L$f[. [° hM[°
Aâpl kyÂlp_lz [Apgp afdph° R>°, L°$ Ae afuÌ[pAp° ! d¢ Ap dpZk dpV°$ [dpfu
]y$ApAp°_° L$byg L$fu R>°. dpfu _°Ad[p° A_° ]$ep [°_p `f R>° A_° lz¨ [°_° dpfp dy—L$u
A_° dlp_ b¨]$pAp°dp¨ ipdug L$fu ]$Bi. (b°lpÍ$g A_hpf : cpN - 50 `p.317)
(5) S>_pb Aby ldTp i°dpgu Qp°\p, `p¨Qdp A_° R>Ã$p Bdpd (A.k.) _p
Tdp_pdp¨ Bdpd (A.k.)_p klpbu l[p. [°Ap° Ap l]$uk bep_ afdph° R>° L°$ d¢
Bdpd Te_yg Apb°]$u_ (A.k.) _° A°d afdph[p kp¨c˛ey¨,L°$ S>° L$p°B q]$hkdp¨ A°L$
hM[ "∆Â[ A_° [pNy[' `f gp_[ L$f° [p° Aâpl [Apgp [°_p dpV°$
70,00,000 (rk—°f gpM) _°L$uAp° gM° R>°. A_° [°_p 70,00,000 (rk—°f
gpM) Ny_plp° dpa L$f° R>° [°dS> [°_p ]$fS>≈ 70,00,000 (rk—°f gpM) NZp
h^pfu ]°$ R>°. ≈° [° fp[_p kde° A°L$ hM[ gp_[ L$f° [p° `Z [°_p dpV°$ D`f dyS>b_p°
b]$gp° gMhpdp¨ Aphi°.
Aby lÁTp i°dpgu L$l° R>° L°$ Bdpd° Te_yg Apb°]$u_ (A.k.)_u ilp]$[ \hp
`R>u, d¢ Bdpd dp°lÁd]$ bpL$uf (A.k.)_u rM]$d[dp¨ D`f_u l]$uk fSy> L$fu_° A°
l]$uk_u R>ZphV$ L$fhp_u rh_¨[u L$fu. –epf° Bdpd dp°lÁd]$ bpL$uf (A.k.) A°
dpfu `pk°\u Ap l]$uk kp¨cmu_° afdpÏey¨ L°$ : [d° B√R>p° R>p° L°$ lz¨ Ap b]$gpdp¨
h^pfp° L$ͨ$? [p° kp¨cmp°, S>° L$p°B ∆Â[ A_° [pNy[_u D`f khpf_p kde° gp_[ L$f°
[p° [°_p A° q]$hk_p Ny_plp°_° gMhpdp¨ _lv Aph° A_° ≈° [° kp¨S>_p kde° gp_[
L$fi° [p° [°_p fp[_p kde_p Ny_pl _p¢^hpdp¨ _lv Aph°.
Aby lÁTp i°dpgu L$l° R>° L°$ : Bdpd° dp°lÁd]$ bpL$uf (A.k.) _u ilp]$[ `R>u
lz¨ Bdpd ≈af kpq]$L$ (A.k.) _u rM]$d[dp¨ fSy> \ep° A_° dpfp dpV°$ Ap l]$uk_y¨
rhhfZ L$fu Ap`hp_u rh_¨[u L$fu. –epf° R>Ã$p Bdpd (A.k.) A° b]$gpdp¨ h^pfp°
L$f[p afdpÏey¨ : b°iL$ Aâpl kyÂlp_lz h [Apgp MybS> D]$pf R>°, A_° dlp_ ,
MybS> dp°V$p° b]$gp° Ap`_pfp° R>°.(i°apA° ky]y$f cpN- 2 `p.379)
D`fp°L$[ l]$ukdp¨\u _uQ° dyS>b_p AN–e_p [pfZp° _p¢^hp S>°hp R>°.
(1) dp°V$p cpN_p riApAp° "∆Â[ A_° [pNy[' \u `qfrQ[ R>°. [\p Ap
(1) iL$e lp°e –ep¨ ky^u Ap`Zu isL$[ A_° nd[p dyyS>b A°lg°b•[ (A.k.)_p
riApAp°_u dyÌL°$guAp°_y¨ r_hpfZ L$fhp_u A_° [°d_° d]$]$ L$fhp_u `yfu L$p°riip°
L$fhu ≈°BA°. Aâpl [Apgp A_° ABÁdp (A.dy.k.) Mpk L$fu_° Bdpd° Tdp_p
(A.k.)_u Myiu d°mhhp_p° Ap kp•\u kpfp° fı[p° R>°.
(2) riApAp°_° Bdpd° Tdp_p (A.k.) ‚–e°_u dp°lÂb[_y¨ dpNÆ]$iÆ_
Ap`hy¨,A° `Z riApAp°_° d]$]$ L$fhp_p° A°L$ fı[p° R>°. ıhpcpqhL$ fu[° dpNÆ]$iÆ_
Ap`hp_p Ap L$pddp¨ Ap`Zp bpmL$p°, Ly$Vy¨$buS>_p°, kNpAp° A_° rd”p°_p° `Z
kdph°i \B ≈e R>°.
(3) Bdpd° Tdp_p (A.k.)_u dp°lÂb[_u [fa dpNÆ]$iÆ_ rl]$pe[ A° 100
hjÆ_u klul A_° L$byg \e°gu Bbp]$[ kdp_ R>°. S>° L$p°B Ap L$pd L$f° R>°, [° Aâpl_u
_S>fp°dp¨ rk—°f dp°du_p° L$f[p aTug[ ^fph° R>°.
(4) Ap`Zu b°W$L$p° (dS>guk, duV$vN hN°f°) Bdpd° Tdp_p (A.k.) _u
ep]$\u Mpgu _ lp°hu ≈°BA°.
(5) k•e]$ BÂ_° [pDk [°d_u qL$[pb "BL$bpg' _p cpN-1 `p_p _¨. 457
D`f kyfA° Aıf_u [akufdp¨ kyfp_u R>°âu Ape[ ""h [hp kh rbg lLL°$ h [hp
kh rbıkb∞'' _p A\Ædp¨ afdph° R>° L°$ Ap`Zp D`f Bdpd° Tdp_p (A.k.) _p S>°
lL$L$p° R>° [°_u ep]$u A°L$ bu≈_° ]°$hfphhu ≈°BA°.
‚L$fZ - 8
Bdpd Tdp_p A.k. _u Myiu dpV°$ MQÆ L$fhp°.
(1) Bdpd ≈af kpq]$L$ (A.k.) afdph° >R° , L°$ L$p°B dp°du_ kpQp q]$g\u A°L$
]$ufld Bdpd (A.k.) _u fpldp¨ MQÆ L$f°, [°_p L$f[p h^y `k¨]$ L$fhp gpeL$ bu≈° L$p°B
Adg Aâpl_u _S>fp°dp¨ _\u. L$epd[_p q]$hk° Aâpl [Apgp A° q]$fld_° kpnu
b_phi°. –epf `R>u Bdpd (A.k.) A° kyfA° bL$fl_u Ape[ _¨.245 _u r[gph[
L$fu. ""R>° L$p°B A°hp° S>° Aâpl_° L$T£ lk_p Ap`° L°$ S>°\u Aâpl [°_° Ak¨øe Nœ
h^pfu Ap`°, (kyfA° bL$fl : Ap. 245) (Dkyg° L$pau cpN:- 2 `p_p _¨.156
l]$uk _¨.28)
(2) Bdpd ≈af kpq]$L$ (A.k.) afdph° R>° L°$ Bdpd (A.k.)_u fpldp¨ A°L$
]$ufld MQÆ L$fhp°, A° [dpd dp°du_p° dpV°$ f0 gpM (b° rdrge_) q]$fld MQÆ L$fhp
L$f[p bl°[f R>°. (Dkyg° L$pau, cpN- 2,`p_p _¨.156 l]$uk _¨.28)
(3) "d_ gp elTÍ$g aL$ul' _pd_u qL$[pbdp¨ Bdpd° ky.bL$fl_u Ape[
_¨.245 kd≈h[p afdpÏey¨ L°$ : Bdpd (A.k.) _u fpldp¨ A°L$ ]$ufld ]$k gpM
]$ufld MQÆ L$fhp L$f[p bl°[f R>°. Ap¨ lTf[ (k.A.h.) A° ApNm afdpÏey¨ :
lS>S> dpV°$ A°L$ ]$ufld MQÆ L$fhp° A° bu≈ L$pdp°dp¨ ]$k gpM ]$ufld MQÆ L$fhp
L$f[p¨ bl°[f R>°. A_° A°L°$ A°L$ ]$ufld S>° Bdpd (A.k.) _° `lp¢Q° [° lS> dpV°$
MQÆhpdp¨ Aph°gp ]$k gpM ]$ufld L$f[p¨ bl°[f R>°. (Dkyg° L$pau cpN- 2, `p_p
_¨.260 l]$uk _¨.31)
(4)Ape[yâpl k•e]$ dp°lÁd]$ [L$u dykhu Bıalp_u "duL$epgyg dL$pfud'
_pd_u qL$[pb_u apfku Aph©r—_p bu≈ cpN_p _¨.357 D`f gM° R>°, L°$
Neb[_p Tdp_pdp¨ Bdpd° Tdp_p (A.k.)_u fpldp¨ MQÆ L$fhp_p° A\Æ A° R>° L°$
A°hp L$pdp°dp¨ MQÆ L$fhp° L°$ S>° Bdpd° (A.k.) _u Myiu, [pb°]$pfu A_° dp°lÂb[_y¨
L$pfZ lp°e. (Mpk L$fu_° Bdpd° Tdp_p (A.k.) rhi°_u qL$[pbp° ‚rkŸ L$fhu)
A\hp A°hp L$peÆæ$dp°_y¨ Apep°S>_ L$fhy¨, S>°dp¨ Bdpd° Tdp_p (A.k.) _° ep]$
L$fhpdp¨ Aph[p lp°e.
[dpd _°L$ L$pdp°dp¨ Bdpd° Tdp_p (A.k.) _° AN∞[p Ap`hu.
k•e]$ BÂ_° [pDk [°d_u qL$[pb L$iLy$g dp°lS>Sp>_p `p_p _¨.151/152 `f
[°d_p afT¨]$_° hkue[ L$f[p kgpl Ap`° R>° L°$ l¨d°ip [dpfp L$pdp°dp¨ Bdpd° Tdp_p
(A.k.) _° AN∞[p Ap`p°. [d° S>epf° _dpT° lpS>[ `Y$p° ep k]$L$p° Ap`p° –epf°
Bdpd° Tdp_p A.k._u MyÌ_y]$u dpV°, kgpd[u dpV°$ _dpT `Y$p° A_° [°Ap°
(A.k.) h[u k]$L$p° `Z Ap`p°. Vy¨$L$dp¨ [dpfp ]$f°L$ _°L$ L$pdp°dp¨ Bdpd° Tdp_p
(A.k.)_° ep]$ L$fu_° [°d_p h[u L$pf° M•f L$fp°. A° hp[dp¨ i¨L$p _\u L°$ [dpfp Ap
L$pd\u [dpfp `f Bdpd° Tdp_p (A.k.)_u Mpk _S>f° L$fd \i° A_° Bdpd
(A.k.) [dpfu [fa fl°d[cfu _S>f L$fi°.
A°L$ dpZk_° Bdpd° kpq]$L$ (A.k.)A° `yR>ey¨ L°$ : ≈° L$p°B dpZk bu≈ L$p°B
dpZk h[u lS> b≈hu gph° [p° [°_p° b]$gp° iy¨ dmi°? Bdpd° (A.k.) S>hpb
Ap‡ep° L°$ [°_° ]$k lS>S> kdp_ b]$gp° dmi°.
Br[lpk A° lL$uL$[_u kpnu Ap`° R>° L°$ Bdpd (A.k.) `pk° S>epf° `Z
L$p°BA° d]$]$ dp¨Nu –epf° Bdpd (A.k.) A° [°_° [°_u A`°np L$f[p¨ Ap°Ry>¨ L$epf°e `Z
Ap‡ey¨ _ l[y¨. (Ly$Í$A° L$pau, cpN-4, `p_p _¨.312 l]$uk _¨.2)
Ap qL$[pb_y¨ L$]$ _p_y¨ fpMhp dpV°$ Alv bu≈ _°L$ L$pdp°_p° Dâ°M L$fhpdp¨
ApÏep° _\u. k•e]$ BÂ_° [pDk_u D`f S>Zphgu hkue[A° hp[_u kprb[u Ap`°
R>°. L°$ Ap`Z° Ap`Zp [dpd _°L$ L$pep£dp¨ Bdpd° Tdp_p (A.k.) _° AN∞[p
Ap`hu ≈°BA°. Apd L$fhp\u Bdpd (A.k.) _u Myiu d°mhu iL$pi°. A°V$gy¨ S>
_lv `f¨[y Ap`Zp L$pdp° L$bygue[_p ]$fS>S>° `lp¢Qi° A_° dlp_ b]$gp° dmhp_°
`p” b_i°.
‚L$fZ - 9
Bdpd A.k. _° q]$g\u Qplhp A_° Tbp_ \L$u$
Bdpd (A.k.) _u d]$]$ L$fhu
A°lg°b•[ (A.k.) `f Ap`Zu ≈_ Ly$fbp_ \pe L°$ S>°Ap°A° Ap`Z_°
S>fl[_p° Apkp_ fı[p° b[pÏep° R>°. Ap rhje_p `Z A_°L$ `pkpAp° R>°. S>°dp¨\u
Ap _p_L$X$p `ysı[L$pdp¨ h^ydp¨ h^y `pkpAp° Aphfu g°hp_p° ‚e–_ L$fhpdp¨ Aphi°.
A°lg°b•[ (A.k.) _p ]y$Ìd_p°\u ]|fu
(1) `eNÁbf (k.A.h.) A° lTf[ AduÍ$g dp°Ad°_u_ (A.k.) _° afdpÏey¨
L°$ : Ae Agu, [d° dpfp `R>u [dpd dp°Adu_p°_p ApL$p R>p°, [dp° [dpd døgyL$
`f Aâpl_u lzS>S>[ R>p°. b°iL$ S>° gp°L$p° [dpfu rhgpe[_° L$byg L$fi° [°Ap° dpV°$
S>fl[ R>°, A_° S>° gp°L$p° [dpfu rhgpe[_p° BfiL$pf L$fi°, [°d_p dpV°$ S>lfld hp∆b
R>°.
Ae Agu A.k. A° Tp[_u L$kd L°$ S>°Z° d_° `eNÁbf b_phu_° dp°L$Îep° R>°,
L°$ ≈° L$p°B A°L$ l≈f hjÆ ky^u Aâpl_u Bbp]$[ L$fu, [p° `Z [°_p° Adg –ep¨ ky^u
L$byg L$fhpdp¨ _lv Aph° L°$ S>ep¨ ky^u [° [dpfp ]y$Ìd_p°\u ]|$fu Bø[°epf _ L$f°. Ae
Agu,Ap l]$uk ∆b∞Bg dpfu `pk° hluÍ$`° gpÏep. lh° [d° S>° gp°L$p°_° `¨k]$ L$fp° [°_°
ıhuL$pfp° A_° S>° gp°L$p°_° _ Qpl[p lp° [°_° ]|$f L$fp°.
(2) Bdpd ≈af kpq]$L$ (A.k.) afdph° R>°, L°$ S>° L$p°B_° Adpfp i”yAp°_p Ly$‰
rhi° A_° Adpfu D`f TyÎd L$f_pfpAp° rhi° iL$ lp°e [p° [°hp gp°L$p° `p°[° S> "L$pauf'
R>°. (hkpA°gyÌiuep,cpN-18 `p.561)
(3) Ap rhje `f_u A°L$ l]$ukdp¨ Bdpd dp°lÁd]$ bpL$uf (A.k.) [°d_p
riApAp°_° lzL$d Ap`[p afdph° R>°, L°$ [dpfu hp∆b _dpTp° `yfu \hp `R>u [dpfu
S>¡epAp°\u b_u DdËep `f gp_[ L$fhp `l°gp lV$ip° _lv. (i•M [yku L©$[
[°lTubyg Bıgpd cpN-2 `p.109)
(4) Bdpd lk_ AıL$fu (A.k.) A° afdpÏey¨, ""Adpfp ]y$Ìd_p° `f gp_[
L$f_pfp gp°L$p°_p° AhpS> afuÌ[pAp° Apkdp_ `f gB ≈e R>°, –epf `R>u [°