inskp hcm kthbs crv

rbxeu a"g iuhkgv kkufv rcj

kkj tmnba ivf ,sucg ihbgc

'rund rzf cajb kkja ,unuen vnfc ubhmn vbv /t
,arp ahr trpxc k"zj uc,f ifu /vbuvf hbhsn ygn,b ztu
k", 'ohkkj kufh 'iurvt hbc (oh,n ,tnuy hcdk) runt
kufh 'iurvt hbc uchrevu '(u:s) trehu wp trpxcu 'ohbvfv
ghrz, trpx) ohgdb ,arpcu 'ohkkj utmh ohbvfv k", 'ohkkj
utmh 'ohbvfv k", 'ohkkj vcrn hbta kufh 'uhbcn '(wt varp
t,ht :s"g ,unchc ifu 'vbuvf hbhs iht kkjks rtucnu /ohkkj
z"be g"vt y"uh dbug ,"uac wg obnt) iurvts ugrz utk vkkj
iurvt ka ugrz hren tka p"gtu uhrjt xjuhn ugrzs jhfuva
ihc ekjna ihaushek t"carv whjc wgu 'hren uhct ka ugrz
uxujh ihbgcu ',ukkj kuxpk uhrjt xjuhn ihts ,urznn kuxp
tshpe ihts ehxv k"bv y"uh dbugcu 'u"f whx ejmh rfz wg ivfs
uehxv ifu (/a"g ivfv hbukp ic hbukp kkj ydc cu,fk tk
kfk rzf tuv hrv (z:u ,unur, wkv) o"cnrv k"zu 'ohbuatrv
kkj ivf k"zu wfa vaurd v"s :c"g ohjxp h"ar wg ifu 'rcs
ukkja ugrz kkjh tku vaurd taubv ivfc ch,fs tuv rund rz
t,htu /hkhn kfk rund rz tuv kkjva 'k"fg 'vbuvf ihsn
(v:uy vkhp, wkv) o"cnrv z"g wfu 'uhpf taub ubhts /n vyuxc
hbhna wp ,"vg jbgp ,bpmc vzc wgu /rcs ouak ubuvhfc ubhta
znr runt ,arp hbugna yuekhc wgu /ihh hhu,a ruxht hcdk wh
/z"fr,

vzc ep,xbu 'hukk ukhpt cajb ubht kkjvs raptu

vumn lubhj ,jbnv ujhfuv ifu /c"h:t"x s"pa s"uh d"nrpc
'huk ukhpt ubhts 'u"yp c"uxht wkvk ohaushjc ohhj wru 'v"ma
p"g vkgva vn ,unur, wkvk ,uynavc jbgp ,bpmc wgu
 hcm kthbs crv 2
inskp

/s"p whx ivf ,frc rpxc vzc wgu 't:h ,unch hnkaurhv hrcs
wgu 'ohhuk obhts vrgvc t"ba whx v"j ohbnzu ohsgunc wgu
/tck sh,gk .rtv ,eukj hcdk oa ubuhsc

kxph vrutfk 'rcs kfk rzf ubhs kkjs tuv ,nt otu
hb,nc t,htsf rz ka ubhs ubhmn ifs 'asenv ,hcc u,sucg
ins ukcea ohjczv kf '(wndv ,hhdux a"gu ':u"y) ohjczs c"pr
obnt /kuxps f"d ubhs tvh rzf huvs kkj ztu /kuxp wufu rz
vhv :oa wndv k"zu ':u"x ihaushe wndv ,hduxc ubhmn if tk
'vmukj ic ut vaurd ic tuva gsubu 'jczn d"g chrenu snug
rnts ktuna rnt vsuvh cr rnt ikbn 'wudu 'vraf u,sucg
'kuxp grz ihcu raf grz ihc uhrjt ugrzku uk v,hvu tre
hcr 'vmr, uhsh kgupu ukhj wv lrc tfvn rnt ktunas vuct
hfu 'ovv ohnhc vhvh rat ivfv kt ,tcu tfvn rnt htbh
tkt 'uhnhc vhv tka ivf kmt lkuv osta l,gs kg vkg,
kkj ka ubhs ,ntc vn g"m ztu /wndv k"fg 'kkj,bu raf vz
/ivf ka ubhs ,nugk

tmnba ivf ,sucg ka rafv ht iusk ah trehgc /c

ohbhbg rtak od ut asenv ,hc ,sucgk er lhha j"c ut d"c
hnkaurhc ohturntv uekjb vzc vrutfku /vbuvf ohfhrmv
kt ,tcu htbh wr oac ibjuh wr 'wndv k"zu '(t:j) ,unur,
rjtk ivf ihtu uhafg ivf ah hfu ovv ohnhc whvh rat ivfv
d"c tuva gsubu jcznv d"g chrenu snug vhva vz vzhtu inz
tuva kf vmr, uhsh kgupu cr rnt 'vraf u,sucga j"c ut
'chren ivf sckcu crs wh,gs kg vraf u,sucg huk ka ugrzn
'van hbpv whpu /k"fg 'ivf kf whptu ibjuh wrs wh,gs kgu
chreva ,ubcrev ihbgk teus k"zu "chren ivf" ka uruthc
vbuvf hbhbgk kct uhsh kgupn ahrssf gauvh wr rhafns tuv
vn ohrcsc tmuhfu ohgdbc rvhyu tnhya vn iudf ohrjt
uhsh kgupc tkt tbnjr hkd tks rafn tk ivfk ub,hba
ohrcsv kf whpt rnukf k"zu "ivf kf" ka uruthcu ',ubcres
p"gt gsuba osuen vagba vn tuv raf ivf lhrma vn
/k"fg 'kkj skuba

wsu /d"f ws ,cu,f wxnk urpxc) vtkpvv kgc ashju /d

ivf ,sucgs hp kg ;ts (/c"h ihaushek vbenv wxcu /z"f
uaevu /kusd ivf ,sucg hcdk if tk n"n 'raf kkj tmnba
':t"h ,ufn wndv ,hdux jfn ohburjt rtau lubj ,jbnv uhkg
vmukj ic ut vaurd ic ivf vagbu ubhs rndb 'oa wndv k"zu
sju vbuvf v,n rnut sj tjpb ejmh wru hnt wr vc hdhkp
te gauvh hcru t"rs t,dukpc tnhk 'vbuvf vkyc rnut
ic tuva gsubu jcznv d"g chrenu snug vhv ib,s 'hdkphn
ihkuxp chreva ,ubcre kf rnut t"r vmukj ic ut vaurd
rnts itnu gauvh wrf v,n rnts itn rhafn gauvh hcru
hdhkp tk tnkg hkuf rzghkt hcrs tchkt 'rzghkt hcrf vkyc
itnu gauvh hcrf v,n rnts itn gauvh wrs tchkt hdhkp hf
lrc ch,fs o,v gauvh hcr rnte tk itf sg vkyc rnts
hcr whpt tfv kct uca ihkkj whpt vmr, uhsh kgupu ukhj wv
k"zu vmr, uhsh kgup v"s h"ar whpu 'k"fg 'vsun gauvh
rtucnu 'f"g 'ivf ubht uhrcs rta ihbgk kct vrhaf uh,sucg
hkfv rhgv ifu /e"nvhcc vrhaf u,sucg kusd ivf ukhpts
ivff vraf u,sucgs ibhrnt tk hts 'vfrcv ,tzu wp vsnj
ivff ohsdc ru,h ouan kxph yuhsv ivff ukhpt zt kusd
whx j"ut ejmh rtc ,"uac vzc wgu /ohsdc wjc ananv yuhsv
/v"f

ic kuxps vaevs 'j"a wx s"uh eha o"rvn ,"uac wgu

f"g tkt 'shn vbuvfv kxph vzc lhtu 'ibcrs huv vmukj
lshtk vaev ztu 'uc kuxp tmnh tka ,gs kg vhv hubhnvs
'vraf u,sucga p"gt vbuvf v,n rnuk rapt lht 'txhd
,ugyc huv f"tu 'raf ivf huvs t,gst huv d"vfk hubnv htsuu
sugu f"vuh ,sucg kxph zts if ubht tkt 'grpnk vkycu
rjt kct 'kuxp tmnb ot ukhpt vhv hubnv f"gc ztu ohrcs
 hcm kthbs crv 4
inskp

ohbhgc wgu /a"g ibcrsn kuxp ukhptu ek,xh kuxp tmnba

(ihhyaruc ktezjh r"rvk) ktezjh hrcs wxcu ,ufnk ypank
/c"f whx

kuta ;xuh ,hcc urntnc .huruv sus r"rv ghmvu

vn vtkpvvu j"bnv wjba 135 - 131 wng (z"na,) wc ,rcuj
,sucg ruthcc f"an uhrcsc oa wg 'vzc d"vf ,sucg ka ubhs
urntnc 8 wng wy wuj c"b vba xsrpv .cuec g"gu /f"vuh
rpxc wgu /d"vf ihsc kpkpna vn a"g '.f ktuna wr ka
ivf ihc ekjna vn 'd"vf ihsc z"k whx t"j vjna hnka
/ohsdc hucrcu vpc vbn,bv ivfk vjanv inac juan
tres ouan k"bv y"uh dbugc wgu 'vbuvf vkyc exp o"cnrvu
,thc wkvk hrzg hct rpxc wgu /vsucg ihbgk rhafn er
/tne trusvn asenv

kkjs (rcs v"s :zh) ,hbg, wxnk wxu,v uc,f vbvu /s

,unur, whb,nc ubhmn vnur, ,khft hcdku 'ohasec kfut ubht
ut vaurd ic tuva gsubu vnur,c kfut vhva ivf 'k"zu 't:j
vhv 'ryup gauvh wru anuju ire chhjn rzghkt wr vmukj ic
vmukj ic ut vaurd ic tuva gsubu jcznv d"g chrenu snug
ohkuxp jcznv hcd kg chreva ,ubcrev kf rnut rzghkt hcr
/vkuxp u,sucg oun kgc tuva gsub rhafn gauvh hcru
gsubu vnur,c kfut vhv 't,ht :c"g ohjxp wndv ,hduxcu
gauvh wr anuju ire chhjn rzghkt hcr j"c ut d"c tuva
hhct rc hchc cr rnts hhct rc hchc crsf tnkhs ryup
vsucg hrehts vnur, hbta hnb ht kuvc vbnzs p"gc vnur,c
/s"k ,unchs thdux wgu /a"g wudu ib,s raft tbnjr vsucgu
tvucnt wxc ,ufhrtc vzc wgu /rehgf kuvc ubnzs tv yebs
,hcc vzc wg /z"n ,ut jre wp '.huuexuh ;xuh r"rvk hrpxs
,hc wxc vzc lhrtvu /f"an oa ohgrz ,ru, wxcu wu whx hah
/wz ;bg ohgrz rsxk irsvc 'hexyhuux hfsrn r"rvk hfsrn
kkj tmnba ivf ,sucg ihbgc
5

ihc ekjk c,f t"nr whx ,"vg ejmh ,urucd wxcu

hfrm huv ohase ,khfts 'vnur, ,khftk ohase ,khft
x",jvk van ,ru,c wgu /ann vsucg huv vnur,u 'vsucg
vz ihbg vn g"mu ovv ohnhc whvh rat ivfv kt e"vg
,ubcrev kfc if ibhars :u"x ihaushe wxncu 'teuus ohrufck
vrpf rehg ,ubcrev rta k"mu 'a"hg ukhj wv lrcs tren
v"cev rhafv tnkgc jhka tkt ivfv ihtu ohrchtu osc
ivf ,khft tkt oukf jcznk ovc iht ohrufc kct ohkkj
a"g wudu k"ne ohrufhcv ukxpb vaurd ic tuv ot t"uv
/uhrcsc

vnur,c kfut vhvs exp (ch:h ,unur, wkv) o"cnrvu

,t okan ubhtu irev ,t okan z"rv j"cu d"c tuva gsubu
vsucg hreht vnur, ,khfts iuhfs n"xfv rthcu 'anujv
lfku vk ohrzf obht gsuba osue scghsc vraft tbnjru
ktrahk vtuab v,hva ivf ,ct huvs hshn anujv in ruyp
,chhj n"nu rzf vbhts ogyn anujn vk hryps vkxpba ut
chhj irev kct rund rzc tbnjr vk,s tuv anujs irec thv
vn wgu /k"fg ukfutk hutr ubhtu rund ivf ubhts tfhv kf
wxc f"anu u"y whx [iusrud] rzghkt wr ,"ua wxc vzc weva
/c"f whx ktezjh hrcs

ihts grumn wp vru,v kg urpxc z"hrdv wf sugu /v

ibhgcs vbuvf ihs hf 'ohgdb ,hhtrk raf kkj tmnba ivf
hbpc vbuvf ihs tkt vsucg ka vbuvf ihs ubht ohgdb ,hhtrc
oa vbn sugu 'vzc k"bv .huuruv s"rrv ka urntn wgu /unmg
/vzc a"g 'uz vktak n"epb sug

a"r rnt :z"n ,urufc wndv ,hdux wg 'c"vuhsp ihbgku /u

icv ouh wk lu,c 'kkj ic jhbvu ,na ivf k"r rnt whath ic
icv iht ouh wk rjtk 'ubuhspc ctv vfz tka 'g"t ,uspk chhj
,urufc hztdkt y"hrvnc vzc wgu 'ubuhspc ctv vfz rcfa 'chhj
 hcm kthbs crv 6
inskp

/iuhsp iugy unmg kkjv icvs rtucnu /(d)z"x ,ut j"p

gsub vsupv ivfv f"jtu ivf kmt ubc vsp rjt otu
oac v"a s"uh vcua, hj,pc vzc epx thcn 'kkj huvs
whx rhth ,uuj ,"uacu 'ruypa ehxva z"k whx uvhkt sh ,"uav
'h"ujv kg vun,k ah obnt) ogp sug ,uspk lhrms vkgv d"he
ivff unmg ,t ehzjva hnc tuv ubuhss vtrh uhrcsc ihhgnvs
ivfk vnus ubhtu 'kkj ukhpt ,ntc vhv tk okugku 'reac
ifu ' (ihaushe hrhtnv kg ,urgvc vn, ifu 'kkj tmnbs
s"uh ejmh rtc ,"uacu j"k whx ohnu,u ohrutc vzc urhnjv
,urrug,v ,"uacu 'z"n whx t"j ohrahn ccus ,"uacu v"f whx
uhct oac thcv rpux hcegcu 'vzc ep,xb z"xe s"uh vcua,
rtac ut vsucgc teus huv ht rafvv sunhkc huk, hkuts
tku vsucgc er huvs :c"g ohjxps tv p"g vybu 'ohrcs
p"mrdv ka u,ru,n) ase ,rsv wxc g"gu /ohrcs rtac
/oa ,urgvcu f whx icv iuhsp hbhbg (ebtrp

f"jta ivf h"g vpurg vkdg ,arp ,rhnt ihbgku /z

i,ht kjbcu 'k"e, vumn lubj ,jbnc vzc ep,xb 'kkj tmnb
/vzc rhnjvk vkgv s:v:u"y (hexchbe ohhj r"rvk)

vzc rhnjv 'kkj tmnba ivfc ohpf ,thab ihbgku /j

wfa u:z"y j"ut vbuckv ,gcd ,"uac wgu /j"fe j"ut asj hrpc
ka e"nvhc ,sucgs ibhgsh rcf '"vmr, uhsh kgupu" ,uch,ns
ivfa ghsuvk tuv "ukhj wv lrc"s trev ,buufu 'raf kkj
rz tnkgcs p"gt 'vfrc kkfc kkfb kkj tmnbu uhpf taba
tk itf 'vfrcv kkfn unmg rhxnu vagc rcug ifusk vkuga
,bpmv ep,xb vbv 'ihbgv omgcu /vfrcc kkfbu if ibhrnt
ht ihkucdc ohpf ,thab ka ursdc (s"h:s"h vkhp, wkv) jbgp
;xuh ,hrta wxc vzc wgu 'vkhp, ouan ut vsucg ouan huv
/g"khu 'whuk, vzcs raptu 'u:c itnrtuu vnka r"rvk
kkj tmnba ivf ,sucg ihbgc
7

/uvn ohbuatrv uekjb 'kkjs rafvv rsdc vbvu /y

,sucg vru,v vrhafv ers vrutfk wndv ,ugnan thpuens
vbvs 'vzn r,uh o"cnrc ubhmn obnt /f"jt gsubs tfhv kkj
rcgak vraf u,sucg k"zu (h:u asen ,thc wkv) o"cnrv c,f
kgupu ukhj wv lrc wtba kkhj tk scg otu tcvk scug ubhtu
vban ;xfv wfu /k"fg 'vmr, uca ihkuj ;t wudu vmr, uhsh
rjt kct 'gsuba osue scga vn er wndvn gnan 'k"zu
kkjns trec ijfat tks iuhfs gnan n"rvu 'kkj gsuba
rnuk ik h,h, hvn 'kkjn tks trec ijfat tcrst 'vsucg
/f"g 'yeb t,khns tjrut tb,u 'kkj gsubs rjtk scg ota
ivfs wndc t,hts vns 'kusd aushj o"cnrv ,yhan tmuhu
vsucgc er tk hrhhn vz 'vraf u,sucg kkj tmnbu scga
/tuv raf gsuba rjt u,sucg ukhpt tkt 'gsuba osue

k"zu /k"bv ,hbg, wxnk ,upxu,v ,yha vrutfk ifu

kgc vnu u"en [vsucgc ruxt krgs] ;khb ,"tu :oa wxu,v
sucgk ruxt oun kgc v"ptu wudu ohase ,khftc r,una oun
ruxta ihs ubht wudu ohase ,khftc ruxta lrg vsucg
raf v"ptu ohasec kfut ubhta jhfuh kkjs k"hu 'vsucgk
uhsh kgupu ukhj wv lrc ch,fsn rnutv erp rntsfu vsucgk
a"g wudu 'u,sucgc vmur tuv uca ihkuj ukhpt gnans vmr,
rafv hts 'o"cnrv ,gsf wxu,v ,gss vtrbu /wxu,v hrcsc
'ohase ,khft r,hvk ubhbg vn zt gsuba osue er hrhhn kkj
dhav vz ogyn ,ntcu /kkj tuva gsh tk u,khft ,gac tv
kkjn krg sunkk ihts c,fu 'wxu,v hrcs kg hrt ,rucdv
/kkjc ukhpt hssvc ohase ,khft r,hvu vsucg rafv ihts
/asenv ,thc wkv lknv rgac wxu,v hrcsc wfa vn wgu

,khft ruxht ihts rnuk hrt ,rucdv oa ;hxuvu

ihbgk n"epbu 'gsuba osue kfta vn kkjv kg kj ohase
;udv ,tnuyc ohase hase kfta rzu 'ruxht kg kj ruxht
,urz ruxht kg kj vtnuy ruxht ihts vtnuy icren ruyp
 hcm kthbs crv 8
inskp

kkj kft ot hnb ihsv tuv chhj vtnuyc ivf kft otu
ubhs uk gsub lf rjtu kkj tuva uk gsub tka sugc vntuyc
cus lurc r"rvk ase sc wxcu /uhrcsc a"g chhju ivff
ers wxu,v ,gs ot ukhpts c,f c"x whx s"j hexrcup
vkhcb kuftk iuuf,na ivfk n"epb tmh 'gsub tks hfhv rafuv
vhv uz vfh,ja t,khn htkdt okut 'kftu uc ur,vu shznc
t,khn htkdt od tkt ohbvfk vrh,va ;ugv ,tyj racn
/a"g hek ht n"epb 'kkj tuva

i"cnrv oac thcv ihaushe wxnk t"cyhrv haushjcu /h

tkt kkj tmnb ka u,sucg vru,v vrahfv tks ',rjt vbcv
/,ufnk t"cyhrv hrcsc wgu /kkj htsu tku kkj epx tmnbaf
huvs 'vaeh ,ufnc wndv i"cnrv ,yhaks ovrct rcsv rhgvu
d"vf ,,hn epxs wf h:z jmur wkv lknk vbanvu 'ivf epx
hcm .rt ,"uacu /uyken rhgn ihhsg tmh tku vrpf epx huv
ihaushek [i"cnrv k"m wfk] t"cyhrv ,gsu wf :c"h, wng c"j
x"an k"eu 'vraf u,sucg kkj epx tuva gsubaf teuss
rhgn ,tmk jmurv kufh vbuvf v,n s"nks rtucns k"bv
tku raf tuv v,g ods thkd thna whne tnks weu 'u,ken
hftkn shcu ',ukdkn jmurv ruyp 'epx smns k"mu 'kkf kuxp
f"anpku vzc h,frtv wz whx vsav jha hrpxcu 'vzc ep,xb
,gsks k"bv lknv rga wxc wgu /k fg 'ruyps whtr ah 'tupt
chhjn t"rs tmhs 'k"bv ohjxpu ,unur,s thdux vaeh i"cnrv
whtrv uhkg urhcjn tmunvu 'kkj epx huvs p"gt anuju ire
tvs vkgv y"k :z"n:j"fe j"ut ohsdn hrpcu /c,fan a"g
u,shk ,kj,c ot kct 'kuxpa f"jt gsubac er raf kkjs
'kuxps k"h okugn ivf oa uhkg whv tka 'kkj tuva gsub whv
/j:d ohscg jna rutc wgu /k"bv hrpxs tvucntc vzc wgu

ubhcva ahu 'o"cnrv ,yha rtck t,uucr uchjrvu /t"h

hnkaurhv p"g ghmv y"uh dbug ,"uacu 'uaushj ygnk uhrcsc
o"cnrv ,gs ifs raptu 's"hcc kuxpha lhrms ,unur,
kkj tmnba ivf ,sucg ihbgc
9

hrjtu 'kkjf vagb tk ihhsgs 'gsuba rjt u,sucg rhafva

tks ejus kct 'vkuxp u,sucga o"cnrv vsuh s"hcv exp
whx s"uh eha o"rvn ,"uac vzc wgu 'uhrcsc if ekjna gnan
/,unur, wxnk ;hrj gkhzht r"rvk hnkaurh ogubc vzc wgu /j"a

ihsk vbuvf ihs ihc ekjk uc,f ohrpx vcrvcu /c"h

inkua uvhrna r"rvk ohra rtc wxcu /vsucgk ,uraf
v"g ubhcr vank o"cnrv ,yhak kkj vnsn (c"n whx ohase)
oa wfu 'z"ke whx ivf ,frcc vz ihgf wgu) /ohutkhnv hnh wzc
r"rvk vjna hnka wxcu /(v"grn unf vbuvf ihs uk ah kkja
wcu 'ivfu ' iurvt hbc 'ohbhs wc ahs wf s"x whx drckt vjna
n"gc vagbs vmrb ubht g"g ivfs tv vz p"g rhcxvu ',uause
wxcu (j:d ohscg wkv jna rutc vzc wg) ohkkjk lhha ubht
'uhrjt ugrzku uk :u"x ihaushe p"g wf c"h, wng c"j hcm .rt
wf hrv 'c,fnk hk vnku "ugrzku uk" ch,fsn whtrv rtck ah
kf od uase,b 'uase,b uhbcu iurvts h"gs (d"h:v"f wnc) h"ar
vhv tk janb tku okugc vhva xjbp er 'ovhrjt ogrz
arpk e"vu,vk vnk 'ase,ba rjt 'xjbp hcdk f"tu 'kkfc
kuxp kkjs ogyvs 'ohkkj ,ucrk hsf ogyv lt 'ugrz od
iuhfu 'ivfv iurvtn skuba smn u,ause rehgs ouan tuv
oua hkc vshkv vhv,a ibhgc 'vausev ,chxc v,hv vshkvs
vshk v,uta t"t 'vshkc vbuvf kuxp vhva hn kct 'kuxp
kcts 'd"m whx s"uh h"c uz trcxf wgu 'vbuvf ,ause ourd,
unf omgc ase,b ugrza 'uhrjt ugrzku uk :tre vkhds iuhf
f"gu vshkv smn ,jnmb vausev iht tkhnn 'xjbp ase,ba
'xjbp p"r jbgp ,bpmv iuakc wgu /raf kkj tuvaf ukhpt
;ts k"ru 'vraf vsucgv kuxp grz ods asj,b itf vbv 'k"zu
vsucgv n"n 'uhrcs kfk rzf tuvs ihsf tka tuv vaugvs
rsdv ifu 'gsuba rjtk ;t o"cnrv whak yrpcu 'vraf
t"p wvbx a"ng ivf yrpcu if ihrun iht vaugvs ;t ohtbec
r"rvk asev rzb wxcu /k"nftu vcuy whv whhagv n"n 'a"g
- ohbhbg wc ah ohase ,khfts wf ohjczs c"pr izur van
hcm kthbs crv 10
inskp

kkju 'vsucg ihbg huv vnmg vkhfts wcu 'vkhfts vumn omg
hfsrn r"rvk hfsrn ,hc wxc vzc g"gu /hbav er ah
kkj ,sucg vnsna wz ;bg 'ohgrz rsxk irsv 'hexyhuux
/s"b whx d"j ;xuh ,hrta wxc g"gu /a"g vnc hasek

ihaushe wxnk trhpa rhtn r"rvk rhtn wrs t,hbdrncu

t"j ,unur, hnkaurh wgu t"s vyux wurhc p"rvnc wg k"zu wf
rhyevk htar ;ry ut .ne otu eurzk htar osv kche ots
ot ukhpts c"h:h ,unur, wkv whgu vz thcv tk k"z ubhcru
,unur, hnkaurh whgu oa vbanc h"rf tuvu yukph uhpc vnur,
chrens tv f"gu yukphs vsun t"r ukhpt j"cu d"ccs oa
hnkaurhc jhfuva unfu jcznv iueh, hbpn tvu u,sucg rnud
/e"usuu v"b ihyhd wgu vgsub tka vkuzdv ,tyjs tvn oa
ejmh rtc ,"uac wgu /k"bv hfsrn ,hc wxc chyhv whg vz ihgfu
hkccv ihc ,eukjn vzc ahs vkgva vn v"f wx j"ut
/a"g ihsv ,bcvc hnkaurhvk

r,uh ,yha asjk wf ohjcz wxnk cegh ,ukve wxcu

wxu,v ,gsks oa vkgvs 'o"cnrvs tvn ukhpt ,asujn
ubht vsucg kkjns rz kkfc ubhtu vraf u,sucgs iuhf ,hbg,s
,gss raptu ofhkt creh tk rz kfus vrvzt kkfc f"d
ohbvfv uhjt ihta tkt sucgk vkhj,fk r,uns tuv wxu,v
(t"pk c"p vrgv ,unchk van ,urcsc vzc g"gu) u,ut ohjhbn
rnan ka ivfn tuv ;hsg tku vsucg ,ufz uk iht p"fg hrva
kkfc ubht kct usucgh ohbvfvs vag kycns c,f sugu 'rjt
/ykjvc tk ohhxa uhrcsc g"g 'rzs vrvzt

o"cnrv wkn ehhsa 'wj whx ,ajrn wxc ubhmn tfphtu

ruzjk lhrmu 'hbvn tk shcg ht ibhrnt 'kkjn ubhta p"gts
obnt (k"bv gmrb ivfn wuev cahhk vz wfu) 'ukceku rafv
shn,v chrevk lhrmu raf ivf itf ihts ouenc 'we ihhsg
ucuah a"g 'kkjs ,"k vjshu shn,v ,crevs vag h,t rntu
kkj tmnba ivf ,sucg ihbgc
11

trehgn rz ubhta iuhf tngy ubhhvs vtrbu c,f tbexnku 'vzc

vnu /vz utk kg rcug ubhtu creh tk rz kfu whc ibhre tk
v:t trehu h"arc tcuv f"u,s varsn thv tcvk scug ubhta
k", ohkkj kufh f"u,c vkg rntc ohbvfv t"bc uchrevu
/a"g 'veuk ubhtu vag kkfn tcv utk k"uvu 'a"ugh ohbvfv
wfa vn d"g wx c"j (ohucbby hcm r"rvk) zrt .g wxc wgu
wgu /o"cnrv ,gsc ukhpt gsuba rjtk gsubk osue ihc ekjk
/k"bv hrzg hctv hrcsc

,adk lht ,ubhjc wc ahs 'k"bv kfc vtrbv ztu /d"h

'shn, raf u,sucga ohrcuxa ah /e"nvhcc kkj ,sucgk
gsusba rjtk ut gsuba osue ht n"epb iht u,uraf omgcu
vzv duxcu /(vnusfu ruxht ihbgk n"epb ahs rapts p"gt)
ahu /uyuapf u,ut ohbhcna ,ubcvv curk o"cnrv ,gs kkfb
kfu 'gsuba rjtkk gsuba osue ihc kusd kscv ahs ohrcuxa
wndv snuka hn vzc kkfbu 'gsuba osue er kkjs rafvv
i"cnrv ,gs yrpcu 'gsuba osue er kkj rafvs uyuapf
/kkj epx vru,v vrhafv ers

,uraf omgc ahs ohrcux iuatrv duxs 'vzn tmuhvu

tcv kscv ihtu 'vsucgv hrjtu osue kkj tuva p"gtu 'kkjc
ihcvk lhrm ztu /u,rhafn vru,v 'vghsh-htc rxja ut vghshc
hrcs ,bcvc k"bv ohburjtv ujry ifu 'u,uraf rsd ,t
ahs er 'vsucgk kuxp omgc kkjs k"m 'lshtku /o"cnrv
rjt eru 'kkjf cajb ubht zts 'vghsh iurxjvn tcv ,uraf
,t sunkk lht vzc huk,s rapt vrutfku /kkj ,hagb gsuba
/ihsv ruenk ,uhraptf oheuxp wd t,ht wndcs 'trev in ihsv
grz ihcu raf grz ihc - uhrjt ugrzku uk v,hvu 'ohbuatrv wc
tuv ovhba ,ugnan 'vmr, uhsh kgupu ukhj wv lrcu 'kuxp
ifu /vsucgvk rafv ah ihhsg ',ukkj ut "kuxp" aha p"gta
,tcu 'hahkav euxpv obnt /ukhj wv lrcs tre o"cnrv yeb
osta l,gs kg vkg, hfu - ovv ohnhc vhvh rat ivfv kt
hcm kthbs crv 12
inskp

'kkj,bu raf ivf vz tkt 'uhnhc vhv tka ivf kmt lkuv
vghshv hrjtu 'rund ivf vhv kkjv vghshv osuea u,ugnan
hvucntc vzc wgu /k"bv hbav duxfu 'kkjf vagbu ursd vb,ab
/k"bv hrpxs

wg vbvs 'ohsnuk euxp vzhtn vfkvk vbhn tepb ahu

h,c wxc wgu k"zu wfa v"g whx t"j rdht tcheg wr ,"uac
hnfj oac thcva tcy t,hbdrn t"f whx c ekjc c"j vbuvf
u,sucgs n"gcu 'ihaushe h"ar iuak eusehsc .r,k tghmgbhuu
ugrzku uk v,hvus tre htvn hrafn tks wufu k"bn vkuxp
u,sucg kkjs tvs 'a"t h"rk er thauevs vtrbs 'uhrjt
ihcu raf grz ihc uhrjt ugrzku uk v,hvus tren tepb vraf
vuctk kct 'n"gc grz ihc f"d tnhbs thauev vzn 'kuxp grz
'ukhj v lrcs tren tepb vrhaf u,sucgs kkj ktunas
iuaks ohkkj kg er sunhk uvzs 'vmr, uca ohkkj ukhpt
ibhrnt tku 'rhafvk ,"vn n"gcc kct 'uhkkj gnan ukhj
ktunas vuctf exp o"cnrvs iuhfu 'tghye uhus tarsk kkf
varsk if yeb ,ufnc wnds tn,xs ouanu uhexpc rtucnf
tuvs lvf k"hhe tk v"an 'if vfkvs gnan ukhj ws lrcs
ovhrcs kg ;hxuv vbuvf h,c rcjnv kgc iutdvu 'tghye u"hu
iht ktunas vuctks rnuk eujs tuv uyuapcs jcak ogyc
' if k"hs tkt 'cu,f uhuv lht ,uthmnc udkpks tghye u"huv
whx wua,c) h"c crv a"nk if eukhjs tkt tghye uhuv g"fks
ot wufu ,ubre ,bre unf 'ihsuc huk,u rxju tkn kf k"zu (t"e
ktunak vzku wufu tbhsk n"b tks vn kct 'scghs kuxp vbha
c,f tku vbha ot f"t 'tghye u"hun tepb n gcs hkuxps
varsv vzk m"ks ktunas vuctk kct 'kuxp tghye u"huv
tk ot scghsc vzc 'tbhs ihbgk tku znr vzhtk tghye u"huvu
ihs o"cnrv thcv tk v"ans k"h f"tu 'raf tghye uhuv c,f
,ukusd ,ubye ,uh,utc rvzhu c,fa vnc kkfbs tghye u"us
'vzv kkfc tghye u"huv f"tu ohrpuxk gush uvza lnxu wufu
't"h:v"f xjbp wp vnfj lanc wgu /uhrcs rtac a"g wufu
kkj tmnba ivf ,sucg ihbgc
13

/u"y whx iusrud rzghkt wr ,"uac vzc chjrvu

osue kkj ka ursd vn ,eukjn ahs tmuh ztu /s"h

ihrhafn vghsh iurxjcs er ut 'raf ivff huv ht 'gsuba
ihbgk vbhn tepb tmhs 'z"ye whx ivf ,frc wxc wgu /u,sucg
hrjt i,tnuy kg vekh ot 'gsub tka kkjc ohbvf ,tnuy
/a"g tk ut vtnuyv ,gac ivf vhvs ibhrnt ot 'gsuba

ep,xba z"xe s"uh vcua, ,urrug,v ,"uac g"gu /u"y

chhj ubhta i,utc vfkvf tka vsucg scg ivfv ot k"zu
chhjs ihrfanv iheanv rtan rufha vhva iudf 'v,hn ivhkg
'c:t asen ,thc wkv o"cnrc t,hts vraf u,sucgu ,uekn
uvuekva osue ot 'scg f"pgtu lf vagh tka uc ur,vu
chhj otv vsucgk hutrv raf ivf vhv tku kkj tuva rrc,b
hssm rthc tk ubhcr fa oa rpux hcegc wgu 'tk ut ,uekn
/k"bvg huk,s raptu 'a"g 'epxv

scga kkjs gnan ot v"s :c"h ihaushe wxu,cu /z"y

ohbuatrv ,yhan uhkg dhav .cgh ,uvdvcu 'v,hn chhj ,cac
:d"k ,unch h"ar ,gsc uhrcsk rhgv a"arvu 'a"arc ifu 'k"bv
oa thcvu) ,ca vjus ubht rzc vraf vyhjaa p"gts
ka urntn z"na, kuta ;xuh ,hcc vzc wgu ' (ekuj m"fjva
z"unc wgu j:t"f runt ;xuh xsrpcu k"bv .huuruv s"rrv
tk kct icrev ohrhafn ers k"bv n"rv wkn ehhsa t"ba:v
n"epbu 'vtnuyv ,tu ,cav ,t ,ujsk n"epbu 'vraf u,sucg
r"rvk uhrp i,b wxc vzc wg /a"g z"vzc ,ubcre ,crev ihbgk
/c ,ufn wxnk rbygyagd i,b

ht rejs 'asenv ,thc wkv lkn rcscc wg ifu /z"h

wjn vzc vk,u 'vsucgk kkj ut kkj ,sucg vrhafv vru,v
j"bnvks 'rzf v,hn chhj scga kkj ht u"f whx t"csvu j"bnv
thdux jfn ekuj t"csvu 'ohna hshc v,hn chhj v"rg
hcm kthbs crv 14
inskp

/k"bv hfsrn ,hcc vzc wgu /ohjxps

gsubk osue ihc kscv iht ',ugsv curk 'o"cnrvk ztu

wd ah vbuvfks k"mu /vsucgv ,uraf ihbgk gsuba rjtkk
,sucgk u,uraf wdu 'vbuvf hhufz wc 'vbuvf hruxht 'wt :ohekj
ohgdub ,uhufzvu ohruxhtvu /iurvtn u,thmhn gcubv e"nvhc
omgk ohfhhav 'ukt ohruxht kuzkzn gcub u,shk kfa hnu 'z"kz
h"g geph f"du) vbuvf hhufzc vfzha hutrv in ubht 'u,ause
,sucgk u,uraf omg obnt /(,n ,tnuy unf 'ohruxhtv
'gsuba iuhf rcsc ruxht ahs rapts p"gt 'gep ubht e"nvhc
vzc ahu 'e"nvhcc sucgk ,ufz uk ihts 'vbuvf hhufz ihgf
/vsucgk ,uraf ah ihhsg u,unmgc vagnk kct 'sucf iurxj
ihbgk hrhhn vz 'rzf ubhs kkja c,uf o"cnrvafa 'k"m ztu
/vbuvf ouan ah ihhsg u,unmg ihbgk kct 'vdvbv

ztu /vghshn tc kkj ka rsdv 'whnhgsu i"cnrvku /j"h

rapt 'wt smn /ohngy vnfn u,uraf ,t rrck rapt
ihaushe wndv ,hdux ,ugnan if vrutfku 'epx ogyn rhafvk
,"uac wgu /rxj tmnbu ssnba vuenk vz vnsns 'k"bv
/kuyhc ,ru,n tuv gsub tka kkj ,urafs k"bv eha o"rvn
/asenv ,thc wkv kztv ictc g"gu

,ukkjs 'vtruv hbhsn gcub ,urafvs rapt sugu /y"h

,"uav 'k"bfu) kkj rsd iht uz vtruv hkcu 'kuxp ,truv hgc
r"rv f"an wgu /(o"cnrv ,gsc ukhpt vzf ihcv y"uh dbug
ejmh rfz wxc ivfk oun kgc ihc eukhjc rgzhhcubup gkhmht
s"hcc ukuxps d"c ihc ekjk jfunu k"zu wfa u ,ut v"n whx
r,hv ihs vghshv iurxj orud s"hcc ukuxps 'shjhc ukuxpk
iurxj iht shjhc ukuxpc kct 'rcsv rurhck s"hc lhrma iuuhf
ifku unmgn rrc,n ,ugyva iuhf 'r,hv ihs orud vghshv
/k"fg 'n"gck vnus vuen
kkj tmnba ivf ,sucg ihbgc
15

unf 'vghsh og ohkj era ohrjt ohbhs ubhmn 'sugu /f

hcdku /j"b whx ,urgv .cuec vzc wgu 'kct ihsu rznn ihs
hnk ohfhhav vdvbv hbhs ov ,ukct hbhs kfa 'icun kct
/rznn ihsk ,uuavk ah vrutfk ,ukkju /,n uk ,na gsuha
/vzc vghsh ihbg vn ihhgk ah kfu kf ihcu

iuhzc ogyn huv ,ukkj ihbgs rnuk rapt hkutu

kuzkzu kukhj h"g tc okugc u,huuvu u,shk kfa hns 'vrhcgv
ru,c an,ah vzf osta asek iuhzc vzc ah 'vbuvf hbhs
kct ',gsub ucmns hfhv er hrhhn z"fs rapt obnt /vbuvf
rnuk rapt ifu) /iuhzc f"f iht vzn ohgsuh ihts tfhv kf
kct 'ruxhtv hcdk iuhzc ka ihbg ahs 'o"cnrv ,gsc ukhpt
wndv ka uaurhp vn vktav vzk gdub ztu /(vzc kxup iht
ukhpt gush vhv tk ,ukkjva ,ugnan ht 'gsuba kkjc
wgu /s"hck gush vhv tks ut 'ddua vhv tuvu 'unmg kkjvk
tbnjr dduac kkj ka vsucgu ':c"g ohjxp h"ar ka ubuak
rcsc g"gu /scugv ,ghshc hrhhn vghshs gnanu 'vraft
chrenvc hrhhn ht 'gsub ka uaurhp vn reuja k"bv ovrct
gsuba ory 'k"bv jna rutv ka ubuak wgu /a"g 's"hcc ut
/a"g kkjn ubht ihs ,hcc ukuxp

wkv (tbyuen gauvh r"rvk) ktrah ,uguah wxc wgu

tuva gsub tka ivfs d"gts vtrb vrutfks c:t"k whx ,usg
f"jt rrc,ba ;t raf ,ezjc u,ut ubezjva iuhf kkj
gsh icrev kgc otc ihhgk ah n"n vraf u,sucg whv ,ugyca
hjuka hbvfs s"xs vnk vbvu vraf u,sucg ot kkj tuva
obnt 'gsh icrev kgcs iuhf kuxp htsuus ik whgcn tk ihshs
vn hpk ihhgk ah uvbhb tbnjrs hjukas ibhexns vnk od
gsh icre kgcs iuhfu icre kgc ,gs ibhgcs ihfrgc ibhexns
ruchm icrecs sug k"h z"hpku 'uk vmruv tks k"h kkj tuvs
utk uvshs hcdk tvs vmruv tk kvevn yughn ;t ugsha kf
vzc rhcxvk f"an a"g wufu tcur r,c ibhkzts k"tu tuv ivf
hcm kthbs crv 16
inskp

/kkj kusd ivf ihs

iusb oa t,ht u:z"y j"ut vbuckv ,gcd ,"uacu /t"f

tuv ot ic vskhu hrfb ka z"an hycntc vrcg,ba ivf ,cc
kg tcv scgu hrfb ots 'vnusfu ifusku vsucgk rcs kfk ivf
ihs uk iht n"n raf skuvs ;t ivf ihs uk iht icv ivf ,c
ah otv vkxpb tks hycntc vrcg,bc obnt 'vbuvf
gcub kuxpv ogy ht 'k"bvk ,me gdubs raptu /ep,xvk
vgrzv ihbgk vktav ihgf ,meu) /tk ut vrhcgv omgn
,rhcgn gcub ,urznn ht ',urznn ouan uc ah ht ',h,ftkn
is ifu 'ovhbhc vurg ihs ah ohruvv hbas tv ouan ut ,ubzv
(/t"g whx wt g"vct van ,urdt ,"uac vzc

ohab taubv ivfc ubhmn vbv 'iuhzcv ihbgcu /c"f

,thc wkv o"cnrc t,htsf scghsc vraf u,sucgs 'vrhcgc
wndv ,hduxc vkhj,fk ibcrs kuxp ubhmn obnt 'y:u asenv
wt whx d"j rzgkt ,jbn ,"uacu n"xfc vzc wgu :v"k ihyhd
/a"g vmr, uhsh kgupu ihsk vz raea vn

rznn ot isa f"e whx y"uh dbug ,"uac g"gu /d"f

rhafvk kkj ihsk vuua n"ns wfu 'vbuvf hbhs uk ah ivfn
k"bvk gdub f"du /u"f:t t"csv ka ubuhs whg ifu /a"g u,sucg
kg kj er vbuvf ot ',ukkj ka ihbg tuv vn s"khs ',me
gcub ,ukkjs ut 'vbuvf ,ausek oht,n u,shka raf ost
iuhf kuxpc skubv rznn ukhptu 'vbuvf hbhsk vrh,xn teus
,ukkj iht vbuvf ,ause hbhsn tku ,uhrg hbhsn gcub ukuxps
/s"khu 'vzc