ïay evsjvq Kov Abykxjb (beg - Øv`k)

Kw¤úDUvi
f‚wgKv t
‡mB gvbe Avwef©v‡ei cÖ_g hy‡M gvbyl wQj wbZvšÍ Amnvq, mvaviY ¶zav
wbe„wZi DcvqUzKz ZLb Zvi Rvbv wQj bv| wKš‘ cÖ‡qvRbB gvbyl‡KB Zv wkwL‡q‡Q
AÁvbZvi AÜKvi †_‡K gvbyl G‡m‡Q Áv‡bi Av‡jvi c‡_| †mLv‡b gvbyl †c‡q‡Q weÁvb|
weÁv‡bi Avðh©Zg me Avwe®‹vi gvby‡li Rxe‡bi MwZ cÖK…wZ cv‡ë w`‡”Q| GK
GKwU hyM| wesk kZvãxi GB †kl cÖv‡šÍ AvR‡Ki mf¨Zv weÁv‡bi Avwke©v‡` GK bZzb
bvgKiY †c‡q‡Q| ZvB‡Zv Albert Einstein e‡j‡Qb,
“Science is reality
Science is bona fide
Science is your constant company
Science is always creative.”
AvaywbK weÁv‡bi mKj Avð‡h©i Avwe®‹vi‡K AwZµg K‡i gvby‡li Áv‡bi GK
AKíbxq Øvi Ly‡j w`‡q‡Q ÒKw¤úDUviÓ ZvB AvaywbK weÁv‡bi we¯§q|
Kw¤úDUvi wK t
ÒKw¤úDUviÓ wK ? G cÖ‡kœi Dˇi ej‡Z nq Kw¤úDUvi (Computer) GKwU
Bs‡iwR kã| Gi AvwfavwbK A_© nj ÔwnmveKvix hš¿Õ| Avm‡j Kw¤úDUvi ïaygvÎ
wnmveKvix hš¿B bq MvwYwZK wnmve †_‡K ïiæ K‡i hyw³, wm×všÍ, ¯§„wZ‡Z †h †Kvb
Z‡_¨i mieivn AwZ Aí mg‡q wbfz©jfv‡e Ki‡Z cv‡i G Kw¤úDUvi| UvBcivBUvi, jvBb
wcÖ›U, KvW© wiWvi, KvW© cvwÂs, g¨vM‡bwUK †Uc, UªvwÄ÷vi mvwK©U BZ¨vw`
me©vwaK MYbvg~jK e¨ve¯’vB nj Kw¤úDUvi| myZivs Kw¤úDUvi n‡”Q GKwU AwZ
DbœZ I `ÿ Z_¨ mieivnKviK B‡j±ªwbK hš¿|
Avwe®‹vi t
Kw¤úDUvi GKwU AZ¨vaywbK B‡j±ªwbK hš¿ n‡jI Gi D™¢veb I weKv‡ki †cQ‡b
i‡q‡Q kZvãx a‡i AMwbZ mvabv I cÖ‡Póvi dmj| MZ d«vBW †jewbR cÖ_g ¸Y I fv‡Mi
ÿgZv m¤úbœ hvwš¿K K¨vjKz‡jUi Avwe®‹vi K‡ib 1671 mv‡j| AvaywbK K¨vjKz‡jU‡ii
g~jbxwZ cÖ_g 1812 mv‡j Pvj©m e¨v‡eR cwiKíbv K‡ib| 1944 mv‡j nvifvW©
wek¦we`¨vjq I AvB. we. Gg. ‡Kv¤úvbxi †hŠ_ D‡`¨v‡M B‡jK‡Uªv g¨vKwbK¨vj
Kw¤úDUvi ˆZwi nq| 1947 mv‡j Gi DbœZZi ms¯‹vi mvwaZ nq| 1957 mv‡j Gi wecyj
e¨envi n‡q _v‡K| 1971 mv‡ji ci †_‡K Kw¤úDUvi RM‡Z ˆecøweK cwieZ©b mvwaZ nq|

~ iPbv ~
Z‡e Bsj¨v‡Ûi †KgweªR wek¦we`¨vj‡qi MwY‡Zi Aa¨vcK Pvj©m e¨v‡eR‡K Kw¤úDUv‡ii
RbK ejv nq|
cÖ_g wWwRUvj Kw¤úDUvi t
nvIqvW© AvB‡Kb cwiKwíZ G Kw¤úDUv‡i ˆe`y¨wZK hvwš¿K e¨e¯’v Kv‡R
jvMv‡bv nq| 1946 mv‡j AvbyôvwbK fv‡e cÖewZ©Z nq cÖ_g mvwe©K B‡j±ªwbK ev
wWwRUvj Kw¤úDUvi| hvi bvg “ENIAC” [Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Computer]
Kw¤úDUv‡ii MVb t
GKwU Kw¤úDUv‡ii A‡bK hš¿vsk _vK‡jI Gi MVbixwZi cÖavb `ywU w`K jÿ¨ Kiv
hvq| GKwU nj hvwš¿K miÄvg ev nvW©Iqvi Ab¨wU nj †cÖvMÖvg m¤úwK©Z
mdUIq¨vi| nvW©Iq¨v‡ii g‡a¨ c‡o Z_¨ msi‡ÿ‡Yi ¯§„wZ, Af¨šÍixY Kv‡h©i Rb¨ e¨eüZ
ZvwË¡K w`K, msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨ BbcyU Ask, djvdj cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ AvDUcyU Ask| Ges mKj
cÖKvi ˆe`y¨wZK eZ©bx| Gme hvwš¿K miÄv‡gi KvR nj †cÖvMÖv‡gi mvnv‡h¨
Kw¤úDUvi‡K Kg©ÿg K‡i †Zvjv| wewfbœ mgm¨vi mgvavb wb‡`©k Kivi Rb¨
Kw¤úDUv‡ii ¯§„wZ‡Z †h Kvh©wewa mwbœ‡ewkZ nq Zv‡K †cÖvMÖvg e‡j|
Kw¤úDUv‡ii †kªYxwefvM t
‡gŠwjK MVbZË¡ GK n‡jI AvK…wZ, Kvh©m¤úv`‡bi MwZ I cÖwµqv Ges Af¨šÍixY
msMV‡bi wfbœZvi Kvi‡Y Kw¤úDUvi‡K wewfbœ †kªYx‡Z fvM Kiv hvq| Kvh©cÖYvjxi
Dci wfwË K‡i Kw¤úDUvi‡K cÖavbZ wZb fv‡M wef³ Kiv hvq| h_v t
( i ) A¨vbvjM Kw¤úDUvi () t
GbvjRx †_‡K A¨vbvjM bv‡gi DrcwË n‡q‡Q| A¨vbvjM K_vi A_© n‡”Q mv`„k¨|
ˆe`y¨wZK Zi½‡K BbcyU wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i †h mKj Kw¤úDUvi Zv‡`i Kvh©vewj
m¤úv`b K‡i _v‡K| ‡m mKj Kw¤úDUvi‡K A¨vbvjM Kw¤úDUvi e‡j|
3
 ïay evsjvq Kov Abykxjb (beg - Øv`k)
( ii ) wWwRUvj Kw¤úDUvi () t
wWwRU n‡”Q msL¨v| wWwRUvj Kw¤úDUvi msL¨vi wfwˇZ Z_¨ msiÿY ev
cÖwµvqvRvZ K‡i| A_©vr GwU g~jZ MwY‡Zi bxwZi Dci wfwË K‡i cwiPvwjZ MYK hš¿| G
ai‡bi Kw¤úDUvi mg~n evBbvix wWwRU K‡i cwiPvwjZ MYK hš¿| G ai‡bi Kw¤úDUvi
mg~n evBbvix wWwRU 0 †_‡K 1 Øviv mKj Kvh©µg m¤úv`b K‡i _v‡K|
( iii ) nvBweªW Kw¤úDUvi () t
‡hme hš¿ wWwRUvj †÷v‡iR I myBP _v‡K wKš‘ MYbvi KvR P‡j A¨vbvj‡Mi gZ
Zv‡`i nvBweªW Kw¤úDUvi e‡j| GQvov cÖ‡mwms ÿgZvi Dci wfwË K‡i Kw¤úDUvi‡K
Pvifv‡M fvn Kiv hvq| h_v t
K) mycvi Kw¤úDUvi ()
L) ‡gBb‡d«g Kw¤úDUvi ()
M) wgwb Kw¤úDUvi ()
N) gvB‡µv Kw¤úDUvi ()

~ iPbv ~
3
 ïay evsjvq Kov Abykxjb (beg - Øv`k)
Kvh©KvwiZv t
( i ) mvswL¨K () ZvwË¡K () BDwbU t GwUi KvR nj Z_¨ ev Data -†K Kw¤úDUv‡ii
MÖnY‡hvM¨ fvlvq iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv|
( ii ) GKwU †ggwi BDwbU t Kw¤úDUv‡i wewfbœ †cÖvMÖvg Pvjv‡bvi †KŠkj
msiwÿZ _v‡K| Ô‡cªvMÖvgÕ nj cÖ‡qvRbxq wb‡`©k m¤úv`‡bi ZvwjKv|
( iii ) Input - output t Input - output -Gi cÖavb KvR nj Z_¨ mieiv‡ni mv‡_ mv‡_
KvR ïiæ Kiv Ges KvR †kl nIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ Kw¤úDUvi ¯Œx‡Y Zz‡j aiv|
( iv ) K‡›Uªvj BDwbU () t cÖ_g wZbwU BDwb‡Ui g‡a¨ mgš^q mvab K‡i GKB
mv‡_ mKj BDwb‡Ui KvR m¤úbœ Kiv‡bvi `vwqZ¡ nj K‡›Uªvj BDwb‡Ui|
Kw¤úDUv‡ii †cÖvMÖvg () t
Kw¤úDUv‡i wewfbœ mgq wewfbœ MvwYwZK mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ A_ev
†h‡Kvb Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Gi †ggwi‡Z GKBmv‡_ A‡bK¸‡jv Kvh©wb‡`©ki ZvwjKv msiwÿZ nq|
Kvh©wb‡`©‡ki G ZvwjKv ev mgwó‡K Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvg ejv nq| Kw¤úDUv‡ii G
Kvh©wb‡`©k ¸‡jv †evSv‡bvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb nq Kw¤úDUv‡ii fvlv|
Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK© () t
Z_¨ Av`vb cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœ Kw¤úDUvi ZvwjKvi b¨vq G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ hy³
_v‡K| Zv‡KB Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK© e‡j| †bUIqvK© e‡j| †bUIqvK©‡K cÖavbZ `yÕfv‡M
fvM fvM Kiv hvq t -
( i ) †jvKvj Gwiqv †bUIqvK© (LAN)
( ii ) IqvBW Gwiqv †bUIqvK© (WAP)
Kw¤úDUv‡ii wewfbœ cÖRb¥ t
Kw¤úDUv‡i cÖRb¥‡K cvuPfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v t
( i ) f¨vKzqvg wUDe cÖhyw³ ()
( ii ) UªvbwR÷vi wcÖ‡›UW mvwK©U cÖhyw³ ()
( iii ) Bw›U‡MÖUi mvwK©U cÖhyw³ ()
( iv ) †fwi jvR© †¯‹j Bw›U‡MÖUi cÖhyw³ () -G cÖhyw³i gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi hvi
IRb gvÎ K‡qK MÖvg| GwU GKwU cvZjv 2"×1" AvqZ‡bi wmwjKb wPc hv 512k evBU

~ iPbv ~
msiÿY Ki‡Z mÿg|
( v ) AvwU©wdwmqvj Bw›Uwj‡RÝ ()
Kw¤úDUv‡ii ˆewkó¨ t
Kw¤úDUvi K‡qKwU ˆewk‡ó¨i Kvi‡Y GwU‡K mf¨Zvi Ab¨Zg evnb ej AwfwnZ Kiv
hvq| Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖavb cÖavb ˆewk󨸇jv wb‡gœ †`Iqv nj t
( i ) `ªæZMwZ ()
( ii ) ¯§„wZ ()
( iii ) K¬vwšÍnxbZv ()
( iv ) wek¦m‡hvM¨Zv ()
( v ) m~ÿZv ()
( vi ) mqswµqZv ()
( vii ) eûgyLx e¨envi ()
( viii ) hyw³msMZ wm×všÍ ()
gvbyl I Kw¤úDUvi GKB mv`„k¨ t
gvbyl †hfv‡e wnmve I Z_¨ cÖwµqvKiY K‡i Zvi mv‡_ Kw¤úDUv‡ii Af¨šÍixY
Kvh©Kjv‡ci mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q| DfqB DcvË MÖnY, msiÿY I cÖwµqvKiY K‡i Ges
cÖwµqvKi‡Yi djvdj cÖ`vb K‡i| Z‡e `yB c×wZi g‡a¨ Zdvr nj gvby‡li gZ Kw¤úDUv‡ii
D™¢vebx kw³ †bB| Kw¤úDUv‡ii D™¢vebx kw³ A_©vr IQ cwigvb k~b¨|
ch©vqµwgK Dbœqb t
Kw¤úDUvi cÖ_‡g †h AvK„wZ I ÿgZv wb‡q m„wó n‡qwQj GLb Zv Avi †bB| Gi
AvK…wZ A‡bK †QvU n‡q‡Q Ges ÿgZv †e‡o‡Q eû¸Y| bZzb bZzb cÖwZfvi Ae`vb Ges
3
 ïay evsjvq Kov Abykxjb (beg - Øv`k)
Kw¤úDUvi †Kv¤úvbx¸‡jv g‡a¨ Zxeª cÖwZ‡hvwMZv Kw¤úDUvi‡K GK AmvaviY ÿgZvi
m„wó‡Z cwiYZ K‡i‡Q|
mxgve×Zv t
hw`I Kw¤úDUvi AvR wekvj ÿgZvm¤úbœ hš¿`vbe Zvic‡iI Gi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q wekvj
k~b¨vZv| Kw¤úDUvi AvR e¨vcKfv‡e e¨eüZ nIqv m‡Ë¡I Zvi wbR¯^ †Kvb wPšÍvkw³
†bB| d‡j †Kvb mgm¨v m¤úwK©Z mgvavb wbR †_‡K †`evi ÿgZv †bB| Acv‡iUi Zv‡K
†hfv‡e Pvjvq †m †mfv‡eB PvwjZ nq|
Kw¤úDUv‡ii KvR t
Kw¤úDUv‡ii Kg©c×wZ A‡bKUvB gvby‡li gZ| gvbyl Zvi gM‡R †hfv‡e DcvËmg~n
aviY K‡i| web¨vm K‡i c‡i Zv mwVK mgvavYmn cÖKvk K‡i, Kw¤úDUviI †mfv‡e Zvi
†ggwi‡Z DcvËmg~n aviY K‡i ZvI Avevi myk„•Lj web¨v‡mi gva¨‡g| †Kej aviYvB K‡i bv
mgm¨v mgvav‡Yi gva¨‡g `ªæZ Zv cÖ`k©b K‡i|

~ iPbv ~
3