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ZVCXQ HŠ: GK BR I Cökœvewj
ZVCXQ HŠ: GK BR I Cökœvewj
A a¨vq
cÖ
_gAa¨vq
12 ✍
GK bR‡i cÖkœvewj
msw¶ß DËi cÖ‡kœvËi cÖ‡qvRb wPÎmnKv‡i e¨vL¨v Ki|
cÖkœ : 1| Zvc BwÄb Kv‡K e‡j? KZ cÖKvi I (h.†ev. 2004)
wK wK? cÖkœ : 2| wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ GKwU †c‡Ævj
(ewi.†ev. wm.†ev. 2004; Kz.†ev. Bwćbi MVb I Kvh©cÖYvwj eY©bv
2000 ; iv.†ev. Õ99 ; P.†ev. 2001) Ki| (Xv.†ev. h.†ev. Õ04; iv.†ev.
cÖkœ : 2| Aš マ `©n I ewn`©n BwÄb ej‡Z Õ99 ; e.†ev. 2001)
wK eyS? cÖkœ : 3| A‡UvPµ ej‡Z wK eyS? wP‡Îi
(Kz.†ev. 2002; P.†ev. 2003) mvnv‡h¨ GKwU †c‡Ævj Bwćbi
cÖkœ : 3| A‡UvPµ Kv‡K e‡j? (Xv. †ev. P. PviwU Nv‡Zi wµqv e¨vL¨v Ki|
†ev. Õ99 ; Kz. †ev. Õ05; 2000; (Xv.†ev. Õ06; Õ99; 2001 ; ewi.†ev.
h.†ev. Õ06; Õ04; Õ02; Xv.†ev. Õ06; P. †ev. 2001;2005; h.†ev.
Õ04; Õ01; e.†ev. iv.†ev. Õ03; Kz.†ev. 2000; 2002;2005; e.†ev.
wm.†ev. Kz.†ev. Õ05) iv.†ev. 2003; wm.†ev. 2003; 2005;
cÖkœ : 4| †c‡Ævj BwÄb‡K PZzN©vZ P.†ev. 2005)
BwÄb †Kb e‡j? (P.†ev. 2005) cÖkœ : 4| GKwU †iwd«Rv‡iU‡ii MVb I
cÖkœ : 5| †c‡Ævj Bwćbi PviwU Nv‡Zi Kvh©bxwZ eY©bv Ki|
bvg wK? Kvh©Ki NvZ †Kvb&wU? (P.†ev. Õ99 ; iv.†ev. 2001)
cÖkœ : 6| †iwd«Rv‡iU‡ii K‡¤•ªmv‡ii KvR
wK? (h.†ev. Kz.†ev. 2002) AwZwi³ cÖ‡kœvËi
cÖkœ : 7| ev®•xfeb KzÊjxi KvR wK? cÖkœ : 1| Mvwoi BwÄb VvÊv ivLvi Rb¨
cÖkœ : 8| Nbxfeb KzÊjx‡Z Drcbœ Zvc cvwb e¨envi Kiv nq †Kb? (h.†ev.
†Kv_vq wKfv‡e hvq? 2006)
cÖkœ : 9| †d«qb wK? (iv.ev. wm.†ev. cÖkœ : 2| cv_©K¨ wb‡`©k Ki−
2006; Xv. †ev. 2000; Xv.†ev. ewi. K. ev®•xq BwÄb I †c‡Ævj BwÄb
†ev. 2002; P.†ev. wm.†ev. 2003; A_ev, ewn`©vn I Aš マ`©vn BwÄb
h.†ev. 2003; 2005) L. †c‡Ævj BwÄb I wW‡Rj BwÄb|
cÖkœ : 10| †iwd«Rv‡iU‡i K‡¤•ªmvi wK cÖkœ : 3| wW‡Rj Bwćb ˆe`y¨wZK ùzwj½
KvR K‡i? (h.†ev. 2003) m„wói cÖ‡qvRb nq bv †Kb?
cÖkœ : 11| ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b †iwd«Rv‡iUi cÖkœ : 4| Aš マ`©n Bwćb ivmvqwbK kw³
Avgv‡`i wK Kv‡R jv‡M? (h. †ev. wKfv‡e MwZkw³‡Z iƒcvš マ wiZ nq?
Õ99) cÖkœ : 5| †iwd«Rv‡iU‡i ivLv `ªe¨vw`i
Abykxjbxi iPbvg チ jK DòZv Av‡iv †ewk Kgv‡bvi R‡b¨ wK
cÖkœ : 1| BwÄb wK? Zvckw³‡K Kv‡R wK e¨e¯’v MÖnY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i?
jvMv‡bvi Rb¨ Bwćb wK e¨e¯’v _vKv cÖkœ : 6| A‡Uv Pµ Kv‡K e‡j? (Kz.†ev.
2005)
12 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb
Abykxjbxi
msw¶ßÑDËi
cÖ‡kœvËi
cÖkœ : 1| Zvc BwÄb Kv‡K e‡j? KZ cÖKvi I wK wK? (ewi.†ev.
wm.†ev. 2004; Kz.†ev. 2000 ; iv.†ev. Õ99 ; P.†ev. 2001)
DËi : Zvc BwÄb :
msÁv : †h me h‡š ミ Zvckw³‡K hvwš ミ K kw³‡Z iƒcvš マ wiZ Kiv nq
†m¸‡jv‡K Zvc BwÄb e‡j|
cÖKvi‡f` : R¡vjvwb †cvov‡bvi e¨e¯’vi Dci wbf©i K‡i BwÄb‡K cÖavbZ
`yB fv‡M fvM Kiv nq| h_vÑ
1. Aš マ`©vn BwÄb, †hgbÑ †c‡Uªvj BwÄb
2. ewn`©vn BwÄb, †hgbÑ ev®•xq BwÄb|
cÖkœ : 2| Aš マ`©n I ewn`©n BwÄb ej‡Z wK eyS? (Kz.†ev. 2002; P.†ev.
2003)
DËi : Aš マ`©n BwÄb :
msÁv : †h Bwćb R¡vjvwbi `nb wµqv Bwćbi g チ j As‡ki wfZ‡i N‡U Zv‡K
Aš マ`©n BwÄb e‡j|
†hgbÑ †c‡Ævj BwÄb, wW‡Rj BwÄb BZ¨vw`|
G mKj Bwćb g チ j Bwćbi wfZ‡i †c‡Ævj ev wW‡Rj `nb K‡i †h kw³ cvIqv
hvq Zv Kv‡R jvMv‡bv nq| †gvUi Mvwo I G‡iv‡c‡b G ai‡bi BwÄb e¨envi
Kiv nq|
ewn`©n BwÄb :
msÁv : †h Bwćb R¡vjvwbi `nb wµqv Bwćbi g チ j As‡ki evB‡i N‡U Zv‡K
ewn`©n BwÄb e‡j|
†hgbÑ ev®•xq BwÄb GKwU ewn`©n BwÄb|
GB Bwćb g チ j Bwćbi evB‡i eqjv‡i Kqjvi Av¸‡b cvwb dzwU‡q ev®•
ˆZwi Kiv nq Ges GB ev®• kw³‡K BwÄb Pvjv‡bvi Kv‡R e¨envi Kiv nq|
cÖkœ : 3| A‡UvPµ Kv‡K e‡j? (Xv. †ev. P. †ev. Õ99 ; Kz. †ev. Õ05; 2000;
h.†ev. Õ06; Õ04; Õ02; Xv.†ev. Õ04; Õ01; e.†ev. iv.†ev. Õ03; wm.†ev. Kz.†ev.
Õ05)
DËi : A‡UvPµ :
msÁv : †c‡Ævj Bwćb wc÷‡bi `yÕevi mvg‡b Ges `yÕevi wcQ‡b GB
Pvievi NvZ cÖ`v‡b GKwU c チ Y© Pµ m¤•bœ nq| GRb¨ G‡K PviNvZ BwÄb
e‡j| 1886 mv‡j Wt A‡Uv me©cÖ_g mdjZvi mv‡_ GB BwÄb Pvjy K‡ib e‡j
P‡µi ci ci PviwU Nv‡Zi wµqv‡K ÔA‡UvPµÕ e‡j|
A‡UvP‡µi PviwU NvZ wbæiƒc :
1. cÖ_g MÖnY NvZ 3. Z…Zxq Kvh©Ki
K¨vjwiwgwZ 13
NvZ
2. wØZxq ms‡KvPb NvZ 4. PZz_©
wbtmib NvZ|
cÖkœ : 4| †c‡Ævj BwÄb‡K PZzN©vZ BwÄb †Kb e‡j? (P.†ev. 2005)
DËi : †c‡Ævj Bwćb wc÷‡bi `yÕevi mvg‡b Ges `yÕevi wcQ‡b GB
Pvievi NvZ cÖ`v‡b GKwU c チ Y© Pµ m¤•bœ nq| GRb¨ G‡K PviNvZ BwÄb
e‡j|
cÖkœ : 5| †c‡Ævj Bwćbi PviwU Nv‡Zi bvg wK? Kvh©Ki NvZ
†Kvb&wU?
DËi : †c‡Ævj Bwćbi PviwU NvZ : †c‡Ævj Bwćbi mgMÖ cÖwµqvwU
PviwU Nv‡Z wef³ Kiv hvq| h_vÑ
1. cÖ_g MÖnY NvZ
2. wØZxq ms‡KvPb NvZ
3. Z…Zxq Kvh©Ki NvZ
4. PZz_© wbtmib NvZ|
Z…Zxq NvZB Kvh©Ki NvZ|
cÖkœ : 6| †iwd«Rv‡iU‡ii K‡¤•ªmv‡ii KvR wK? (h.†ev. Kz.†ev. 2002)
DËi : K‡¤•ªmv‡ii KvR : †iwd«Rv‡iU‡ii K‡¤•ªmvi `yBfv‡e KvR K‡i _v‡K|
h_vÑ
1. K‡¤•ªmv‡ii cÖavb KvR nj M¨vmxq †d«qb‡K msµwgZ K‡i AwZ
D”PPvc I ZvcgvÎvq wb‡q hvIqv| hv‡Z K‡i †d«qb Nbxfeb KzÊjx‡Z
evZv‡mi ms¯•‡k© G‡m Zvc †Q‡o w`‡q Zij †d«q‡b cwiYZ n‡Z cv‡i
Ges GKB †d«qb‡K ev®•xfeb KzÊjx‡Z Pvjbv K‡i cybt cybt e¨envi
Kiv m¤¢e nq|
2. c‡i ev®•xfeb KzÊjx‡Z Zij †d«qb ev®•xf‚Z n‡q K‡¤•ªmv‡i cÖ‡ek
K‡i| K‡¤•ªmvi Pvjy Kiv n‡j Gi †cQ‡b A_©vr ev®•xfeb KzÊjx‡Z Pvc
n«vm cvq, d‡j †d«qb `ª“Z ev®•xf‚Z n‡Z cv‡i|
cÖkœ : 7| ev®•xfeb KzÊjxi KvR wK?
DËi : ev®•xfeb KzÊjxi KvR :
†iwd«Rv‡iU‡ii kxZjxKiY cÖ‡Kvô‡K wN‡i Zvgvi ˆZwi duvKv b‡ji KzÊjx
_v‡K| G‡K ev®•xfeb KzÊjx e‡j| GB KzÊjxi g‡a¨ DØvqx c`v_© †d«qb
_v‡K| ev®•xfeb KzÊjxi KvR n‡”Q cv¤• Pvjyi mv‡_ b‡ji wfZ‡ii Pvc hLb K‡g
hvq, ZLb †d«qb‡K `ª~Z ev®•xf‚Z n‡Z mvnvh¨ Kiv|
cÖkœ : 8| Nbxfeb KzÊjx‡Z Drcbœ Zvc †Kv_vq wKfv‡e hvq?
DËi : K‡¤•ªmvi †_‡K D”P Pvc I ZvcgvÎvi M¨vmxq †d«qb Nbxfeb KzÊjxi
ga¨w`‡q cÖevwnZ nIqvi mgq KzÊjxi mv‡_ mshy³ Zvgvi Rvwji gva¨‡g
14 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb
Abykxjbxi iPbvg チ
jK cÖ‡kœvËi
cÖkœ : 1| BwÄb wK? Zvckw³‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi Rb¨ Bwćb wK e¨e¯’v
_vKv cÖ‡qvRb wPÎmnKv‡i e¨vL¨v Ki| (h.†ev. 2004)
DËi : BwÄb :
msÁv : Zvckw³‡K w`‡q KvR Kiv‡Z n‡j GKwU hvwš ミ K e¨e¯’vi cÖ‡qvRb|
GB hvwš ミ K e¨e¯’vB BwÄb| Avevi †h hš ミ Zvckw³‡K hvwš ミ K kw³‡Z
iƒcvš マ wiZ K‡i Zv‡K Zvc BwÄb e‡j|
K¨vjwiwgwZ 15
D”PZi DòZvi
Zvc Drm
Zvc Bw
Äb hvw kw
šK ³ ‡Z
i Z kw
i ƒcvšw ³
w
bæZi DòZvi
Zvc MÖ
vnK
A_©vr BwÄb‡K D”PZi DòZvi †Kvb Drm †_‡K Zvc msMÖn K‡i †mB Zv‡ci
LvwbKUv Kv‡R cwiYZ K‡i evwKUv wbæZi DòZvq †Q‡o w`‡Z n‡e| †Kvb
R¡vjvwb cywo‡q Bwćb Zvckw³ mieivn Kiv nq|
cÖkœ : 2| wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ GKwU †c‡Ævj Bwćbi MVb I
Kvh©cÖYvwj eY©bv Ki| (Xv.†ev. h.†ev. Õ04; iv.†ev. Õ99 ; e.†ev.
2001)
DËi : †c‡Ævj BwÄb :
msÁv : †c‡Ævj BwÄb GK cÖKvi Aš マ`©n BwÄb hv‡Z R¡vjvwb wn‡m‡e
DØvqx Zij, †c‡Uªvj e¨envi Kiv nq| †h Bwćb †c‡Uªvj ev®•‡K Dchy³
cwigvY evqyi (Aw·‡R‡bi) mv‡_ wgwkÖZ K‡i Bwćbi Af¨š マ ‡ i `nb K‡i Zvc
kw³‡K hvwš ミ K Z_v MwZkw³‡Z iƒcvš マ wiZ Kiv nq Zv‡K †c‡Uªvj BwÄb e‡j|
16 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb
wPÎ : †iwd«Rv‡iUi
3. K‡¤•ªmvi : ev®•xfeb KzÊjxi mv‡_ GKwU K‡¤•ªmvi mshy³ _v‡K|
Gi mvnv‡h¨ ev®•xf‚Z †d«qb‡K msKzwPZ Kiv nq|
4. Nbxfeb KzÊjx : ev®•xf‚Z †d«qb‡K †h KzÊjxi g‡a¨ G‡b K‡¤•ªmv‡ii
mvnv‡h¨ msKzwPZ K‡i cybivq Zi‡j cwiYZ Kiv nq †mB KzÊjx‡K
Nbxfeb KzÊjx e‡j| GwU K‡¤•ªmv‡ii mv‡_ mshy³ _v‡K| GB KzÊjxi
g‡a¨ †d«qb M¨vm myßZvc eR©b K‡i cybivq Zi‡j cwiYZ nq|
5. kxZjxKiY wdb&m : GwU Nbxfeb KzÊjxi mv‡_ mshy³ _v‡K|
ev®•xf‚Z †d«qb‡K Zij Kivi Rb¨ †h myßZvc ewR©Z nq Zv kxZjxKiY
wdb&‡m cwienb cÖwµqvq mÂvwjZ nq Ges †mLvb †_‡K cwiPjb I
wewKiY cÖwµqvq Zvc cwi‡e‡k Qwo‡q †`q|
6. _v‡g©v÷¨vU myBP : GB myBPwU K‡¤•ªmv‡ii ZvcgvÎvi mv‡_
m½wZ †i‡L K‡¤•ªmviwU‡K Ab-Ad Kivi gva¨‡g †iwd«Rv‡iU‡ii
ZvcgvÎv wbqš ミ Y K‡i|
Kvh©c×wZ :
†Kvb e¯‘i ev®•xfe‡bi R‡b¨ †h AwZwi³ Zvckw³i cÖ‡qvRb nq (ev®•xfe‡bi
jxb Zvc) Zv wbKU cwi‡ek †_‡K msM„nxZ nq, d‡j ZvcgvÎv n«vm cvq|
†iwd«Rv‡iU‡i GB bxwZB AbymiY Kiv nq|
wb‡æ †iwd«Rv‡iU‡ii Kvh©c×wZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj :
1. cÖ_‡g Zij †d«qb‡K †iwd«Rv‡iU‡ii kxZjxKiY K‡¶i wfZi w`‡q
cwiPvwjZ Kiv nq| G mgq Zij †d«qb †iwd«Rv‡iU‡ii wfZ‡i Aew¯’Z
`ªe¨vw` †_‡K Zvc MÖnY K‡i ev‡®• cwiYZ nq Ges `ªe¨¸‡jv Zvc
nvwi‡q VvÊv nq| wKQy¶Y Gfv‡e Pjvi ci K‡¶i wfZ‡i iw¶Z `ªe¨¸‡jvi
ZvcgvÎv GZ wb‡P †b‡g hvq †h cPvi AvksKv _v‡K bv|
2. Gici †d«qb ev®•‡K K‡¤•ªmv‡ii ga¨w`‡q Pvjbv K‡i ms‡KvwPZ
Kiv nq| d‡j ev®• Avevi Zi‡j cwiYZ nq Ges ev®•ve¯’vq M„nxZ Zvc
cwiZ¨vM K‡i| GB Zvc evB‡i mwi‡q †bqv nq I Zij †d«qb‡K cybivq
kxZjxKiY cÖ‡Kv‡ô cwiPvwjZ Kiv nq|
Gfv‡e †iwd«Rv‡iUi KvR K‡i|
AwZwi³
cÖ‡kœvËi
cÖkœ : 1| Mvwoi BwÄb VvÊv ivLvi Rb¨ cvwb e¨envi Kiv nq †Kb?
(h.†ev. 2006)
20 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb
DËi : cvwbi Av‡cw¶K Zvc 4200Jkg−1k−1| Ab¨vb¨ c`v‡_©i Zzjbvq cvwbi
Av‡cw¶K Zvc A‡bK †ewk| Av‡cw¶K Zvc †ewk mn‡RB DËß e¯‘ †_‡K AwaK
cwigvY Zvc †kvlY Ki‡Z cv‡i| d‡j DËß e¯‘wU kxZj _v‡K| cvwbi GB D”P
Av‡cw¶K Zv‡ci Kvi‡YB Mvwoi BwÄb VvÊv ivLvi Rb¨ cvwb e¨envi Kiv nq|
cÖkœ : 2| cv_©K¨ wb‡`©k Ki−
K. ev®•xq BwÄb I †c‡Ævj BwÄb
A_ev, ewn`©vn I Aš マ`©vn BwÄb
L. †c‡Ævj BwÄb I wW‡Rj BwÄb|
DËi : ev®•xq BwÄb I †c‡Ævj BwÄb Gi cv_©K¨ :
ev®•xq BwÄb /ewn`©vn †c‡Uªvj BwÄb /Aš マ`©vn
1. GwU ewn`©vn BwÄb| 1. GwU GKwU Aš マ`©vn BwÄb|
2. GB Bwćb `yB Nv‡Z GKwU 2. GB Bwćb GKwU P‡µ PviwU
Pµ m¤•bœ nq| NvZ _v‡K|
3. GB Bwćbi `ywU NvZB 3. GB Bwćb GKwU Kvh©Ki NvZ
Kvh©Ki NvZ| Av‡Q|
4. Gi KvR ïi“ Kivi Rb¨ evB‡ii 4. Gi KvR ïi“ Kivi Rb¨ ÷vUv‡ii
†Kvb wKQyi cÖ‡qvRb nq cÖ‡qvRb|
bv|
5. Gi Kvh©Ki e¯‘ cvwb Z_v 5. Gi Kvh©Ki e¯‘ †c‡Uªvj Z_v
ev®•| †c‡Uªvj I evqyi wgkÖY|
6. Gi Kg©`¶Zv cÖvq 20%| 6. Gi Kg©`¶Zv cÖvq 70%|
7. Gi wmwjÊvi‡K VvÊv ivLvi 7. Gi wmwjÊvi‡K VvÊv ivLvi Rb¨
Rb¨ †Kvb e¨e¯’vi cÖ‡qvRb Avjv`v e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z nq|
nq bv|
L. †c‡Uªvj BwÄb I wW‡Rj BwÄb Gi cv_©K¨ :
†c‡Uªvj BwÄb wW‡Rj BwÄb
1. †c‡Uªvj‡K R¡vjvwb wn‡m‡e 1. wW‡Rj‡K R¡vjvwb wn‡m‡e
e¨envi K‡i †c‡Uªvj BwÄb e¨envi K‡i wW‡Rj BwÄb Pvjv‡bv
Pvjv‡bv nq| nq|
2. `nb NUv‡Z ˆe`y¨wZK 2. `nb NUv‡Z ˆe`y¨wZK ùzwj½
ùzwj½ m„wói cÖ‡qvRb nq| m„wó Kivi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv|
3. ùzwj½ ˆZwi Ki‡Z ¯•vK© c- 3. ùzwj‡½i cÖ‡qvRb nq bv ZvB
vM e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| ¯•vK© cv‡Mi `iKvi nq bv|
4. GB Bwćb evqy I †c‡Uªvj 4. GB Bwćb Kvey©‡iUi e¨envi
wgkÖY mieivn Kivi Rb¨ Kiv nq bv|
Kvey©‡iUi e¨envi nq|
5. †gvUi Mvwo, ev‡m e¨eüZ 5. G‡iv‡cb, evm, jwi‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
nq|
K¨vjwiwgwZ 21
ˆbe©¨w³K
cÖ‡kœvËi
Abykxjbxi eû wbe©vPbx cÖ‡kœvËi : mwVK DËiwUi cv‡k wUK (√)
wPý `vI|
22 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb