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Cu & its Alloys
Al & its Alloys
Mg & its Alloys
Ti & its Alloys
The Refractory Metals
The Superalloys
The Noble Metals
Miscellaneous Nonferrous Alloys
 Steel and other ferrous alloys
are consumed in exceedingly
large quantities because 3
J
they have a wide range of
mechanical properties;
J
may be fabricated with
relative ease;
J
are economical to
produce.
 ST NCT L M TAT
NS

RR
S ALL
S

J
a relatively high density

J
a comparatively low electrical
conductivity
J
an inherent susceptibility to
corrosion in some common
environments.

 


CAST ALL
S
- alloys that are so brittle that
forming and shaping by appreciable
deformation is not possible.
- ^cast means ^mold .
R
T ALL
S
- alloys that are amenable to
mechanical deformation
 ^eat Treatable
- designates an alloy whose
mechanical strength is improved by
precipitation hardening or a
martensitic transformation, both of
which involve specific heat-
heat-treating
procedures.
   


Copper
-soft and ductile; difficult to machine
-almost unlimited capacity to be cold
worked
-highly resistant to corrosion in diverse
environments including the ambient
atmosphere, seawater, and some
industrial chemicals.
- is the only element that is now
primarily used in making the world
worlds
coinage. J istorically, its Ag, Au and Cu

 Copper conducts electricity at a rate 97%
97%
that of silver, and is the standard for
electrical conductivity.
igh purity of 99.
99.9% is sought to attain
the best conductivity and formability.
Copper provided a diverse range of
properties:
good thermal and electrical
conductivity
corrosion resistance
ease of forming
ease of joining
   

Alloying improves mechanical and
corrosion resistance properties of
copper.
Copper--based alloys form protective
Copper
films that will not corrode in water or
non--oxidizing acids.
non
There are approximately 70
commercial copper and copper-
copper-alloy
compositions.
 Most copper alloys cannot be
hardened or strengthened by heat-
heat-
treating procedures;
C
L
RK N and/or S
L - -
S
LT
N ALL
 N must be
utilized to improve these mechanical
properties.
C
R
C
R--BAS ALL
S:
J
Brass J copper & zinc

J
Bronze J copper & tin

J
Cupronickel J copper & nickel

J
leaded copper
J
nickel silver J Cu
Cu--Ni-
Ni-Zn

J
high copper alloy
 BRASSS
- Zn is the principal alloying
element.
J
brass J Cu-
Cu-Zn

J
leaded brass J Cu-
Cu-Zn-
Zn-b

J
Tin brass J Cu-
Cu-Zn-
Zn-Sn

J
Silicon brass J Cu-
Cu-Zn-
Zn-Si

 BR
NZ
- tin J Sn
is the principal alloying
element.
J
Tin Bronze J Cu-
Cu-Sn

J
hosphor bronze J Cu-
Cu-Sn-
Sn-

J
Leaded hosphor bronze
J Cu-
Cu-Sn-
Sn-b
b--

J
Silicon bronze
J
Aluminum bronze
J
Nickel-
Nickel-Tin bronze
J7
Manganese bronze
 LA C
R
- Cast alloys containing 0% b or
0%
more.

  C
R ALL
S
- contain small amounts of alloying
elements that improve its strength with
some loss in electrical conductivity.

x. Adding about % Cd

increases strength by 0 %
0%
loss in conductivity to 8%
8%
 ||
The most abundant of metals
xcellent thermal conductivity
ood strength
Corrosion resistance
Light weight J / of steel

Commercial purity of aluminum is
99..% to 99.
99 99.79%,
79%, but pure
aluminum is too soft to be of
structural value.
 Though light in weight, commercially
pure aluminum has a tensile strength
of  ,,000 psi.
Cold working approximately doubles
its strength.

ther ways of increasing the
strength is by adding Mn, Si, Cu, Mg
or Zn.
Al is stronger at subzero
temperatures than at room
temperature.
 Most Al alloys lose strength at
elevated temperatures, although
some retain significant strength to
00o.
as a high strength-
strength-to-
to-weight ratio.
ood formability
ossesses its own anticorrosion
mechanism.
 rimary Reason for Alloying Aluminum:

to increase the strength without

significantly increasing the weight.

ther Reasons:
To improve
. machinability
. weldability
. surface appearance
. corrosion resistance

  | | 
||

hen exposed to air, Al does not

oxidize progressively because a hard,
microscopic oxide coating forms on the
surface and seals the metal from the
environment.

This tight chemical oxide bond is the

reason why Al is not found in nature; only
as a compound.
 Al & its alloys numbering in the 00
00s,
s, are
available in all common commercial forms.
Al-
Al-alloy sheet can be:
formed
drawn
stamped
spunned
welded
brazed
soldered
 Al surfaces readily accept a wide
variety of finishes both mechanical
and chemical.
Nonsparking
Nonmagnetic
 
 
Aircraft
Aerospace
Automotive
Shipbuilding
ousehold products including pots, pans and
cooking utensils.
Newer applications, such as shafts, radiators,
cylinder heads

Most advantageous when dealing with

weight vs. strength vs. cost

 | |
s the lightest among the commonly
used metals.
ts versatility and abundance make it
one of the most popular metals.
Too soft to be used as a structural
material.
Low density
ood mechanical strength
igh strength to weight ratio
 as good fatigue resistance and performs
well in applications involving large number
of cycles at relatively low stress.
Metal is sensitive to stress concentration,
so notches, sharp corners and abrupt
section changes should be avoided.
s recognized for its favorable strength-
strength-to-
to-
weight ratio.
xcellent castability.
asiest of the structural metals to
machine; they can be shaped and
fabricated by most metal working
processes.