System Approach

System

System is a set of interacting or interdependent

entities forming an integrated whole.
System emphasizing a fair degree of integration and
a holistic view(whole is greater than sum of its part).
The term system may also refer to a set of rules that
governs behavior or structure.
A group of independent but interrelated elements
comprising a unified whole.
 Characteristic of a system

• Systems have structure, defined by parts and their

composition;
• Systems have behavior, which involves inputs,
processing and outputs of material, energy or
information;
• Systems have interconnectivity: the various parts of
a system have functional as well as structural
relationships between each other.
• System(s) have by itself function(s) or group of
functions .
 Types of a System

• An open system exchanges matter and energy with

its surroundings. Most systems are open systems;
like a Human Beings.
• A closed system exchanges energy, but not matter,
with its environment; like Watch, Earth.
• An isolated system exchanges neither matter nor
energy with its environment; a theoretical example
of which would be the universe.
 Subsystem

A subsystem is a set of elements, which is a system

itself, and a part of a larger system.
Example- Tula’s institute is a system and different
departments are subsystem which acts as a separate
system.
 System Approach

Interdependence of objects and there

attributes- independent elements can never
constitute a system
Holism – emergent properties not possible to
detect by analysis , should be possible to defined by
holistic approach .
Goal seeking – system interaction must result in
some goal or final state
 System approach

Input and output- in a closed system input are

determined once and constant , in open system
additional inputs are admitted from the environment
Transformation of input into output- This is
the process by which goal are obtained.
Entropy- Amount of disorder and randomness
present in any system.(is a measure of the number of
ways in which a system may be arranged). Higher
the entropy , higher the disorder.
 System approach

Regulation- A method of feedback is necessary for

the system to operate predictably
Hierarchy- Complex whole are made up of smaller
subsystem
Differentiation – Specialized unit perform
specialized function
Equifinality- Alternative way to attaining the
same objective
 Major concepts comes in system approach

Specialization
Grouping
Coordination
Emergent properties
 Major concepts comes in system approach

Specialization - System is divided into smaller

components allowing more specialized
concentration on each component
Grouping - To avoid generating greater complexity
with increasing specialization it becomes necessary
to group related discipline or sub discipline
 Major concepts comes in system approach

Coordination- As the components and the sub

continent of system are group it necessary to
coordinate the interaction among groups.
Emergent properties – Dividing a system into
subsystem required recognizes and understanding
the emergent properties of system i.e. recognizes
why the system as a whole is greater than some of its
parts.