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Rade Raonić - Matematičke Formule
Rade Raonić - Matematičke Formule
MATEMATI^KE
FORMULE
1. ARITMETIKA I ALGEBRA
1.1. RAZMERE
a : c = b : d
Ako je a : b = c : d tada je: d : b = c : a ;
d : c = b : a
(a m) : (b m) = c : d
(a : m) : (b : m) = c : d
Ako je a : b = c : d tada je: , m je proizvoqan faktor;
( a m ) : b = ( c m ) : d
(a : m) : b = (c : m) : d
( a b ) : ( c d ) = a : c = b : d
( a + b ) : ( c + d ) = ( a b ) : (c d )
Iz a : b = c : d sledi: ;
( a m + b n ) : ( c m + d n ) = ( a m b n ) : ( c m d n )
(a m b n) : (c m d n) = (a p b q) : (c p d q )
x1 + x2 + ... + xn
Aritmeti~ka sredina: x = ;
n
n
Harmonijska sredina: H n ( x) = , (xi > 0 , i = 1,2,..., n) ;
1 1 1
+ + ... +
x1 x2 xn
1.2. STEPENI
1
a m a n = a m+ n ; a m : a n = a mn ; a 0 = 1 , (a 0) ; a m = , (a 0) ;
am
a m
a m b n = ( a b) m ; a m : b n = ( ) ; (a m )n = a mn ;
b
1.3. KORENI
m
p
p n n
( a) = a
m p m p
; m
a =
p mn
a = a n
; m
a p = m a p ;
m n
a= n m
a = mn a ; m
a m b = m a b ;
m
a n p
m
a: b=
m
; m n
a b = a b ;
p n n
a = a , (m Z ; n N ) ;
m n
b
a a n b nr p p (a b c d )
= ; = ;
n r
b b a b c d a2 b c2 d
( a b) 2 = a 2 2 a b + b 2 ;
( a b)3 = a 3 3 a 2 b + 3 a b 2 b 3 ;
a 2 b 2 = ( a b) ( a + b) ;
a 3 b3 = ( a b) ( a 2 + a b + b 2 ) ;
a 4 b 4 = (a b) (a 3 + a 2 b + a b 2 + b3 ) = (a 2 b 2 ) (a 2 + b 2 ) ;
a 3 + b 3 = ( a + b) ( a 2 a b + b 2 ) ;
a 5 + b5 = (a + b) (a 4 a 3 b + a 2 b 2 a b3 + b 4 ) ;
a 2 + b 2 = (a 2 + 2 a b + b 2 ) 2 a b = (a + b 2 a b ) (a + b + 2 a b ) ;
a 4 + b 4 = (a 4 + 2 a 2 b 2 + b 4 ) 2 a 2 b 2 = (a 2 + b 2 a b 2) (a 2 + b 2 + a b 2) ;
x 2 + p x + q = ( x + m) ( x + n ) , ( p = m + n ; q = m n) ;
a 2n b 2n = (a b) (a 2n1 + a 2n2 b + ... + a b 2n2 + b 2n1 ) = (a n b n ) (a n + b n ) ;
a 2n+1 b 2n+1 = (a b) (a 2n a 2n1 b + a 2n2 b 2 ... + a 2 b 2n2 a b 2n1 + b 2n ) ;
itd.
1.7. LOGARITMI
x
log a ( x y ) = log a x + log a y ; log a= log a x log a y ;
y
1
log a x k = k log a x , (k R ; x R + ) ; log a n x = log a x ;
n
1.8. JEDNA^INE
c
a x2 + c = 0 ; x1,2 = ;
a
b b 2 4 a c
a x + b x + c = 0 ; x1,2 =
2
;
2a
b c p p2
Za p = i q = je: x + p x + q = 0 ; x1,2 =
2
q ;
a a 2 4
p2
Diskriminanta je: D = {b 4ac} odnosno D = q . Va`i: a) D > 0
2
4
realni razli~iti koreni, b) D = 0 dvostruki realni koreni i v) D < 0
kowugovano kompleksni koreni.
2. GEOMETRIJA
2.1. PLANIMETRIJA
1. 2. 3.
4. 5. 6.
+ = + = 1800
= =
2 2
4. 5. 6.
7. 8. 9.
1. 2. 3.
4. 5. 6.
a b
sin = = cos ; cos = = sin ;
c c
a b
tg = = ctg ; ctg = = tg ;
b a
Osnovni odnosi su:
+ +
sin + sin = 2 sin cos ; sin sin = 2 cos
; sin
2 2 2 2
+ +
cos + cos = 2 cos cos ; cos cos = 2 sin sin ;
2 2 2 2
Kosinusna teorema:
a 2 = b 2 + c 2 2 b c cos ;
b 2 = a 2 + c 2 2 a c cos ;
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 2 a b cos ;
4. ANALITI^KA GEOMETRIJA
4.1. JEDNA^INE