NUMERICAL METHODS

School Of Engineering Of Petroleum

INVERSE MATRIZ
In the matriz theory only certain classes of square matriz
have inverse multiplicativos in contrast to common algebra
where every real number to different from zero has his inverse
multiplicativo b.

Matriz identity

The matriz identity has 1 in the principal diagonal and 0 in

other positions.
Examples of matriz identity of different orders.

1 0 0
I2=
1
1 0
[ ]
0 1
0 0 0
[ ]
I3= 0 1 0
0 0 1

[ ]
I 4=
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
Matriz transpuesta
0
0
1

Diego F.
Industrial university Of Santander
I Semester of 2010
 NUMERICAL METHODS
School Of Engineering Of Petroleum

It is the matriz that we obtain of changing the lines into the

T
columns. The transpuesta of A we represent it for A .
Example:

Attached matriz

Definition: If To es a square matriz n x n and B is the matriz

of his cofactors, then It enclosesit of A, denoted why
it adjA is the transpuesta of the matriz B
square n x n.

Example:
It calculates adjA

A= 1 3
[ ]
4 2

First
we calculate ALL the cofactors of the
matriz A.

Diego F.
Industrial university Of Santander
I Semester of 2010
 NUMERICAL METHODS
School Of Engineering Of Petroleum

A 11 =2 A 12=−4
A 21=−3 A 22=1
Second
with the answers formed the matriz B and then I obtain
that it B is adjA .
T

2 −4
[ ] B T = 2 −3 =adjA
B=
−3 1 [
−4 1 ]
Example II:
It calculates adjA

1 −2 3

[
A= 5 −1 2
3 4 −3 ]
Solution
First
we calculate ALL the cofactors of
the matriz A.

A 11 =(−1)1+1 −1 2 =−5 A 12=(−1 )1+2 5 2 =21

[ ] 4 −3 [ ]
3 −3
A 13=(−1 )1+3 5 −1 =17
[ ] 3 4

Diego F.
Industrial university Of Santander
I Semester of 2010
 NUMERICAL METHODS
School Of Engineering Of Petroleum

A 21=(−1 )2+1 −2 3 =−6 A 22=(−1)2+2 1 3 =−12 A 23=(−1 )2+3 1 −2 =2

[ 4 −3 ] [ ]
3 −3 [ ]3 4

A 31=(−1 )3 +1 −2 3 =1 A 32=(−1)3 +2 1 3 =13 A 33=(−1 )3+3 1 −2 =9

[ ]−1 2 [ ]
5 2 [ ]5 −1

Second
with the answers formed the matriz B and then I obtain
that it B is adjA .
T

−5 21 17

[
B= −6 −12 2
1 13 9 ]
−5 −6 1
T

[
B = 21 −12 13 =adjA
17 2 9 ]
Definition of inverse of a matriz:

If To es a square order matriz n. If a matriz

exists B such that
AB = In = BA

Diego F.
Industrial university Of Santander
I Semester of 2010
 NUMERICAL METHODS
School Of Engineering Of Petroleum

−1
then B it is called inverse of A and is denoted with A . (It is
read “To inverse”)

If to es a square matriz has one inverse and we say that A it

is invertible. If To es a square matriz is not possible to
invest it.

Example:
Inverse of a matriz 2 x 2

Method I:

THEOREM:

a11 a12
A=
[ a21 a22 ]
If the determinant of A is not a zero the
inverse multiplicativo of A is:

Diego F.
Industrial university Of Santander
I Semester of 2010
 NUMERICAL METHODS
School Of Engineering Of Petroleum

1 a22 −a 12
A−1 =
[
|A| −a21 a 11 ]
−1
Example: to find A

3 5
A= [ ]
1 4

The first
meeting the determinant of A:
|A|=( 3 ) ( 4 )−( 5 ) ( 1 )=( 12 )−( 5 )=7
The second
calculation the adj A

Cofactors of A
A= 3 5
[ ]
1 4

A 11 =4 A 12=−1
A 21=−5 A 22=3

Third

Diego F.
Industrial university Of Santander
I Semester of 2010
 NUMERICAL METHODS
School Of Engineering Of Petroleum

with the answers I form the matriz B and then I obtain

T
that it B is adjA .

B= 4 −1
[ ] B T = 4 −5 =adjA
−5 3 [
−1 3 ]
Quarter you
apply the theorem

1 A11 −A 21
A−1 =
[
|A| −A 12 A 22 ]
4 −5
A−1 =
1 4 −5
7 −1 3
= 7
[
−
1
7
] [ ] 7
3
7

We verify the answer:

−1 −1
AA =I 2 = A A

Diego F.
Industrial university Of Santander
I Semester of 2010
 NUMERICAL METHODS
School Of Engineering Of Petroleum

4 −5
3 5 7
[ ]
1 4
−
1
7
[ ][ 7
3
7
=
1 0
0 1 ]
4 1 12 5 7
a11 =( 3 ) () ( )
7
+ ( 5 ) − = − = =1
7 7 7 7

5 3 15 15 0
a12=( 3 ) − ( ) ()
7
+( 5 )
7
=− + = =0
7 7 7

4  1 4 4 0
a 21  1     4        0
7  7 7 7 7

( 57 )+( 4 ) ( 37 )=−−57 +127 = 77 =1

a22=( 1 ) −

EXERCISES
−1
It calculates A
1 −2 3

[
A= 5 −1 2
3 4 −3 ]
First we
calculate determinant of A

Diego F.
Industrial university Of Santander
I Semester of 2010
 NUMERICAL METHODS
School Of Engineering Of Petroleum

1 −2 3

[
A= 5 −1 2
3 4 −3 ]
|A|=( 1 ) −1 2 −(−2 ) 5 2 + ( 3 ) 5 −1 =( 3−8 ) +2 (−15−6 ) +3 ( 20+2 )=
[ 4 −3 ] [ 3 −3 ] [ 2 4 ]
=−5+ 42+66=103

Second we
calculate ALL the cofactors of the matriz A.

A 11 =(−1)1+1 −1 2 =−5 A 12=(−1 )1+2 5 2 =21 A 13=(−1 )1+3 5 −1 =17

[ 4 −3 ] [ ]
3 −3 [ ]3 4

A 21=(−1 )2+1 −2 3 =−6 A 22=(−1)2+2 1 3 =−12

[ ]4 −3 [ ]
3 −3
A 23=(−1 )2+3 1 −2 =2
[ ]3 4

A 31=(−1 )3 +1 −2 3 =1
[ ] −1 2
A 32=(−1)3 +2 1 3 =13
[ ] 5 2
A 33=(−1 )3+3 1 −2 =9
[ ] 5 −1

Third

Diego F.
Industrial university Of Santander
I Semester of 2010
 NUMERICAL METHODS
School Of Engineering Of Petroleum

with the answers I form the matriz B and then I obtain

that it B is adjA .
T

−5 21 17 −5 −6 1
[
B= −6 −12 2
1 13 9 ] T

[
B = 21 −12 13 =adjA
17 2 9 ]
Quarter
I find the inverse one of the matriz A like that:

A11 A 21 A 31 −5 −6 1
−1
A =
1
A
[
|A| 12
A 13
A 22
A 23 ] [
A 32 =
A 33
1
103
21 −12 13
17 2 9 ]

Diego F.
Industrial university Of Santander
I Semester of 2010