Comparison
of
the
Warping


Methods
used
in
Georeferencing


Chandler
Collins,
University
of
Florida
’11

SARP
2010

Land
Group

 Overview


•  IntroducHon

•  Background

•  Methodology

•  Results

•  Conclusion

•  Acknowledgements
&
References

 IntroducHon

•  Land
Group
Project

LocaHon:
Paramount

Farms
in
Lost
Hills,
CA

•  14,000
acres
of
almond

and
pistachio
orchards

•  Took
part
in
vegetaHon

sampling,
leaf
scanning,

LAI,
and
atmospheric

calibraHon

•  UlHmately
esHmaHng

evapotranspiraHon
(ET)


hUp://www.paramounXarms.com/

 Background

•  Why
did
I
choose
this
project?

•  Relevant
to
my
major

•  Involved
in
a
similar
project
at
UF

•  Importance
of
georegistering
and
warping

•  Accurate
registraHon
is
important
for
matching
up
the
ground
data

and
for
change
detecHon
analyses
at
the
finish
of
the
project


•  Data
used:
MASTER
images
from
flights,
NAIP
image

(~1
_.
accuracy),
ENVI
files

–  NaHonal
Agriculture
Imagery
Program
(NAIP)

–  hUp://www.fsa.usda.gov/FSA/apfoapp?
area=home&subject=prog&topic=nai

 Georeferencing/GeoregistraHon

•  The
process
of
adjusHng

one
drawing
or
image
to

the
geographic
locaHon
of
a

"known
good"
reference

drawing,
image,
surface
or

map.

•  Assigns
every
pixel
in
the

image
to
a
map
projecHon

and
coordinates

•  Once
an
image
is

georeferenced,
we
can

register
other
spaHal
data

types
to
the
same
map
and

make
it
easier
to
use
in
GIS.

•  Discuss
methods
later
 hUp://riverhistory.ess.washington.edu/tsheets.php

 GeocorrecHon

•  GeocorrecHon
is
what

we
actually
do
in
order

to
georeference
our

image

•  Removes
geometric

distorHon
(internal
and

external)

•  Two
types:

–  Image
to
Map

–  Image
to
Image

Courtesy
of:
Susan
UsHn’s
“Georeferencing
And
GeoregistraHon
PPT

 Warping
Methods


•  Three
types
of
warping
methods:

– RST
(RotaHon,
Scaling,
and

TranslaHon)

– Polynomial

– Delaunay
TriangulaHon

 RST
(RotaHon,
Scaling,
TranslaHon)

•  Simplest
and
fastest
warping

method

•  Composed
of
linear
combinaHons

of
two
transformaHons
(rotaHon

and
scaling)
and
a
shi_

(translaHon)

•  Needs
a
minimum
of
3

(someHmes
more)
GCP’s
to
work
 A
pixel

•  Uses
an
affine
transformaHon

•  Doesn’t
account
for
image

shearing
 RotaHon
 TranslaHon
 Scaling


Courtesy
of:
Susan
UsHn’s
“Georeferencing
And
GeoregistraHon
PPT

 Polynomial

•  First‐order
polynomial

returns
more
accurate

results
than
RST,
but
takes

more
Hme

•  Available
from
the
1st
to
the

nth
degree

•  Like
RST,
a
minimum
of
3

GCP’s
are
required
for
the

first‐order
polynomial

•  That
number
goes
up
when

you
go
up
the
second‐
order,
third‐order,
etc.

Courtesy
of:
Susan
UsHn’s
“Georeferencing
And
GeoregistraHon
PPT

 Delaunay
TriangulaHon

•  Fits
triangles
to
GCP’s

that
are
spaced
out

irregularly

•  Interpolates
those

values
to
an
output

grid
 Courtesy
of:
Susan
UsHn’s
“Georeferencing
And
GeoregistraHon
PPT


•  Not
a
pixel‐by‐pixel

approach

•  SomeHmes
seen
as
a

rubber
sheeHng

approach

hUp://www.math.tu‐berlin.de/geometrie/lab/curvesnsurfaces.shtml

 Change
DetecHon

•  There
are
different
types
of
change
detecHon

•  Image
Differencing
(Subtrac2on/Division
of
images)

•  Principal
Components
Analysis
(PCA)

•  Post‐ClassificaHon
Change
DetecHon

•  Major
remote
sensing
applicaHon

•  Analyzes
two
or
more
images
taken
on

different
dates
to
idenHfy
regions
that
have

undergone
change
and
to
interpret
the
types

and
causes
of
change


UsHn
and
Kefauver,
“ENVI
Tutorial”,
2010

 Methodology


•  Open
your
base
image
into
ENVI
(or
“master”

image
as
it’s
someHmes
called)

•  Open
your
warp
image
into
ENVI

•  Select
GCP’s

•  Select
Warping
Method

•  Select
Pixel
InterpolaHon
Method

•  Change
DetecHon
Map

Zoomed
In

 SelecHng
GCP’s

•  Make
sure
the
points
have
sharp
contrast

•  Since
we
were
working
with
images
taken
at

different
Hmes,
make
sure
the
points
haven’t

changed
over
that
Hme
period

•  Select
GCPs
that
are
evenly
spaced
throughout

the
image

•  Common
rule:
A
distribuHon
of
control
points

around
the
edges
of
the
image
to
be
corrected

with
a
scaUering
of
points
over
the
body
of
the

image

Examples
of
GCP’S

 GCP
DistribuHon
for
Subset
1


June
29,
2010


(First
fly‐over
of
Lost
Hills)

 GCP
DistribuHon
for
Subset
2


June
29,
2010


(Second
fly‐over
of
Lost
Hills)

 GCP
DistribuHon
for
Subset
3


July
1,
2010


(First
fly‐over
of
Lost
Hills)

 GCP
DistribuHon
for
Subset
4


July
1,
2010


(Second
fly‐over
of
Lost
Hills)

In
Order
to
Warp…

 Comparison
of
Warp
Methods


•  Visual

•  Root
Mean
Squared
Error
(RMSE)

•  Change
DetecHon

 Root
Mean
Squared
Error
(RMSE)

•  A
frequently‐used
measure
of
the
differences

between
values
predicted
by
a
model
or
an

esHmator
and
the
values
actually
observed

from
the
thing
being
modeled
or
esHmated

•  Similar
to
standard
deviaHon

•  RMSE
can
be
found
by:

RST
Warp
Method


RMS
:

1.4189
>
x
>

0.1443

RMSE
for
RST
Warp
Method

Polynomial
(1st
Degree)
Warp
Method


RMS
:

1.1495
>
x
>

0.1558

RMSE
for
Polynomial
(1st
Degree)
Warp

Method

Polynomial
(2nd
Degree)
Warp
Method


RMS
:

1.0964
>
x
>

0.0757

RMSE
for
Polynomial
(2nd
Degree)

Warp
Method

Polynomial
(3rd
Degree)
Warp
Method


RMS
:

0.9680
>
x
>

0.0980

RMSE
for
Polynomial
(3rd
Degree)

Warp
Method

Delaunay
TriangulaHon
Warp
Method


RMS
:

1.0858
>
x
>

0.0248

RMSE
for
Delaunay
TriangulaHon
Warp

Method

 Conclusion

•  All
of
the
warping
methods
resulted
in
a
RMSE

of
lower
than
1

•  The
lowest
being
the
3rd
Degree
Polynomial

Warp
Method
RMSE
of
0.517386

•  The
highest
being
the
RST
Warp
Method
RMSE

of
0.658349

 Future
Work

•  Improve
my
work
on
my
project
back
at
UF

•  Take
back
skills
learned
here
at
SARP
and

share
them
with
classmates
and
teachers
at

UF

•  ConHnue
comparing
the
warp
methods
used

 References

•  Rosin,
Paul
L.
Threshold for Change Detec2on.
PublicaHon.

Uxbridge,
UK:
Brunel
University,
2003.
Print.

•  UsHn,
Susan,
and
Shawn
Kefauver.
ENVI Tutorial.
Tutorial.

Print.

•  UsHn,
Susan.
"Change
DetecHon."
SARP
2010.
UC‐Irvine,

Irvine,
CA.
26
June
2010.
Lecture.

•  UsHn,
Susan.
"Georeferencing
And
GeoregistraHon."
SARP

2010.
UC‐Irvine,
Irvine,
CA.
23
June
2010.
Lecture.

•  Wolf,
Paul
R.,
and
Bon
DewiU.
Elements of Photogrammetry 
with Applica2ons in GIS.
3rd
ed.
McGraw‐Hill,
2000.
Print.

 Acknowledgements

•  NASA

•  NSERC

•  Dr.
Susan
UsHn

•  Shawn
Kefauver

•  Dryden
team

•  DC‐8
team

•  Rick
SheUer

•  All
professors
and
mentors

•  TEAM
ET!!!

QuesHons
/
Comments?