TOOL

TOOL MARKS
MARKS
PRESENTED BY: JYOTI
BSC(H)FS II SEM.
 SYNOPSIS
• INTRODUCTION
• IMPORTANCE OF TOOL MARKS
• NATURE OF MARKS
• LOCATION
• COLLECTION
• IMPORTANT MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES TO CAST
TOOL MARKS
• EVALUATION
• TECHNIQUES OF EVALUATION
• COMPARISON
• EXAMPLES OF COMPARISON
• IILUSTRATIVE CASES
 INTRODUCTION

• Any mark made in a softer surface by a harder implement or “tool”

– tracks in mud
– pry mark in a door frame
– fingerprint in wax
– bite mark
– markings found on bullets & cartridge cases
• Any implement can be a tool for the purpose of leaving a mark
– crowbars
– tire irons
– screwdrivers
– metal pipes
– heavy flashlights
– fingernails
 IMPORTANCE OF
TOOLMARKS
• FREQUENCY
• PERMANENCY
• INDIVIDUALITY
• LINKAGE
• RECONSTRUCTION
 NATURE OF MARKS
• INDENTATIONS
• SCRAPES
• SAW MARKS
• DRILL HOLES
• PRINTS
• BROKEN OR SEVERED PARTS
• CONTACT MARKS
• EXTRANEOUS MATERIAL
 LOCATION
• EARTH/MASONRY WORK-SHOWEL/DIGGING
APPLIANCES
• FELLED TREES-AXE MARKS
• HOUSE BROKEN OPEN-POINT OF ENTRY,LOCKS,SAFE
DOORS,CUPBOARDS,POINTS OF CONTACTS ON
WALLS,FURNITURE,DOORS,ETC
• STOLEN TELEPHONE,TELEGRAPHIC OR ELECTRIC
WIRES-CUTTING INSTRUMENTS
• ALL TYPES OF SURFACES AND MATERIALS-
WOOD,METAL,STONE,MASONRY,PAINT,EARTH,PAPER,C
LOTH,SEALING WAX,PLASTICS,LEATHER.ETC
 COLLECTION
• ARTICLES-COLLECTED AFTER ESTABLISHING
POSITION OF THE ARTICLE W.R.T
SURROUNDINGS THROUGH
PHOTOGRAPHS,SKETCHES
• IN CASE OF BIG ARTICLES-MARKS BEARING
PORTION IS CUT,SEALED AND SENT
• ALL TOOLS ARE COLLECTED
• CASTS OF THE TOOLMARKS PREPARED AND
COLLECTED IF NOT POSSIBLE TO COLLECT
THE ARTICLE
 IMPORTANT
IMPORTANT
MATERIALS
MATERIALS AND
AND
TECHNIQUES
TECHNIQUES TO
TO CAST
CAST
TOOL
TOOL MARKS
MARKS
 PLASTICINE
• LUMP OF PLASTICINE TAKEN AND PRESSED
IN B/W TWO WET GLASS PLATES.THE
SLIGHTLY MOISTENED SMOOTH AREA IS
PRESSED AGAINST YHE MARK.THE
PLASTICINE PICKS UP DETAILS
• DO NOT PICKS UP FINE DETAILS EASILY
• EASILY DEFORMED
• USED ONLY WHEN PEMANENT RECORD ARE
NOT REQUIRED AND WHEN THE AREA
BEARING MARKS IS SMALL
 DENTAL MASS(KERR’S
DENTAL MASS)
• AVAILABLE WITH DENTAL SURGEONS OR
CHEMISTS SELLING DENTAL MATERIALS
• MATERIAL KNEADED UNDER HOT
WATER.WAHEN SOFT AND UNIFORM
PRESSED B/W TWO GLASS PLATES.THE
MATERIAL,WHILE STILL WARM AND PLIABLE
PRESSED AGAINST THE TOOLMARKS AND
LEFT FOR SOMETIME.PICKS UP THE
MARKS.ON COOLING BECOMES HARD
• PICKS UP FINE DETAILS AND RECORDS
PERMANENTLY
 ADHESIVE TAPE
• ADHESIVE TAPES USED TO LIFT
FINGERPRINTS CAN BE USED TO
LIFT SHALLOW TOOL MARKS
• DOES NOT GIVE RESULT IN
INDENTATION AND SCRAPES
 WOOD’S METAL
• IS AN ALLOY WHICH MELTS AT A LOW
TEMPERATURE
• USED TO CAST INDENTATIONS WITH
APPRECIABLE DEPTH ON METAL OR
OTHER SURFACES
• ALLOY IS MELTED AND POURED INTO
THE MARK.IT SOLIDIFIES ON
COOLING AND PICKS UP THE DETAILS
OF THE MARK
 PLASTER OF PARIS
• USEFULL WHEN DIMENSIONS OF
THE TOOL MARKS APPRECIABLE
• HIGHEST QUALITY POP SHOULD
BE USED
 PACKAGING OF THE
EVIDENCE
• ENSURE SAFETY AGAINST
BREAKAGE,CONTAMINATION AND
LOOSENING
• PLACED IN CELLOPHANE BAG,OPEN ENDS
TIGHTLY CLOSED,ENVELOPE PACKED WITH
COTTON WOOL OR CLEAN DRY RAG PADDING
IN SUITABLE CONTAINER
• MARKS SHOULD NOT COME IN CONTACT
WITH THE PACKING MATERIAL
• OILING DONE TO PREVENT RUSTING
 EVALUATION
• IMPOSSIBLE TO GET TWO TOOLS
EXACTLY ALIKE
• GROSS DIFFERENCE IN
ADDITION TO EVER PRESENT
MICROSCOPIC VARIATIONS
 TECHNIQUES OF
EVALUATION
• MECHANICAL FIT
• SIDE BY SIDE MATCH
• STRIAGRAPHY
• SUPERIMPOSITION
 COMPARISON
• Tool Mark Examination
• Magnification is usually needed to
reliably compare the minutiae of
marks & striations
• Comparison Microscope
– Allows two samples side by side in the
same microscopic field
COMPARISON OF TOOL
MARKS- EXAMPLES
• COMPARISON OF
TWO MARKS
MADE BY AN AXE
BLADE
• MATCHING
EVIDENCE(L) AND
REFERENC(R)
PRYMARKS
ILLUSTRATIVE CASES