SPELLING

***SOME USEFUL RULES TO REMEMBER***

1. Plurals of Nouns
a. Add an –s to form the plural of most word
tiger tigers
Bicycle Bicycles
Toy Toys
shop shops

b. For words ending in a vowel plus –o (-ao,-eo, -io,-oo,-uo), add –s in the plural. When the
word is proceeded by a consonant add –es:
Tomato Tomatoes
Hero Heroes
Piano Pianos
video videos

c. To form the plural of hyphenated compound words, add the –es to the main word
Sister-in-law Sisters-in-law
Lady-in-waiting Ladies-in-waiting
Maid-of-honour Maids-of-honour
Passer-by Passers-by

d. For words ending in consonant …-y, change –y to –ies

Enemy Enemies
Baby Babies
canopy canopies

e. For words ending in vowel ..-y (-ay,-ey,-iy,-oy,-uy) keep the –y but there are exception:
Monkey Monkeys
Tray Trays
Boy boys

2. Write ‘i’ before ‘e’ except after ‘c’ or when it sound like an ‘a’
Examples: neighbour and weigh.
However, there are exceptions:
a. i before e – believe, field, niece, chief
b. e before i - receive, ceiling, vein, eight
c. Exception – seize, either, height, foreign, leisure, conscience, science, species
 CONJUNCTION

***USES OF CONJUNCTION***

CONJUNCTIONS USE EXAMPLES

And To join words, phrases - Sheila and Nina are good friends.
or clauses - He ate half an egg and a bowl of salad.
- Look after your sister and your brother.

Although To show contrast - Ramli is working late although he is tired

But -The old man is poor but happy
Yet - She is sick yet she has to look after the
however children
- My father is home. However, he’s not free
to see you.

Because To show reason - The children are happy because their

Since father is home
As - Since you couldn’t come, I’ll send it to you
so - You can eat first as you need to go to work
soon.
- We worked non-stop so that we can go
home early

When To show two or more - She listens to music while ironing her
While actions happening at the clothes.
As same time - You can read a book while waiting for the
doctor.
- He sang as he took his bath.
- Please visit her when you are free

Unless To show condition. - If you heat ice, it will melt.

if - The children will be happy if you can read
to them
- I will not open your letter unless you tell
me to
- Unless you go home now, you will miss
the show

Or To show choice or - Do you like cakes or biscuits?

possibilities - Are you coming with us or not?
- I can visit you on Saturday or Sunday if
you like.
- You can have cream or milk in your
coffee.