CHAPTER 3:

FORCES AND PRESSURE

PASCAL’S PRINCIPLE
Recall
• Pressure act on a solid object:
Pressure = Normal force
area
P = F/A

• Pressure at any point in liquid acts in all

directions. Also increases with depth and
affected by gravitational force
P  hg
What is this??
Do you believe or not
that I can raise
an Elephant?
YES!!! We can raise up
an elephant.
 Pascal’s principle

Stated that an external pressure applied

to an enclosed fluid transmitted
equally to every part of the fluid, as
well as to the enclosed wall
ACTIVITY
I want eat egg..

Cannot !!! It is a
raw egg..
What happened if wrap your palm around the
raw egg and try to crush it ??
What happened if we
change the raw egg to
the cooked egg?
Isn’t the same answer?
Explanation
When we wrap palm around a raw
egg and press it, it will not crush.

This is because inside the egg is

liquid. When we wrap and press the
egg, the pressure is transmitted
throughout the liquid.

Pressure acts in all directions

DEMONSTRATION
TIME
 As the pressure is transmitted equally,
P1 = P2
Output Force = Output Piston area
Input Force Input Piston area
F2 A2

F1 A1

F1 F 2

A1 A2

F 1 A2
Therefore, F2 
A1
Because the volume of fluid pushed down
on the left side equals the volume of fluid
that is lifted up on the right side, the
following formula is also true.
V1 = V2
by substitution,
A1 D 1 = A 2 D2
A = cross sectional area
D = the distance moved
Applications of Pascal’s
principle

Hydraulic brake
Hydraulic jack
Hydraulic jack
Hydraulic brake
 Problem Solving
Example 1:

In hydraulic brake, a force of 80 N is applied to a

piston with area of 4 cm².
a. What is the pressure transmitted throughout
the liquid?

b. If the piston at the wheel cylinder has an area

of 8 cm², what is the force exerted on it?
Solution

(a) P = F/A
= 80 N/4 cm²
= 20 N/ cm²

b) F = P x A
= 20 N/cm² x 8 cm²
= 160 N
Example 2:

The figure shows a 10 N weight balancing a X N

weight placed on a bigger syringe. What is the
value of X ?
Solution:

F1 F 2

A1 A2

10 N / 1.5 cm² = X N / 4.5 cm²

Therefore
X = (10 / 1.5) x 4.5

= 30 N
 PASCAL’S
PRINCIPLE

Describe that Example

Pressure
-Hydraulic
Is transmitted equally in brake
every part of a liquid in
an Hydraulic System -Hydraulic
jack
Enclosed Related to
fluid Two connected piston
With formula

P1 =P2