1 GENERAL GEOLOGY OF MUMBAI OFFSHORE

BASINS

Introduction
Mumbai basin is developed on divergent passive continental
margin. Three-structure units of carbonate dominant stratigraphy
with three contiguous major depressions with clastic domain.
These units are following from Mumbai cost to toward Arabian
Sea:
1. Shelfal horst-graben structure
2. Kon-comoria depression
3. kon comaria ridge
4. Lakshmi – Laccadive depression
5. lakshmi – Laccadive ridge
6. Arabian sea

General Lithostratigraphy sequence of Bombay offshore basin:

Thickness Formation Age
(meter)
1700 Chinchini Miocene
377 Tapti (S1 silt sandstone) Miocene
500 Mahim (Bombay high)** Miocene
370 Daman Oligocene
314 Mahuva (Heera, Mukta) Oligocene
300 Pipavav (Diu, Bassein) Eocene

1
618 Jafrabad (Panna, Devgarh) Paleocene
Deccan trap Cretaceous
Metamorphosed basement rocks Precambrian

Between the formation of Metamorphosed basement -Deccan

trap, Deccan trape – Jafrabad, Jafrabad- Pipavav, Pipavav –
Mahuva and Mahuva- Mahim is a hiatus present.

2
Western offshore basin map:

3
STRATIGRAPHY OF BOMBAY HIGH
Mumbai high is a part of Mahuva formation of Miocene age.
Which consist of many few meter thickness limestone formations
separating from each other by thin layers of shale formations. MH
field discovered in Feb1974 is located at 160 Km WNW west of
Mumbai city in the Arabian sea on the continental shelf of western
India. This is the biggest & most prolific extends over an area of
about 1500 Km2. It is NNW-SSE trending doubly plunging
anticline with a faulted eastern limb having a throw of about 100
Meter and a gently dipping western margin.

Mumbai high is divided into two blocks.

1. Mumbai High North (MHN)
2. Mumbai High South (MHS)
The low permeability zone divides the Mumbai high north and
south. There is a fault between north and south, which is
almost15meter wide.
The estimated initial oil-in-place (OIIP) in Mumbai high North and
south is 1659 MMt. The L-III limestone is the major reservoir in
the field, which contains 94% of the proved reserves. Other
hydrocarbon producing reservoirs are L-I, L-II and S1. Oil and gas
accumulation is found in Basal Clastics and fractured Basement
also.

4
The field was put on production in May 1976. Since then it has
undergone several rounds of development during the last 30 years.
The field reached a production level of about 400,000 bopd during
1984-85 and was maintained for about 6 years. The field
experienced decline in oil production from 1990 due to increase in
field GOR and water cut. A number of steps were taken to arrest
the decline such as gas and water shut-off jobs, side-tracking of
poor producers, enhancement of water injection support, gas-lift
and infill drilling. All these inputs helped to arrest the decline to
some extent for some time. In order to improve oil recovery from
the field a major redevelopment program was launched during
2000-2001.

Structural map of Mumbai high

5
6
General succession of Mumbai High formation

Figure: Mumbai high geology.

7
Source rock
Panna formation of Paleocene- Early Eocene is main source rock
of crude oil formation. Panna formation spread over the entire
Mumbai offshore basin. Beside of Panna formation coral reefs are
the source rocks as well as reservoirs.
Panna formation Total Organic Carbons (TOC): 0.5- 20.4 %
Thermal gradient is 3 degree per 100 feet.
Reservoir Rock
Limestone is mainly reservoir. Limestone is basically Micrite,
Biomicrite and chalky type. Primary and secondary porosity are
mainly.
Average Porosity range: 15- 35%
Average Permeability: 10 MD to 1 Darcy
Cap rocks
Shale is mainly cap rock in Mumbai high. But somewhere
exceptionally carbonates are also as a cap rocks wherever tight
limestone is present. Example - Bassein Reservoir
Trap
Anticlinal reversal & fault closures are mainly trap. Structure with
in anticlinal reverse is mostly developed by drape sandstone. Trend
of fault closures are ENE-WSW.

8
 2. MATERIAL PLANNING & DRILLING
COORDINATION
Introduction

Material planning and drilling coordination is one of the most

important part of oil companies. Beneath the surface temperature
and pressure increment is very common phenomena. However
pressure and temperature gradient estimation is possible. But
during the drilling through various types of formation and reaching
into the oil reservoir is very difficult task. So a drilling engineer
face lot of problems while drilling related to formation nature and

9
drilling instrument. But for resolving these problems chemical
engineer (or Mud logger) associate with the drilling engineer. Main
problem while drilling is lithological changes of formation and
heat generation due to bit rotation. Thus to make ease in the
drilling, we use various mud for prevention of formations damage
and drilling bit. The chemical engineers do the selection of the
mud’s chemicals for the purpose. But there should be good
coordination between the drillers and chemical engineers. Mud is a
mixture of chemicals, which absorbs the heat, generated by bit and
maintain the pressure over the bit. Pressure maintenance is very
much required on the bit otherwise high pressure of formation (oil
reservoir) can push out the drilling string from the formation. The
result of push out due to high pressure is known as blow out. There
is another factor too, which control the drilling, as we know, heat
generate due to rotation of bit and chances damage increase. For
drilling optimization mud is in used.

Need of things during drilling

1. Rig setup
2. Different bits size and type
3. Mud (combination of various chemicals)
Function control the drilling

1. Pressure and temperature

10
 2. Lithology of formation
3. Heterogeneity of the formation
4. Mud used in drilling

Drilling and casing policy in Mumbai High field

First we do the pile hammer casing, in this casing we lower 30”

casing pipe, which is called conductor pipe. It penetrates with in
the loose sedimentary formation by hammering up to the refusal
point. This casing depth in case of Mumbai High is around 100-
150 meter. Now we select the bit of 26” and drill the formation
and then lower the casing of 20”. This casing is known as Surface
casing. It is done upto the depth of 300 meters. Further we use drill
bit have 171/2” and drilled upto 1100 meter then lower 133/8”casing.
Next bit in use is 121/4” and drilled upto depth of 1900 meter then
lower 95/8” casing. Next we use liner casing of 7” into the drilled
hole of 81/2”. Liner is used to penetrate into the pay zone; it is
overlapped with the last casing approximately 100 meters, which is
lowered 1900 meters to 2100 meters. In case Mumbai High
hydrocarbon bearing strata occur at depth 1350 – 1400 meter. Use
of liner is economically less costly and convenient in drilling.
Finally tubing is done. The size of tube is depending upon the
reservoir condition. If the reservoir is in good condition
subsequently we can use 3” diameter tube. Other wise use less than

11
3” diameter tube. Between all the casings is poured the cementing
material, which stabilizes the well bore as well as prevents the
formation from damage.
The vertical drilling distance from the rig to pay zone is called the
True Vertical Depth (TVD). But if the direction drilling is done the
distance measure from the rig to the terminus is called Measured
Depth (MD). The Horizontal distance between the TVD and MD is
called Drift. Drift can be measured by using simple trigonometric
formula or by Pythagoras theorem.
ONGC deal with Measurement While Drilling (MWD) by12 3/4”
drill bit. At 123/4” phase oil bas mud is in use because if we
encounter the shale section, water base mud drilling can strike
while the oil base mud passes into the section easily.
But in Mumbai almost all horizontal wells are drilled by LWD.

Use of cementation
1. Prevent the dissolution of different zone; as water zone,
hydrocarbon zone.
2. Hold the casing
3. Resume the next phase of drilling.
4. To safe the casing from collapse
5. Safe the well from cementation

12
 6. Hold the casing pipe and well head

Mud loss during the drilling

Mud loss during the drilling cause by several reasons as followings

1. Pressure of formation is less then the mud weight pressure
2. Cracks presentation with in the formation (these cracks may
result of high weigh pressure exertion on the formation)
3. Porosity and permeability

Well completion tools:

In a typical production well the following instrument is installed
down the hole.
X-Mass Tree: production and gas injection operation
Tubing Hanger: Holding the tubing at the surface.
Tubing: Producing the crude from the reservoir.
Expansion Joint: To overcome the buckling problem due to
heating
Flow Coupling: To maintain the laminar flow of the crude within
the tubing.
Sliding Sleeve: To displace the mud and increase the drawdown
Packer: To isolate the annular space between production casing
and tubing.

13
Landing Nipple: To plug the tubing
POP: To inflate the packers.

Material Planning
Material means the solution used to make the drilling successful
without the reservoir and formation damage. For this job a
chemical engineer have to understand the problem and provide the
solution. Here we do the mud (solution =solvent+ soluble)
selection by considering all the function of formations and drilling.
Type of solution
1. True solution (water)
2. Colloidal solution (motion of particles are Brownian)
3. Mixture Solution
There is one special category of solution, which lies between the
true solution and colloidal solution. It is called Tixoslove. It is a
time dependent flow. If the tixosolve is in rest condition, internal
structure of fluid build up strength and it behave similar to gel. But
when the constant force or shear rate applied, it break down the gel
structure. And it turns into the less viscous liquid. So it follow the
Bingham Plastic and power low equation or n, k model.
So it has property to interchange from

14
 Less viscouse Gel
Fluid Flow
1. Linear flow
2. Turbulent flow
Fluid type
1. Newtonian fluid (Follow the linear trend between shear stress
and shear rate curve)
2. Non Newtonian flow or Bingham flow
Use of drilling mud
1. Coolant and lubricant and flushing medium
2. Maintain the pressure over the bit and absorb the heat
produced during the drilling.
3. Provide the stability of the well bore prevent the formations
to collapse
4. Make an impervious layer against the formation, which
prevent the seepage of fluid.
Increase or Decrease weight of drilling fluid
Increase weight: it control by
1. Adding weighting material e.g. barite, ironoxide
2. Add soluble material of higher specific gravity e.g. Sodium
chlorite
Decrease weight
1. Remove drilled solid mechanically. It can be done by

15
 a) High speed shale shaker and
b) Mud cleaner.
2. Remove solids chemically. So use selective flocculants.
3. Add lower density fluids

Type of drilling mud

1. Fresh water: dispersed system, PH = 7 –9.5. This mud
contains: bentonite, phosphate, lignosulfonate and organ
colloidal mud. But fresh water drilling mud is very harmful,
in case, if the formation is contain clay minerals like
montomorillonite, illite ant Bentonite. Because these clays
minerals have tendency to swell and increase in volume,
when exposed into the fresh water.
2. Inhabited mud: dispersed systems water base drilling mud
that represents hydration of clays. This mud contains: lime
mud, gypsum mud and seawater.
3. Low solid mud: non disperse system. It contain organic
polymers. Benefits of low solids mud are followings-
- Faster penetration rate without sacrificing well bore
stability
- Here mud utilize Bentonite with polymers to achieve
desirable flow and fluid loss properties

16
 - If these mud are properly formulated and maintained,
no dispersant or thinners are necessary.
Low solids mud provide the facilities in order to
- Removing the low density solids
- Improved hydraulics
- Faster penetration
- Easier mud maintenance and over all operation
efficiency.
There are many advantages of low solids mud. As
- Undesirable solids can be minimized
- Drilled solids “fines” can be chemically removed
through flocculant.
- Desirable spurt loss and reasonable fluid loses are
attainable.
- Stable at high bottom hole temperature.
- Shearing thinning charactersistic produce viscosities
approaching that water at the bit.
- Main advantage is high viscosity and higher yield point
to plastic viscosity.
4. Emulsifiers: e.g. oil& water and water& oil.
5. oil base mud: <5% water, it is a mixture of diesel fuel &
asphalt.

17
KCl is material, which control the dispersion, swelling and
hydration.

Fluid loss controlling agents

1. Bentonite:
- Naturally occurring
- Excellent particle size distribution
- Temperature stability
- Apply to all water base mud
2. Starch: use in salt mud at T<200o F
3. Celluloses:
- Depend upon degree of polymers
- Resistance to contamination from salts and temperature
< 300o F
4. Synthetic: polymers: excellent temperature resistance but
inefficient of Ca++ >100Ppm.
5. Emulsifiers: Oil, Asphalts and Gilsonite reduce cake
permeability.

18
Drilling fluids additives and chemicals

Basic mud chemicals and their functions:

1. Viscosifier: chemicals in use are Bentonite and polymers.
2. Weighting material: agents are Barite, Galena, Iron oxide
and Calcium carbonate salt.
3. Viscosity reducing chemicals: main agents are Phosphate
and lignosulfonate.
4. Fluid loss reduces: main agents are Starch, carboxyl
-methyl- cellulose(CMC) and acrylates.
5. Emulsifiers: it facilitated the mechanical dispersion of two
immissible liquids, forming internal and external phases.
Surrounding liquid is called continuous phase. When third
ingredient is added it become disturbed at the interface bhe
droplets and the continuous liquid phase.
Best example of emulsifiers: oil in water and water in oil.
6. lost circulation material: Granular and fibrous materials.0

Special Additive
As special additive use flocculants, corrosion control, P H, and mud
lubricate.

19
CaCo3 : being acid soluble. It can be used as a lost circulation
material when completing/working over zones that could suffer
productivity damage from conventional lost circulation material.
Lingnosulfonate: Ca lingnosulfonate modified into Na
lingnosulfonate, which provide versatile and effective viscosity
control of drilling mud. But it not effective for controlling
viscosity of freshwater mud but performs ell in calcium
environment.

3. RESERVOIR DATA ACQUISITION

GROUP (RDAG)

Introduction
RDAG is Nodal agency responsible for carry out reservoir studies.
Objective of RDAG is make the reservoir healthy and producible
for long time. RDAG provides services to all assets of Mumbai
region. e.g.,
- Mumbai High Asset
- Neelam & Heera Asset
- Bassein & Satellite Asset

20
 - Exploratory wells
ONGC Mumbai, RDAG team collect the pressure data from of
corresponding asset’s reservoir and prepare the Isobar maps for
different oil producing layers. And then do monitor and interpret
the reservoir pressure of different areas.

Why Pressure monitoring:

1. Pressure monitoring gives essential information to manage
hydrocarbon reserves dynamically and them to optimize
production techniques, diagnose problem, refine field development
and adjust reservoir models.
2. 2. Bottom-hole pressure measuring and continuous
monitoring are invaluable in the management of oil and gas wells
for fiscal projections, production exploitation, and the prevention
of well or formation damage that can prematurely end the
productive life of a reservoir.
Our all job in RDAG section is about to improve reservoir
management.

Type of study done by RDAG and objective

RDAG conduct different type of study to know the reservoir

performance e.g.
1. Static bottom hole pressure/temperature (SHBP/T):

21
For this study we closed oil producing well, liquid (oil and water)
is started to maintain the level. So, liquid flow is starting to move
towards well bore, low pressure zone. Pressure effect is
continuously measured into the borehole.

This pressure may be calculated in a static, fluid-filled well-bore

with the equation:

BHP=MW*Depth*0.052
where BHP is the bottom hole pressure in pounds per square inch,
MW is the mud weight in pounds per gallon, Depth is the true
vertical depth in feet, and 0.052 is a conversion factor if these units
of measure are used. For circulating well-bores, the BHP increases
by the amount of fluid friction in the annulus. The BHP gradient
should exceed the formation pressure gradient to avoid an influx of
formation fluid into the well-bore.

Objective: 1 (a) Datum pressure & temperature measurement

1. (b) Type of fluid in well
1. (c) Liquid level measurement

2. Flowing bottom hole pressure/temperature (FBHP/T)

gradient: In this case measure the P&T in the flowing condition,
when the crude is producing through the wells.

22
 Objective: 2. (a). Flowing BHP & gradient
2. (b). Gas Lift Valve (GLV)
2. (c) Tubing leakage if any

3. Build UP/ Influx study:

3.(a). Estimate the average reservoir
pressure.
3.(b). Determination of reservoir
characteristics i.e. permeability skin, transmissibility, flow
capacity, productivity index, effective drain hole length, fracture
length, fracture face skin, fault distance, channel width.
3.(c). Radius of investigation
4. Pressure fall of study:
The main objective of pressure fall study is differing from the
build up pressure by injectivity index instead of productivity index.
5. Bean Study: the purpose of bean study to optimize the
production rate without formation damage. We lower the bean
inside the well bore for control of enormous flow, which is result
of high-pressure difference. Different size of bean is lowered into
the well bore. If we say 64” bean size it means hole size is 1”.
Bean is nothing but a hollow tube of fewer diameters than well
bore.

23
6. Gas lifts performance analysis:
In order to know the performance of gas lift system, it is important
to know the gas lift valve is place at the desired point and
functioning. The following method is use.
Simulation: from the surface conditions, pressure along the tubing
by multiphase correlation and pressure along annulus by gas
gradient are simulated. The depth at which they coincide is taken
as the usual depth of injection. But if there is no valve located at
this depth. The next nearest valve is considered to be the valve
through which gas is to inject.
Temperature survey: temperature survey is carried out in GL
wells to know the gas entry point. The temperature profiles in the
flowing condition show an anomaly ie higher drop in Temperature
because of cooling effect.

24
4. RESERVOIR MODELING & EPINET
GROUP

Introduction
Reservoir modeling is done in two steps :
1) Geo-model / static model and
2) Dynamic model.
Geo-model is made to know the basin morphology with internal
architect and the complete three-dimensional description of basin.
But reservoir dynamic model requires inclusion of three-phase
flow in a reservoir where the fluid properties vary due to variation
in temperature, pressure and composition with time and space. One
common simplification for black oil reservoir is to neglect the
variation of fluid properties with the composition of the
hydrocarbon mixture and assume dependence on P and T alone,

25
while the composition simulation considers the variation in
composition as well.
The task remains very complex and requires large amounts of
geological, petrophysical and petrochemical data and a complete
understanding of the physics of porous media and the chemistry of
hydrocarbon fluid mixtures and their interaction behavior. Modern
numerical simulators are widely used as important management
tools for optimizing the development plans of all sizes of reservoirs

Why reservoir simulation:

Our primary objective is analysis of reservoir’s fluid mechanics to

identify the principal depletion mechanisms and factors
dominating reservoir performance. But many challenges are
associated while building the reservoir model e.g. understanding
the reservoirs behavior, operational problem & difficulties, etc.
Once the model is prepared then only it can forecast reservoir
production performance prediction, for analyzing the economic
benefits out of field production.

26
Types of Reservoir Simulators:
1. Conventional simulator
1.a. Black Oil simulators: It can model the flow of water, oil,
and gas, and can account for pressure-dependent solubility of gas
in oil, but they cannot model changes in oil and gas composition.
2. Special-Purpose Simulators: it can model compositional,
thermal, and chemical processes in EOR projects.
2.a. Compositional simulators: It can model performance of
volatile-oil and gas-condensate reservoirs in which phase
compositions vary widely with pressure (e.g., gas recycling)
2.b. Thermal-process simulators: it can model steam
cycling and steam flooding.
2.c. Chemical-processes simulators: it can model polymer
injection, surfactant flooding, and flooding with alkaline solutions.

What is Geo-modeling?
Geo-model is a static model, which is created with the help of
seismic and well logs data in order to create a replica of subsurface
with formation boundaries and the petrophysical properties e.g.
porosity, permeability, etc. That would give us a broad idea about
the basin and its lithologies. Also we try to demarcate the
information relating to faults, folding, pinch out, unconformities,
disturbances etc. MH Asset, ONGC is using Petrel software of
Schlumberger for the static modeling. In market there are other

27
companies also having such software, one such is RMS Geo-
modeling software of Roxar.

USE OF SEISMIC DATA FOR STATIC MODEL

GENERATION:
Seismic data is nothing but a reflection of electromagnetic wave
from the different surfaces due to impedance contrast. For the
model generation we study the seismic facies changes (seismic
facies change is the change in the seismic character of a given
sequence as it is traced laterally). Individual seismic reflections
character analysis is about the
 Waveform
 Amplitude
 Frequency

But the analyzing reflection within the sequences is about the

 Geometry
 Continuity
 Gross amplitude & frequency
 Interval velocity

On the basis of above seismic reflection parameter a geologist and

geophysicist does geologic interpretation. Mapping of the seismic

28
reflection give an idea of sequence boundary, external
configuration and internal architecture. The following
interpretation can be made by seismic reflection.

Seismic Facies parameters Geologic

Interpretation

Reflection configuration
•Stratification patterns
•Depositiona
l processes
•Erosion and
Paleo- topography

Reflection continuity •Bedding

Continuity
•Depositiona
l processes

Reflection amplitude •Velocity-

Density contrast
•Bed
spacing

29
 •Fluid
content

External Form and Arial association •Gross

Deposition Environment
•Sediment
Source
•Geologic
settings

USE OF WELL LOGGING DATA FOR MODEL

GENERATION:

Different type of logs used for formation evaluation. Logs are good
for seismic surface correlation. It is more important in case of
seismic section correlation and well logs section correlation.
Various type of logs used for correlation of formation:

Electrical Resistivity log:

Type of electrical resistivity log
1. Deep resistivity or true resistivity(Rt), depth of
investigation 90 feet
1.a. ILD

30
 2.b. LLD
2. Medium resistivity log or LLM, depth of investigation 60
feet
3. shallow resistivity log or LLS, depth of investigation 6-
10feet
 Measures formation resistivity ( Ohm.m.) defined as
electrical resistance offered by a unit cube of formation.
 The formation resistivity is measured either by sending low
frequency current (Latero tools) or high frequency
electromagnetic waves (Induction tools) into the formation.
 Resistivity depends mainly upon porosity, formation water
salinity, water saturation and clay contents etc.
 Latero log works most effectively in high salinity mud and
high resistivity formations.
 Latero log has better vertical resolution than induction tools
and can detect thin formation layers. But it does not work in
empty hole or in oil base mud filled hole.
Calculation of water saturation (Sw):

Sw = {(a*Rw)/ (Фm*Rt)} 1/n

Where a= empirical constant, m= cementing exponent, n=
saturation exponent,
Rw = resistivity of water, Rt = true resistivity, Ф = porosity

31
 In case of Bombay : m=1.79

Application of resistivity tools

 True formation resistivity and flushed zone resistivity .
 Mud filtrate invansion profile
 Quick look hydrocarbon detection indication of producible
hydrocarbon & correlation of different formation.

POROSITY LOGS
It consist of three log mainly
1. Sonic log
2. Density log
3. Neutron log

1. Sonic Log

 The sonic tool measures the speed of acoustic waves

in formation.
 The sonic speed is reduced by presence of fluids in the
formation pores and their volumes (porosity)
 The sonic tool records the sound travel time
DT( µsec/ft), which is the time taken by sound wave to
travel through 1 ft. of the formation.

32
  Apart from porosity DT depends upon compaction and
Shale volume

 The travel time is influenced by the rock matrix and

fluid filled pore space
 A relationship defining a uniform inter-granular
porosity (F) in terms of total formation travel time(DT),
rock matrix travel time (DTma ) and fluid travel time
(DTf) is established as:

F = ( DT - DTma ) / (DTf - DTma )

Application of sonic tool

 Porosity estimation
 Lithology determination
 Mineralogy identification when used with other
porosity logs (M-N plots)
 Abnormal formation pressure reduction
 Fracture identification
 Supports seismic interpretation

33
2. Density Log

 The density tool measures electron density of the formation,

which is proportional to the bulk density.
The density tool works on the principle of ‘interaction of gamma
rays with matter’ through Compton Scattering
 Gamma rays are emitted from GR source (Cs137), which
are bombarded on the formation
 Scattered gamma rays loose their energy depending upon the
electron density of the formation.
 The detected GR count thus is converted into the bulk density
of the formation and presented on log. Porosity is measured
by the relation
Ф = ( ρma - ρb)/ (ρma - ρf )
where ρma = matrix density, ρb = bulk density, ρf = fluid
density,
Ф = porosity

Application of density log

 Porosity determination
 Lithology identification in conjunction with neutron or sonic
log.
 Gas detection in combination with neutron log.

34
  An aid in gravity and seismic interpretation

3. Neutron Log
 The tool responds basically to hydrogen nuclei in the
formation, concentration of which is related to total porosity
of the formation.
 The tool contains a neutron source (Am-Be) which emits fast
neutrons( 4 Mev)
 Neutrons interact with atomic nuclei in the formation and
loose energy at the rate depending upon the mass of the
formation nuclei
 The hydrogen atom having the same mass and size that of
neutrons, is most effective in slowing down the neutrons
 As the number of detected thermal neutrons or captured
gamma rays is controlled by hydrogen concentration in the
formation, therefore it is a measure of total porosity.
 The neutron log in gas indicates very low apparent porosities
 The neutron-density overlay in gas zone generally shows
cross over.
 The neutron log is presented as porosity units on the log

35
Application of neutron log
 For measuring porosity of the formation
 For gas detection and mineral identification when used in
combination with other logs
 For depth control in cased hole
 For correlation
 For estimation of shale volume in combination with density
tool

SHALINESS OF THE FORMATION

Shaliness of formation can measure by two type of log
1. Gamma ray log
GR tool measures the natural radioactivity of formation the
radioactivity depends upon concentration of Potassium (K),
Uranium (U) and Thorium (Th) in the rocks
. It measures the gamma ray counts emanating from the formations
around the well bore with the help of Scintillation Detector. Shales
have higher GR values compared to sandstones or limestone
Application of GR log
 Distinguishes shale beds from clean rocks and evaluates
shale volume in shaly formations.
 Used in identifying bed boundaries e.g. shale and sand
sequences.

36
  Used for correlation in open or cased holes.
 For depth control in cased holes also
 Lithology Identification

2. Spontaneous potential (SP)

 SP arises due to salinity contrast between formation water
and mud filtrate against permeable beds.
 No current is sent into the formation
 The SP log is recorded by measuring the potential difference
in milli-volts between an electrode in the borehole and a
grounded electrode at the surface.
Application of SP log
 •To delineate porous and permeable reservoir rocks
 To determine bed boundaries and bed thickness
 To evaluate the formation water resistivity
 To estimate the fraction of clay
 Correlation of permeable beds

DYANAMIC MODEL GENERATION:

In order to under the reservoir behavior with respect to fluid
movement the Geo-static model needs to be converted to the
dynamic model. This is done with the help of putting fluid

37
properties and the interaction relation between fluid and rock. The
following data properties are included for the same.
1. The PVT properties: Bubble point, FVF vs Pressure,
Viscosity vs pressure, Rs vs pressure, Rs vs depth, Rv vs
pressure, density of fluids, fluid compressibilities,
2. Rock Fluid interaction properties: Relative permeability
relation, capillary pressure relation
3. Model initialization: Gas-Oil Contact, Free Water Level,
datum depth, initial pressure at datum depth,
4. Rock compressibility
5. Well schedule of producers and injectors.
MH Asset, ONGC is using ECLIPSE software of Schlumberger for
dynamic reservoir simulation.

HISTORY MATCHING:
Purpose for history matching
Once the model is generated we validate the model by matching
the production-injection and pressure data in the model with the
actual ones through the field history. The primary objective of
doing history match is to test and improve the reservoir model.
Although history matching include the study of fluid movement
and mechanism, oil and gas in place (OGIP) and allocate the fluid
injection well if the well performance is not expected performance.

38
Data matching parameters:
Following data are matched
1. Pressure: Here we match the shut-in bottom hole pressures
(SHBP), flowing bottom hole pressure and shut-in surface
pressure. But FBHP are less reliable and shut in surface
pressures can be useful if accurate fluid levels and gradients
are available to correct pressures to bottom hole conditions.
2. GOR/OWR/GWR: Here matching purpose of
GOR/OWR/GWR is to confirm the validity of estimates of
effective zonation and zonal continuity. But if there is no
direct data defining water and gas movement, one must rely
on core analysis, logs, and depositional environment to
determine zonation and continuity.
3. Water and gas arrival times
4. Fluid saturations from cores
5. Well logs
6. Chemical tracer tests.
7. Individuals wells behavior matching
If the model is good enough, than above parameters will match
with historical data to reasonable accuracy. Other wise we likely
have to change the parameter in initial model.

Prediction of the reservoir

39
Once the model is history matched satisfactorily, the model can be
assumed to be valid enough for predicting the future performance
of the reservoir and also planning the future development
strategies. The simulation may help in analyzing the economic
viability of any future exploitation.
From this model we can predict the individual layer production and
regional field production.

EPINET GROUP

40
EPINET stand Exploration and Production Information NETwork.
It organized all E&P data in systemically for all work centers. It is
very easy to access all kind of data from the server.
Type of Data
1. Online data
2. Bulk data (Seismic tapes, log tapes, etc)
3. Asset data (Documents, reports, maps, sections, etc)
Phase of implementation
Two phase of implement is taken place yet
Phase-I 2000-2001
Phase-II 2004-2006
Typical set of EPINET in Mumbai Regions

41
ONGC EPINET server structure
All the data recorded from the field is first goes into the Asset
server then Basin server or Regional server and then corporate
server. All kind of data is stored in these server related to the E&P.
table of interconnection are shown below. In Dehradun there are
two servers. In case of server damage other will useful.

1. Mumbai High

42
 Asset
(A). Regional server
2. Neelam-Heera
Panvel
Asset (Mumbai)
3. Bassein &
Satellite Asset

1. Ahmedabad
Asset
(B). Reginal server
2. Ankleshwar
Baroda
Corporate Server
Asset
KDMIPE
3. Cambay Asset Dehradun
4. Jodhpur Asset
5. Mehsana Asset
(C). Reginal server
Chennai
1. Rajahmundary
Asset
2. Karaikal Asset
(D). Reginal server
Jorhat
1. Silchar Asset
2. Agartala Asset
3. Nazira Asset
(E). Reginal server
Kolkata

43
EPINET Server sites of ONGC in India

44
45
 5. REAL TIME OPERATION (RTO)
MONITORING

Objective
The basic objective of this section is the interpretation of upcoming
logs. These logs data comes while drilling and the process is
known as Logging While Drilling (LWD). RTO monitoring is
most important when sidetrack or horizontal drilling is doing in
reservoirs. In case of Mumbai high reservoirs existence in very
thin limestone formations. So maintenance of the exact drilling
trajectory within the formation is very tough. But with the help of
RTO monitoring we can make very possible drilling trajectory in
the desired formation. Because a hundreds of meter undesired
formation drilling can be result of little change in the trajectory
angle. This is cause of loss in terms of money and time.

Software in use
Various logs data are transmitted through satellite from offshore
platform to the Third Eye Center situated at ONGC Vashudhara
bhawan in Mumbai. Transmitted data is executed on the screen in
log form. ONGC use the software is called “InterAct software ®
schlumberger”. It displays all the data on the monitor, which is
related to the formation and the drilling instrument. Combined
study of various logs tells about the formation type, which give the

46
ease in interpretation of formation type and maintenance of the
drilling trajectory. All the possible suggestion regarding the
drilling and formation is shared with the rig personals with the help
chatting.

Work nature
Work at Third Eye Center in 24 hrs. So geoscientists have to be
there for all the time. So the duty is in shift of 8 hrs. This job is
very much responsible.

TEC Service
This is only on center in ONGC, which provide the facilities for
all offshore areas. It includes all the asset of Western offshore
Basins and Eastern offshore basins.
In case Mumbai high and other assets, reservoir rocks are mainly
limestone but the thickness of the formation is few meter. For good
production horizontal drilling is doing into the reservoir.

Plan for drain hole

For the horizontal wells drilling area team personal proposed the
trajectory plan with the help of neighbor wells data. In order to
planning first create the formation model, where find out the

47
formation dipping angle. Than choose the trajectory on the basis of
best porosity zone with in the pay layer. This is presumption, if
our model is true than the draw trajectory will be the same as
actual drilling trajectory.
In the real time operation monitoring of IP-10H, drain hole drilling
into the C- layer was completed successfully. The monitoring of
this well did with the help of InterAct and periscope study.

Completion program of IP-10H drain hole in C-layer

Drilled depth (TD): 2500m C layer

DH interval: 1899m-2500m, N-351 degrees (Laye C ) 6”
drainhole.
The lateral with details given below is to be completed with
blind /perforated tubing ensuring CTU-friendliness.
INTERVAL (in m, DD ) TUBING TYPE (5” O.D.
preferred in drainhole)
1895-1929 Blind with MPAS /Swell
packer at 1917m
1929-1985
Perforated
1985-2040 Blind
2040-2095 Perforated
2095-2115 Blind

48
2115-2215 Perforated
2215-2230 Blind
2230-2470 Perforated with toe end
closed

RESISTIVITY LOG INTERPRETATION

The set of three focused logs shown are produced by the DIL
system. All three sondes show a similar response in shales. The
ILd log tends to approximate, Rt, the formation resistivity. Where
the three logs deflect to the right, severe mud filtrate invasion of a
reservoir pay zone is indicated. The shallow guard (LL8) is most
affected by mud filtrate invasion and deflects right in all porous
formations. Conglomerates with oil saturation may have lower Rt
than sands due to lower irreducible water.
In case of Bombay High most of the formation are limestone. The
resistivity between
4 – 12 Ohm-meter is considered to be good formation.

POROSITY LOG INTERPRETATION

Porosity in case of Bombay High’s limestone formation is varies
from 20 –35 percent. There wide variation in the porosity is result
of secondary porosity. And the density of the formation ranges
from 2.1 to 2.5 gm/cm2.

49
 GAMMA LOG INTERPRETATION
The GR and SP logs show strong correlation. Both deflect to the
right for shales and to the left for clean sands. It is notice that the
GR response is much less sensitive to bed thickness and that coals
produce almost no gamma response. Because GR is not sensitive
to bed thickness and can be run as a cased hole log, it is used to
delineate zones for perforation. SP is ineffective in salt mud and
nonconductive mud. GR is unaffected and is valuable in these
situations.
In case of Bombay High gamma range less than 40 API is
considered good and within the limestone formation. If it range
from 40 to 70 is considered in shale, silt and limestone
intercalated formation. But above 70 API gamma value indicate
shale formation.

6. MUMBAI HIGH SOUTH AREA I& II

Introduction:
The field was put on production in May 1976. Since then it has
undergone several rounds of development during the last 30 years.

50
The field reached a production level of about 400,000 BOPD
during 1984-85 and was maintained for about 6 years. The field
experienced decline in oil production from 1990 due to increase in
field GOR and water cut. A number of steps were taken to arrest
the decline such as gas and water shut-off jobs, side-tracking of
poor producers, enhancement of water injection support, gas-lift
and infill drilling. All these inputs helped to arrest the decline to
some extent for some time. In order to improve oil recovery from
the field a major redevelopment program was launched during
2000-2001.
In Mumbai High South field the last redevelopment project (Phase-
I) started in June 2001 and has been completed in April 2007.
During this redevelopment, the oil production decline was arrested
and production increased from a level of 131,400 BOPD in June
2001 to 173,000 BOPD by the beginning of 2007. Till 1st April
2007, about 24.3% of OIIP has been recovered from the MH South
field.
The most producing layer is L-III. The total thickness of L-III is
180meter. It is divided into the 17 division, in which 6 is water
bearing limestone formation. S-1, silt and sandstone formation is
present through out the MHS field. It is basically gas-bearing
formation. The Gas-Oil- contact in MHS is 1353 to 1448meter and
Oil-Water contact at 1330meter. The porosity ranges 15% to 35%

51
and permeability 50md to 1 Darcy. But there is extreme variation
in both vertical and lateral porosity. L-III reservoir is deposited
cyclically and is made up of larger foram- wacke stone, algae and
peloids with a matrix of limestone mud.

Detail of ICP
It is an infill complex, situated in NW part of MHS. Most of wells
are drilled into the A-1 and A-2 layers. Especially horizontal type
of wells are drilled into the A-1 and A2-IV. ICP platform is abbess
with lot of activities. In the Asset Development Board (ADB) of
2008-09, nine clamp on wells location realized, in which three are
conventional and six horizontal. All proposed wells in ADB 2008-
09 are completed and producing successfully. Water injection is in
mid row and periphery, A1 is well developing. In ICP A-1 is tight
formation and A2-IV is more permeable. All wells are producing
by water injection, no Gas Lift Valve (GLV) and ESP. Most of
new wells are Coil Tubing Unit (CTU) friendly. But all the new
wells in ADB 2007-2008 to 2008-09 are completed by LWD.

Status of MHS area-I (ICP)

Total wells are 227 in which 165 are active wells for production,
where 172 strings are producing oil and 6 strings closed. Injection

52
wells are 46 active wells in which 62 are active string and 8 closed
string.

Status of MHS area-II

Three main processing complexes exist in MHS area-II namely
BHS, SCA and SHP. All the complex collectively consist 47
platform and all the platform consist 279 oil string. In ADB 2008-
09, 19 wells are proposed, in which 11 wells are side track.

Status of Mumbai High South  

Oil WI Oil Gas WI
Sect Stri Stri BOP MMSC Liquid BWP W/C
or ng ng D M BLPD D GOR ,%
3441 19221 11200 1761
BHS 92 37 2 60 2 03 351 69.3
98239 5503
SCA 36 14 8226 7 40900 3 751 79.9
4678 35055 15547 1841
SHP 151 38 4 10 2 48 471 69.9
Tota 8942 64100 30837 4152 524.3 73.0
l 279 89 2 67 4 84 33 3

53
Hall Plot
This plot is basically to know the water injection performance.
Hall curve is plotted againsed the tubing head injection pressure
(THIP) and cumulative water injection rate. Analysis of the curve
is made upon the performance of the plots.

Figure: a schematic representation of hall plot.

1. Type “a” curve: if the hall plot’s curve behavior is similar to
type “a”, it means that water is injecting continuously but the
tubing head pressure is not increase simultaneously. This implies
that the injecting water is entering fastly into the formation. This
condition can be possible if the formation is highly porous or a

54
fracture in the way and the formation pressure is less than the
injected water present.
2. Type “c” curve: if the hall plot’s curve behavior is similar to
type “c” , it means that water is injecting continuous but the tubing
head injection pressure increase more than expected. This implies
that the injecting water is accumulating around the well bore and
pressure built up on the head. So this curve “c” is representing a
positive skin factor.
3. Type “b” curve: this is the ideal condition, when increase in
water injection is proportionally increased the tubing head
injection pressure.
Type of data
Basically two types of data are recorded for the estimation. this
data is recorded for water as well as oil .
1. Test data
2. Allocation data

Test data: This data is directly recorded on the processing

platform. Here we record the oil production per day, liquid
production per day, gas production per day, GOR , water cut etc.
Allocation data: This data is recorded from the group gathering
station (GGS). There is some loss in crude oil while transport from
platform to GGS. This calculation of this loss is called as

55
reconciliation factor (ratio of oil in GGS or refinery and oil in
platform), which is around 0.9 to 0.95 in Mumbai high.
Work over operation
We close the producing well due to some problem related to
technical and water production or gas production instead of oil.
Basically two type of work over job (WOJ) is done
1. Water shut off: Well is closed, if instead of oil well is
producing water. This water can be formation water and
injected water. This is also two types
1.a). Any water that does not contribute to an economical oil
production is bad water. It is called as water shut off. For work
over this job, we used various chemical, Polymers and gel. But
most
of time

squeezed the cement into the water bearing formation.

56
 Figure: A schematic representation of water shut
off.

1.b) Profile control: In this case the formation water can be

good for increament of oil production. This is done by control
flow of good water.

57
 Figure: A schematic representation of profile control.
2. Gas shut off

Water salinity study:

Water salinity study is important in that case when oil producing
well start to produce water. Objective of this study is to know
whether the producing water from the injected well or from the
formation.
1. If the salinity concentration of producing water is around
28000 Ppm. It may consider that the well is producing the
injected water. In case of Mumbai high, sea water is used for
injection. The concentration of salinity in sea water is very
high, near about 33000ppm, compare to formation water,

58
 near about 24000ppm. In that case water injecting well is
closed.
2. If the concentration of the producing water is around
24000ppm. It may consider that the well is producing the
formation water.

PRODUCTION DECLINE OF MUMBAI HIGH SOUTH

To know the decline of the production since inception or year wise,

we use the Arps equation. This is defined as

Qi = Qo / (1+abt)1/b
Where Qi = initial production
Qo = current production
a = exponent
t =Time duration
b = numerical constant
But for a time period decline of production is simple way define as
((Qo-Qt)*100)/ Qo

Conditions:
1. If b=0, in Arps equation, function is logarithmic
2. If b=1, in Arps equation, function is harmonic.
3. If b=0 Arps equation become

59
 Qi = Qo* exp-at

This is the production decline at any time ( Qi = Qt ). In case of

Mumbai high we use the logarithmic function for production
decline.
Decline = ((Qo-Qt)*100)/ Qo
= ((Qo- Qo* exp-at)*100)/ Qo
So net decline is = (1- exp-at)*100

We ignore the initial decline of the oil production. Because, here

initial decline is always very high due to high pressure thus the
high production initially comparative to decline of production after
well stabilization. Once a production well is stabilized it decline
smoothly. But if we consider the initial decline too our main
objective it shows large decline value, which is generally not
acceptable. All Mumbai high South complexes decline curves are
shown below for the last years.
Decline curve of SHP

60
 0.0003x
y = 31442e
2
R = 0.0018
Bopd

7
-0 r-0
7 07 -07 l-07 -07 07 t-07 -07 -07 -08 -08 -08 -08 08 -08 l-08 -08
ar ay- un u g p- c ov ec an b ar r ay- n Ju Aug
M Ap
M J J Au Se O N D J F e M Ap
M Ju
Qo, bopd Expon. (Qo, bopd)

Decline : 0.50 % Constant =.0003

Decline curve of SCA

-0.0058x
y = 2E+07e
2
R = 0.497
Bopd

7
7

Au 7

Au 8
07

08

08
7

07

08

08
07
07

08
-0

-0
-0

l-0

-0

l-0
-0
-0

-0
n-

n-

n-
p-

b-

g-
g-
r-

r-
ct

ov

ec
ay

ay
ar

ar
Ju

Ju
Ju

Ja

Ju
Ap

Se

Fe

Ap
O
M

M
N

D
M

Qo, bopd Expon. (Qo, bopd)

Constan
Decline 9.33 % -0.0058
t=

61
Decline curve of BHS
-0.0072x
y = 4E+08e
39000 2
R = 0.6241
38000
37000
36000
35000
34000
Bopd

33000
32000
31000
30000
7 7 7 7 7 7 07 0 7 07 07 -08 -08 r-08 r-08 -08 -08 l -08 -08
-0 r-0 y-0 n-0 l-0 g-0 - t- v- ec-
ar p u p c n b a y n
Ju Au
g
M A M
a Ju J Au
Se O N
o
D Ja Fe M Ap Ma Ju
Qo, bopd Expon. (Qo, bopd)

Constan
Decline 10.74 % -0.0072
t=

Decline curve of ICP

62
 -0.0073x
y = 9E+08e
78000 2
R = 0.827
76000
74000

72000

70000

68000
Bopd

66000

64000

62000

60000
7
-0 r- 0
7 07 0 7 l-07 -07 07 t-07 -07 -0
7 8
-0 b-0
8 8
-0 r-0
8 08 -0 8 l-08 -08
ar ay - un- u g p- c ov ec Jan ar ay- n Ju Aug
M Ap
M J J Au Se O N D F e M Ap
M Ju
Qo, bopd Expon. (Qo, bopd)

Constan
Decline 11.59 % -0.0073
t=

Production performance of Mumbai High South:

63
64
Water Injection Map of MH- South field

724000 724800 725600 726400 727200 728000 728800 729600 730400 731200 732000 732800 733600 734400 735200 736000 736800 737600 738400 739200 740000 740800 741600 742400 743200 744000 744800 745600 746400 747200 748000 748800 749600 750400 751200 752000 752800 753600 754400 755200 756000 756800 757600 758400 759200 760000 760800 761600 762400 763200 764000 764800 765600 766400
2165000

2165000
Structure Contour Map at the Top of A1 Layer, MHS
2164000

2164000
2163000

2163000
2162000

2162000
Water Injection wells
2161000

2161000
2160000

2160000
BH-47
2159000

2159000
-1470
-1480

Oil Water Contact

2158000

2158000
-1460

I 2
2Z
2157000

2157000
-1400

WA-10H
3ZH
-1520

NK
2156000

6ZH

2156000
6

-1300
3 3 1

-1290
I1
WA-11H
7ZH

-1360
7 2ZH
2 2ZH

-1330
2155000

2155000
-1330
P1
WA-12H
WA
5 P1ZH
WI-6-P5H 2
9ZH9H
WI-6
P3 4
1 WI-6-P6H
I2 3
2154000

4 6

2154000
4ZH
I2ZH BH-13 3 NL
1ZH
SK
-1460

8ZH 8H
P3ZH
WI-6-P7H 3H
3ZH 1 5 BH-37
P2 2
-1520

-13407

C
2153000

2Z

2153000
P2ZH 4
P 2Y
-1320

7ZH 5 -1320
6H 7 IP-12H
BH-22
-1340

P4 3
1
4H 2H 7

-1320
7
2152000

RS5 2 4

2152000
12H 5H 1Z 2
7 8H 10H SI
5
5Z 3
2ZH 1H
3 3Z IP-10H
9H 9H -1340
BH-45 6H 8H 6Z
8H 6
2151000

1ZH 7H 8

2151000
2 1 5Z
SJ IP

D
11H 2Z 7H 5 6 8H 5
-1410 2 6
8H 3 8 4
11H
IU
5 3
7
-1330

3
-1330 2 BH-10
IP-11H
-1420 3 2
2150000

-1380

7 -1320
-1460

2150000
6ZH 1 6 1 2YH 1
3 2 NM
5 2H 9H 4 4
1 7 10H 3 2
IA-11 IA-10 4
12H 5 2 6ZH
6 6Z 2 1H 11H 9 6
4 2 IA 9H
IF

A
-1340
2149000

IS 9H 9

-1330

2149000
5 1Z 9ZH
6 SC
5
-1420

8 6 4 81 RS4 3
6ZH
6 2 WI-7 4ZH
88ZH
6
EA -1300
2ZH 4 3H 1H
1Y1 1 7H
3 IZ 12H
1 7Z 2 1
SN
2148000

6 1ZH

2148000
5
1
IQ
5 4 2H
4 5 5 7 4 6H
3 4H
8H 5YH 4
9 3H 2Z 2H 3
10H IA-12 1
8 2 8H 6 RS1
2147000

BH-23 4 10

2147000
3 2
8 8ZH SB
5 3H 5H
RS2 3 -1340
-1430

7 4
-1440

9H 1H 6H -1330 8H
7 4 9H 7ZH RS15_PR
-1490

2
8H 9H 8ZH 1
6 7
SM 1 6 IG 7 RS15_APV
2146000

4H 4H 4 3 9H

2146000
5 10H 3 7ZH
11H 4H 7 9 7
2H 8
1H 3 -1330 11
5H 3 4 BH-16
7H ZB 3H 4H BH-64
11H IB 3H
-1330 2H RS3 5H 2
6
-1350
1
1Z SQ
5Z
5
2145000

-1470

12

2145000
12H 10H 5 5 2ZH
2
-1360

6H 5H
14H
4
8H
3
7 EB
4 9H
2 8X 6H
15H RS12 1H 2 9H
1YH
6H 7 1Z
1
3

-1300
1 SA

B
2
2144000

7H 8H 2 5

2144000
6 1
8W 8ZH

-1310
8 4 8 7H
3 P 3
3ZH -1310
-1340

9H
-1350

8 8H
6Z
6
6 S15
9ZH 9H 2 7H 1 5 11H
-1450 -1300
SP 9H -1320
-1420

12H 5 P
2143000

-1440 WI-8 RS16_APV

2143000
13H 5 7ZH 3ZH 10H 5H
3 6
BH-24 6H ZA 6 4 RS16_PR 4
4
-1460

1H 5 -1310 7 2
BH-61 1 12H 1
8ZH 3 7 3 9
9H
SD 26 3
2142000

2142000
5 4

-1300
1 7 -1300
4 4Z
-1440

8H 9H BH-36
12H 3 9H 5
2H 4 5Z 2 D
16H 4H BH-9 1 B
IC 4Z 5 11H SF
5
6
DZ
6 IH 8
2141000

3H 3 10H DYZ 2Z2

2141000
-1460 5H 7 7
9 EC
4
-1420

4 8H 12H
10H 8 2 10H
2 1
-1370 6 1
WB-14H
2ZH 1
SS
5 8
1Z
11H
11H BZ
2140000

3YH 3

2140000
4

-1280
10H WB-15H 6 10H 6 6Z
11H 6 4H 8H
5 2 2
2ZH 6
8 8 5
3ZH 11H
2 8H RS14 6 1 -1300 1 BH-6
11ZH SE
5 7H 9
3
WI-9 6
2139000

3 2

2139000
2 7H 3
-1410

5 4

E
6H
9 RS11 4 S14 2
-1320

7 WB
5 3H
SR
6 -1360 1 1
5 4 3
-1490

4 7 3 3 -1290
2138000

II7

G2

2138000
7 3Z
WB-13H 4 8 3HP
-1330

12H 1 2H 3ZH 9H 5Z
9H BH-D 2
5ZH 3 ID1 9H SU
5 3H
3 4ZH

G1
5 6Z
-1350

4 5H 6 1 6
1H 4
Gas Oil Contact

8 8H L1 3
2137000

ED RS7

2137000
BH-25 4 2 6 1Z
4
4ZH 1Z1 7Z
8ZH 6ZH 2 5 5Z
6 9Z9
1H SG 4Z 4H
-1350

5 BH-35
RS17_APV 7 1 3 6
1 2Z 3 4 1
6
2136000

-1360

7
-1390

Gas Oil Contact

2136000
5H
2H 2 5HP
-1360

1 -1300
1Z
RS17_PR RS8 7H ST
5Z 9H
5 9H
5 IJ
4 2 2Z
8H
-1370

3H 4 9
2135000

2135000
WI-10
2 4Z 5 2
1 7
6H 8H 8Z
4H 5 P1H
4HP 3
-1310

6 3 8H
6 1
2134000

4 4 -1370

2134000
-1420

-1300
-1370 8H 9H
2 P
-1380
3 -1380 SH
5
5H
-1340 4 2 2Z
BH-26 3
6 8PEE 2 10H
-1320
2133000

2133000
9 S16
-1300 1
-1520

1 4 9 1 7H
6
-1360

SW
5 6H
-1480

2
2Z 2 3Z
3 4 1 3 11H
3
2132000

7P

2132000
6

F
6Z 6 2
-1380

10H
WI-11
2 1 8
2ZH 4 BH-5
SV
5 7H 3 IN-10
-1340

2
-1490

4 1Y 2 11H 9
2Z
-1350

6
-1310

5 IK
6
6 5
IN
2131000

2
2131000

IE 12H
1 4 6 3
BH-11 7 7 IN-12
6 1Z1
7 IM
5 9 -1300
8
-1370

BH-62 3
3
1Z1 Gas Oil Contact 1ZH
2130000

3 8
2130000

4
5 9 7 4
5 SY
5 8ZH
1 3Z
BH-52 1
-1430 7
2 7H 2 4 8
8ZH
2129000

2129000

3 1
2
8 6

H
9
IW
-1400

5 IN-11H
4 3
2128000

IL
2128000

5
-1350

9
4 5Z
3 IT
-1370

-1370 6 1 5
4 7
1
-1420
2127000

2127000

7 1ZH
Depth 6 7ZH
BH-12
-1260 -1380
-1280
BH-55
2126000

2126000

-1300
-1320 1H
-1340
-1360 -1390
-1340

-1380
2125000

2125000

-1380
-1400 BH-21
-1420
-1440 BH-17
-1460
2124000

2124000

-1480
-1500 -1400 -1370 Gas Oil Contact
-1520 BH-63 -1370
-1410
2123000

2123000
-1350

-1410

-1420 -1350
2122000

2122000

-1360
2121000

2121000

BH-7
-1360
2120000

2120000

BH-18
Gas Oil Contact
Oil Water Contact
2119000

Oil
2119000

Abandoned for techn. reasons

Plugged and abandoned
Injection water
-1370

Gas
-1380
2118000

2118000

Abandoned oil and gas

Dry, plugged and abandoned
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000m

1:50000
2117000

2117000

724000 724800 725600 726400 727200 728000 728800 729600 730400 731200 732000 732800 733600 734400 735200 736000 736800 737600 738400 739200 740000 740800 741600 742400 743200 744000 744800 745600 746400 747200 748000 748800 749600 750400 751200 752000 752800 753600 754400 755200 756000 756800 757600 758400 759200 760000 760800 761600 762400 763200 764000 764800 765600 766400

65
 7. MUMBAI HIGH NORTH
AREA TEAM

Introduction
All the formations including L-I and L-II and S1 are well
developed in MHN field. S-1 layer is mainly gas bearing reservoir.
It is silt sandstone reservoir. The bottom of the reservoir is
demarked by seven limestone streak, which is called as seven
sisters. Seven sisters are present through out the Mumbai high at
depth 1800m (TVD) to 1850 meters from the MSL. Below seven
sisters at depth 75-80 meters a prolific reservoir L-III occurs. The
total thickness of L-III reservoir 180 meter, which is divided into
17 layers (A-1 to J) among these 6 layers (E to J) are water
bearing. L-III is limestone (foram – wackestone) of bioclatic and
micrite in characteristic. Thin shale layer separates each limestone
strike of L-III. A2 layer is divided into 7 further partition following
A2-I, A2-II toA2-VII, but broadly it is divided into two parts
Upper A2 and Lower A2 which is separated by F-41 shale.

Stages of development of MHN

1. Mumbai High Phase-I:

66
The phase-I development program envisaged production of 40,000
BOPD. In this phase installed the well cum production platform
NA.
2. Mumbai High Phase-II
The phase-II development program again confined to Mumbai
High North, was taken up in early 1976 for establishing production
facilities for additional 40,000 BOPD i.e. equivalent to 5MmtPA.
3. MH Phase III-A
In this phase installed a process and pumping platform NF with a
processing with production capacity approximately 100,000BOPD
by 1978, and laid 30” and 26” submarine trunk lines for
transportation of crude oil and gas, respectively from MH to the
shore terminal at Uran and further line to Trombay.
4. MH PhaseIII-B
The program stepped up th production of oil from MH to 140,000
BOPD or 7 MmtPA. In this phase installed the BHN, a process
platform.
5. MH Phase IV
In this phase development program production of crude oil from
MH was 195,000 BOPD by 1981, one well platform NP installed
for L-III/L-II reservoir.

6. Accelerated Plan of Production (APP) MH

67
IN order to APP, an integrated long term planning for development
of MH field is proposed. It was development planned for 5 year
from 1981-85. According to APP, ONGC has to achieve the
production upto 63.14 MMT. The plan envisaged installation of
three-process platform in MHN
1. WIN
2. NQO-
This project was completed in 1988.
7. Addition Development of MHN (ADBHN)
Approved in 1988 and completed in 1993. In this plan 23
additional wells were drilled.
8. L-II Development Project-Mumbai High North
Reservoir simulation studies of L-II based on the production data
brought out that addition production of 16.545MMt and 8
MMSCM of gas by drilling 42 additional wells. But till year 2000,
under PPM- 6wells installed for oil recovery of undrained or by
passes oil and redistribution of water injection in MHN and MHS.

Redevelopment of MH North
In this regards installed may wells conventional and side- track for
oil recovery. Nine slots platforms are in used and if required 3 slots
extra clamp on platform attached. The total objective of
redevelopment plan was to increase the production of 24.80mmt of

68
addition oil by year2030 is expected to be 30.67% of initial oil in
place of 537MMt in MMH. The total production target of year
2008-09 from Mumbai High field is approximately 12MMt.

Anticipated production from MHN redevelopment:

1. Base case profile: the total liquid oil and gas production
along with injection water requirements upto the year 2030
for the base case with WOJ. The efficiency factor of 70% has
been considered for WOJ in liquid and formation gas
production. The recovery factor fro L-III reservoir profile
comes 25-99% with cumulative production- 138MMt of oil
at end of 2030.
2. Global case: the efficieny factor of 70% has been considered
for the WOJ gain in liquid and formation gas production. The
recovery factor for this global L-III reservoir comes to 30.66
with commulative production 162.81MMt of oil at the end of
2030.
3. Incremental case. It is the difference between the global
case profile and base case profile. So the cumulative

69
 production of L-III reservoir of MHN comes to 24.8MMt of
oil at the end of 2020.
Wells drilled from platform:
1. Free slots on platform wells: those wells drilled from the
slots available on the platform. In Mumbai High case 9 slots
platform are very common.
2. Clamp on wells: these wells drilled from the extra slots,
which are attached to 9 slots platform. In case of clamp well
3 extra slots attachment is very common.

Structural contour map preparation

I prepared the structural contour map manually for the MH-North.
This map is well is prepared for individual oil bearing formation.
This is useful to know the structural pattern of the reservoir. Here I
prepared the structural contour map from the existing well depth
data. Then I prepared the cross section of the map.
Proposal fro releasing of new location:
1. Free slots should be present on the platform
2. Target depth should be near to the platform
3. Pressure condition of reservoir should be favorable
4. Near by wells performance should be good
5. Reserve oil should profitable

70
Prevention of coning effect in production well:
Coning effect is occurring due to the high pressure difference. If
the water table is occur below the oil, when we extract oil from the
wells, above pressure is decrease lower water is start to approach
towards the well head. The upcoming of water is gradually form a
cone shape, after a certain time well start to produce water only. To
prevent this effect, we stop the well production for a time period.
In a mean time the water table come into the original state. But the
shut down of production wells is economically create lot of money
loss. To deal this problem, lateral well drilling is done. Lateral
wells into the formation are distributing the pressure and maintain
the oil recovery.
MH-North reservoir status
In north of MH field, mainly three oil bearing limestone reservoir
are developed, namely L-I, L-II and L-III and a gas reservoir is S-1
present. Initially peripheral water injection is preferred than trend
line proposed. But right now there is no such water injection
pattern. Water injection in the reservoir is need basis.
Total active string= 385, closed string/temporary abundant/closed
due to bad reservoir management =385-334(oil and water string)
=51. Here six string in S-1 reservoir, so closed strings are = 51-6=
45

71
 1. In case of Water Injection: In L-I reservoir no water
injection wells, L-II reservoir 17 strings are present and
78000 BWPD is injecting into the formation. In L-III
reservoir, 322000 BWPD is injecting by 67 strings.
2. In case of Oil Production: four strings lowered into the L-I
reservoir which is producing 2390 BOPD oil and no water
cut i.e. 0% W/C. In L-II reservoir, 42 strings producing
13200 BOPD, where water cut is 76%. In L-III reservoir,
214 strings producing 74000 BOPD and water cut is 60%.
3. six wells are producing 60,000 M3PD from S-1 reservoirs,
Asset Development Board (ADB):
In the year 2007-08, following wells N11-8H, N11-9H, N2A-5H,
N2A-6H, NHA-6H, WI4-7, WI4-8, WI4-9, LD-12 and LC-12 are
proposed.

Voidage Replacement Ratio (VRR) ;

VRR is ration of volume ( oil+ water + gas) at reservoir condition
and total injected water volume at reservoir condition.
Voidage Rate (BPD): Oil rate BOPD* (Bo +(GOR –Rs)*Bg)
+ (liquid rate BLPD – Oil rate
BOPD)* Bw

72
where Bo = Oil formation factor.
Bg= Gas formation factor
Bw = Water formation factor = 1.06

Incremental Voidage Compensation (IVC):

IVC = (water injection rate BWPD*100)/(Voidage rate
BPD* Bw)

Cumulative Voidage Compensation (CVC):

CVC= (Cumulative WI (MMm3) *100)/(cumulative
voidage (MMm3))

73