Woe State Libr and Archives (Commission Sam Houston Regional Library and Research Center P.O. Box 310 Liberty, Texas 77575-0310 936-336-8821 wwwotshstate,ous Commission Chairman Sandra J. Pickere Members Chris A. Brisack Kenneth R. Care Diana Rae Hester Cox andra G. Holland lizabeth Sanders Director and Librarian Peggy D. Rudd Assistant Stase Librarian Edward Seidenberg Making information work for all Texans The following pages contain the Constitution of the United States with the 13 Amendments to the Constitution; the Bill of Rights; and the Constitution of Virginia, I do hereby certify that the following twenty-five (25) pages, (the cover page and pages 16-39) are a true and correct photocopy of the original publication, The Revised Code of The Laws of Virginia: Being A Collection Of All Such Acts Of The General Assembly, Of A Public And Permanent Nature, As Are Now In Force; With A General Index, Volume I, Richmond: printed by Thomas Ritchie, Printer To The Commonwealth, 1819, now archived at the Sam Houston Regional Library and Research Center of the Archives & Information Services Division, of the Texas State Library and Archives Commission. Witness my hand and Seal of Office at Liberty, Texas on the 3rd day of July, 2008, / — i Burrell, Archives Processor ¢ Sam Houston Regional Library & Research Center P.O. Box 310 Liberty, TX 77575 Telephone: (936) 336-8821he Hebvised Code AWS OF VIRGINIA: nese A COLLECTION OF ALL SUCH ACTS GENBRAL ASSEMBLY, OF A PUBLIC AND PERMANENT NATURE, AS ARE NOW IN FORCE ; WITH A GENERAL INDEX. ‘70 wuIeH ANE oneerxeD, ‘THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES; ‘THE DECLARATION OF RIGHTS; ‘THE CONSTITUTION OF VIRGINIA. — Published pursuant to an act of the General Assembly, entitled “dn act providing for the re-publication of the Laws of this Commonwealth,” passed March 12, 1819. VOLUME I. RICHMOND : PRINTED BY THOMAS RITCH " 7 own Regional Libiary & esearch Center 1819. FM RD 1011 P.0. Box 31 ‘erty, Tk. 77575Ww New Liition of the Laws—Federal Constitution, ADi10. 8. wn be it also enacted, ‘That the revised bills passed dur- ore ing the present session of the General Assembly, shall not be Revied Yor pas Printed with the other laws passed at the present session, ex- sed the present cept such bills and parts of ills as take ellect before the first Session, not to be day of January next, Prnoniikthe 9. Ast acts and parts of acts, of a general nature, which Exot. shall not be published in the code aforesaid, pursuant to the Ropes of tacts directions of this act, either entire or by theit titles, shall be, Of a genera} ne jand the same are hereby repealed, from and after the first da insuch Cote. of January next: Provided, however, That such repeal shall Proviso. not prevent the prosecution of any offence commities, or im- air any Fight accrued before the said first day of Januarys Tht such offence may be prosceated, and such right muy be maintained and asserted, in the same manner as if this repeal- ing section had never passed. 10. ‘Txrs act shalt commence and be in farce from and after the passage thereof. Commencement. Cc. 2. 2:P.ge—2. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. ‘—y—_ Wz, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, ensure domestic tranquility, pro- ide for the common defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this constitution for the United States of America. aAnrionE 1. Section 1. Leyisative powers 1, Au legislative powers herein granted, shall be vested in vested in eongress. a congress of the United States, which shall consist of a senate und house of representatives. Section 2. Momecfveoresee- 1. “Tyre house of representatives shall be composed of mneme Sires bywtam” hers chosen every second year by the people of the several ghoseu anal states sand the electors it each state shal) have the quali tions of eles. Cations requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of BRETT the state legislature, : seven yous a'cii- 2 No person shall be @ representative who shall not have zan of the United attained to the age of twenty-five year’s, and been seven years Sis ses 4 citizen of the United States, and whe shall not, when elected, Ete whcneleeted, De an inhabitant of that state in which he shall be chosen. Represntitves 5, Rurunsuxrarivns and direct taxes shall be apportioned — fon souston Regional Liban, & aad taxes 19 be the several states which may be included within this BRecerich Ceater sre tamnanbece” union, according to their respective numbers, which shall be de- fl ag 1011 0, Box 310 iberty, Tx T7575. ~Sain Noustan Rogional Library & Research Canter FM RO 1OLL P.0. Box 310 Vibesty, Tx 17575, | | | | Federal Constitution, wv i adding to the whole number of free persons, in- A. D. 17889. eine ie pound to service for a term of years, and exclu A RC: 15, ee Tadians not taxed, three fifths of all otlier persons. The qa) None. eT enumeration shall be made within three years after the gon every tn Festa neeting of the congress of the United States, and within yous. frst rmgabsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they hall by law direct. ‘The number of representatives shall nots shated-one for every thirty thousand, but each state shall have rt Aieast one representative; and until such enumeration shall to" pe Made, the state of We Hampshire shall be entitled to ries apportion- Prose three; Massachusetts eight; Rhode Island and Provi-ment ot represen fence Plantations one; Connecticut five; Mew Yorke six ; New tstives- Gersey fours Pennsyleania eight; Delaware ones Maryland six 3 Virstnia ten; Worth Caralina five ; South Carolina fives and Georgia three. 4, Wires vacancies happen in the representation from any Writs of ele state, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of elec" filing we tion to fill such vacancies. 5. Tux house of representatives shall choose their speaker The house of re and other officers, and shall have the sole power of impeach. Myst ©. ation of the of represen Se. their spose ment. er, &e- + Section 3. ‘TPwosenators cho sen hy the legilae 1, Ture senate of the United States shall be composed of two tare tf ea state, senators from each state, chosen by the legislature thereof, for "6 yews: cach six years and cach senator shall have one vote.* Sec art. Sct. 1.) 2, Dnacepraresy after they shall be assembled in consequence The seastors dive of the first election, they shall be divided, as equally as may Vite intothree be, into three classes. ‘The seats of the senators of the first Qee third of the class, shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, of snstorial sxts the second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and of watt avd filet, the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one"? "yes third may be chosen every second year; and if vacancies hap- Exceutivesor n by resignation or otherwise, during the recess of the legis. Ste®.£ fll vacane ature of any state, the executive thereof may make tempor appointments until the next meeting of the Jegislature, whicl shall then fill such vacancies. ‘Acenatovaged 905 3. No person shall be a senator who shall not have attained 1 ete aie to the aye of thirty years, and been mine years a citizen of the Stats, snd an in United States, and Who shall not, when elected, be an inhabi- habitant of his tant of that state for which he shall be chosen. when chose 4, Tue vice president of the United States shall be president jeresutentof the ‘of the senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally di sentte; to Vided. tur equal di 5, Tue senate shall choose their other officers, and also a 20" president pro tempore, in the absence of the vice-president, or ginoce they siess in the recoss of legislatures, &- Wwhen he shall exercise the office of president of the United teat pro texpore, States. ke. 6. ‘Ta senate shall have the sole power to try all impeach- The ste power t@ ments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or fy impeachments, affirmation, When the president of the United States is tried, % seastes the chief justice shall preside; and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two thirds of the members present. Vol. be c '18 Federal Constitution, A.B. 116-1. 7, Jupeaenr in cases of impeachment shall not extend fur~ AR ther than to remoyal from office, and disiualification to hold and pra, enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit, under the United nent ineases of States; but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and inperchwent. subject to indictment, trial, judgment, and punishment, accord- Pury Table aio ing to law. to jugment, Se. sccoring tl. Section 4. Toling ciectons 1. Tae times, places, and manner of holding elections for oc senators and senators and representatives, shall be prescribed in each state repscatatves, py the legislature thereof bat the congvess may, at any time, Sates ar by cow PY law, make or alter such regulations, except as to the places es of choosing senators. Congress toas- 2. "Tne. congress shall assemble at least once in every year, semble annually “and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, thy‘ esr Hess they shall bylaw appoint different day. Section 5. Basch house judge 1. Hace house shall be the judge of the elections, returns, and of the cleetin of qualifications, of its own members; and a majerity of each shall Goes constitute a quorum to do business ; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorised to compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner and under such penalties as each house may provide. Each house tode- 2. Exc house may determine the rules of its proceedings, termine 8 on punish its members for disorderly behaviour, and with the con~ rules, bes currenee of two thirds, expel a unember. Joumslstobe 3, Eactt house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and Keptiy eh. from time fo time publish the same, excepting such parts as may ee fn their judgment require secrecy and the yeas and nays of the members her house on any question, shall, at the desire of one fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. Adjwsnmentof 4. Nurrner house, during the session of congress, shall, both houses. without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall’ be sitting. Section 6. Senators and ves 1. Tu senators and representatives shall receive a compen- brescutatves to be sation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out aid, Re. of the treasury of the United States. ‘They shall, in all cases, Rented om except treason, felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged ~ from arrest during their attendance at the session of their re- spective houses, and in going to or returning from the same + and for any speech or debate in either house, they shall not be questioned in any other place. Concerning the 2+ No senator or representative shall, during the time for hokding of offees. which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the by eextor.ant authority of the United States, which shall have been created, SFE or the emoluments whereaf shall have been increased durin; such times and no person holding any oflice under the United States shall be a member of either house during his continuance in office. Sain Houston Regional Library & Reseaich Center FM RD 1011 P.0. Box 310 [iberty, Tx 77875 iSain Houston Regional Library & Research Center FM RD 1011 2.0. Box 310 erty, Tx 77875 nyu insitsistaotetabtanes Federal Constitution. 19 Section 7. £ Rg oF 1. Axx bills for raising revenue shall originate in the house of pais w representatives ; but the senate may propose or concur with orgie inthe amendments as on other bills. Tae of represen '2. Every bill which shall have passed the house of representa~ tative Bas tives and the senate, shall, before it become a law, be presen president and of ess in the fhe president of the United States; if he approve, he shall Soviets Dut if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to that ating Inve false in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the ob- Proceeaigan ils jections at Jarge on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. inthat eespect. f after such reconsideration, two thirds of that house shall agree 40 pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered ; and if approved by two thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But in all such cases, the votes of botlt houses shall be deter- mined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill, shall be enteved on the journal of each house respectively. I any bill shall not be retained by the pre- sident within ten days, (Sundays excepted,) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be law in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the congress by their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. 3. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence Joint resolutions, of the senate and house of representatives may be necessary, Cveept for adiqume (except. on a question of adjournment,) shall be presented to jhe same sanction the president of the United ‘States; and before the same shall stills. take effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of the senate and house of representatives, according to the rules and limitations prescri- bed in the case of a hill. Section 8. ‘Tum, congress shall have power— 1. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises; to Congres have pay the debts and provide for the common defence and general Dower lay tary Welfare of the United States; but all duties, imposts, and ex. 8 cises, shall be uniform throughout the United State: 2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States: ‘To borrow money. 3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among To reguste com the several states, and with the Indian tribes : merce. 4. To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uni- ‘Te establish the form Jaws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United ue nealiza- States: on, Ken 5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign To coin money, coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures: fe. ° 6, ‘To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the secu- To provide for rities and current coin of the United State ating counters ies, ‘i . Biter. 7. ‘To establish post-offices and post-roads : To establish post 8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by se- alice, Ke. curing, for limited times, to authors and inventors, the exclu. 12 pinot ss- sive right to their respective writings and discoveries + 9. To constitute tribunals inferior + To To const als inferior to the supreme court: To'to const igh a20 Federal Constitution, A. ©. 1788-8. define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offences against the law of nations 10. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water: Toriseamie. 11. Yo raise and support armies; bat na appropriation of money to that use, shall be for a longer term than two years: Toprovieanasys 12. To provide and maintain a navy: To make vues for 13. To make rules for the government and regulation of the governing army land and naval forces : Te petite we $4 To provide for calling forth the miitia to execute the ealtg orth the laws of the union, suppress insurrections, and repel wise, 35, To provide for oxgenizing,atming and diseptining the sro provide for o* militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employ- EGU Me™ od in the service of the United States; reserving to the states respectively, the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training’ the militia according to the discipline prescribed by congress? Tocsercive ex- 16, To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, elusive joratition oyer such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by grr. tertocal cession of particular states, and the acceptance of congress, be~ ding tea miles come the seat of government of the United States ; and to ex- square, Ae.” ervise like authority over all places purchased, by the consent of the legislature of the state in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful buildings :—and, Tomake all ava 17. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper necessity t9 the for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other qowenn” “8 powers vested by this constitution in the government of the United States, oF in any department or officer thereof. ‘Todvelate war, Section 9. Impowtatio ofcer- 1. Te migration or importation of such persons as any of {ain persns not the states now existing shall think proper to adit, shall not De 2 prohibited ntl prohibited by the congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight; but a tax ov duty tnay be imposed on’such [Seer 5, cl.1.] importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person,* ‘The writ ofhsbeas 2 ‘Tate privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be EErmaereeggized, suspended, uniess when, i eases of rebellion or invasion, the e public safety may requive it. No bills of atin. $. No hill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed. des orex pos 6-4, No capitation, or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in Linen taxes eo proportion to the census or enumeration herein-before directed ‘cording to census, to be taken. Nocsportduty, 5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from Ror Peferenes of any state, No preference shall be given by any regulation of ther in commerce, COMMerCe Or revenue to the ports of one state over those of another; nor shall vessels bound to, or from, one state, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. Money to be ex. 6. No monies shall be drawn from the treasury but in conse- poniel My teed quence of appropriations made by laws and a regular state- ‘pprepestion nly ment and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to time. No ties of nosit. 7. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United State Bogreauere! and no person holding any office of profit Or trust under them, Sain Houston Regional Library & Research Center Fig RD 1011 P.0. Box 310 Aiberty, Te 77575Federal Constitution. at shall, without the consent of the congress, accept of any pres A.D. 1788-9. Sent, emolument, office, of title, of any kind whatever, from AEC any king, prince, or foreign state. sry San affcers accept pre Section 10. ents Re [Seeamvendmenty, 1. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, oF confede- fryers within rations avant letters of marque and reprisal ; coin money; om theses raeballs of credit; make any thing but gold and silver coin #™#eslly- qilender in payment of debts; pass any bill of aitainder, ex ‘ost facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts; or grant any title of nobility, 2, No state shall, without the consent of the congress, lay Powers which the any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except What may sates ein excrete be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws : and Qa of one the nett proiluce of all duties and imposts, laid by any state on gress, imports or exports, shall be for the use of the treastiry of the United States; and all such laws shall be subject to the revi- sion and control of (ye congress. No state shall, without the consent of congress, iay any duty of tormage, keep troops, or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another state, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. ARTICLE 2, Section 1. 1, Tue executive power shall be vested in a presitlent of the Pxeeati United States of America. He shall hold his olfice during the vote ¥ term of four years, and together with the vice-president, chosen © for the same’ term, be elected as follow 2. Excu state shall appoint, in such manner as the legi ture thereof may direct, a number of el whole number of senators and representatives to which the q state may be entitled in the congress: but no senator or repre~ i sentative, or person holding an office of trust or protit under the United States, shall be appointed an elects ’ 3. Tux electors shall meet in their respective states, and Mocting ofthe 6 voie by ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not lestors of pe be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves, And they Mitts Sins shall make a list of all the persons voted for; and of the num- wees ber of votes for each ; which list they shall sign and certify, and ‘transmit, sealed, to the seat of the government of the United Siates, directed to the president of the senate. ‘The president of the senate shall, in the presence of the senate anst house of representatives, open all the certificates, and the voies shall then be counted. ‘The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the president, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed: and if there be more Lt am one who have such majority, and have an equal waiver Sam Houston Regional Loran & ONT then the house of representatives shall immediately Research Center * choose by ballot one of them for president; and FM RO 1011 fe have a majority, then, from the five highest on the list, the said 7.0, Box 310 vinenty, 1x 77578 Ja Eleotors of yo tors, equal to the Hest and vie Siete| i 22 Federal Constitution, ALD. 17654. house shall, in Wke ananner, choose the president. But in A: 6-15) choosing the president, the votes shall he taken by states, the Sv— ‘representation from each state having one vote: a quorum for thy porpose shall consist of a member or inembers trom two- thirds of the stiles, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice, In every case, after the choice of the president, the person having the greatest number of votes of . the electors, shall be the vice-president. But if there should (CAnuutted. “Se remain two or more who have equal votes, the senate shall joy" choose from them, by ballot, the vice-president. Congress may der 4. “Tune congress nay determine the time of choosing the ro apmisang clectors, and the day on which they shall give their votes: Gtieke. which day shall be the same throaghout the United States. Tie president to 5. No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of bbe safural bors or the United States at the tine of the adoption of this constitu SSPE ATH tion, shall be eligible to the office af president: neither shall “ssieot ofany person be eligible to that office, who shall not have attained ‘cass. yo the axe of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resi- deat. within the United States. Ta ewe of viemney _G. Iv case of the removal of the president from office, or of ine orice of Pe his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and sient Ui wes sivties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the vice- Ker nil the conuress may by law provide for the case of death, resigna‘ion, or inability, voth of the president, co-president, declaring what offiver shall then act as pre= , aad such aflicey shall act accordingly, until the disa- ise removed, or a president shall be elected. Compensation of 7+ ‘Tux: president shall, at stated times, receive for his ser- te peeitext. vices, a compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished duving the period for which he shall have been, elected, and he shat! not receive within that period any other cuckiment from the United States or any of them, The presitom a 8. Berowe he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take av oot. take the following oath or affirmation : Farmaftiecan “1 bo solemnly swear (or afirm) that Twill feihfully exe~ gate the office of president of the United States, and wil to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the consti- tation of the United States.” president; Fenova eich Section 2. “Te presidency 1. Tue president shall be commander in chief of the army comumuvier in” and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the sevee cect, dee. ral states, when called inta the actual service af the United He may require States he may require the opinion, in writing, of the prineipal officer in cacir of the executive depariments, upon any subject from peteal es elating tu the datics of their vespective offices and he spall Hem reprieve have power {0 grant reprieves and pardons for offences against ant parton. the United States, except in cases of impeachment. ayy in vine 2. Hus shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the ators present concur: and he shall nominate, and by and th the advice and consent of the senate, shall appoint ambas- public ministers and consuls, judges of the sn- and all other officers af the United States, whose ppreme cot Sain Houston Regianal Lit Research Cea iont itary & FAP RD LOL P.O. Box 310 iberny, Te 77575sain nouston Regional Libra 8 Rasearch Center Ea RD 1M, °.0, Box 3 Aiteny, Te 77575 Federal Constitutions 23, F gppointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and iwhich A.D. 4788-2. sprit be established by law. But the congress may by iaw vest ake | the appointment of such inferior officers, as they think proper, ¢.7—¥ ny vet jn the president alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of gertan sppont. departments. tnt the bse 5. Ta president shall have power to fill up all vacancies sent stoxe, or o- that may happen during the recess of the senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their next se sion. sient may Ti) vacaneies dave ing the weoess oF the souate. Section 8. i, Hz shall from time to time give to the congress infor President to mation of the state of the union, and recommend to their fo" congress, and consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and fives; may cou expedient; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both vene aut adjourn houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement between congress on eu | them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn (cuties es them’ to such time as he shall think proper; he shall receive shall see the Inws ambassadors and other public ministers ; he shall take care that exeettety and com- the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the "ayo" st ofiess e 8 (of the United ollicers of the United States. States Section 4. 1, Tux president, vice-president, and all civil officers of the President, fs. United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment movable On i= for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and Besehusent and misdemeano anriene 3. Section 1. 1. Tue judicial power of the United States shall be vested Joist powers in one supreme court, and in such inferior courts as the con Yeted in a sue gress may from time to time ordain and establish, ‘The judges, Fyn’ Court Se ‘both of the supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their oflices their offiees during during good behaviour, and shall, at stated times, receive for ge behaviour, their Services a compensation, which shall not be diminished 8° during their continuance in office, Section 2. 1, Tae, judicial power shall extond to all cases, in law and Bstontof the j= equity, arising under this constitution, the laws of the United ! po¥er States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority; to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public mi- nisters and consuls; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to which the United States shall ‘be a party ; to controversies between two or more states, be- tween a state and citizens of another state, helsween citizens of different states, between citizens of the same state, claiming [* See arestrietion lands under grants of different states, and between a state, or this provision, « " . tiendments the citizens thereof, and foreign states, citizens or subjects. 9 _a4 Federal Constitution. A Dives. ‘. Rares. Ix all cases alfecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and those in which a state shall be a party, the Ovigint atape Supreme court shall have origitial jurisdiction. In all the other polste jasaigdon C2se8 before mentioned, the supréme court shall have appellate of the supreme jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and sont under such vegulations as the cangress shall make, ‘Teil of eines to 3, "Tom trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, veby juny 8& shall be by jury; and such trial shall be held in the state where the said crimes shall have been committed ; but when not com- mitted within any state, the trial shall be at such place or places as the congress may by law have direeted. Section 8. ‘Refinition of trea 1, ‘Treason against the United States shall consist only in us levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giv- ing them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason, unl on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on conte ° Congress to de- 2. Tras congress shall have power ta dectace the punishment clue the punish 9f treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of xe blood, or forfeiture, except during the life of the person at- tainted. AuricLe 4. Section 1. Credit 0 be given in one state to the Fer, faith and credit shall be given in each state to the acts, records and judicial proceedings of every other And the congress may by general laws prescribe the manner in which such acts, records and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. Section 2. Reciprocity ofcii- 1. ‘Te citizens of each state shall be entitled to all. privi- zenskip wish Yenes and immunities of citizens in the several states. , Grininats 2. A prrsox charged in any state with treason, felony, or from one state to other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in ano- Fiather, t0 be te her state, shall, on demand af the executive authority of the mands state fiom which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the state having jurisdiction of the crime. Ranaway sles, 3. No person held to service or labor in one state, under the c-tobedelivered laws hereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of wpe any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up, on claim of the party to whom such service ar luhor may be due. 1 Newstatosmayhe 1. New states may be admitted by the congress into this Sam Houston Regional Library & ‘admitted into the union ; but no new state shal! be formed or erected within the Research Center ini, $e, jurisdiction of any other state; nor any state be formed by the FM RD 1911 junction af two av more states, ot parts al states, without the P.O Bex 310 Hberty, Te 77575ain Rouston Rogidnal kibrany esearch Centar RD JOM 0, Box 310 iberty, Tx. 77575 Federal Constitution, 25 consent of the legislatures of the states concerned, as well as 4.D. 1788-0, ALR GAS, of the congress. * a "Thee ress shall have power to dispose of, and make «77> whe. all needful rules and regulations respecting, the territory or power over ene belonging to the United States; and nothing in tary, Ae. Clans other propert; i this chnetitugon shall be so construed, ae to prejudice any athe ates, dc. ‘claims of the United States, or of any particular state. say to Be prejulic Section 4. 4, Tue United States shall guarantee to every state in this Republican form union a republican form of government, and shall protect each of goverment of them against invasion ; and, on application of the legislature, Suecced 0 eash or the executive (when the legislature cannot be convened)“ “* against domestic violezce, ARTICLE 5, 1. Bae. congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shail Mode of amending deem it nécessary, shall propose amendments to this constitu this eonstitation. tion ; or, on the application of the legislatures of two-thirds of the several states, shall call a convention for proposing amend ments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and poses, as part of this constitution, when ratified by the le ‘tures of three-fourths of the several states, or by conventions, in three-fourths thereof, as the one ar the other mode of ratiti- cation may be proposed by the congress; provided, that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and cigit, shall in any manner alfect the first* [* Goneeming the and fourth* clauses in the ninth section of the first article : imberation of cee and that no state, without its consent, shall be deprived of its fred reeey equal sulfiage in the senatest (F See ante, at, Sek 1 anticie 6. 1. Axt debts contracted and engagements entered into, be- Assumptiar of fore the adoption of this constitution, shall be as valid against debs inewred wo the United States under this constitution, as under the cone = b= ole federation, ve 2 ‘Fins constitution, and the laws of the United States This eonséanton, which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all selene et made, or which shall be made, under the authority 07 the Unie save Me ted States, shall be the supreme law of the land and the judges The state judges in every state shall be bound thereby; any thing in the con- bw! thereby. stitution o laws of any state tothe contrary notwithstanding '% Tux senators and representatives before mentioned, and Senators, repre= the members of the several state legislatures, and all executive se%stves 8 and judicial officers, both of the United States and of the wnimt(y oath on several states, shall be bound by oath or alfirmation, to support pore this co-sttte this constitution: but no religious test shall ever be required a qual cation to any office or public trust under the United N° so tt es. Vout D26 Federal Constitution, ADTs, annvets 7. pumalgoiiwe, 1+ Tax satification of the conventions of nine states, shall states sufficient, De sufficient for the establishment of this constitution between ae. the states s0 ratifying the same, Doxs: in conveiition, by the unanimous consent of the states present, the seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred ‘and oighty, seven, and of the independence of the United States of America, the twelfth. In witness whereof, we have hereunto subscribed our naines. GEORGE WASHINGTON, President, and deputy fore Vieginin. oman, John Langton, Niehlis H Sata ua Sie Blt Rehan Base, Jac Boon Nanran, ‘Samcel J er Sicman. Danie af S."Thomas Jenifer, Yes EW YORE, Daniel Casvot. Alexander Hasler viorsta: Sew suet, John Bhan, Witlian Lsingston, Jaanes Miso, jon, David Bressiys ont CXnOLENA. Wiliam Pattison, Witan Bleunt Somatian Dayton Richard Dobbs Spxight, PEN EVASIA, Hugh Witanson. Beajanin Franklin, svn cans Thomas Mii, Tobin Bae, Robert Moris, Chaves Cates Pinkney, George Clyne’, Charles Pinckney, Thonse ‘Fitzsimons, Pierce Butler. * ave tngesall, ‘nomena. “Tomes Witson, Willis Rew, Gowvernee Mors. Abraham Baldwin, Attest, WILLIAM JACKSON, Secretary. IN CONVENTION, Mowpay, Sxvremnen 17, 171 Prosent, the states of New Hampshine, Mosuchusetts, Conseesieat, Mr, Hap ton from New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virgi= nia, Nocti Carolina, South Carolia ant Georgie Constitution to be 1. Resolved, Lhat the preceding constitution be laid before In lore cou the United States, in congress assembled, and that it is the fee, Hee opinion of this convention, that it should afterwards be sub- mitted to convention of delegates chosen in each state by the people thereof, under the recommendation of its legislature, for their assent and. ratification; and that each convention as- senting to, and ratifying the same, should give notice thereat to the United States in congress assembled. Congen to fix a 2% Resolved, ‘That it4s the opinion of this convention, that day for mppointng as soon as the conventions of nine states shall have ratified this Jan rousten Regonet Libre & esearch Centet ra RD uA . Be ey TSS,| ' i cain Houston Regional Libary &e ‘esearch Center MRD 1011 °.0, Box 310 Liberty, Tx. 77575 Federal Constitution. a7 tution, the United States in congress assembled, should A. D. 1786-0. es ‘on which electors should be appointed by the states &-R-C- 15 all have ratified the same, and a day on which the 2% oa should assembie to vote for the presiden¢, and the time tiny go. ater place for commencing proceedings uader this constitution. ‘That after such publication, the electors should be appointed, dud the senators and representatives elected. ‘That the electors Mote reeammen- “meet on the day fixed for the election of the president, 26! fr euying ” ‘and should transmit their votes, ce ied, signed, sealed and {y efer, Hed, as the constitution regaires, to the secretary of the ‘United States in congress assembled: that the senators and resentatives should convene at the time and place assigned 5 that the senators should appoint a president of the senate, for the sole purpose of receiving, opening and counting the votes for president ; and that, after he shall be chosen, the congress, together with the president, should without delay, proceed to execute this constitution. By the unanimous order of the convention. GEORGE WASHINGTON, President. Wuuan Jacksox, Secretary. IN CONVENTION, Seprenmen 17, 1787. SIR, ‘We have now the honor to submit to the consideration of Letter from the the United States in congress assembled, that constitution convention dat which has appeared to us the most advisable. . Cialons to the pre. Tue friends of our country have long seen and desired, that Stent of comgres. the power of making war, peace and treaties, that of levying money and regulating commerce, and the correspondent execu- tive and judicial authorities, should be fully aud effectually vested in the general government of the union; but the impro- riety of delezating such extensive trust to one body of men 4s evident; hence results the necessity of a different organiza- tion. Ir is obviously impracticable in the federal government of these states, to secure all rights of independent sovereignty to each, and yet provide for the interest and safety of all: individu- als entering into society must give up a share of liberty to pre- Serve the rst. ‘The nagnitude of the sacrifice must depend as well on situation and circumstance, as on the object to be obtained. itis at all times difficult to draw with precision the 1¢ between those rights which must be surrendered, and those which may be reserved ; and on the present occasion this «iffi- culty was increased by a difference among the several states, as to their situation, extent, habits and particular interests. In all our deliberations on this subject, we kept steadily in our view that which appears to us the greatest interest of every true American, the consolidation of our union, in which is ii~ volved our prosperity, felicity, safety, perhaps cur national existence. ‘This important consideration, seriously and deeply88 Federal Constitution, impressed on onr minds, Jed each state in the convention to be less rigid on points of inferior magnitude, than might have been otherwise expected s and thus the constitution which we now present, is the result of a spicit of amity, and of that mutual deference antl concession, which the peculiarity of our potitical situation rendered indispensible. xr it will meet the full and entire approbation of every state, is not, perhaps, to be expected ; but each will daxbtless consider, that, had her interests been alone consulted, the conse~ quences ‘might have been particularly disagreeable or injarious to others: that it is liable ta as few exceptions as could reason- ably have been expected, we hope and believes that it may promote the lasting welfare of that country so dear to us all, and secure her freedom and happiness, Is our most ardent wish, Wins great respect, we have the honor to be, Sir, your ex- cellency’s most obedient and humble servants, BY unanimous order of the convention, GEORGE WASHINGTON, President. His Bxeelteney, the Bresilent of Congress. AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION, anvicte 1. Congress probit: Coxoness shall make no law respecting an establishment of Lae OPS ret win, or prohibiting the free exercise theréof or abridging frcoton efspeech, the treedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the peo- of the posi, and pie peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a {he Neht OF Pet redress of grievances. ARTICLE 2. Right of the veo A wrt. regulated militia being necessary to the security of Parone Reta free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arins shall rar arms, Ke. not be infringed. anricie 5. No soldier tohe No solitier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house fuactered in shy Without the consent of the owners vor in time of war, but in a peuce, whore manner to be prescribed by law. onset, Se. awrichE 4. Nosearch warrant ‘Tote right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, fone, exeept ov papers, and effects, agaist unreasonable seatches and seizitres, Rige. “shall not be violated ; and no warrants shall isswe, but upon pro- ° bable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particalarly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things fo Doe seized. 11 roustan Regional Library Research Center Fat RD 1011 PG. Box 310 Liberty, Tx TISTSFederal. Constitution. 20 ALD, 1788-9. ALB O15, awrtcLe 5. e held to answer for & capital or otherwise jufamous crime, unicss oF a presentment or indictment of aNg,nenm to be grand jury, except in cases trising in the Iand or naval forces, ere, unles om Bran the militia, when in actual service, in time of war or public presentment, oe Sanger nor shall any person be subject for the sare offence to ect ia te lat be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled, ty nwer ir the im any crrininal case, to be @ witness against himself, nor be de-sinenikzeetwie, prived of life, iberty, or property, without de process of Taw; 8% voy shail private property be taken for public use without just compensation. No person shall b auriere 6 In all ininal prosecutions, the aecused shall enjoy the ight Aen of, speedy and public trial, hy an impertiat jury of the state ely and pubic Soddberiel ‘where ‘the crime shiali have been cynvmitted, which, al by nr istrict shall have been previozsly ascertained by Taw; and to be eats. Snformed of the nature and cause of the ace:sation } to be con- fronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory pro- cess for obtaining witnesses in his favors and to have the assis tance of counsel for his defence. anricyy 7. Tw suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall Right of tial by exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be pro~iey i its at served ; and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examine Pee ne tae of ed ‘nany court§l the United States, than according to the rules $20, 4s. of the common law. anniciE 8. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines im- Excessive bail, ana posed, nor cruel and unusual punishments flicted. una and "ened Tice i annicue 9. ‘ a ‘Tux enumeration in the constitution, of certain rights, shall Rights enumerat- & not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the (ie nated, z people. E antics 10. u Tux powers not delegated to the United States by the consti- Powers not deles tution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved (o the sel &e, we rer states respectively, or to the people. Bates or people. anricne 11. ‘Tuer judicial power of the United States shal! not be constru- Restriction of rf Alia powers Sain Houston Regional Libeary & ed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prose- Research Center cuted against one of the United States by citizens of another Si ** % Fat RO 1011 E state, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign state. oe °.0. Box 310 gE Viberty, Tx 77575 ema30 Federal Constitution, ALD. 1785~9. noun 12" A. D. rte agrrote 1 SSELXTuas.,_ 1+ Tur electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote PAG S7? 8 ® by ballot for president and vice president, one of wham, at least, Actual ode of shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselve: clesting the presi they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as pres sent and Nee pre denit, and in distinict ballots the person voted for as vice presi- a Sites, dents and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as peesident, and of all persons voted for as vice president, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and ¢vansmit seated to the seat of the government of the United States, divected to the president of the senate; the president of the senate shall, in the presence of the senate and house of representatives, open all the certificates, and the vot shall then be counted ; the person having the greatest mumber of votes for president, shall be the president, if such number be a Inajority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if mo vetson have gtch majority, then, from the persons having the Fighest number, not exceeding three, on the list of those voted for as president, the house of representatives shall choose imme diately, by ballot, the president. But in choosing the pres dent, the votes shall be taken by states, the representation fiom each state having one vote : a quorum for this purpose shall con- sist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. “And if the house of representatives shall not choose 2 president whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the vice president shall act as president, as in the ease of the death or other con- stitutional disability of the president. 2. Ti person Niaving the greatest namher af vates as vice president, shall be the vice president, if such number be a ma- jority of ‘the whole number of electors appointed s and if no person have a majority, then, from the two highest numbers on the list, the senate shall choose the vice president: a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two thirds of the whole number of senators; and a majority of the whole number shall be neces- sary to a choice, 3. Bur no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of president, shall be eligible to that of vice president of the United States. anriere 13. Cuizenstiy Heit Le any citizen of the United States shall accept, claim, re- 2 AE eceP= ceive, or retain any title of nobility or honor, or Shall, without feign power, of any UE consent of congress, accent and retain any present, pension, title of nobility, of- office, or emolument of any kind whatever, from any emperor, fee, or enolanient King,” prince, or foreign power, siach person shell. cone Cae Gon tata citizen of the United States, and shall he incapable of holding $9, 4.2)” ‘any office of trust or profit under them, er either of them. Samm Hoestan Regional Library & Resoarch Center Fa RD 10M. P.O, Box 310 Hiberty, Tie 77575Sain Houston Regional Libtany Research Canter Fit RO 10 7.0. Box 310 iberty, Te 77575 Bill of Rights. Ee ©. 3. Hights made by the Representatives of the Vikcowsn, avseubled in full and. free. Con- rights do pertain to them, and their Poste- ‘and foundation of Government. ay all men are by nature equally free and indepen- f nnd have certain inherent rights, of which, when they enter into a state of society, they canneis by any compact, de- ‘or divest their posterity ; namely, the enjoyment of life with the means of acquiring and possessing pro- ‘perty, and pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety. “"@. Puxr all power is vested in, ad consequently derived rom, the people; that Magistrates are their trustees and ser nd at all times amenable to them. PHAT: government is, or ought to be, instituted for the nefit; protection and security, of the people, nation, “or commiinity? of all the various modes and forms of govern- ment, that is best, which is capable of producing the greatest degree of happiness:and safety, and is most effectually secured against the danger of mal-administration ; and that, when any . Government shall be found inadequate or contrary to the , & majority of the community hath an inidubitable, Enatfenable, and indefeasibie ight, to reform, alter, of abolish such manner as shall be judged most conducive to the 4, Tuar no man, or set of men, are entitled to exclusive ov separate emoluments or privileges from the community, but in ‘consideration of public services; which uot being descendible, neither ought the offices of Magistrate, Legislator, or Judge, to be hereditary. %. Tuar the Legislative and Executive powers of the state should be separate and distinct from the Judiciary ; and that the members of the two first may be restrained from oppres- sion, by feeling and participating the burthens of the people, they should, at fixed periods, be reduced to a private station, retin into that body from which they were originally take, an the vacancies be supplied by freien; certain, and rogi” lar elections, in which all, or any part of the former members, to be again eligible, or ineligible, as the laws shall 6. Tuar elections of members to serve as representatives of the people, in Assembly, ought to be free; and thet all a having sullicient evidence of permanent common interest with, and attachment to, the community, have the right of suffrage, and cannot be taxed or deprived’ of their property for public uses, without their own consent, ar that of. their vepretenta- tives so elected, nor bound by any law to which they have not, in ike manner, assented, for the public good. 7. Tar all power of Suspending ‘avs, av the execution off laws, by any authority, without consent of the representatives ALD. ARGL CeeBill of Rights. of the people, is injurious to their rights, and ought not to be exercised. 8, Tua, in all eapital or criminal prosecutions, a man hath aright to demand the cause and nature of his accusation, ta be confronted with the accusers and witnesses, to call for evi- dence in his favor, and to a speedy trial by an impartial jury of his vicinage, without whose unanimous consent he cannot be found silty; nor can he be compelled to give evidence against himself; that no man be deprived of his liberty except by the law of the land, or the judgment of his peers. 9. Tuar excessive bail ought not to be required, nor exe sive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual’ punishments in- flicted. 1G. ‘Tuar general warrants, whereby an officer or messenger may be commanded to search suspected places without evi- sence af 2 fact committed, or to stize any person or persons ‘not named, or whose offence is net particularly described and ‘supported by evidence, are grievous and oppressive, anit ought, not to be granter 14. Tua, in controversies respecting property, and in suits between man and man, the ancient trial by jury is preferable to any other, and ought to be held sacred. 12. Tuar the freedom al! the press is one of the great bul- warks of liberty, and can never be restrained bat by despotic governments. ° 15. Tusz a well regulated militia, composed of the body of the people, trained to arms, is the proper, natural and safe de- fence of a free state; that standing armies, in time of peace, should be ayvided, as dangerous to liberty; and that in all cases, the military should be under striet subordination to, and governed by, the civil power 24, Fav the people have a right to uniform government 5 and therefore, that no government separate from, or indepen- dent of, the goverment of Virginia, ought to be erected or established within the limits thereof. 15. Tuar no free government, or the blessing of can be preserved to any people, but by a firra adherence to jus- tice, moderation, temperance, frugality, and virtue, and by fre~ quent recurrence to fundamental pritciples, 16. Tar religion, or the duty which we owe to our Creator, and the manner of discharging it, can be directed only by re son and conviction, not by force ox violence} and therefore all men are equally entitled to the free exercise of religion, cording to the dictates of conscience ; and that it is the mutual duty of all to practise Christian forbearance, love, and charity towards each other, San How Reseasch| FM ROY P, 4 Regional Library & Canter AL . Box 310 Uperty, Tx. 17875san Houston Regional LIDIA Research Center FM RD iu P.0. Box Liberty, Te 77578 Constitution of Virginia, aa C. 4. ‘Phe Constitution or Form ef Government, agveed to and re- Pied ‘apo by the Delegates and Representatives of the sew pil Counties aud Corporations of Virginia, [Unanimously adopted, June 29, 1776} 1. Wieneas George the third, King of Great Britain and Fraud, und Elector of Hanover, heretofore entvusted with the Rercise of the kingly office in this government, hath endea- Youred to pervert the same into a detestable and insupportable tyranny, by putting his negative on laws the most wholesome and necessary for the public good : By denying his Governors ‘permission t6 pass laws of immediate and pressing importance, nless suspended in their operation for his assent, and, when so suspended, neglecting to attend to them for many years: By relusing to pass certain other laws, unless the persons to be benefited by them would relinguish the inestimable right of representation in the Legislature: By dissolving Legislative “Assemblies repeatedly and continually, for opposing with man~ ly firmness his invasions of the rights of the people: When dissolved, by refusing to call others for a long space of time, thereby leaving the political system without any Legislative head : By endeavoring to prevent the population of our coun- try, and, for that purpose, obstructing thelaws for the maturalis zation of foreigners: By keeping among us, in time of peace, standing armies and ships of war: By alfecting to render the nifitary independent of, and superior to, the civil power: By combining with others to subject us to a foceign jurisdictions giving his assent.to their pretended acts of Legislation ; For ‘quartering large bodies of armed troops among us: For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world: For imposing taxes fon us without our consent: For depriving us of the benefits of the trial by jury: For transporting us beyond seas, to be tried for pretended offences: For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power te legislate for us in all cases whatsoever: By plundering our seas, ravaging our coasts, burning our towns, and destroying the lives of our people : By inciting insurrections wf axe Fellow subjects, with the allurements of forfeiture and confiscation: By prompting ‘ow negroes to rise in arms among us, those very negroes, ‘by an inhuman use of bis negative, he hath refused us sion to exclude by law: By endeavoring to bring an the crs, the merciless Judian savages, whose known rule af warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and conditions of existences By transport- ing at this time, a large army of foreign mercenaries, to comn- piete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy unworthy the head of a civilized nation: By answering our repeated peti- tions for redress with a repetition of injuries: And finally, by. abandoning the helm of government, and declaring us out of Vou fe B 38at Constitution of Virginia. A.D.1776, his allegiance and protection, By which several acts of mis- ABC | rule, the government of this country, as formerly exercised be 7 under the crown of Great Britain, is totally dissolved + sensor 2 We, therefore, the Delegates and Representatives of the Bre ret good people of Finginia, having matarely considered the prem - ises, and viewing with great concern the deplorable condition, to which this once happy country must be reduced, unless some regular adequate mod of civil polity is speedily adopted, and in compliance with a recommendation of the General Congress, do ordain and declare the future form of government of Vir ginia to be as followeth + aaiive, Bee. 5. Tae Legislative, Executive, and Judiciary departments, fh sative, and Judi shall be separate and distinct, so that neither exercise the powers ay, sepervet,_., properly belonging, to the others nor shall any person exercise “oe the powers of more than one of them at the same time, except thatthe justices of the county courts shall be eligible to either House of Assembly. 4, Tite Legislative shall be formed of two distinct branches, who, together, shall be a complete Legislature. ‘They shall formed woo eet once or oftener, every year, and shall be called the Gen- | year. eral Assembly of Virginia, Hone of Dele. 5: Ox of these shall be called the House of Delegates, and iss; is mem- consist of ‘two Representatives to be chosen for each county, bes, how quali and for the district of Pest Jugusta, annually, of such men as | fet, by whom Actually reside in and are freeholders of the same, or duly {qualified according te law, and also one Delegate or Represen- ‘ tative to be chosen annually for the city of Williamsburg, and \ ‘one for the borougltdt Marfolk, and a Representative for each I of such other cities and boroughs as may hereafter be allowed When a corpora. particular representation by the Legislature; but when any city Envruditwre: by borough ehall so decrease as that the number af persons Presentation shall haying right of suffrage therein shall have been for the space of : seven years successively leas than half the muinber of voters in some ne county in Virginia, such city or borough thencefor- ward shall cease to send a Delegate or Representative to the | Assembly. Senate: number 6, Tuck other shall be called the Senate, and consist of twenty- sf members ow four members, of whom thirteen shall constitute a House to pro- Titad’how ceed on business, for whose election the different counties shall , those be divided into twenty-four districts; and each county of the respective district, at the time of the election of its Delegates, shall vote for one Senator, who is actually a resident and free holder within the district, or duly qualified according to lav, and ig upwards of twenty-five years of age; and the sheriffs of each county, within five days at farthest after the last county election in the district, shall meet at some convenient place, and from the poll so taken in their respective counties return i asa Senator the man who shall have the greatest number of Rotation, yotes in the whole district. To keep up this Assembly by ro- t tation, the districts shall be equally divided into four classes, and numbered by lot. At the end of one year after the gen | election, the six’ members elected by the first division shall be displaced, and the vacancies thereby oecasioned supplied from | i i n Hgustan Regional Library & search Canter fa RO LOU P.0, Box 310 ‘iberty, Tx 77875 such class or division, by new election, in the manner aforesaid.Sein Houston Regional Lipraiy & Researeh Center Fld RD 1011 °.0. Box 310 bert, Tx 77575 Constitution of Virginia. 35 t tion shall be appligd to each division, according to its 4.D.1776 aon esand continued an ave order annually. Anes aaa the right of suffrage in the election of members of po Mage, both Houses shail remain as exercised at present, and_each ech House may rouse shall choose is own Speaker, appoint is own oficers, cn Sr deli ity own rules of proceeding, and direct wnts of election fm °Rsernea inplyqng intermediate vacancies. ae nts fo for SUpPHYHNE Schall originate in the House of Delegates, to be ave shall org af or rejected by the Senate, or to be amended with the natein he Hone et orc louse of Delegates, except money bill, which of Delegates but, | inno instance shall be altered by the Senate, but wholly ap. {nat money bile proved or rejected. Senate. B.A GoveRwor, or Chief Magistrate, shall be chosen annu- Goreme, how ally, by joint ballet of both Houses, to be taken in each House chosen meta of Feapectively, deposited in the conference room, the boxes ex- mts. Tened jointly by a Committee of each House, and the num fisanry snl bors severally reporied to em, tat the appointments may be restrained tered ; (which shall be the mode of taking the joint ballot of fom geanting te bot ‘Howes in all cases ;) who shall not. continue in that office J | fest Wecrain fees ethan three years successively, not be eligible until the expiration of ‘four years after he shall have been out of that. “e. An adequate, but moderate salary, shall be settled on him during his continuance in office; and he shall, with the adyice of a Council of State, exercise the executive powers of ernment according to the laws of this commonwealth; and all not, under any pretence, exercise any power or preroga- five by virtue of any law, statute, or custom, of Bagland: But he shall, with the advice of the Council of State, have the ‘ower of granting reprieves or pardons, except where the pro- Fecution shall have been carried on by the House of Delegates, or he law shall otherwise partculsly directs in which cases | no reprieve or pardon shall be grantéd, but by resolve of the House of Delegates. 10. Exruen House of the General Assembly may adjourn When he wa themselves respectively. ‘The Governor shall not prorogue or emarke the Gen adjourn the Assembly during their sitting, nor dissolve them @! Assembly at any time; but he shall, if necessary, either by advice of the Council of State, or on application of a majority of the House _ of Delegates, call them before the ime to which they shall stand prorogued or adjourned, . 11° Privy Couneil or Council of State, consisting of eight Psivy Conscl, members, shall be chosen by joint ballot of both Houses of As. number of their sembly, cither from theit own members or the people at lange, eas Wey to assist in the administration of government. ‘They shall an ually choose out of their own niembers a President, who, in case of the death, inability, or necessary absence of the Gov nor from the government, shall act as Lieutenant Governor. Four members shall be sufficient to act,-and their advice and proceedings shall be entered of record, and signed by the mem bers present (to any part whereof any member may enter his _ dissent) to be laid before the General Assembly, when called for by them. ‘This Council may appoint their own clerk, who shall have a salary settled by law, and take an oath of secrec: in such matters a3 he shall be directed by the Board to conceal. A sum of mouey appropriated to that purpose shall he divided i em samt oI36 Constitution of Virginia. A:D.776, annually among the members, in proportion to their attendances CU and they shall be incapable during their continuance in office, —v— of sittiig in either House of Assembly. ‘Two members shall be removed by joint ballot of both Houses of Assembly at the end of every’ three years, and be ineligible for the three next. years. These vacaricies, as well as those occasioned by death or incapacity, shall be supplied by new elections, in the same. manner. Delegates to Con- 12, "Tun Delegates for Virginie (o the Continental Congress ress how chosen. shal] be chosen annually, or superseded in the mean time by joint bailot of both Houses of Assembly. Mitry rege 15, "Top: present militia officers shall be continued, and -va- ‘ions cancies supplied by appointment of the Governor, ‘with the advice of the Privy Council, or recommendations from the respective County Courts; but the Governor and Council shall have @ power of Suspending any officer, and ordering a court- martial on complaint of misbehaviour or inability, or ko supply vacancies of officers happening when in actual service. |The Governor nay embody the uilitia, with the advice of the Privy Council, and when embodied, shall alone have the the militia under the Laws of the country. Cours ot Appents, 14, Tux, two Houses of Assembly ‘shall, by joint bathot, General of Clae- appoint judges of the Supreme Court of Appeals, and General SEQ Myer ory Court, Judges in Chancery, Judges of Admiralty, Secretary, Scerciny,ant At and the Attorney General, to be commissioned by the Gover” jurey Generel, nor, and continue in office during good behaviour, In case of Minar; exclu. death, incapacity, or resignation, the Governor, with the advice Get with some of the Privy Council, shall appoint persons to succeed in office, ouier, from tie to be approved or displaced by both Houses. These officers page eo shall have fixed and adequate salaries, and, together with all ° others holding lucrative offices, and all Ministers of the Gospel of every denomination, be incapable of being elected members of either House of Assembly, or the Privy Council. Coumties, Jusices 15, "Tue Governor, with the advice of the Privy Council, oh low aypeteds shall appoint Justices of the Peace for the counties; and in Tek Boome case of vacancies, or a necessity of increasing the number ter, such appointments to be made upon the recommen- ection of smo! sherifs and hes coroners tobe, cation of the respective County Courts. ‘The present acting FRR Secretary in Virginia, and clerks of all the Caunty Courts, point constables. Shall coritinue in ollice. In case of vacancies, either by death, incapacity, or resignation, a Secretary shall be appointed as before directed, and the clerks by the respective courts. “The present and futare clerks shall hold their offices during good behaviour, to be judged of and determined in the General Court. "Phe Sheriffs and Coroners shall be nominated by the respective courts, approved by the Governor, with the advice af ‘the Privy Covucil, aud commissioned by the Governor. ‘The Justices shall appoint constables, and all fees of the afore- said officers be regulated by law. 6. Ti: Governor, when he is out of office, and others of- fentling against the state, either by mal-administration, corrup- tion, or other means by which the safety of the state may be endangered, shall be impeachable by the House of Delegates. Impetehments Such impeachinent to be prosecuted by the Attorney General, ‘or such other person or persons as the House may appoint, im an Howson Regional Research Center FM RD 104 7.0, Box 310 tiberty, ts T7575 j Lamraiy &Saya tlauston Regional Library & Research Center FM RB 1011 P.Q, Box 310 Liberty, Tx 77575 Constitution of Virginia. 87 a the laws of the land. If found A. D.1776. e y be ‘either for ever disabled to hold any Med tor removed from such office pro tem- —v—7 fo such pains or penalties as the law shall ‘of the Judges of the General Court, shall, Impexchments, be judged of by the House of Delegates) "of any of the, crimes or offences before-mentioned, af Delegates may, in Tike manner, impeach the 4 “Judges'so accused, to be prosecuted in the Court of © Appeals; and he of they, if found guilty, shall be punished in | the gaine manner’as is prescribed in the preceding clause. 18 Commissrons and grants shall run In the name of the Commissions, Gomtoxweartiof Vicia, and bear test by the Governor, grants and writs, With the seal of the Commonwealth annexed. Writs shall run #3j0, 44 ceeor wie ‘shame manner, and bear test by the clerks of the several clusion of.” ‘courts, Indictments shall conclude, Against the peace and 7 ithe Commonwealth. PaxasuneR shall be appointed annually, by joint bal- Treasures . chet, penalties, and forfeitures, heretofore going Kachests, penal- {go to the Commonwealth, save only such as les forisin the Heginlature inay abolish, or other wise provide for. 21, ‘Ture territories contained within the charters erecting Tewitoral limits; the colonies of Marylail, Pennsylvania, North and South. eso corer Garalina, are hereby ceded, released, and for ever confirmed thine governs +o the people of those colonies respectively, with all the rights ments west of ‘of property, jurisdiction, and government, and all other rights Mount Allegheny whatsoever which might at any time heretotore have beenjiiv °° Sth claimed by Virginia, except the free navigation and use of the rivers Potowmac and Pokomoke, with the property of the Virginia shores or strands bordering on either of the said rivers, and all improvements which have been or shall be made thereon. ‘The western and northern extent of Virginia shall fin all her respects stand as fixed by the charier of King © Jones the first, nm the year one thousand six hundred and nine, ___and by the pubic treay of pence betwoen the Courts of Grea | Britain and France, in the year one thousand seven hundved _ and sixty-three; unless, by act of Legislature, one or more territories shall hereafter be laid off, and governments estab- lished westward of the Wlegheny mountains. And no pur-No posebases + chase of lands shall be made of tlie Jadian natives, but on be- fv livtian rs- half of the public, by authority of the General Assembly. Uch but fore publ : he teritory of Virgina granted by the charters King James fy was very | extensivey see carters oF APH 10. 1606.§ 4, OF May25.t001.§ OF March TEST i2"S LV Fen, att large, p38. 96.100" The tat charter ato. | Betis campy w pane ely fn Virgin or Arexca any ne Fen Bao, an HOON, lute and granted for that purpow all thc tertary extend. ing fom the first srt of tne plantation 30 English Statue mies the West and SsWeat and 0 nes to the Hast an N- Bast ov Norhy ston the sen cent it ' ; ning back rom that ne of coat 1D) ries int te na dy with She saul {pposite to and with, 100 meso the canst.” Under tis eatery the eal oF Virgin wes planted. The aceon charter granted the Virginia eosnpanys atch larger tenors, eating fom fold) Pont Comfort, 200 fats othe Seat a 200 les tothe North, along the Aaiceot ail theneey a hevalth a 400 rile, to the West and Nort West, sie through th contin tte cat dhe Fasc, wit all te sats epposte to amd vithin 400 ales of otk oF38 Constitution of Virginia. AD 76 22. Iv order to introduce this government, the representa- RCL met in Convention shall choose a Governor v— Souncil, also such other officers directed to be chosen by both Houses as may be judged necessary to be im- mediately appointed. ‘The Senate to be first chosen by the people, fo continue until the last day of March next, and the { other oficers until the end_of the succeeding session of Ag- sembly. In case of vacancies, the Speaker of either House | shall issue writs for new elections.* 1nd the thint granted the company, the islands within 300 leagues of both eon The extonsive territory granted by these dhicters, was: vedueed before the never lution, by the ehasters granted to other colonies, and by the treaty of 1763, bee tween France and Great-Britain, referred to in this article of the constitutions and, since the revolution, by the evssion of the tervitory N. West of the Ohio t> the United States, anil the erection of Kentucky into a separite state. The i ‘boundaries of Virginia have also been ndjusted on all sites; see fost, e. 5.15.16. 17,18, 19.20. 21. * As to'the form of the Colonial government, for which this constitation xs substitaed, see 1 Chart. § 7. 8.15. 1 Hen. stat lar. p. 60, 1, 4 Royal instruce tions for the government of the Colony, Ibi p. 67.15. & Chart, 8% 9.10.1) A213. 14. 15.95. Hil p.89, 90, 1, 25. 3 Chart § 6.7.8. Tbid p. 102, 3— By the 144h Seetion of the seeond charter and the 6th of the third, the power of establishing a form of governiacit andl magistracy for the was vested in the connell nt genera. care of te-¥ingns company in England whic on the iin July, 1021, ordained a fori of government necotdinglyy whereby the pow | ers of the Catal government were rested. ¢ avert tnd eounel of dat, Spoonted by the company in England a hold. during ts pleoure. an ihc a burgess eo from every towns hunfeed and arteala nation bercapetclysheaen bythe Snhaitnt'andts coe of sate wn nso Dangoles forme the Coral egclatare, aed the Gener Assrly. The Gate ponernment var dv to conforms legion wl ures, i forthe Baglsh govemmenc and laws; Si wha pore, that nd la oro tee mege bythe Conca Assenyy should be vas oes ft fel cnet the comny tn Englady and fetuened so rated Sethe Contin, andthe commarsion and tsrustons tothe fst govern dere, 1 on st dilar pO TIS, Its th dy the own Mped the Ving company ty procignaton, and regumed the fers rng butt toro of government ite given the Clony, renamed is Siuhinged It appears tat the_comsitngon of the clonal government wa anette ry Gone tl instr were given y Coorg Ito the gover pnt ‘Albiariy rte regulation ofthe government econ to the Sneed Constitution but these papers arena to be fosnd, The King alae rete he trl over the clonal vy and even exer the power of aon al | fepealog them; powers, atc exesosedcaprtnsyafayscompanet of a loves, somes dpe, anda length amined a one of the eases oF Tyga; we 9 Ton ae 49e Fh ropa premegatve al most ine Frrtant tienes on the feat of Se Clon gongrnment" Counties. or 7 Upen were ht esalishedin 166i 1 Hes at Ue Bi Sco orn i par aoctnt recor tha at htm practice nelter ie towns, hanes and | plantations, while they were represented, nor the counties, after the burgesses i Wee elated frm therm, were vested ty tie or ey fed mambo rosea. tn 168) the muber wane for fr exch Cnty ence dames Gigs whith wae dllowed Sve bestey oe for mest the seat goer 1 Hen. stat lar. p.299,-Aherwands particular parishes, and then all parishes, weer illoye toed ne or to bores Il 250-077. 420 ty 1600, the cr af tungeses as imied oto for each county and oe fr Jamestown In'James iy cont, wth ke preg to every souny, that wou ay out 100 teres of lata? people uth 109 sythctle persons 2 Jd 0d ‘Phe'rh artcle'of the yroent ena, prove tat the right af supe Prmenbers of atk haus of Sraenbite ti remain te exered't poet fy the oto of ly 10a, above kay the igh af sugruge was en {he haatnts; atervarl seems, only fermen serediodel votes t Tbs. fr ssgnd thon ant kesteeporsy Tb fA then al feemen again, 1622 fos tra: dun “fection and houackecper, oho oly ane necro acs 1d. then by Bacon wey al freemen gins Pi 330. Ba 1 vooston Rona ivan Aah eircom, ne nino ey wan souston Regional Library ected by fretolrs ony 424 p 435. t0ToBh esas rave at foe esearch Center 20 ce for Wp hal an unbted right of euffrage y 3 L6td 26. In 1609, the right ‘MRD 1011 0. Box 310 iberty, Ix 77575 sopraain Houston Regional Uibtaly & Research Center FM RO 1011 P.O, Box 310 tiberty, Tx 77575 as of this State in Congress, to sss assembled, all the the Torvitory North West- ; Congress of the United States did, by their Preamble. of September, in the year ove thousand ty, reeommend to the several States in ‘claimis'to waste ahd unappropriated lands in Country, @ liberal cession to the United States, “of théir respective claims for the common benefit {his’Commanwealth did, on the second day of ‘one thousand seven hundred and eighty- ‘af the United States, for the benelit Wight de, and can whic the sid io the ferritory North-west of the riv ‘conditions aimexed to the said act of whéréas the United. Stafes in Congress assembled, Hele Act of the thirteenth of September last, stipu~ fig"0n which they agree to accept the cession of shuld, the Legislature approve thereof, which terms, though they do not come-fully up to the propositions of this mmonwealth, are conceived’ on the whale, to approach so ‘to them, as to induce this state to accept thereof, in full fenée.that Congress will, in justice to this State for the iberal cession she hath made, earnestly press upon the other States élaiming large tracts of waste and uncultivated territor ‘of walfenge wan confined to, rs (excluding women, infants, and recusants Seep te oneness ol one a pT Jaf suffiage was coufined to frecholders of an hundred acres of unsettled See ces agtie kn aft tos a BOSE ret ar no ety elt ron ter AUS GC SY ca erg antdebra ot nd Mende oma ys te yao a ered ates ania batter omen Sac See cg Se sce tha os Yoo tron lo ed Feehan scios” wry hence Water SES NE FS ee ee a tar htt wa sh od aly consume 2 ee Bea ee ST By oe aa ee te anny fb Macao's se webb sy ae Reefs tre vnc alas yee We Na ‘though ghey should have obtsined no patents of legal titles tp their lands —Tbus SPA ee ep ce ahead wu gi hoe 1785, ¢. 58. 2. the qualification of the frecholder in respect to the quantity of ‘unimprosed land was reduced from 100 t9 50 acres; the legislature either re- See! MP ara Satta gta te San oe oa ci oka aa ta he eo ele eal