cs;slf;fk;

gf;fk;
1. rdehafKk; ey;yhl;rpAk; 02
2. rdehafj;jpd; Fzhk;rq;fs; 25
3. rdehafj;ij nraw;gLj;Jjy; 35
4. murpayikg;G thjKk; murpayikg;Gk; 42
5. murpayikg;G [dehafk; 53

1
 Chapter One

rdehafKk; ey;yhl;rpAk;
(Democracy & Good Governance)

2
rdehaf Ml;rp vd;why; vd;d?

rdehafk; vd;gJ ,e;j E}w;whz;bd; gpujhd cyf

,yf;fhf cUthfpAs;sJ. rdehafj;ij tYg;gLj;jp>
mgptpUj;jp nra;J> cWjp nra;tNj rptpy; r%fj;jpdJk;>
If;fpa ehLfs; rigNghd;w muRfspd; fl;likg;ghf
,aq; F k; rHtNjr epWtfq; f spdJk; gpujhd cyf
,yf;Ffspy; xd;whfj; jpfo;fpd;wJ.

rdehafk; vd;why; vd;d?

rdehafk; vd;gij kpfr; RUf;fkhf

tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;JNthkhdhy; mij 'rdehafk; vd;gJ
kf;fspd; thOk; Kiw" (Democracy is a way of life)
vdf; $wyhk;. rdehafk; vd;why; gpuirfs; mtHfspd;
muRldhd cwTfis vt;tifapy;
eilKiwg; g Lj; J fpd; w dH vd; g NjhL> mtHfspd;
FLk; g j; j pdUld; > maytHfSld; ez; g HfSld; >
vjpHj; j ug; g pdUld; vt; t pjkhd r%f cwTfis
Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wdH vdg; nghUs;gLk;. ,J rfpg;Gj;jd;ik>
epahak;> rkj;Jtk;> nghWg;G> nghWg;Ngw;wy; Nghd;w kdpj
tpOkpaq;fSld; njhlHGilaitahFk;.

rdehaf murhl;rp vd;why; vd;d?

rdehaf murhl;rpia kf;fshl;rp vd kpfr; RUf;fkhff;

Fwpg; g plyhk; . rdehaf Ml; r p vd; g J kf; f Sila>
kf;fspdhy;> kf;fSf;fhf Msg;gLk; murhl;rp vd Kd;dhy;
mnkhpf;f rdhjpgjpahd Mgpufhk; ypq;fd;
tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jpAs;shH.
3
xU rdehaf murpy; mjd; murhq;fj;jpw;Fk;> njhpT
nra;ag;gl;l gpujpepjpfSf;Fk; Nkyhf kf;fs; ,iwik
mjpfhuk; nfhz;ltHfs;. gy;NtWgl;lj; jd;ikfs; nfhz;l
rdehaf Ml;rpfs; ,Ug;gpDk;> rpy nfhs;iffSk;>
eilKiwfSk; rdehaf Ml;rpia kw;iwa tpjkhd
Ml;rpKiwfspypUe;J NtWgLj;jpf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

Q rdehafkhdJ vy;yhg; gpuirfspdJk;

mjpfhuj;ijAk;> rptpy; nghWg;Gf;fisAk;
NeubahfNth my;yJ Rje;jpukhfj; njhpT nra;ag;gl;l
gpujpepjpfspd; %yk; eilKiwg;gLj;Jk;
murhq;fkhFk;.

Q rdehafnkd; g J ngUk; g hd; i k Ml; r pAld;

jdpegHfspdJk;> rpWghd;ikapdhpdJk; chpikfs;
vd; w nfhs; i fapdbg; g ilapy; cUthf; f g; g l; l
Ml;rpahFk;. vy;yh rdehafKk; ngUk;ghd;ikapdhpd;
tpUg;gj;ijf; nfsutpg;gJld; jdpegHfspdJk;>
rpWghd; i kf; FOkq; f spdJk; chpikiag;
ghJfhf;Fk;.

Q ghhpa mjpfhuk; gilj;j kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpw;Fk;>

xUKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l murhq;fj;jpw;Fk; vjpuhf kf;fspd;
NritfisAk;> mtw;iwg; nghWg;Gld;
epiwNtw;wf;$bajhd cs;Suhl;rp my;yJ gpuhe;jpa
myFfspd; mjpfhuq;fisAk; ,aysitAk; cWjp
nra;tjd; %yk; kf;fspd; eyd;fisAk;>
gq;Nfw;wiyAk; ghJfhg;gJ mtrpak;.

4
Q rdehaf muRfs; mtw;wpd; gpujhd nghWg;Gf;fspy;
xd;whf kf;fspd; mbg;gil chpikfshd Ngr;Rr;
Rje;jpuk;> kjj; Rje;jpuk;> mikg;Gr; Rje;jpuk;> rl;lj;jpd;
rkkhd ghJfhg;gpw;fhd chpik> mgptpUj;jpf;fhd
chpik> r%fj;jpd; murpay;> nghUshjhu kw;Wk;
fyhrhu tho; i t mikj; J f; nfhs; t jpYk;
KOikahfg; gq;Fgw;Wtjw;Fkhd chpik
Nghd;wtw;iw nfsutpj;J> ghJfhj;J nraw;gly;
Ntz;Lk;.

Q rdehaf r%fq;fs; Rje;jpukhdJk;> epahakhdJkhd

NjHjy;fNshL vy;yhg; gpuirfspdJk; Rje;jpukhd
gq;Fgw;Wjiy cWjp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. rHthjpfhu
my;y jdpf;fl;rp Ml;rp nra;ag;gLk; r%fq;fisg;
Nghd;wy;yhJ> kf;fs; jkf;Fj; Njitahd fl;rpf;F
Ghpe;JzHTld; thf;fspf;ff;$ba thf;fhsH Rje;jpuk;
ghJfhf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

Q rdehaf murhq; f khdJ rl; l j; j pd; Ml; r pf; F f;

fl;Lg;gl;L nraw;gLtNjhL vy;yhg; gpuirfSf;Fk;
rl;lj;jpd; rkkhd ghJfhg;igAk;> vy;yh kdpj
chpikfisAk; rl;lj;jpd; %yk; ghJfhg;gijAk;
cWjp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

Q rdehaf Ml; r pahdJ gd; K fg; g hq; f hdjhfTk; >

xt;nthU ehl;bdJk; jdpj;Jtkhd murpay;> r%f>
fyhrhu tho;itg; gpujpgypg;gjhf mikjy; Ntz;Lk;.
rdehaf Ml;rpahdJ mbg;gilf; nfhs;iffspd;
mbg;gilapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gly; Ntz;LNkad;wp
xNukhjphpahd eilKiwapd; %yky;y.
5
Q rdehaf ehl;bd; gpuirfSf;F chpikfs; kl;Ly;y>
mtHfspd; chpikfisAk; > Rje; j puq; f isAk;
ghJfhf; f f; $ bathW murpay; fl; l ikg; g py;
gq;Fgw;Wtjw;fhd nghWg;Gf;fSk; mtHfSf;F
cz;L.

Q rdehaf r%fq;fs; rfpg;Gj;jd;ik> xj;Jiog;G>

tpl;Lf;nfhLg;G Nghd;w tpOkpaq;fs; njhlHghd
flikg;ghL nfhz;litahf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
rdehaf Ml;rpapy; ,zf;fg;ghl;il miltjw;F
tpl;Lf;nfhLf;Fk; kdg;ghq;F NjitahFk;.

rdehaf murhl;rpapd; gq;FjhuHfs; ahH?

xU rdehaf ehl;by; MSk; KOg; nghWg;Gk; MSk;

fl;rpf;F kl;LNk cs;sJ vd;gJ jtwhd epiyg;ghlhFk;.
etPd gpujpepjpj;Jt> gy;fl;rp rdehaf r%fj;jpy; MSk;
fl;rpf;F mg;ghl;gl;l gy fl;likg;Gfs; NeubahfNth
kiwKfkhfNth ghhpa gq;fspg;Gfis nra;tNjhL MSk;
fl;rpapd; murhl;rp eilKiwfis ey;yhl;rpf; Nfhlghl;Lld;
Ml;rp nra;tijAk;> kf;fspd; nghJ eyd;fSf;F ghjfk;
Vw;glhjthW MSk; fl;rp nghWg;Gld; ele;J nfhs;tij
cWjp nra;tjw;fhd mOj;jq;fis nfhLf;fpd;wd. xU
rdehaf murhl;rpapy; MSk; fl;rpf;F toq;fg;gLk; murpay;
mjpfhuq;fs; %yk; murhl;rpiag; nghWg;Ngw;W elj;Jk;
gpujhd nghWg;G MSk; fl;rpf;F toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
vjpHf; f l; r pahdJ MSk; fl; r papd; nraw; g hLfisf;
fz; f hzpg; g NjhL ey; y hl; r pia cWjp nra; a f; $ ba
tifapy; rkg; g hl; L > kl; L g; g hl; L eltbf; i ffis

6
Nkw;nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;. xU rdehafg; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy;
vjpHf;fl;rpahdJ khw;W murhq;fk; vdf; fUjg;gLk;.

murhl;rpapd; gq;FjhuHfs; ahH?

Q murhq;fkhdJ murhl;rpapd; gpujhd nghWg;Gila

gq;FjhuuhFk;. Vida gq;FjhuHfshf
Q vjpHfl;rpfs;
Q njhopw;rq;fq;fs;
Q njhopw;Jiw epGzH mikg;Gfs;
Q rptpy; r%f mikg;Gfs;
Q jdpahHJiw tpahghu r%fj;jpdH
Q kjj;jiytHfs;
Q ,uhZtk;
Q EfHNthH mikg;Gfs;
Q Clfq;fs;
Q gpuirfs;
Q rHtNjr r%fk; Nghd;wtHfisf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

xU ehl;il MSk; murhl;rpapd; gq;FjhuHfshd ,tHfs;

xt; n thUtUf; F k; chpj; j hd nghWg; G f; f isAk; >
flikfisAk; nfsutpj;J elg;gjd; %yk; xU r%fkhd
murhl;rpia gaDs;sstifapy; elj;j Ntz;ba nghWg;G
MSk; fl;rpia rhHe;jjhFk;.

7
kdpj chpikfSk;> murhl;rpAk;

xU rdehaff; fl;likg;gpd; mj;jpthukhf miktJ kdpj

chpikfSf;fhd cj;juthjkhFk;. kdpj chpikfs; vd;gJ
murhq; f q; f spdhy; gpuirfSf; F toq; f g; g Lfpd; w
rYiffsy;y. kdpjHfs; kdpjg; gpwtpapd; gydhf
mtHfspd; cilikNa kdpj chpikfs;. ,t;Thpikfis
kPwhjtifapy; mtw;iwf; nfsutpj;J ehl;il Ml;rp
nra;tJ murhq;fq;fspd; flikahFk;.

kdpj chpikfis mbg;gil chpikfs; my;yJ jdpkdpj

chpikfs;> nghUshjhu r%f> fyhrhu chpikfs; my;yJ
FOThpikfs; vd ,Utifg;gLj;jyhk;.

Ngr;R Rje;jpuKk;> fUj;Jf;fis ntspapLk; Rje;jpuKk;

ve;jnthU rdehafj;jpdJk; capHehbahFk;. kf;fs; thj
tpthjk; nra;tJ> thf;fspg;gJ> xd;W$LtJ> xd;WNrHe;J
nraw;gLtJ> rdehaf hPjpapy; vjpHg;ig njhptpg;gJ> jhk;
tpUk;gpa kjq;fisNah my;yJ ek;gpf;iffisNah
gpd;gw;WtJ> vy;NyhUf;Fk; rkePjpia cWjp nra;tJ
Nhgd;w edehaf nraw;ghLfis cWjp nra;tJ Ngr;R
Rje; j puj; j pw; f hd chpikapYk; fl; L g; g hlw; w jfty;
ghpkhw;wj;jpYNk nghpJk; jq;fpapUf;fpd;wJ. rdehafg;
Nghuhl;lk; vd;Wk; gpugy;akhd njhiyf;fhl;rp tptuzj;
jpiug;glj; njhliu jahhpj;j fdlh ehl;ltuhd gl;hpf;
nthl;rd; rdehafk; vd;gJ fye;Jiuahly;> kf;fs; jkJ
nghJ gpur;rpidfisfs; njhlHghf kw;wtHfSld; Ngrp
jkJ nghJ ,yf;if miltJ njhlHghf jPHkhdpj;jy;
Ntz; L k; . mtHfs; jq; f is Ms; t jw; F Kd; g jhf
mtHfsJ fUj;Jf;fisg; gfpuq;fkhfj; njhptpf;Fk;
8
Rje;jpuk; mtHfSf;F ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vdf; $Wfpd;whH.

kf;fs; kj;jpapy; epyTk; mwpahik mf;fiuapd;ikf;F

toptFf;fpd;wJ. rdehafkhdJ gpuirfspd; MHtkhd
gq;Fgw;wypd; %ykhfj;jhd; tYg;ngwWfpd;wJ. ,jw;F
kf; f spd; fUj; J f; f s; > jfty; f s; > mgpg; g puhaq; f s;
Nghd; w tw; i w mbg; g ilahff; nfhz; l vt; t pjj;
jilfSkw;w tifapy; fUj;jhly;fs;
eilngWtjtrpakhFk;. Ngr;R Rje;jpukhdJ vjpHg;Gfisj;
njhptpg; g jw; F k; > khw; w q; f isf; NfhUtjw; F khd
eilKiwfNshL gpd;dpg;gpize;j tplakhFk;.

murhl;rpAk;> ey;yhl;rpAk;

murhl;rp vd;gJ murpd; nghJ epWtdq;fs; nghJ

tptfhuq; f is Nkw; n fhz; L nray; g LtNjhL nghJ
tsq;fis Kfhikaw;gLj;JtijAk; kf;fspd; mgptpUj;jp>
kdpjg; ghJfhg;G cl;gl vy;yh kdpj chpikfisAk;
cj;juthjg;gLj;JtijAk; cs;slf;Fk; nraw;ghlhFk;.
,t;turhl;rp nraw;ghlhdJ mjpfhuk; kw;Wk; tsq;fspd;
J\;gpuNahfk;> Coy;fs; Nghd;witfsw;w tifapYk;
gpd;tUk; ey;yhl;rpf; Fzhk;rq;fSf;F mD$ykhd
tifapYk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLjy; ey;yhl;rpahFk;.

ey;yhl;rp Fzhk;rk; - 01 nghWg;Ngw;wy;

(Accountability)

nghWg;Ngw;wy; vd;gJ murhq;fkhdJ Nkw;nfhs;Sk; vy;yh

9
murhl; r p eltbf; i ffs; > jP H khdq; f s; > tpisTfs;
njhlHghf nghJkf;fSf;Fk;> epWthfg; gq;FjhuHfSf;Fk;
nghWg;Gf;$w flikg;gl;Ls;sikahFk;. ,g;nghWg;Ngw;wiy
epiwNtw;Wtjpy; murhq;fkhdJ gfpuq;fj;jd;ikAlDk;>
rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rpf;Ff; fl;Lg;gl;Lk; elg;gJk; jtpHf;fg;gl
KbahjjhFk;.

ey;yhl;rp Fzhk;rk; - 02 gfpuq;fj;jd;ik

(Transparency)

murhl;rp epWtfq;fs; jPHkhdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; NghJ>

mtw; i w eilKiwg; g Lj; J k; N ghJk; rl; l q; f isAk;
tpjpKiwfisAk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L nraw;gly;
Ntz;Lk; vd;gNjhL Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; jPHkhdq;fspdhYk;
mtw;wpd; mKyhf;fspdhYk; Neubahfj;
jhf;fj;jpw;Fs;shgtHfs; ,tw;wpd; vy;yhj; jfty;fisAk;
NeubahfTk;> Rje;jpukhfTK; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$bajhf
mikjy; vdg; nghUs; g Lk; . kf; f Sf; F Nkw; $ wpa
jfty;fis toq;FtNjhL mit ,yFtpy;
tpsq;fpf;nfhs;sf;$bajhf ,Ug;gij murhl;rp epWtfq;fs;
cWjp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,jd; %yk; mjpfhu> tsj;
J\;gpuNahfq;fisAk;> gpioahd gad;ghLfisAk; jtpHf;f
,aYk;.

ey;yhl;rpapd; Fzhk;rk; - 03 nghWg;Gld;

nray;gly; (Responsiveness)

murhl; r p epWtfq; f Sk; > eilKiwfSk; vy; y hg;

10
gq;FjhuHfSf;Fk; Mw;Wfpd;w Nritfs; epahakhd
fhytiuaiwfSf; F s; Nkw; n fhs; s g; g ly; Ntz; L k; .
gpuirfspd; Njitfis ,dq;fz;L mtw;iwg; nghWg;Gld;
epiwNtw;wp itj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. gpuirfspd; Njitfis
,dq;fhzTk; mtw;iwg; nghWg;Gld; epiwNtw;wp itf;fTk;
epWtf hPjpahd Vw;ghLfs; Nkw;nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;.

ey;yhl;rp Fzhk;rk; - 04 rkj;JtKk;>

cs;thq;fYk; (Equality and Inclusiveness)

rdehaf murhl;rpapd; vy;yhg; gpuirfSk; rkkhff;

fzpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. mgptpUj;jp eilKiwfspy;
mgptpUj;jpf;fhd mtfhrq;fs; vy;NyhUf;Fk; rkkhf
toq;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk; vd;gNjhL mgptpUj;jp
chpikf; N fhl; g hLfSf; f ikthf vy; y h mgptpUj; j p
eilKiwfSk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

xU r%fj;jpd; eydpy; mr; r%fj;ij rhHe;j vy;NyhUf;Fk;

nghWg;gpUf;fpd;wJ vd;gNjhL> mtHfspd; r%fj;jpd; gpujhd
ePNuhl;lj;jpypUe;J Gwe;js;sg;gltpy;iy vdTk; czUk;
tifapy; mtHfs; KOikahf cs;thq;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
jPHkhdq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;Sk;NghJk; xt;nthU
,df;FOkq;fSk;> Jiwfisr; rhHe;jtHfSk; jkf;F
jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jf;$ba jPHTfis Nkw;nfhs;Sk;
eilKiwfspy; KOikahfg; gq;Nfw;fTk; jj;jkJ
,zf; f g; g hl; L lDk; jP H khdk; Nkw; n fhs; s g; g Ljy;
cWjpnra; a g; g ly; Ntz; L k; . ,J tYtpoe; J s; s
,df;FOkq;fs; jkJ eyd;fisAk;> r%fg; nghUshjhu
rkj; J tq; f isAk; miltjw; F j; Njitahd tpNrl

11
Vw;ghLfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtijAk; cs;slf;Fk;.

Njitahd Neuj; j py; fhyjhkjkpd; w pj; jP H khdq; f s;

Nkw; n fhs; s g; g LtijAk; > kf; f Sf; F g; gaDs; s
tpisTfisg; ngw; W j; j uf; $ ba tifapy; mtw; i w
eilKiwg;gLj;jiyAk; ,f;Fzhk;rk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

ey;yhl;rpf; Fzhk;rk; - 06 rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp

(Rule of Law)

rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp vd;gJ Vw;gLk; Nghl;lhNghl;bfis

vtUf;Fk; ghjpg;Ngh my;yJ ghFghNlh Vw;glhj tifapy;
jPHj;J itg;gijAk;> ePjpia cWjp nra;tijAk;> kdpj
chpik kPwy;fisj; jtpHg;gJ> kdpj chpik kPwy;fSf;fhd
epthuzq;fis toq;FtJ> nghJ tsq;fSk;> murhl;rp
nray;ghl;bd; gyd;fSk;> RikfSk; vy;yh kf;fSf;Fk;
rkkhfg; gfpug;gLtijAk; cs;slf;Fk;. rl;lj;jpd; Kd;
midtUk; rkk;. rl;lj;jpd; ghJfhg;G vy;NyhUf;Fk; rkkhf
cj;juthjg;gLj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; rkj;Jt epiyg;ghl;bd;
mbg;gilapy; rl;lq;fs; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
ghFghlw;wtifapy; rl;lq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;F
Rje;jpukhdJk;> murpay; fyg;gw;wJkhd ePjpj;JiwAk;>
gf;fr;rhHgw;w> Coy;fsw;w murpay; fyg;gw;w> ,dthjkw;w
fhty;JiwAk; NjitahFk;.

ey;yhl;rpf; Fzhk;rk; - 07 gq;Nfw;wy;

(Participation)

ngz;> Mz; cl;gl vy;yh ,df;FOkj;jpdUk; gq;Nfw;wy;

12
vd;gJ ey;yhl;rpiaj; jhq;Fk; J}z;fspy; xd;whFk;.
gq;Nfw;wy; NeubahdjhfNth> my;yJ epahaj;jd;ik
nfhz;l epWtfq;fs; my;yJ epahaj;jd;ik nfhz;l
epWtfq;fs; my;yJ gpujpepjpfs; %ykhfNth mikayhk;.
vy;yhj; jPHkhdq;fSk; njhlHGgl;l ,df;FOkq;fspd;
,zf;fg;ghl;Lld; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gly; Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj ,jd;
NjitahFk; . gpuirfspdJk; > ,df; F Okq; f spdJk;
gq; N fw; w y; chpikia cj; j uthjk; nra; a f; $ ba
epWtfq;fspd; mikg;Gk;> mjd; gpujpepjpj;JtKk; vy;yhj;
JiwapdhpdJk; > FOkq; f spdJk; cs; t hq; f g; g l; l
,zf;fg;ghl;bd; %yk; jPHkhdpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. NjHjy;
eilKiwfSk;> gpujpepjpj;Jt njhpTk; ,k;khjphpahd
gq;Nfw;wiy cWjp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

ey;yhl;rpf; Fzhk;rk; - 08 ,zf;fg;ghL

(Consensus)

r%f> murpay; tptfhuq;fspy; gy;NtW fUj;Jf;is>

gphpTfis> mtjhdq;fis> fz;Nzhl;lq;fisf; nfhz;l
FOf;fSf;fpilapy; (Fiwe;j kl;l) fUj;njhw;Wikia
Vw;gLj;JtJ ey;yhl;rpapd; NjitahFk;. jdpg;gl;l jkJ
,d> kj> fl;rp eyd;fSf;fg;ghy;> vy;yh r%fq;fspdJk;
nkhj;j eyd;fisAk; ,yf;fhff; nfhz;L> ,it vg;gb
milag;gly; Ntz;Lk; vd;gij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Lk;
xU gue; j ,zf; f g; g hl; i l miljy; Ntz; L k; .
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl Kbahj epiyg;ghLfs; njhlHghf ntWk;
vjpHg; G f; f is kl; L k; ntspg; g Lj; j p Kuz; g hLfis
Vw;gLj;Jtij tpLj;J khw;Wj; jPHTfis Kd;nkhope;J
,zf;fg;ghLfis miltJ ey;yhl;rpapd; gq;FjhuHfshd
13
vy;yhj; jug;gpdhpdJk; nghWg;ghFk;.

gy;ypd rdehaf r%fj;jpy; cWjp nra;ag;gl Ntz;ba

kdpj chpikf; nfhs;iffs;.

1. kdpj chpikfspd; rHt tpahgfj;jd;ikAk;>

g+uzj;JtKk;

kdpj chpikfs; rHt tpahgfj;jd;ik nfhz;litahFk;.

vy; y h chpikfSk; vy; N yhUf; F k; vd; g Jjhd;
,f;Nfhl;ghl;bd; eilKiw tpsf;fk;. ,d> kj> nkhop>
epwk;> Mz;ngz;> rhjp> gpuhe;jpak;> fy;tp> nry;tk; Nghd;w
jifikfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L kdpj chpikfis
kl;Lg;gLj;jNth my;yJ ghFghLfhl;lNth KbahJ.
vy;NyhUk; vy;yh chpikfisAk; KOikahfTk;> vt;tpjg;
ghFghLk; ,y;yhky; mDgtpg;gjw;fhd chpikAilatHfs;
vdNt ,jw;fhd #oy; cj;juthjg;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

2. rkj;Jtk;> rk mtfhrk;> ghFghbd;ik

vy; y hg; gpuirfSk; rkkhf kjpf; f g; g LtNjhL

mgptpUj;jpj;JiwapYk;> tsg;gfpHtpYk;> Vida nghJ
tplaq;fspYk; vt;tpjg; ghFghLkpy;yhky; rk mtfhrk;
cWjpnra;ag;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

3. gy;ypdg; ghq;Fk;> gd;Kfj;jd;ikAk;

,yq;if xU gy;ypd> gy;kj> gy;fl;rpfisf; nfhz;l

xU rdehaf ehL. vdNt> vy; y h ,dj; j pduJk; >
14
nkhopapduJk;> kjj;jpduJk; jdpj;Jtq;fSf;fhd rkkhd
ghJfhg;G toq;fg;gLtNjhL mj;jdpj;Jtq;fSf;fpilapy;
vt;tpjg; ghugl;rKkw;w epiyik cWjp nra;ag;gly;
Ntz;Lk;. gy;NtW jdpj;Jtf; FOkq;fSf;fpilapy; Vw;gLk;
Kuz;ghLfs; td;Kiw Kuz;ghLfshf cUntLg;gijj;
jtpHf;Fk; tpjj;jpy; Vw;gLk; Kuz;ghLfis
Kfhikg;gLj;JtJ murhq;fj;jpd; nghWg;ghFk;. ,jw;F
murhq;fKk;> mur epWtfq;fSk; gf;fr;rhHgw;w tifapYk;>
rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rpf;Ff; fl;Lg;gl;l tifapYk; ele;J
nfhs;tij cWjp nra;tJ kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

,NjNghy gy;fl;rp rdehafj;jpy; fl;rpfspd; Rje;jpuKk;>

fUj;jpay;fSf;fpilapyhd Ghpe;JzHT> gu];gu nfsutk;
nghd;wtw;iwg; Ngztjd; %yk; gd;Kfg;ghq;F fyhrhuj;ij
cWjp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

4. gq;Nfw;wYk; cs;thq;fYk;

jkJ mbg;gil Rje;jpuj;ijAk;> rpty;> r%f> nghUshjhu

kw; W k; murpay; mgptpUj; j piaAk; miltjw; f hd
nraw;ghl;by; xt;nthUtUk; KOikahfg; gq;Fgw;Wtjw;Fk;>
gq;fspg;G nra;tjw;Fkhd chpik cj;juthjg;gLj;jg;gLtJ
murhq;fj;jpd; flikahFk;.

vz; z pf; i fapy; ngUk; g hd; i k gyk; nfhz; l tHfs;

rpWghd;ikapdhpd; chpikfis kPwhkYk;> jPHkhdk; vLf;Fk;
nghOJ ngUk;ghd;ik - rpWghd;ik ,zf;fg;ghl;Lld;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtij cWjp nra;Ak; tifapy; vy;yhf;
FOtpdUk; jPHkhdnkLf;Fk; jsj;jpy; cs;thq;fg;gly;
Ntz;Lk;.
15
5. nghWg;Ngw;wYk;> rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rpAk;

jPHkhdk; vLg;gtHfSk;> mtw;iw

eilKiwg;gLj;JgtHfSk; mj;jHP khdq;fs; njhlHghfTk;>
mtw;iw eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; Vw;gl;l tpisTfs;
njhlHghfTk; kf;fSf;F nghWg;Gf; $Wjy; Ntz;Lk;.
,g; n ghWg; N gw; w iy cWjp nra; a f; $ ba tifapy;
kf;fSf;F mjpfhuq;fs; toq;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rpapd; Nfhl;ghlhd rl;lj;jpd; Kd; midtUk;

rkkk; > rl; l j; j pd; ghJfhg; G vy; N yhUf; F k; rkkhf
toq;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ cj;juthjg;gLj;jg;gLk;
tifapy; rl;lj;jpd; Mjpf;fk; nfhz;ljhf murhl;rp
mikjy; Ntz;Lk;.

gpuirfspd; chpikfSk;> flikfSk;

murhq;fk; ,Ug;gJ kf;fSf;F Nrit nra;tjw;fhfNtad;wp

kf;fs; tho;tJ murhq;fj;jpw;F Nrit nra;tjw;fy;y
vd;Dk; nfhs;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; jhd; [dehaf Ml;rp
mikfpd;wJ. kWthHj;ijfspy; $Wtjhapd; kf;fs;
[dehafj;jpd; gpuirfNsad;wp mjd; mbikfs; my;y.

xU [dehaf r%fj;jpy; kf;fspd; gq;Fgw;Wjy; vd;gJ

NjHjy;fspy; thf;fspf;Fk; tplaj;ij tplg;
gue;jnjhd;whFk;. thOk; gpuNjrj;jpy; my;yJ cs;Suhl;rp
kl;lj;jpy; gpuirfs; ghlrhiy mgptpUj;jpr; rq;fq;fspNyh>
gpuirfs; FOf;fspNyh> EfHNthH rq;fq;fspNyh my;yJ
cs;Suhl;rp rigfspNyh mq;fj;Jtk; ngw;Wg; gzpahw;w

16
KbAk;. Njrpa my;yJ khfhz muRfSld; nghJ
ed;ikfs; njhlHghf eilngWk; tpthjq;fspy; gpuirfs;
jkJ MjuTfisAk;> gq;fspg;Gf;fisAk; toq;fyhk;.
my;yJ murpaw; fl;rpfs;> njhopw;rq;fq;fs;> njhz;lH
mikg;Gfs; Nghd;wtw;wpy; ,ize;J jkJ
gq;fspg;GfisAk;> MjuTfisAk; toq;fyhk;. gpuirfspd;
gq;fspg;G vt;tifapdjhf ,Ug;gpDk;> xU fhj;jpukhd>
[dehafkhd> mjd; gy; N tWgl; l gpuirfspd;
njhlHr;rpahdJk;> mwpTg+HtkhdJk;> cs;thq;fg;gl;lJkhd
gq;Fgw;WjypNyNa jq;fpapUf;fpd;wJ.

xU Rje; j pukhd r%fj; j py; njhopyhsHfs; jkJ

Njitfshd rk;gsk;> Rfhjhutrjp> Xa;t+jpak;> Nrit
epge;jidfs;> nkhopj;Jiwg; ghJfhg;G> Kuz;ghl;Lj; jPHT
eilKiw Nghd;wit njhlHghf Nguk; NgRtjw;F VJthf
njhopw;rq;fq;fspy; mq;fj;Jtk; ngWtjw;Fk; mtfhrk;
nfhz;Ls;sdH.

[dehafj; j pd; Fwpf; N fhshdJ mjd; gpuirfspd;

tho;itAk;> Rje;jpuj;ijAk;> kfpo;rr
; piaAk; ghJfhg;gjhFk;.
[dehafk; tho;f;iff;F xU cj;juthjk; vd;gNjhL> xU
rthyhfTk; mikfpd;wJ. Rje;jpug; gpuirfs; xd;wpize;J
nraw;gLtjd; %yk; mtHfspd; vjpHghHg;Gfshd jdpkdpj
Rje;jpuk;> nghUshjhu tha;g;Gfs;> r%f nghUshjhu ePjp
Nghd;wtw;iw cWjp nra;J nfhs;Sk; tpjj;jpy; mtHfNs
mtHfis Ml; r p nra; J nfhs; s KbAk; . vdNt>
[dehafj; j pd; rhjfj; j d; i k KOikahf mjd;
gpuirfspd; fuq;fspNyNa jq;fpapUf;fpd;wJ. vdNt
[dehafj;ijg; ghJfhj;Jf;nfhs;tJ gpuirfSf;fhd
rthyhf mikfpd;wJ.
17
[dehaf murhq; f khdJ kf; f Sila> kf; f spdhy;
Msg;gLk; murhq;fk; vd;Dk; $w;W xU [dehaf r%fj;jpy;
gpuirfs; mjd; gpujpgyd;fisAk; nghWg;Gf;fisAk;
gfpHe;Jnfhs;sy; vdg; nghUs;gLfpd;wJ. kf;fspd; Ra
Ml;rpf;fhd nghWg;Gf;fis Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; NghJ> xU
jiyKiwahdJ jdpkdpj Rje;jpuk;> kdpj chpikfs;>
rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp> nghUshjhu ePjp Nghd;w jhk; ntd;nwLj;j
chpikfis mLj;j jiyKiw mDgtpf;ff;$ba tifapy;
ghJfhf;Fk; flikiaAk;> nghWg;igAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
xt;nthU r%fj;jpYk; xt;nthU jiyKiwAk; kf;fs;
xd;W NrHe;J nraw;gLtjd; %yk; [dehaf mgptpUj;jpia
njhlHr;rpahf Vw;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;. fle;j fhyq;fspy;
ntd; w chpikfis vjpHfhy eilKiwf; F l; g Lj; j p
Njitahd r%fkhw;wj;jpw;F nraw;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

Kiwahd [dehafk; vd;gJ rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rpiag;

ghJfhg;gJ> kdpj chpikfisg; ghJfhj;J mgptpUj;jp
nra;tJ> gq;Fgw;wiyAk; cs;thq;fiyAk; cWjp nra;tJ>
td;Kiw Nkhjy;fs; Vw;glhj tifapy; r%fj;jpy;
fhzg;gLk; ,d> kj> fyhrhu> murpay; NtWghLfis
epHtfpg;gJ Nghd;wtw;iw cj;juthjk; nra;Ak; xU
eilKiwahFk;.

kdpj chpikfspd; g+uzj;jd;ik kw;Wk;

rHttpahgfj;jd;ik> murhl;rpapd; gfpuq;fj;jd;ik kw;Wk;
kf;fSf;Fg; nghWg;Gf;$wy;> rkj;Jtk;> rk mtfhrk; kw;Wk;
ghFghbd;ik> ,d> kj gd;Kfg;ghq;F kw;Wk; murpay;
gd; K fj; j d; i k Nghd; w mbg; g il kdpj chpikf;
nfhs;iffs; ve;jnthU [dehaf Ml;rpapYk;
xUq;fpizf;fg;gLtJ jtpHf;fg;gl KbahjjhFk;.

18
[dehafnkd;gJ ntWkNd xU fl;likg;G khj;jpuky;y.
xd;whf tho;e;J xd;whf ,ize;J nraw;gLfpd;wikia
cWjp nra;Ak; xU eilKiwAkhFk;. ,J ciwe;J
fplf;Fk; mk;rky;y> md;whlk; mgptpUj;jp nra;ag;gl
Ntz;ba xU eilKiwahFk;. vdNt gpuirfSf;fpilapy;
xj; J iog; G > ,zf; f g; g hL> rfpg; G j; j d; i k Mfpad
[dehafj; j pd; tsHr; r pf; F j; NjitahditfshFk; .
,tw;iw eilKiwg;gLj;JtJ Rygkhd fhhpaky;y. kpfTk;
rpukkhdnjhd;whFk;. [dehaf r%fj;jpy; Rje;jpuk; vd;gJ
nghWg;Gf;fs; vd nghUs;gLNkad;wp> nghWg;Gf;fspypUe;J
tpLjiy miltnjdg; nghUs;glkhl;lhJ.

ePjpia epiyehl;Ltjpy; kf;fSf;Fs;s ,aysthdJ

[dehafj;jpd; rhjfkhd mgptpUj;jpf;F toptFf;fpd;wJ.
Mdhy;> ePjpia epiyehl;Ltjpy; kf;fspd; MHtkhdJ
[dehafj;jpd; Njitia tYg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

U\;ahtpy; gpwe;j Nehgy; rkhjhdg; ghpR ngw;w ftpQuhd

N[hrg; Gnuhl;];fp vd;gtH xUKiw xU Rje;jpukhd
kdpjd; jtWk; NghJ vtiuAk; Fiw $w khl;lhd; vd
vOjpdhH. ,J xU cz; i kahd $w; w hFk; . xU
[dehafj;jpd; gpuirfs; jhq;fs; tho;tjw;F njhpT nra;j
r%fj;jpd; jiytpjpia ,Wjpapy; mtHfNs
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;. ,Wjpapy; kf;fs; jq;fSf;Fj;
Njitahd [dehaf muir mtHfNs Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tH.

19
ngUk;ghd;ik Ml;rpAk; rpWghd;ikapdhpd;
chpikfSk;

ngUk;ghd;ikapdhpd; tpUg;gj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; gpuirfs;

Rje;jpukhd tifapy; jkJ murpay; jPHTfis vLf;Fk;
eilKiwiaNa vy;yh [dehafq;fSk; nfhz;Ls;sd.
Mdhy; > ngUk; g hd; i k tpUg; g j; j pd; mbg; g ilapy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; ngUk;ghd;ik Ml;rp [dehafkhdjh
vd;W Nfs;tp vOfpd;wJ. xU ehl;bd; rdj;njhifapy;
ngUk;ghd;ik Ml;rpapd ngauhy; 49% khdtHfspd;
vjpHghHg;Gfis 51% khdtHfs; epuhfhpf;Fk; Kiw
ePjpahdJ> epahakhdJ vd vtUk; $w KbahJ. xU
[dehaf r%fj;jpy; ngUk;ghd;ik Ml;rpahdJ jdpkdpj
chpikfis cj;juthjg;gLj;JtjD}lhf
rpWghd;ikapdj;jpd; chpikfisg; ghJfhg;gijAk; cWjp
nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,d> kj> murpay; (fl;rp) hPjpapy; thOk;
rpWgh;dikapdhpd; rkj;Jtk; ghJfhf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
rpWghd;ikapdhpd; chpikfSf;fhd ghJfhg;G
ngUk;ghd;ikapdhpd; ey;nyz;zj;jpy; my;yJ mtHfspd;
mDjhgj; j py; jq; f papUf; f f; $ lhJ vd; g NjhL mit
ngUk; g hd; i k thf; F fspd; %yk; epuhfhpf; f g; g lTk;
Kbahjjhf mikjy; Ntz;Lk;. [dehaf frl;lq;fspdJk;>
epWtdq;fspdJk; mbg;gilahdJ vy;yh gpuirfspdJk;
chpikfisg; ghJfhg; g jhf miktjdhy; mit
rpWghd;ik kf;fspd; chpikfisAk; ghJfhg;gjhfTk;
mikjy; Ntz;Lk;. (vy;yh chpikfSk; vy;NyhUf;Fk;
vd;Dk; Nfhl;ghL kdpj chpikfspd; g+uzj;jd;ikiaAk;>
rHt tpahgfj; jd;ikiaAk; typAWj;Jfpd;wJ)

20
[dehaf fl;likg;G

[dehaf murhq;fq;fs; gytpjkhd fl;likg;Gfis

nfhz;litahf mike;Js;sd. xw;iwahl;rp> rk\;bahl;rp>
,izg;ghl;rp> $l;lhl;rp Nghd;w fl;likg;Gfs; cyfpy;
fhzg; g Lfpd; w d. xw; i wahl; r pahdJ ngUk; g hd; i k
[dehafj;ij Mjhpf;Fk; fl;likg;ghFk;. Vida %d;W
fl;likg;GfSk; ngUk;ghd;ikaw;w my;yJ
,zf;fg;ghl;Lldhd [dehafj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l
fl;likg;GfshFk;.

murpaw; fl;rpAk; mjd; flikfSk;

murpaw; fl;rpfs; etPd gpujpepjpj;Jt rdehafj;jpy; jPHkhd

gq;if tfpf;fpd;wd. vt;tpjf;FiwghLfs; ,Ug;gpDk;>
mitfspd; nray;ghLfis NtW ve;jj;jug;gpduhYk;
epiwNtw;w KbahJ. vdNt murpaw; fl;rpfs; xU rdehaf
Ml;rpia mgptpUj;jp nra;J> tYg;gLj;jp> cWjp nra;Ak;
nghWg; G f; f isf; nfhz; l itahFk; . ,t; t ifapy;
rdehafj;ij mgptpUj;jp nra;J tYg;gLj;Jtjw;F
xt; n thU fl; r pfSk; ey; y hl; r pf; Fzhk; r q; f Sf; F
mD$ykhd tifapy; flikg;ghl;Lld; nraw;gLtJ
jtpHf;fg;gl Kbahj tplakhFk;.

1. fl;likg;G/mikg;G hPjpahd nraw;ghLfs;

mJ fl;rpapd; epHthf> jPHkhdnkLf;Fk; fl;likg;G> epjp

Nrfhpg;G> cj;jpNahfj;jH njhpT> fl;rp nrayfq;fs; mikg;G>
21
njhz;lHfSk;> MjuthsHfSk; mzpjpul;ly;
thf; f hsHfis mjpfhpj; J f; nfhs; s y; Nghd; w
nraw;ghLfSld; gpujpepjpj;Jt myFfSf;Fk;> murpd;
gjtpfSf;Fk; NjitahdtHfis NrHj;J mtHfSf;F
Njitahd gapw;rpfis toq;fy; Nghd;w nraw;ghLfs;
mikg;igf; fl;bnaOg;Gk; nraw;ghLfisr; rhHe;jjhFk;.

murhq;fj;jpd; eltbf;iffisf; fz;fhzpj;jYk;> murhq;f

eltbf;iffisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jYk; murpaw; fl;rpfspd;
gpujhd nraw;ghlhFk;.

2. jfty; njhlHG nraw;ghL

ve;jnthU mikg;gpw;Fk; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd nraw;ghlhf

jfty; njhlHG nray;ghLfisf; nfhs;syhk;. ,r;
nraw; g hlhdJ fl; r papd; ngaiuAk; > rpd; d j; i jAk;
r%fj;jpd; kj;jpapy; gjpj;jy;> fl;rpapd; jfty;fis
gpur;rhug;gLj;Jtjw;fhf r%f Mjuit mzpjpul;ly;> gpur;rhu
gpuRuq; f is tpepNahfpj; j y; > fl; r pf; nfhs; i ffs; >
epiyg;ghLfs; kw;Wk; mNgl;rfHfSf;fhd Mjuitj;
NjLjy; Nghd;w eltbf;iffSld; njhlHGilaitahFk;.

kf; f spd; gpur; r pidfs; > mgpyhirfs; > Njitfs;

Nghd;wtw;iw njhpe;J mtw;Wf;fhd khw;Wj; jPHTfisg;
gpur; r huk; nra; t jd; %yk; kf; f spd; MjuTldhd
jPHTfisAk;> khw;W topfisAk; Kd;itj;J mtw;Wf;fhd
MjuitAk; > ,zf; f g; g hl; i lAk; mzpjpul; l f; $ ba
tifapyhd fUj;jhliy tsHg;gJTk; ,e;j nray;ghl;bd;
Kf;fpa flikahFk;.

22
3. nfhs;if/fUj;jpay; hPjpahd nraw;ghLfs;

murpaw; fl;rpfs; epiyahd mur> r%f nfhs;iffisAk;>

murhq;fj;jpd; nraw;jpl;lq;ifsAk; mgptpUj;jp nra;Ak;
flik nfhz;lit. ehl;bd; vjpHfhyj;jpw;Fk; ed;ik
juf;$ba nfhs;iffisAk;> khw;Wf; nfhs;iffisAk;>
murpay;> fUj;jpay; epiyg;ghLfisAk; jahH nra;J
gpur; r hug; g Lj; j p mtw; i w mur nfhs; i ffshfTk; >
murhl;rpapd; fUj;jpayhfTk; khw;wkilar; nra;aTk;
mtw;iw eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;Fj; Njitahd rl;l>
epWtf eltbf;iffis Vw;gLj;jTk;
flikg;ghLilaitahFk;.

Nkw;$wg;gl;l %d;W nraw;ghLfSk; xU murpay; fl;rpapd;

gyj;ij msf;ff;$baitfshFk;. ,r; nraw;ghLfs; %d;W
tYthd nray;ghLfshfTk;> ey;yhl;rpf; Fzhk;rq;fSf;F
mD$ykhd nfhs;iffspd; mbg;gilapy;
nraw;gLj;jg;gLNkahdhy; mf;fl;rp tYthd epiyia
milaf;$bajhf mika tha;gG ; fs; cs;sNjhL> rdehaf
mgptpUj;jpf;Fk; fhj;jpukhd gq;fspg;Gfis
toq; f f; $ bajhf mikfpd; w J. xU fl; r pahdJ
KOikahdJk;> tYthdJkhd nraw;ghLfsw;w tifapy;
nraw; g LNkahdhy; mtw; w pd; thf; f hsH njhifapd;
];jpuj;jd;ik ghjpg;gNjhL thf;fhsHfs; mbf;fb fl;rp
khWk; epiyik Vw;gLk;.

23
,dj;Jtf; fl;rpfs;

,yq; i fiag; Nghd; W murpaYk; > muRk; ,dj; J t

kag;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s ehl;by; murpay;> nghUshjhu hPjpapy;
Gwe; j s; s g; g l; L s; s (rpWghd; i k) ,dq; f s; jkJ
jdpj;Jtq;fisAk;> rkj;Jtj;ijAk;> gq;Nfw;wiyAk;>
cs;thq;fy;fisAk; ntd;nwLg;gjw;fhf ,dj;Jt hPjpahd
fl;rpfs; Vw;gLj;jg;gLtJ jtpHf;f KbahjhFk;. Mdhy;>
,t;tpjkhd ,dj;Jtf; fl;rpfs; jhk; rhHe;j kf;fspd;
,dkj chpikfis ,yf;fhf; nfhz;L nraw;gLk; NghJ
rdehaf tpOkpaq;fisAk;> ey;yhl;rpf; Fzhk;rq;fisAk;>
gy;ypdg;ghq;ifAk; ghjpf;fhj tifapy; mNjNeuk; mtw;iw
tYg;gLj;Jk; tifapYk; nraw;gly; Ntz;Lk;. khw;Wf;
fUj;Jf;fisAk; kw;w jdpj;Jtq;fisAk;> rl;lj;jpd;
Ml;rpiaAk; gy;ypdg;ghq;ifAk; nfsutpj;J elg;gNjhL
murpay; ,dj;Jt rftho;it cWjp nra;Ak; tifapy;
nghWg; G ld; nraw; g Ltjpy; %yk; jkJ ,dj; j pd;
gpur;rpidfSf;fhd jPHTf;fhd #oiy tYg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s
KbAk;.

24
 Chapter Two

rdehafj;jpd;
Fzhk;rq;fs;
(Characteristics of Democracy)

25
 [dehafj;jpd; Fzhk;rq;fs;

[dehafj;jpw;F mtrpakhd Fzhk;rq;fs; vd;d?

murpay; Kiwik ve;jstpw;F rdehafkhf cs;sJ vd

kjpg;gpLk; gaDs;s Rl;bf;fhl;bfspd; njhFjp xd;Ws;sJ.
murpay; xOq;fpy; [dehafj;ij tpsf;fk; nra;Ak; jdpegH
kw;Wk; rdr%f Nfhl;ghLfis ikakhff; nfhz;l
vz;zf;fUit mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl ,r; Rl;bf;fhl;bfs;
ntspte;Js;sd. xU Fwpg;gl;l [dehaf Kiwikapy;
rpy Rl;bf;fhl;bfs; Vidaitfis tpl
Kf;fpakhditahf cs;sd. xU nghUspay; Kiwik
jhuhz;ikiaah my;yJ jhuhz;ikaw;w Nghf;ifah
ve;jstpw;F mOj;jpr; nrhy;fpd;wJ vd;gij kjpg;gpLk;
gaDs;s Rl;bf;fhl;bfspd; njhFjp NkYk; ,uz;L cs;sJ.

1. [dehafr; Rl;bf;fhl;bfs;: mjDila tho;T kw;Wk;

epWtdq; f s; topapy; [dehafkhdJ mjd; vy; y h
tbtq;fspYk; rpy Fwpg;gpl;l mbg;gil tpOkpaq;fisAk;
nfhs;iffisAk; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mitahtd

m. Gfo; ngw;w ,iwik: vy;yh rl;lG+Htkhd mjpfhuKk;

,Wjpapy; kf;fsplNk cs;sJ. murpd; mjpfhuq;fs;
rhpahf ,Uf;f kf;fspd; tpUg;gk; mj;jpahtrpakhf
cs;sJ. ,jd; tz;zk; mjpfhuk; kf;fsplk; ,Ue;J
Ml;rpahsHfsplk; nry;fpd;wJ. Ml;rpahshplk; ,Ue;J
kf;fsplk; nry;tjpy;iy.

26
M. nghJed;ik: nkhj;jj;jpy; murpay; r%fj;jpw;F
ey;yjhf ,Ug;gij Cf;Ftpj;jy;. MdhYk; mtHfspd;
xU gFjpapdhpd; tpUg;gq;fis Vida gFjpapdhpd;
nrytpy; Nkw;nfhs;Stjy;y.

,. murp a y; mikg; G thjk; : eilKiwg; g Lj; j f; $ ba

vOjpa my;yJ vOjhj murpayikg;igf; nfhz;L
murhq;fj;ij tYT+l;ly; my;yJ fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy;.
murpayikg;Gthjk; rl;lk; xOq;F vz;zj;ijAk;
cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. murpay; mikg;Gld; xt;thJ
Nghdhy; rl; l k; rl; l G+Htkw; w khf fUjg; g l
Ntz;Lnkd;w nfhs;ifia murpayikg;Gthjk;
kjpf;fpwJ.

< rkj;Jtk;: r%fj;jpd; vy;yh Ml;fSk; rkkhf

elj;jg;gLtjw;fhd chpik rl;lj;jpd; fPNo vy;yh
egHfSk; rkePjpf;Fk; rkj;Jtj;jpw;Fk; chpj;jhdtHfs;
vd;w nfhs;iffis ,t;Thpik nfhz;Ls;sJ. (rpy
tajpw;F NkNy vy;yhg; gpuirfSf;Fk; cs;s
rkchpikfshd thf;Fhpik kw;Wk; njhopy;ghHf;Fk;
chpik vd;gd cs;slq;fyhf)

c. ngUk; g hd; i k Ml; r p / rp W ghd; i k chp i kfs; :

ngUk;ghd;ikapdhpd; Ml;rp chpik my;yJ rpy
re;jHg;gq;fspy; mjpngUk;ghd;ikapdhpd; Ml;rp chpik>
ngUk;ghd;ikapdh; mDgtpf;Fk; mNj ed;ikfisAk;
mtHfs; Rkf;Fk; mNj RikfisAk; rpWghd;ikapdH
cWg;gpdHfSf;Fk; mspg;gjhy; mJ
tiuaWf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. rpWghd;ikapdUf;F chpa
27
 mNj rl;lq;fisNa ngUk;ghd;ikapdUk; mDrhpj;Jg;
NghfNtz;bAs;sJld;> ngUk;ghd;ikapdh;
rpWghd;ikapdhpd; murpay; chpikfis jLj;J
tplTk; KbahJ.

C. eP j p A k; eLep i yikAk; : RikfSk; ed; i kfSk;

Fwpj;jhd murhq;fj;jpd; KbTfs; xU Fwpj;j
FOf; f Sf; F rhHgw; w J vd; w msTNfhiy
mbg; g ilahff; nfhz; b Uf; f Ntz; L k; . ,e; j j;
jPHkhdq;fshdit ePjpr; nraw;ghL my;yJ mbg;gil
ePjp vd;gtw;iwg; gpujpgypf;Fk; eilKiwfs; Clhf
nfhz;L tug;gl Ntz;Lk;.

v. gp u irfSf; f hd murp a y; chp i kfs; : muirf;

fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; mjpfhuk; kw;Wk; Ngr;Rhpik> gj;jphpifr;
Rje;jpuk;> rq;fk; mikf;f> xd;W$l> vjpHg;Gf;fhl;l>
kDr;nra;a Rje;jpukhdJk; ePjpAkhdJkhd fpukkhd
NjHjy;fspy; ntspg;gilahf thf;fspg;gjw;fhd
chpik vd;gtw;iwf; nfhz;l murpay; chpikfSf;F
nghWg;Gf;$wf;$bajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

V. Rje; j p u khd eP j p j ; J iw kw; W k; eP j p g jp f Sk; :

ePjpj;JiwahdJ (ePjpgjpfs; cl;gl) jPHg;Gf;F cr;r
msTNfhyhf cs;s rl;lj;jpw;F ,zq;f rhHgw;w
tpjj;jpy; jPh;khdq;fis toq;Ffpd;wJ. ,jd;gb
ePjpj;JiwahdJ murpd; Vida KftHfs; r%f
epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; Coy; nry;thf;Ffs;
vd;gtw;wpypUe;J tpyfp RahjPdkhf tpsq;f Ntz;Lk;.

28
I. nghJkf; f sp d ; fl; L g; g hl; b y; cs; s ,uhZtKk;
nghypRk;: nghJkf;fs; mjpfhuj;jpd; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs;
,uhZtKk; nghypRk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

x. rkak; rhH mjpfhuj;ij tpl rkak; rhuh tl;lk; cr;r

mjpfhuj;ijf; nfhz;bUj;jy;;: J}a nghJ rl;lKk;
mjpfhuKk; kf;fspd; ,zf;fj;jpy; ,Ue;J tUfpd;wJ.
rka rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; mjpfhuj;ij tpl nghJ
tplaq;fs; mjp Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wdthf cs;sd.

X. murp a y; Nghl; b : NtWgl; l murpay; fl; r pfSk;

xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l FOf;fSk; mjpfhuj;jpw;fhf Nghl;b
Nghlf;$bajhfTk; r%fj;jpy; nry;thf;Fs;sjhfTk;
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

xs njhlHr;rpf;fhd murpay; khw;wPL: xU jdpegNuh xU

FLk;gNkh xU FOtpdNuh mjpfhuj;jpy; njhlHr;rpahf
jdpAhpik tfpf;f mDkjpf;ff;$lhJ.

f. murp a y; kw; W k; r%f gd; i kj; J tk; : r%fj; j py;

vz;zq;fisAk; tpUg;Gf;fisAk; ntspapLtjw;fhf gy
tifahd khw;W %yq;fspy; ,Ue;jhd jfty;fSk;
jfty; topfSk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;

fh. mr;rj;jpy; ,Ue;jhd tpLtpg;G: mur nraw;gLj;Jdh;fspd;

ehL flj;Jif> gaq;fuk;> rpj;jputij> Mf;fpukpg;G kw;Wk;
VNjr;rhjpfhukhd my;yJ ePjpg;gLj;j Kbahj jLj;J
itg;gpypUe;Jk; rl;l xOq;fpd; fPNo ghJfhg;ghf
,Ug;gjw;fhd jdpegHfspd; chpik.

29
fp. nghJkf;fspd; fy;tp: ghlrhiy kw; W k; Vida
toptiffspyhd gpuirfis jk; chpikfis
mDgtpf; f Tk; nghWg; G f; f isr; nraw; g Lj; j Tk;
mwpTWj; j p jahHgLj; J tij cs; s lf; f pa xU
gutyhd nghJf;fy;tp Kiw cs;sJ.

2. jhuhz;ikr; Rl;bfs;: rdehafj;jpd; jhuhz;ikr; Rl;bfs;

jdpegHfspd; mbg;gil chpikfspy; kpfg; ngUk;
ngWkjpiaf; nfhz; b Ug; g Jld; > mtHfSila
epWtdq;fSk; ,t;Thpikfis ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhfNt
tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. gpd;tUk; Rl;bfs; jhuhz;ik tif
rdehafj;ij NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;Lfpd;wd. ,tw;Ws; rpy
jdpegH ikag; g Lj; j pa Rl; b fs; rdehafj; j py;
jhuhz;ikaw;w tifapYk; mitfs; Mjpf;fk; fhl;Lk;
msitg; nghWj;J xU murpay; Kiwik
jhuhz;ikahdJ vd ,dk; fhzg;;glyhk;.

m vy;yh jdpegHfsJk; jdpg;gl;l Kiwikfs; : murpd;

tptfhuky;yhj rka chpik> fUj;J ntspg;ghl;L chpik
kw;Wk; vy;yhj; jdpegHfSf;Fkhd xd;W$Lk; chpik
vd;gtw;wpy; RahjPf;fj;ijg; ghJfhg;ghjw;fhd xU
mOj;jk;.

M. jdpahl; jd;ikia kjpj;jy;: NtWgl;l jdpegHfspd;

nraw;ghLfs; VidNahhpd; xj;j kw;Wk; rk chpikfspy;
jiyaPL nra;ahj tiuapy; ,e;j NtWghLfs; r%fj;jpd;
cs;s VidNahhpd; ngWkhdq;fSf;F FWf;Nf nry;yhj
mstpy; mtHfs; NtWgl;ltHfshf ,Ug;gjw;fhd
chpikf;fhd xU mOj;jk.; cjhuzk; NtWgl;l
tho;f;if KiwikfSf;fhd chpik
30
,. Ngr;Rhpikapd; mjpfhpj;j Rje;jpuk;: Ngr;Rf;Fk; mg;ghy;
nghJ tptfhuq;fspd; elj;ijfSf;Fs;
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l ntspg;gLj;Jiff;fhd Rje;jpuk;
ngUk; tPr;rpy; ghJfhf;fg;gLjy;. ,yf;fpak; kw;Wk;
fiyrhH gbtq;fis vLj;Jf;$wYk;> r%f hPjpapy;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;ljhf fUjg;glhj vz;zq;fis
vLj;Jf;$wYk; ,e;j tPr;Rf;Fs; cl;gLj;jg;glyhk;.

< tp];jhpf;fg;gl;l murpayikg;Gthjk;: murpayikg;G

toq;fpa murpd; mjpfhuj;jpd; kPJ tiuaiwfSf;F
mg;ghyhd chpikfspd; cj;juthjj;jpd; Clhd
jdpegH Rje;jpuj;jpd; ,zf;fkhd ghJfhg;G kPjhd
mOj;jk;. mj;Jld; ,e;j tiuaiwfis ghJfhf;Fk;
,aYik nfhz;l epWtdq;fSk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(cjhuzk; : RahjP d khd eP j pj; J iw/ my; y J
jdpegHfis chpikfisg; ghJfhg;gjw;F nghWg;ghd
FiwNfs; mjpfhhp)

c. ePjpj;Jiwg; ghJfhg;Gfs;: tiuaWj;j murhq;fj;jpd;

vz; z f; f UtpypUe; J ngw; W f; n fhs; s g; g l; l >
tpOkpaq;fis epWTtjw;fhd ePjpj;Kiwikia
gad;gLj;JtJ kPjhd xU mOj;jk;. ,jd;gb RahjPd
epjpj;JiwahdJ murhq;fj;jpdhy;
gpujpepjpj; J tg; g Lj; j g; g Lk; kf; f spd; rdehaf
chpikfspy; khj; j puk; ftdk; nrYj; j hJ
murhq;fj;jpd; ,ilaPLfSf;F vjpuhf Ml;fspd;
jdpg;gl;l chpikfs; kPJk; ftdk; nrYj;Jk;. ,e;j
jdpegHfspd; chpikfshdJ ngUk;ghd;ik Clhf
jk;ikj; jhNk MSk; kf;fspd; chpikfNshL
Kuz;gLk;. cjhuzj;jpw;F elj;ij epakq;fis
31
 cUthf;Fk; rdr%fj;jpd; chpikAk; vjpH jhk; njhpT
nra;jthNw jk;ik ntspg;gLj;Jk; jdpegHfspd;
chpik.

C. muirAk; rkaj;ijAk; gphpj;jy;: ek;gpf;if> rka

epWtdq;fs; vd;gtw;wpd; Rje;jpuk; kPjhd mOj;jk;.
,jd; %yk; murpay; mjpfhuj;JtNkh my;yJ
murhq;fNkh rkathjj;ij Mjhpg;gNjh my;yJ
Fwpj;J tpghpg;gNjh jil nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.

v. jdp e gH NtWghLfSf; F ,lksp j ; j y; : jdpegH

NtWghLfSf;fhd rl;lG+Htj;ij kjpg;gJ kPjhd
mOj;jk; kw;Wk; nghJr; rl;lq;fspy; tpjptpyf;Ffis
Vw;gLj;Jtjhy; mitfSf;F rhpahd Kiwapy;
gjpw; n raw; g hL fhl; L tJ kP j hd mOj; j k; .
cjhuzj;jpw;F NtWgl;l elj;ijfSf;fhd xU
epahag;gLj;jyhf rka ek;gpf;iffis
Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;.

V. re;ij mbg;gilapyhd nghUshjhuk;: ngUkstpyhd

murrhHgw;w nghUshjhu cilikg; gq;ifAk; re;ijr;
Rje; j puj; i jAk; murpay; kw; W k; jdpg; g l; l
Rje; j puj; j pw; f hd nghUshjhu mbg; g ilia
toq;FtJk; jdpgHfspd; nrhj;J chpikfSf;fhd
rl;lhPjpahd ghJfhg;ig toq;FtJkhd nghUshjhu
jP H khdk; vLf; F k; mjpfhug; gutyhf; f j; i jAk;
toq;FtJ kPjhd mOj;jk;.

3. jhuhz;ikaw;w Rl;bfs;: rdehafj;jpd; jhuhz;ikaw;w

Rl;bfs; rdr%fj;jpd; mbg;gil chpikfspy; kpfg;
ngUk; ngWkjpiaf; nfhz;bUg;gJld;> mtHfSila
epWtdq;fSk; ,t;,yf;Ffis ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhfNt
32
 tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. rpy Rl;bfs; jhuhz;ikay;yhj
tif rdehafj;ij NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;Lfpd;wd. ,tw;Ws;
rpy rdr%f ikag;gLj;jpa Rl;bfs; rdehafj;jpy;
jhuhz;ik tifapy; mitfs; Mjpf;fk; fhl;Lk;
msitg; nghWj;J xU murpay; Kiwik
jhuhz;ikaw;wJ vd ,dk; fhzg;;glyhk;.

m. r%f If;fpak;: nghJ milahsj;Jtk;> xl;LwT>

xUikg;ghL rdr%f cWg;gpdHfspilNa gfpHT
Nehf;fk; vd;gtw;wpd; czHT@ mbg;gil r%f
Kuz; g hLfs; ,y; y hj epiyik gue; J gl; l
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gL jd;ikAk; cs;slq;fpa jd;ikAk;

M. nghJkf;fs; mwePjp: murhq;fk; mKy;gLj;j kw;Wk;

epidT+l;lr; nra;Ak; guTk; r%f kunghOq;FfSf;F
xl; b nahOFtJ kP j hd mOj; j k; . ,r; r%f
xOf; f q; f s; jdpg; g l; l NgWf; f hd epakkhf
mKy;gLj;jg;glyhk;.

,. nghUshjhu rkj; J tKk; re; i j xOq; F fSk; ; :

nghUshjhu rkj;Jtj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd re;ij
xOq; F gLj; J if kP j hd xU mOj; j k; . ,J
nghUshjhu tsq;fspd; mur nrhe;j cilikia
cs;slf;Ftij tp];jhpf;fyhk;.

<. nghJthditfis ghJfhj;jy;: ngsjPfr; #oy;> G+kp

kw;Wk; mjd; tsq;fs; Nghd;w nghJg; ngWiffis
ghJfhg;gjd; Njit kPjhd mOj;jk;.

33
c. r%f eyNdhk;Gifapd; ghJfhg;G: nghJ Rfhjhuk;>
kw;Wk; ghJfhg;ig fhg;GWjp nra;tJ kPjhd mOj;jk;.

C. KO r%fj;jpd; ed;ikf;fhf jdpahH tl;lq;fis

xOq;FgLj;jy;: nghJkf;fspd; eyNdhk;giyAk;
czHTfisAk; fPog; Lj;Jtjhfj; njhpAk; elj;ijia
topelhj;Jjy; my;yJ fl;Lg;gLj;jy; kPjhd xU
mOj;jk;.

v. khpahijahd elj;ijAk; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghL kPjhd

mOj;jk;: r p t p y ; e l j ; i j a p d ; n g h J t h d
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l epakq;fSld; xl;bapUg;gij
Cf; F tpf; F k; vz; z q; f s; kw; W k; jdpg; g l; l
nraw;ghLfis newpg;gLj;Jtj kPjhd mOj;jk;.
mj;Jld; ftdj;ij <Hj;jy; kw;Wk; msTf;F kpQ;rpa
ngWif> EfHT vd;gtw;iwj; jtpHj;jy;.

V. r%f eyNdhk;gYf;fhf tp];jhpf;fg;gl;l

murpayikg;Gthjk; : Ntiytha;g;G> tPL> Rfhjhuk;>
Xa;T+jpa ed;ikfs; tUkhdg; ghJfhg;G> fy;tp Nghd;w
chpj;Jf;fis mDgtpg;gjw;fhd gue;Jgl;l mstpyhd
Mizia toq;Fk; murpay; mikg;G Vw;ghLfs;
kPjhd xU mOj;jk;.

I. kuGfis njhlHe;J itj;jpUj;jy;: ngw;Wf;nfhz;l

tpOkpaq;fs;> epWtdq;fs;. nraw;ghLfs; Nghd;wd
kPjhd mOj;jk;

34
 Chapter Three

rdehafj;ij
nraw;gLj;Jjy;
(Democracy in Practice)

35
 rdehafj;ij nraw;gLj;Jjy;

rptpy; tho;T> murpay; kw;Wk; murhq;fk; vd;gd

rdehafj;ij nraw;gLj;Jtjpy; vt;thW Mjpf;fk;
nra;fpd;wd?

rdehafj;jpw;fhd xU mHg;gzpg;ghdJ kdpj tho;tpd;

vy;yh tplaq;fisAk; ghjpj;J khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
tpNrlkhf ve;jr; r%fj;jpYKs;s Ml;fspilapyhd
cwTfs; njhlHghd tplaq;fspy; mJ khw;wj;ijf;
nfhz;LtUfpd;wJ. ,jpNy Ntiyaplk;> ghlrhiy> fiy>
FLk; g k; Vida jdpg; g l; l cwTfs; Vd; kf; f spd;
kNdhepiy vd; g d vy; y hk; cs; s lq; F k; . kpfTk;
rf;jptha;e;j Mjpf;fkhd rptpy; tho;tpypUe;J xLf;fkhd
Mjpf;fkhd murpay; kw;Wk; kpfTk; ftdkhf ftdf;Ftp;gG; r;
nra; a g; g Lk; Mjpf; f khd murhq; f k; vd; w gy
vz;zpf;ifahd Mjpf;fq;fspy; rdehaf nraw;ghLfs;
,lk;ngWfpd;d. murpaYk; murhq;fKk; rptpy; tho;T
Mjpf;fj;Js; nfhz;bUf;Fk; mNjNtisapy; murhq;fkhdJ
murpaYf;Fs; mjidf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ. ,e;j %d;W
tifg; g hLfSf; F Ks; s NtWghlhdJ rdehafr;
nraw; g hLfs; nraw; g Lk; Mjpf; f q; f is tpsf; f k;
nra;fpd;wJ.

1. rptpy; tho;T: rptpy; tho;T vd;gJ rdr%fj;jpd;

Njrpaj;jpd; gu];gu tpUg;Gf;fSlDk; nghJ
tptfhuq;fSlDk; njhlHGgl;l gpuirfspd;
nghJtho;thFk;. rptpy; tho;thdJ jdpg;gl;l tho;tpypUe;J
NtWgl;lJ. jdpegHfspd; jdpg;gl;l tho;thdJ Fwpg;gpl;l
tpUg;Gf;fis NjLtjw;fhd xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

36
2. murpay;: murpay; vd;gJ vy;yh kdpjr; r%fq;fspYk;
fhzg;gLk; $l;Lr; nraw;ghl;Lf;fhd xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l
nrad;KiwahFk;. ,J jdpeguhfr; rhjpf;f Kbahj
,yf;Ffis kf;fs; $l;lkhfr; NrHe;J epWtpf;nfhs;sr;
nra;fpwJ. xU FO Ml;fspdhy; td;KiwiaAk;
rhHthjpfhuj;ijAk; jLg;gjw;Fk; my;yJ jtpHg;gjw;Fkhd
jPh;khdq;fSf;F tUtjw;fhd xU topahfj;
njhpTnra; a g; g l; l Nj murpayhFk; . ,e; Nehf; f py;
td;KiwahdJ murpaypy; ];jk;gpf;fr; nra;tJld;> mjw;F
vjpuhditfisAk; tpistpf;fpd;wJ. MfNt murpayhdJ
NtWgl;l my;yJ Kuz;gl;l fUj;Jf;fisAk;
tpUg;Gf;fisAk; nfhz;l Ml;fspdJ my;yJ FOf;fspdJ
nrad;Kiw vd tpsq;fpf;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

m td; K iwaw; w Nghuhl; l k; kw; W k; / my; y J

fUj;Jf;fSf;F ,lk;nfhLj;jy; vd;gtw;wpd; Clhf
nghJj; jP H khdq; f Sf; F tUjy; . nghJthf
fl;Lg;gl;ljhf fUjg;gLtJk; nghJf;nfhs;iffis
xOq;Ffis mKy;gLj;JtJkhFk;.

M. mUikahd tsq;fis tpepNahfpj;jy;>

ed;ikfisAk; RikfisAk; xJf;fpf;nfhLj;jy;>
Kuz; g hLfisAk; xl; L nkhj; j r%fj; j pd;
mgpyhi\fisAk; Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;jy; Nghd;w
tplaq;fspy; jPh;khdk; Nkw;nfhs;s mjpfhuj;ij
ehLjy;.

,. mUikahd tsq;fspypUe;J vij> ahH ngWfpwhHfs;

vdj; jPHkhdp;g;gjw;fhd Nghl;bahd Nghuhl;lj;jpy;
<LgLjy;.
37
3. murhq;fk; vd;w nrhy;yhdJ mjpfhuk; cs;s epWtd
kag; g l; l jiyik> jpirg; g Lj; j y; my; y J
rdr%fj;jpd; trpg;gtHfs; kPJ Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;
fl;Lg;ghL mjd; gpuhe;jpak; kw;Wk; mjd; tsq;fs;
vd;gtw;iwf; Fwpj;J epw;fpd;wJ. ,e;jj; jiyik>
jpirg; g Lj; j y; my; y J fl; L g; g hlhdJ mjd;
rl;lq;fisAk; nfhs;iffisAk; cUthf;Fjy;>
mKy;gLj;jy;> epiyehl;ly; cj;jpNahfG+Ht jPHkhdk;
vLj;jy; vd;gtw;wpd; Clhf epiwNtw;wg;gLfpd;wJ.

4. murpay; kw;Wk; murhq;fj;jpd; NjitAk; tpUg;gKk; :

murpaYk; murhq; f Kk; ve; j r; r%fj; j pw; F k;
mj; j pahtrpakhdJ. murpaYk; murhq; f Kk;
r%fj; J ld; xd; w pize; J s; s Jld; > mitfs;
,y;yhky; xU r%fk; ,Uf;f KbahJ. murpay;
kw;Wk; murhq;fj;ij epWTjy; nraw;ghlhdJ kf;fspd;
mbg; g il tpUg; g khd xd; w hf thOjy; vd; w
mgpyhi\ia gpujpgypf;fyhk;. kf;fspd;
mgpyhi\fs; rk;ge;jkhd ,e;j tpthjj;jpw;F MjuT
mspg;gitfshf gpd;tUtdtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

m. murpay; epWtdq;fspd; mgptpUj;jpahdJ kpfTk;

mbg;gilahd FLk;gk; Nghd;w epWtd tifapypUe;J
ghpzhkk; ngw;w ,aw;ifahd nrad;KiwahFk;.
mijtpl kdpj capHfs; murpay; kw;Wk; murhq;fk;
,d;wp jkJ ,aYikia G+Hj;jp nra;a KbahJ.
(mhp];Nuhl;by; kw;Wk; rpnrNuh)

38
M. kdpjHfs; G+uzkw;wtHfs;> ghtk; epiwe;jtHfs;>
,aw;ifapNyNa jPatHfs; MfNt murhq;fkpd;wp
mtHfs; ghJfhg; g w; w tHfshAk; Mgj; J f; F
cs;shff;$batHfshfTk; ,Uf;fpd;wdh;. (fpwp];jtk;>
,];yhk;> A+jk;> Vida rkaq;fs; rpy Guhjd rPd
nka;apyhsHfs; kw;Wk; etPd nka;apay;)

,. rpy jdpegHfs; VidNahhpd; tho;itAk; eyidAk;

mr;RWj;JfpwhHfs;. MfNt jk; ghJfhg;gp;w;fhfTk;
nghJg; ghJfhg;gpw;fhfTk; nghJ epWtdq;fis
cUthf;fp jk;ikg; ghJfhj;Jf;nfhs;s kf;fs;
fl;lhag;gLj;jg;gLfpd;whHfs;. (Njhk]; nfhg;];)

<. kf;fs; FOf;fs; xd;whf thOk;nghOJ mtHfs;

VNjh xUtifapy; nghJj; jP H khdq; f Sf; F
tuNtz; b a epiyapy; murpay; fl; l hakhf
cjakhfpd;wJ. mjw;F Nkyhf xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l
murpay; tho;thdJ mtHfs; jdpahfr; nra;aKbahj
,yf;Ffis mile;Jnfhs;s cjTfpwJ. (N[hd;
nyhf;> [Pd; [f;$]; WNrh)

5. murhq; f j; j p d Jk; murp a yp d Jk; Nehf; f q; f s; :

murhq; f j; j pd; Nehf; f q; f s; gw; w pa NtWgl; l
vz;zq;fs; jdpegHfspYk; r%fj;jpYk; Mokhd
gpd;tpisTfis nfhz;Ls;sJ.

m. Nehf; f q; f s
s; : murhq; f j; j pdJk; murpaypdJk;
Nghl;bapLk; Nehf;fq;fspilNa mitfSs; tuyhw;W
hPjpahf cs;sitfs; gpd;tUkhW

39
 Q kf;fspd; ghJfhg;ig toq;Fjy;
Q gpuirfspd; mwf;Fzhk;rj;ij Kd;Ndw;wy;
Q Fwpj;j tFg;gpd; my;yJ ,df; FOtpd;
tpUg;Gf;fis ePbj;jy;
Q xU njhFjp rka nfhs;iffisNah
mgpyhi\fisNah epiwNtw;wy;
Q muirg; Gfo;jy;
Q jdpegH ghJfhg;igAk; nghJr; rl;lj;ijAk;
Cf;Ftpj;jy;
Q NtWghl;il xUKfg;gl;l njhopy;Kaw;rpahf
xUq;fpizj;jy;
Q nghUshjhu tsj;ij caHj;Jjy;
Q jdpegH chpikfisg; ghJfhj;jy;
Q nghJed;ikia Cf;Ftpj;jy;
Q r%f rkj;Jtj;ijr; rhjpj;jy;
Q ePjpia epiyehl;Ljy;

M. gpd;tpisTfs
pisTfs;: murhq;fj;jhy; ehlg;gl;l gpujhd
,yf;Ffshdit jdpegUf;Fk; murhq;fj;Jf;Fk;
kw;Wk; murhq;fj;jpw;Fk; xl;Lnkhj;j r%fj;jpw;Fk;
,ilapyhd cwit ghjpf;fpwJ. cjhuzj;jpw;F

Q r%fk; tpUk; G k; rka my; y J nghJg;

ghHitfis Cf;Ftpf;Fk;NghJ murhq;fk;
jdpegH rpe;jidfisAk;
ntspg; g Lj; J iffisAk; nraw; g hLfisAk;
elj; i jiaAk; fl; L g; g Lj; J tJld; KO
r%fj; j pd; kP J k; ,Wf; f f; fl; L g; g hLfis
tpjp;ff
; pd;wJ.

40
Q gpuirfspdJ ghJfhg; i gAk; nrhj; i jAk;
ghJfhg;gjw;F murpd; nraw;ghLfis
tiuaWj;jyhdJ> mJ mtHfspd; jdpg;gl;l
my;yJ gpuj;jpNaf tho;tpy; jiyapLtjw;fhd
murhq;fj;jpd; mjpfhuj;ij tiuaWf;f Ntz;ba
Njitia Vw;gLj;jyhk;.

41
 Chapter Four

rdehafKk; ey;yhl;rpAk;
(Constitution & Constitutionalism)

42
 murpayikg;GthjKk; murpayikg;Gk;

murp a yikg; G thjk; vd; w hy; vd; d ? murp a y;

mikg;Gld; mjw;Fs;s cwT vd;d?
murpayikg;GthjKk; vd;gJ tiuaWj;j murhq;fj;jpd;
murpay; Nfhl;ghlhFk;. ,e;j murpay; Nfhl;ghlhL kw;Wk;
mjDila tpOkpaq;fshdit> jhuhz;ikthjk; kw;Wk;
rdehaff; nfhs;ifAld; xj;Jg;Nghtjhf ,Ue;jhYk;
jhuhz;ikf; Nfhl;ghL xU rdehaf; Nfhl;ghl;bypUe;J
RahjPdkhdJ. jhuhz;ikthjkhdJ tuyhw;W hPjpahf
jdpegHfspd; tpLjiy rhHghf murhq;fj;jpd;
tiuaWg; G f; f hd xU nghpa gpujhd thfdkhf
Nritahw;wpaJ. murhq;fk; gphpTfspd; tpUg;GfSf;fhf
Nritahw;Wtjw;F vjpuhf nghJed;ikf;fhf Nritahw;w
murhq;fj;jpd; mjpfhuq;fis tiuaWf;f etPd rdehafk;
murpyikg;Gthjj;jpd; mHg;gzpg;gpy; jhDk; gq;F nfhz;L
nraw; g Lfpd; w J. etP d rdehafkhdJ jhuhz; i k
murpayikg; G thjj; j pd; mHg; g zpg; g py; jdpegHfspd;
chpikfisg; ghJfhg;gJ rhHghf mur mjpfhuq;fis
tiuaWg;gjpy; jhDk; gq;F nfhz;L nraw;gLfpd;wJ.

kdpj mjpfhuj;ij tpl caH mjpfhuk; cz;L vd;w

vz;zj;jpypUe;J tuyhw;W hPjpahf murpayikg;Gthjk;
vOe;Js;sJ. ,e;j vz;zj;jpd;gb cah; mjpfhuj;Jf;fhd
xUthpd; flikg;ghLfs; murhq;fj;jpw;fhd xUthpd;
flikg; g hLfis jhz; b r; nry; f pd; w J. MfNt
murhq; f j; j pd; fP o ; g ; g bTf; f hd chpa Nfs; t pahdJ
mj; j pahtrpakhf tiuaWf; f g; g Lfpd; w J. ,e; j

43
tiuaiwfshdit cyf Ml; r pahsHfis MSk;
caHthdthplk; ,Ue; J tUk; caH rl; l k; vd; w
vz;zf;fUtpy; mbgl;Lg; Nghfpd;wJ.

mj;Jld;> murpyikg;G tuyhw;wpd; ,d;ndhU fl;lj;jpy;

fpNuf;f rdehafj;jpy; my;yJ cNuhikf; Fbaurpy;
gpuirfspd; cah;thd kjpf;fg;gl Ntz;ba epiyapypUe;J
vOe;jit> murhq;fj;jpd; mjpfhuj;jpy; tiuaiwfis
cUthf;fpaJ. tuyhW KOtJk; ey;y murhq;fj;ij
cUthf;Ftjw;F vLf;fg;gl;l Kaw;rpfs;
murpayikg;Gthjj;jpd; murpay; Nfhl;ghl;bd; fzprkhd
nfhs;iffis mKy;gLj;Jtjw;F KiwrhHe;j vOjg;gl;l
murpayikg; N g rpwe; j topnad ntspg; g Lj; j g; g l; L
epWtg;gl;Ls;sJ. murpay; rf;jpg; nghWg;ig kf;fsplNk
nfhLf; F k; rdehaff; nfhs; i fAk; tpLjiyiag;
ghJfhf;Fk; jhuhz;ikf; nfhs;ifAk; mJNtahFk;.

tiuaWf;fg;gl;l murhq;fj;jpd; Nfhl;ghlhf

murpayikg; G thjk; mjpfhuj; i jf; fl; l isapLk;
mjpfhukhf khw;Wfpd;wJ. ,f; Nfhl;ghl;bd; fPo; cs;s
xNunahU rl;lG+h;t mjpfhukhf mlf;fg;gl;l mjpfhuk;
cs;sNjhL> gfpHe;J nfhLf;fg;gl;lthW
tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjpfhuk; Mizf;FOf;fs; %ykhf>
tpNrl Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf epakpf;fg;gl;l>
tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jg;gl;l epiyikfspy; kw;wtHfs;
rhHghf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. mjpfhuj;ijg; gpuNahfpj;jy;
$l ahH rhHghf mJ nra;ag;gLfpd;wNjh mtHfspd; rpwe;j
ed;ikf;fhf Nritahw;wntd nraw;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
MfNt mjpfhuk; vd;gJ xU ek;gpf;ifahf kpfTk;
mbg;gilahd %yj;jpypUe;J cUthfp mJ cUthf;fg;gl;l
44
Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf njhlHr;rpahf epge;jidAld; gad;gLfpwJ.
,e; ek;gpf;ifapd; Nehf;fKk; nfhs;ifAk; mlf;fg;gl;l
mjpfhukhf kl;Lkd;wp ePbj;J epw;gjhfTk; cs;sJ.

murpay; Kiwikfspd;gb mjpfhuk; vd;w tifapy; rpy

KiwrhH murpayikg;Gf;fs; me;j Mizf;FOf;fshYk;
ek;gpf;iff; FOf;fshYk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l murhq;ff;
Nfhl;ghl;il gpujpgypf;fpd;wd. Mdhy; NtW rpy mt;thW
gpujpgypg;gjpy;iy. xU murpay; Kiwik
Mizf;FotpdhYk; ek;gpf;iff; FOtpdhYk;
,af;fg;gLk;NghJ> mjd; murpayikg;ghdJ> ahH rhHghf
murhq;fj;jpd; mjpfhuk; nraw;gLj;jTk; fl;Lg;gLj;jTk;
KbfpwNjh> me;j caH %yj;jplkpUe;Nj ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpwJ.
,e; j caH %yNk (kf; f s; my; y J flTfs; )
,iwikAilNahuha; fUjg;gLfpd;wdh;. tiuaWf;fg;glhj
murhq;f re;jHg;gq;fspy; murpayikg;ghdJ Vkhw;W
Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLtJld;> mjpfhuj;jpy;
cs;Nshhpd; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;glhj mjpfhuj;ijAk; kiwf;fTk;
jtwhd Ml;rpia kiwf;fTk; mJ gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

Mizf; F O> ek; g pf; i ff; F O vd; w mbg; g ilf;

nfhs;iffisg; gpujpgypf;Fk; murpay; mikg;Gf;fs;>
mtw;wpd; mjpfhuKk; epWtdq;fSk;
tiuaWf; f g; g l; L s; s NghJ kl; L Nk ,t; murpay;
KiwikahdJ> mJ KiwrhH murpayikg; g hf
,Ue;jhnyd;d ,y;yhtpl;lhnyd;d murpayikg;G thjj;jpd;
nfhs;ifiag; gpujpgypf;Fk;. ,t; tplaj;jpy; murpayikg;G
thjk; caH rl;lj;jpd; tfpgq;if vLj;Jf; nfhs;fpwJ.

,jd; tz;zk; murpay; FOkk; (murhq;fk;)

45
murpayikg;GlDk;> murpayikg;Gthjk; (murpayikg;G
murhq;fk;) ,ilNa NtWghL cs;sJ. vy;yh murpay;
KiwapYk; xU murpayikg;G ,Uf;Fk;. mJ murpayikg;G
Kiwik cilajhfNth my;yJ Kiwikaw;wjhfNth
,Uf;fyhk;. ,e;j tifapy; murpayikg;gpy;
nra;ag;gl;litfspd; tpguzk; my;yJ murpay; Kiwik
Ml;rp Kiwikf;$l;L vd;gjw;F Nkyhf ,J vJTk;
,y;iy. murpay; FOkk; vt;thW mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
vd;gijNa ,J fhl;LfpwJ. mjhtJ ,jd; mbg;gil
vt;thW mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjd; Kjw;nfhs;if vt;thW
ciuf; f g; g l; L s; s J. mjd; Fzhk; r k; vt; t hW
tbtikf; f g; g l; L s; s J vd; g ijAk; ,J fhl; L fpwJ.
mjDila KiwrhH vOjg;gl;l Mtzk; $l mJ
murpayikg; G epakk; vd mHj; j g; g lhJ. ,e; j
murpayikg; G epakq; f spd; fP o ; murhq; f k; xd; W
xOq;Ffshy; fl;Lg;gl;lJ.

,e;j epakq;fis mKy;gLj;j murpayikg;Gthjj;jpd;

nfhs;iffisg; gpujpgypf;Fk; murpayikg;ghdJ> caH
rl;lkhfr; nraw;gLk;.

,t;TaH rl;lk; jdpgH chpikfisg; ghJfhf;fTk;> nghJ

ed;ikia Cf;Ftpf;fTk; murhq;fq;fis mikg;gJld;
tiuaiwfisAk; nra;fpwJ.

1. murpayikg;Gthjk;

murpayikg;G thjf; Nfhl;ghl;bd; fPo; xU murpay;

KiwahdJ xU tiuaWf;fg;gl;l Kiwikia mjd;

46
Fzhk; r j; i jAk; vLj; J f; n fhz; L rpy epWtg; g l; l
Nehf;fq;fSf;Fk; tiuaiwfSf;Fk; cl;gl;L nraw;gl
flg;ghLilajhAs;sJ. xU murpayikg;G Kiwikapd;
tbtKk; Fzhk;rKk;> mbg;gil Mtzq;fspy; mjd;
tbtk;> kw;Wk; mjpfhu tiuaiwfis tpghpf;fTk; Fwpj;Jr;
nrhy;yTk; vd Ntz;Lnkd;Nw Kd;itf;fg;gl;bUf;fyhk;.
murpayikg;ghdJ> tpsf;fj;ijAk; rl;l ,ak;giyAk;
nfhz; l J. mJ nra; a f; $ baJ> nra; a KbahjJ>
nra;ag;gl Ntz;baJ vd;gtw;iwf; $Wfpd;wJ.

murpayikg;G Kiwikapd; tbtk;> Fzhk;rk; vd;gtw;iw

epWTifapy; murpayikg;G Kiwikia cUthf;FtJ
vd;gJ xU Mokhd rdehaf eltbf;ifahf cs;sJ.
nghJ tpsf;f nrad;Kiwfspd; gpd;G> kf;fs; xU
murpayikg;ig mq;fPfhpg;gJ> rdehafj;ij
cUthf; F tjw; f hd xU fUtpahf cs; s J. ,e; j f;
fye;Jiuahly; nrad;KiwahdJ murpay; Kiwikia
cUthf; F tjpy; kf; f spd; fzprkhd gq; f spg; i g
vjpHghHf;fpd;wJ.

m murpayikg;Gthjj;jpd; nfhs;iffs; -
murpayikg;Gthjj;jpd;gb
ƒ epWtg; g l; l epakq; f spd; gpufhuk; mjpfhuk;
nraw;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

ƒ murpay; Kiwik ,Wjpapy; tiuaWf;fg;gLtJld;

rl;lG+Ht KbTfisr; rhjpg;gjw;F mJ
gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

47
 ƒ xU njhFjp mbg;gil epakq;fspd;gb kjpg;gplg;gl;L>
rl;l xOq;Fld; xj;JtUk; rhjhuz rl;lq;fs;
cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

ƒ rdehafj;jpd; ,iwikf;Fhpa kf;fs;>

murpayikg;Gf;F ,zf;fk; mspf;Fk;nghOJ
murhq;fj;ij khj;jpuk; tiuaiwg;gLj;Jtjhf
md; w p jk; i kAk; mt; t hW nra; a Ntz; L k; .
cjhuzk; mtHfs; Kiwahf khw;wg;gLk; tiuf;Fk;
murpayikg;gpd; Vw;ghLfSf;F mtHfs;
fl;Lg
; g
; LfpwhHfs;.

ƒ murhq;fj;jpd; mjpfhuj;jpd; kPjhd fl;Lg ; g

; hLfshy;
khj;jpukd;wp murhq;fj;jpd; fl;Lg;ghl;bw;F mg;ghw;gl;l
tpNrbj;j chpikfspd; cj;juthjq;fshYk; my;yJ
chpikfisg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd mur epWtdq;fspd;
tpNrl mjpfhuq;fshYk; jdpegH mjpfhuq;fs;
ghJfhf;fg;glyhk;.

ƒ tho;tpd; rpy tplaq;fs; murpaypdJk;

murhq;fj;jpdJk; chpa mYty;fshf
,y; y hJs; s J. mtHfspd; mjpfhukplYf; F
mg;ghyhditahf cs;sd.

M murpayikg;G murhq;fk;: murpd; mjpfhuq;fspd;

mbg;giliaAk; msitAk; Kd;itf;Fk;
murpayikg;Ng murpayikg;G murhq;fkhFk;. ,e;j
mjpfhuq;fis tiuaWg;gjw;fhd> kw;Wk; nfhs;iffs;
tpOkpaq;fs; vd;gtw;Wf;fhd ,ilapyhd njhlHG
Nehf;fpa efHTfs;> murpay; tho;tpd; ajhHj;jk;>
48
 vd;gtw;iw mJ Kd;itg;gJld; mjw;fhd jhf;fkhd
toptiffisAk; murpayikg;G toq;FfpwJ. xU
murpayikg; G murhq; f khdJ mjpfhuj; i jf;
nfhz; b Ug; g Jld; murpayikg; g hy; mjd; N ky;
,lg;gl;l tiuaiwfSf;Fk; mike;J NghfpwJ.

,. 'jtwhd (Sham) murpayikg;Gfs;" :

murpayikg; G f; f is my; y J murpayikg; G
thjj; i j kjpg; g J vd; w NghHitapy; rpy
murhq;fq;fs; gpioahd topelj;Jjy;fis my;yJ
jtwhd murpayikg; G f; f is Kd; i tf; f pd; w d.
,itfs; cz;ikahd epWtdq;fSlDk;
nraw; g hLfSlDk; kpfr; rpwpjsthd cwit
itj;Jf;nfhs;tJky;yhky; murpayikg;G
murhq;fj;jpd; tiuaiwfs; kPjhd jk; mHg;gzpg;ig
gpujpgyp;gg
; Jkpy;iy. murpayikg;G murhq;fq;fSf;F
khwhf ,itfs; xOq;fikg;gw;witahf cs;sJld;
tiuaiwaw; w murhq; f q; f shf mjpfhuj; i j
itj;jpUf;Fk; topfspy; jhf;ftpisTk; ,itfsplk;
,Ug;gjpy;iy.

2. murpayikg;G thjj;jpw;Fk; rl;l xOq;F

vz;zf;fUtpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlHG rl;l xOq;F
vz;zf;fUthdJ xOq;Ffs; Vw;fdNt
Kd;itf;fg;gl;L gutyhf mwpag;gl;L
nghJg;ghtidapy; cs;sijAk;> mtHfs;
eLepiyahfg; gpuNahfpf; f g; g LtijAk; Ntz; b
epw;fpwJ. ,itfs; mur mjpfhhpfSf;Fk; ehl;bd;
Vida kf;fSf;Fk; chpadthf cs;sd. MfNt
,r; rl; l xOq; F vd; g J ntWkNd rl; l j; i j
49
 itj;jpUj;jy;> rl;lj;ij ,aw;Wjy; vd;gij tpl
NkyhdJ. ,f; nfhs;ifahdJ VNjr;rhjpfhuj;ij
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l rl;lj;ij khw;WjYld;
Kuz;gLtJld; Ml;rpnra;Ak; Ml;fs; mt;tg;NghJ
fz;Lgpbf;Fk;> jk; nrhe;j tpUg;Gf;fis> ghugl;rj;Jld;
gpuNahfpg; g jw; F k; kw; W k; my; y J jkf; F g;
nghWg;ghditfspy; njsptw;wpUg;gjw;Fk; KuzhdJ.

rl;l xOq;fpd; Fiwe;jgl;r Ghpe;JzHtpd; fPo; ,r; rl;l

xOq;fpd; rhukhdJ ey;y epakq;fSlNdh mwj;JlNdh
mitfs; KiwikhP j pahfTk; epahakhdjhfTk;
epHtfpf; f g; g Lk; tiuapy; xj; J mike; j pUf; f j;
Njitapy;iy. ,t;tz;zk; rl;l xOq;fhdJ rdehafk;
mw;w murpaypYk; ,Uf;fyhk;. rl;l xOq;ifg; gw;wp ed;F
Ghpe;J nfhz;l epiyapd; fPo; rl;lkhdJ> mJ rl;lk;
vd;w jifik ngw> ePjpapd; cr;r epakj;Js; xj;jpUf;f
Ntz;bAs;sJ.

nghJ ed;ikiaAk; jdpegH chpikiaAk;

ghJfhg;gjw;fhf> gpuirfspdJk; mur mjpfhhpfspdJk;
nraw;ghLfis tiuaWf;f> rl;l xOq;Ffisg; gad;gLj;j
KbAk;. xOq;fhdJk; Kd;dwptpf;ff;$baJkhd murpay;
epiyikf;F cfe;jjhf ,Ug;gjw;fhf> ngUk;
vz; z pf; i fahd jdpegHfspdJk; epWtdq; f spdJk;
vjpHghHg;Gf;fis xUq;fpizf;Fk; ,aYik Clhf> rl;lk;
xOq;fhdJ murpay; mjpfhuj;ij mjpfhpf;Fk;.

rl;lk; xOq;fpd; m&gpf; Fzhk;rj;ij> murpayikg;G

thjk; vz;zq;fis kpfTk; ntsp;gg
; ilahd rl;lq;fshfTk;
Vw;ghLfshfTk; khw;Wk; nraw;ghLfspy; czUfpwJ.

50
,itfs; mur epWtdq;fspdhYk;> nghJkf;fspd; nghJf;
fye;Jiuahly; kw;Wk; tpthjq;fshYk;> gpuNahfpf;fg;gl;L
tpsf;fk; nra;ag;gLk;.

3. murhq;fj;ij tiuaWf;Fk; topfshf murpay;>

nghUshjhu kw;Wk; jdpahs; chpik Rje;jpuk;

murpayikg;Gthjj;jpw;Fk; kw;Wk; murpay; nghUshjhuk;>

jdpegH chpik vd; g tw; W f; F kpilNa cWjpahd
cwTKiw cz;L. murpay; nghUshjhuk; kw;wk; jdpahs;
Rje;jpuk; murhq;fj;ij tiuaWg;gjpy; Nritahw;Wfpd;wJ.
mjhtJ tiaWj;j murhq;fq;fs; ,t; Rje;jpuq;fisg;
ghJfhg;gjw;F mtrpakhditahf cs;sd.

murpay; Rje;jpuk;: murhq;fj;ij fl;L;g;gLj;Jtjw;fhd

nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jtjw;fhd kf;fspd; chpikAld; ,J
rk;ge;jg;gLfpd;wJ. murpay; Rje;jpukhdJ kf;fspd;
nraw;ghLfspYs;s Rje;jpuk;: mtHfs; jk; fUj;Jr;
Rje;jpuk;> nghJmYty;fs; vd;gtw;Wf;Fs; murhq;fk;
jiyapLtijj; jLf;fpwJ. ,t;thW jkJ murpay;
Rje;jpuj;ij gad;gLj;Jtjdhy; murhq;fj;jpd; kPjhd jkJ
,iwikia epiyehl;LfpwhHfs;.

nghUshjhu Rje;jpuk;: nghUshjhu Rje;jpukhdJ mur

Neub fl; L g; g hl; b ypUe; J njhopy; K aw; r p kw; W k;
epWtdq;fspd; nraw;ghLfs; Rje;jpukhf ,Ug;gij Fwpj;J
epw;fpwJ. xU jhuhs r%fj;jpd; mbg;gil tplak; ,JthFk;.
nrhj;Jf;fspd; RtPfhpg;G> mtw;wpd; ghtid> mjpfhpg;G>
khw;wk;> iftpLif vd;gtw;Wld; ,J rk;ge;jg;gLfpwJ.
nghUshjhu Rje; j pukhdJ jk; tho; t pd; mbg; g il
51
tplaq;fis elj;Jtjw;fhd kf;fspd; chpik> kw;Wk;
eP j paw; w murpd; Nkw; g hHitfs; > jiyaP L fspd; w pa
Rje;jpukhd mtHfsJ nraw;ghLfSld;
rk;ge;jg;gl;Ls;sjhy;> ,J mur mjpfhuj;jpd; vy;iyia
tiuaWg;gJld;> mjDld; Nghl;bapLk; RahjPdkhd mjpfhu
ikaq;fisAk; cUthf;Ffpd;wd.
jdpahs; chpik : ,J jdpegHfSk; jdpegH FOf;fSk;
tho;f;if topfis nfhz;L nry;Yk;> kw;Wk; murpaypy;
murhq; f mjpfhuj; j pd; mDkjpapd; w pNa jkJ
nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; xU Rahl;rp tyaj;ij
Fwpf;fpwJ. cjhuzj;jpw;F FLk;gq;fisAk; el;Gf;fisAk;
cUthf; F jy; > kjj; i jf; filg; g pbj; j y; > rq; f r;
nraw;ghLfspy; gq;Fgw;Wjy;> mofpay; Kaw;rpfspy;
<LgLjy; vd;gtw;Wld; ,J rk;ge;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;jr;
nraw;ghLfs; jdpegHfspd; RaepHzaj;ij mjpfhpg;gJld;>
Rje;jpuj;jpd; Cw;iw gpujpj;Jtk; nra;J muhq;fj;jpd;
Neubf; fl;Lg;ghl;bypUe;J jdpegiug; gphpf;Fk; njhpitAk;
jUfpd;wJ.

52
 Chapter Five

murpayikg;Gk; rdehafKk;
(Constitutional Democracy)

53
 murpayikg;G rdehafk;
murpayikg;G vd;w vz;zj;Jld;> kf;fis
mbahff; nfhz;l murhq;fj;jpd; cwTKiw
vd;d?

murpayikg;G vd;w vz;zk; %d;W kl;lq;fisf; nfhz;lJ.

fPok
; l;lkhd kf;fspd; $l;bizg;G> nfhs;if tFg;G> kw;Wk;
murhq; f j; j pd; rl; l f mikg; G vd; g d mitahFk; .
murpayikg;gpd; vz;zj;jpd; xt;nthU kl;lj;jpYk;
murpayikg;ghdJ gpuirfSf;F mtH jk; tho;itAk;>
KbitAk; chpikahf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd toptiffis
toq;FfpwJ.

xU tiutpyf; f zk; nra; a g; g l; l kf; f s; $l; l khf

my;yhkNy> mjhfNt rptpy; mbg;gilapy; xd;wpize;J
murpay r%fkhf> murpay; epWtdkhf khw;wk; ngWfpd;wJ.
mt;thW rptpy; If;fpa kf;fshf murpay; rigahf khw;wk;
ngw nghJtho;it ,aYkhdjhf;Ftjw;fhf mk; kf;fs;
$l;lkhdJ gu];gu my;yJ Nghjpa rfpg;Gj; jd;ikAld;
xd; w hf cwTfis Vw; g Lj; j Ntz; b As; s J. ,r;
rdj;njhifapd; xl;Lwtpy; rptpy; r%fkhf kf;fspd;
mbg;gil murpayikg;ghdJ cUg;ngw;W mjpy; mtHfs;
jk; rfghbfspd; ,aYikia xUtUf; n fhUtH
mq;ffP hpf;fpd;wdh;.

,t;tz;zkhd rdj;njhifapd; xl;LwthdJ

,iwikAila murpay; kf;fs; r%fj;jpd;
mgptpUj;jpf;fhd rhj;jpaj;ij cz;lhf;Ffpd;wJ. ,t;
mbg;gil murpayikg;ghdJ xU Rahl;rp kpf;f murpay;

54
myif my;yJ murpay; r%fj;ij cUthf;Ftjw;fhd
js mikg; i g toq; F tJld; > mJ gytpjkhd
tbtq;fisAk; vLf;ff;$bajhfTk; cs;sJ.

kf; f spd; mbg; g il murpayikg; g pd; tpOkpaq; f s;

mtHfspd; cwtpy; ntspj; njhpfpd; w J. mitfs;
toikahf ntspg; g ilahf cUthf; f g; g Ltjpy; i y.
mjidAk; tpl ,e;j tpOkpaq;fs; vy;yhk; ghjpf;fg;glhJ
cs;sJld;> KOikahf vLj;jpak;gg;gLfpd;wJ. Vnddpy;
,itfspy; gy Fwpg;gplg;glhj my;yJ kaf;fkhd
Cfq;fspNyNa ,aq;Ffpd;wd. ve;j murpay; KiwapdJk;
kpf ntspg;gilahd murpayikg;ghdJ ,k; kf;fspd;
mbg;gil murpayikg;Gld; xj;Jg;ghHf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
Koikahfg; ghpzhkile;j KiwfspNy xU murpay;
r%fj;jpd; ntspg;gilahd murpayikg;ghdJ murpay;
epWtdq; f Sf; f hd kd; w khf kf; f spd; mbg; g il
murpayikg; g pd; Kf; f pa tpOkpaq; f is Kiwahf
vLj;jpak;Gfpd;wJ.

kf;fs; jk;ikj; jhNk Ms;tjw;fhd> chpa epWtd

Vw;ghLfis mtHfs; cUthf;ff;$bajhf cs;sJld;>
murpay; Kiwikapy; cUthf;fj;jpw;Nfh my;yJ kpfTk;
KiwrhHe;j murpayikg;Gf;Nfh Njitahd mbg;gilfis
kf;fspd; mbg;gil murpayikg;ghdJ toq;FfpwJ.
,jd;gb kpfTk; KiwrhH murpayikg;ghdJ kf;fspd;
nghJtho; i t Jbg; g hdjhf; F k; cw; r hf murpay;
cs;slf;fkhf Nritahw;Wfpd;wJ. ,t; murpay; r%fj;jpd;
kpfTk; KiwrhH murpayikg;Gk; kf;fspd; Jbg;Gldhd
cw;rhfKk; xd;Wld; xd;W ed;F nghUe;jhJtpbd; mt;
murpayikg;ghdJ cWjpaw;w mj;jpghuj;ijf;

55
nfhz;bUg;gJld;> kf;fspd; Rahl;rpia jf;f itf;Fk;
jpwikaw;wjhfTk; cs;sJ. murpayikg;gpd; %d;W kl;l
vz;zkhdJ kf;fspd; nghJj;jd;ik kPJ mj;jpghuj;ijf;
nfhz;L murpay; xOq;F xd;iw epiyepWj;jp rdehaf
Fzhk;rq;fis gpujhdkhfg; gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ.

kf;fSf;fhd Fwpg;gpl;l murpay; xOq;fpd; tbtikg;ghdJ

epWtg;gl;l gpw;ghL cjhuzk; (xU Fwpg;gpl;l FbauR
my; y J rHthjpfhu tifg; g hL fhzg; g LtJld; >
murpayikg; G vz; z j; j pd; NtnwhU vz; z f; f U
vd;dntdpy;> rhrd murhq;fk; xd;wpd; Vw;ghlhFk;. mjhtJ
mbg;gilahd my;yJ vspa fl;lq;fshfr; Nritahw;Wk;
mur epWtdq;fspd; rl;lf mikg;ghFk;. ,r;rhrdkhdJ
toikahf vOjg;gl;l murpayikg;gpypUe;J
cUg;ngWfpd;wJ. murhq;f rhrdj;jpd; Vw;ghLfs; ed;F
cWjpg;ghlila mtHfspd; cWjpg;gLj;Jgitfs; Clhf
kf; f spd; Nehf; f j; j pw; F j; Njitahd nfhs; i ffs;
gpujpgypf;fg;gLfpd;wd. mNjNeuk; murpay; r%fk; rdehafk;
nghUe;jpajhf ,Ue;jhnyd;d ,y;yhtpl;lhnyd;d murpd;
rhrd Vw;ghLfs; murpay; FOtpd; tiutpyf;fzg;
Nghf;fpw;F cz;ikAilajhf epiyj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

rptpy; kf;fspilNa NtWgLj;Jk; tifg;ghLfs; ,Ug;gjdhy;

cyfshtpa hPjpapy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l vy;yh ,lKk;
gad;gLj;jf;$ba murpay; tbtNkh my;yJ
murpayikg;Ngh fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. vy;yh ehl;bYk; ngaH
ngw;w> Rahl;rpia ntw;wpfukhf nfhz;L elhj;j Kd;dNu>
tiutpyf;fzk; nra;ag;gl;l mur epWtdq;fspd; njhFjpAk;
,y;iy. ,t;thwhf kpfTk; cWjpg;ghLila kf;fSf;fhd
murpayikg;ghdJ kf;fsplkpUe;Jjhd; vo Ntz;Lk;. khwhf
56
ntspapYs;s ve;j epGzhplkpUe;Jk; xU ,Wjpg; nghUshf
,jid ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbahJ.

1. KiwrhH murpayikg;gpd; vz;zf;fU: xU KiwrhH

murpayikg;ghdJ vOjpa> xU gFjp vOjpa my;yJ
vOjhj murpayikg;ghf xU murpay; rdr%fj;jpd; kf;fs;
$l; l j; j pd; nghJf; Fzhk; r q; f isAk; > mbg; g il
tpOkpaq;fisAk; gpujpgypf;fpwJ. xU murpayikg;gpd;
vz; z f; f UthdJ mjid epWTiff; F Kd; g jhf
Kd; i tf; f g; g l; l murpay; Kiwikapd; jpl; l khf
,Uf; f yhk; . my; y J ,Ue; J nfhz; b Uf; F k; murpay;
KiwikfspypUe;J vLj;J cUthf;fg;gl;l
nfhs;iffspypUe;J cUthfpajhf ,Uf;fyhk;. xU
KiwrhH murpayikg; g hdJ xU r%fj; j pw; f hd
murhq;fj;jpdJk; murpay; rf;jpapdJk; murpay; rf;jpapd;
epwtdj;jpdJk; Nehf;fq;fis Kd;itj;J
cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.

KiwrhH murpayikg; g pd; vz; z f; f UthdJ Mff;

Fiwe;jJ gpd;tUk; tifg;ghLfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. xU
cld;ghL my;yJ r%f mlf;fk; mjpNy jdpegHfs;
murpay; kf;fshf jk;ikj;jhNk ,zq;fpAs;sdh;. murpay;
kf;fSf;Fk; mtHfspd; murhq;fq;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa xU
xg;ge;jk; xd;W cs;sJ. mj;Jld; mq;NfAs;s mbg;gilr;
rl;lkhdJ rl;l xOq;fpd; Kiwikf;fhd mbg;gilia
cUthf;FfpwJ. murpayikg;G vd;w gjkhdJ gpd;tUk;
jifik cilajhAs;sJ.

m. murhq;fj;jpd; tifapd; tpguiz

M. mbg;gilr; rl;lj;ij Kd;itf;Fk; Mtzk; my;yJ
Mtzq;fspd; Nrfhpg;G.
57
,. vOjpa Mtzk; my;yJ Mtzq;fspd; njhlH;r;rp.
jpUj;;jq;fSf;fhd eilKiwfSld;> toikg;gb
tpthjpf;fg;gl;lJld;> rl;lthf;fk; kw;Wk; ePjpkd;wj;
jPHkhdq;fs;.
<. kughf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l> jPHf;fg;gl;l
Ghpe;JzHTfspd; njhFg;G
c. mur mjpfhuj; i jf; fl; L g; g Lj; J k; > vy; y hr;
rl;lthf;fj;jpw;Fk; xU epakj;ij toq;Fk;> murpd;
Vida nraw;ghLfSk; xl;br; nry;y
Ntz;bapUg;gJld;> r%f KiwrhH mgpyhi\fspd;
njhFg;ghfTk; cs;s> caHe;j mbg;gilahd my;yJ
vspa rl;lq;fs;.
C. murpay; kf; f s; $l; l j; i j ,yf; f zg; g Lj; J k;
nfhs;if tpOkpaq;fspd; njhFg;G

2. KiwrhH rdehaf murpyikg;gpd;

Nehf;fq;fSk; gad;fSk;:

murpayikg;ig gpd;tUtdtw;Wf;Fg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.

m. murpay; Kiwikapd; mjpfhuq;fisAk;

murhq;fj;jpd; njhopw;ghLfisAk; cUthf;Ftjw;F

M. kf;fshy; mspf;fg;gl;l murhq;fj;jpd; mjpfhuj;ij

tYit tpghpg;gjw;F

,. murpay; mjpfhuKk; murhq; f nraw; g hLfSk;

jPh;g;gplg;gLk; ePjp epakj;ij epWTjy;

58
<. murhq;f fl;likg;gpd; rl;lf mikg;ig Kd;itj;jy;>
murhq;fj;ij tYT+l;ly;> murhq;f
mYtyfq;fisAk; mit vt;thW epug;gg;gl Ntz;Lk;
vdTk; Fwpj;Jiuj;jy;. kf;fSf;Fk;
murhq;fj;jpw;FkpilNa cwit epWTjy;

c. jdpegH chpikfis ghJfhf;fTk; nghJed;ikia

Cf;Ftpf;fTk; murhq;f mjpfhuq;fis tiuaWj;jy;

C. rptpy; r%fk; kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;l me;juq;fj;jpd; Rakhd

njhopw;ghl;Lf;fhd trjpia cUthf;fy;

v. xU nghUshjhu Kiwikf;fhd Kd;

epge;jidfisAk; mbg;gil xOq;FfisAk; epWTjy;

V. khfhz khtl;lq;fs; my;yJ muRfs; vd murpay;

r%fj;jpd; cl;$WfspilNa mjpfhuj;ij xJf;Fjy;

I. mikjpahd Kiwapy; gpzf; F fisj; jP H f; f

xOq;Fis Vw;gLj;jp rl;l xOq;Ffis epWTjy;

x. xU murpay; Kiwikapd; Kf;fpa tpOkpaq;fisAk;

nfhs; i ffisAk; r%f mgpyhi\fisAk;
vjpHfhyj;jpw;fhd topfhl;Ljy;fisAk;
NrHj;Jf;nfhs;Sjy;

X. khw;wj;jpw;fhd topfspy; gzpahw;WtJld;> r%fg;

gpur;rpidfisj; jPHj;J itj;jy;

Xs. gpuirfs; jk; murhq;fj;ij kjpg;gplf;$ba vLj;jhsy;

tplaq; f isAk; epakq; f isAk; mtHfSf; F
toq;Fjy;
59