HEWLETI-PACKARD

Hp·41C

NAVIGATION PAC

NOTICE

The program material contained herein is supplied without representation or warranty of any kind. HewlettPackard Company therefore assumes no responsibility and shall have no liability, consequential or otherwise, of any kind arising from the use of this program material or any part thereof.

INTRODUCTION

The programs in the Navigation Pac were selected to solve the problems that are common to all marine navigators.

Each program in this pac is represented by one program in the Application Module and a section in this manual. The manual provides a description ofthe program, a set of instructions for using the program, and one or more example problems each of which includes a list of the keystrokes required for its sol ution.

Before plugging in your Application Module, turn your calculator off, and be sure you understand the section "Inserting and Removing Application Modules." Before using a particular program, take a few minutes to read "Format of User Instructions" and "A Word About Program Usage."

You should first familiarize yourself with a program by running it once or twice while following the complete User Instructions in the manual. Thereafter, the program's prompting should provide the necessary instructions, including which variables are to be input, which keys are to be pressed and which values will be output.

We hope the Navigation Pac will assist you in the solution of numerous problems in your discipline. If you have technical problems with this Pac, refer to your HP-41 owner's handbook for information on Hewlett-Packard "technical support" or "programming assistance."

Nate: Application modules are designed to be used in all HP-41 model calculators. The term "HP-41 C" is used throughout the rest of this manual, unless otherwise specified, to refer to all HP-41 calculators,

1

CONTENTS

Introduction , , , , ,., " , ". 1

Contents ... ,.,., , .. , , . . ,. , 2

.......... 4 , ... , .. " ....... 6

Inser-ting and Rem.oving Applications llodules

Format of User Instructions , , ... ".

A Word About Program USIlL!ltl .. , .. , .... , .. Notation Used in This Pac

8 10 10

Symbols Used in This Pat' Course Planning Programs

These programs slrnplifv the job of combining, the best features of rhumb-line and great"circle sailing" You can obtain a printed list sh owi ng yo u r vess el' s pr ed icted pos it ion after each day's ru n a long

with the rhu rnb-l i ne course between the positions,

Great-Circle Course and Distance , , , , ," 12

Great-Circle Position , " " , '

Hhurnb-Line Course and Distance , , .. '

Rhumb·LinePosifion , , ', , , .. ,

G rear-Circle Plotting and Voyage Planning ,

13 14 1'6 17 24

Dead Reckoning ' ". ,. ,. , , , .. , , , , , .

Celestial N avig attnn Program.s

Heduci ng celestial sights is si rnpl ified to, keyi ng in date, time, sextant height, a nd the na me of the object sighted, Permissible objects include 57 navigational sta rs, Pola rls, the Su n, the Moon, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn, Provision IS, made for substttutinq neuticsl al rna nac val ues for the computer al manac. After reduci ng a sight you can use one of the Cou rse· Plan ni ng programs to update your dead

reckon i ng pas iti on,

Sight ReductiOn .. , . , .. , .. , , . , , , , .. , , .. , , , , . .. 26

Perpetual Almanac=-Stars. Sun, Planets, Moon

28 30

Alma nacl nterpolaler , , , , ' , ' .

Subroutines Used ill tbiOi Pae

An important feature of these programs is their use of companion progr arns which are callable as subroutines. Th us a naviqator who, wishes to write a program 01 his own can still use many of the valuable routrnes 01 the Navigation Pac,

SightReductio:ll Table , , , ' ,. ,

35 37

Calendar Functions , , , .

Greenwich Sidereal Time , , ,' ..•...... , '. 38

Star AI manac , .. , , .. , ' , , , , , . . .. 39

Fundamental Arguments , , " .. ,......... 41

Astronomical Coordinate Conversion ., , .. ' , 42

2

Longitude to latitude , ,.... . ,.' ,......... 45

Input/O utput Routines Appendices

A Almanac- Objects

46

B Data Structure .,', '

C Program labels "', ......•...

50 53 54

3

INSERTING AND REMOVING APPLICATION MODULES

Before you insert an Application Module for the first time, familiarize yourself with the following information.

Up to four Application Modules can be plugged into the ports on the HP-41. While plugged in, the names of all programs contained in the Module can be displayed by pressing .1 CATALOG 12.

CAUTION

Always turn the HP-41 off before inserting or removing any plug-in extension or accessories" Failure to turn the HP-41 off could damage both thecaiculator and the accessory.

To insert Application Modules:

1. Turn the HP-41 off! Failure to turn the calculator off could damage both the Module and the calcula tor.

2. Remove the port covers. Remember to save the port covers; they should be inserted into the empty ports when no extensions are inserted.

3. Insert the Application Module with the label facing downward as shown, into any port aft-er the last Memory Module. For example, if you have a Memory Module inserted in port 1, you can insert an Application Module in any of ports 2,3, or 4. (The port numbers are shown on the back of the calculator.) Never insert an Application Module into a lower numbered port than a Memory Module.

4

4. If you have additional Application Modules to insert, plug them into any port after the last Memory Module. Be sure to place port covers over unused ports.

5. Turn the calculator on and follow the instructions given in this book for the desired application functions.

To remove Application Modules:

1. Turn the HP-41 off! Failure to do so could damage both the calculator and the Module.

2. Grasp the desired Module handle and pull it out as shown.

3. Place a port cap into the empty ports.

Mixing Memory Modules and Application Modules

Any optional accessories (such as the HP 82104A Printer) should be treated in the same manner as Application Modules. That is, they can be plugged into any port after the last Memory Module. Also, the HP41 should be turned offprior to insertion or removal of these extensions.

The HP-41 allows you to leave gaps in the port sequence when mixing Memory and Application Modules. FOT example, you can plug a Memory Module into port 1 and an Application Module into port 4, leaving ports 2 and 3 empty.

5

FORMAT OF USER INSTRUCTIONS

The User Instruction Form-which accompanies each program-is your guide to operating the programs in this Pac,

The form is composed of five labeled columns. Reading from left to right, the.firstcolumn, labeled STEP, gives theinstruction step number.

The INSTRUCTIONS column gives instructions and comments concerning the operations to be performed.

The. INPUT column specifies the input data, the units of data if applicable, Of the appropriate alpha response to a prompted question. Data input keys consist of 0 to9 and the decimal point (the numeric keys), ICEEXI(enter exponent), and I CHS I (change sign).

The FUN CTI 0 N column specifies th e key s to be pressed after keying in the corresponding input data.

'Phe DISPLAY column specifies prompts, intermediate and final answers, and their units, where applicable.

Above the DISPLAY column is a box Which specifies the minimum number of data storage registers necessary to execute the program. Refer to the Owner's Handbook for information on bow the SIZE function affects storage configuration.

The following illustrates the User Instruction Form.

6

or

b. Take HP·41 out.ofalpha and key

in star numbsr.Hhis c'S Iester.) star It

STEP

I NSTRU!:TIO N S

2 3

lnitialize progra m. Key in DR latitude. Key in DR longitude.

4 5 5

Key in date,

Key in Greenwich Mean Time. Key in 'h~ioht 01 eye in It. or -HE in In,

Key in sextant heiuhl

7

B Select wr"icn body,

a, Key in nom B [atleastlirst ,5 letters).

9 Hp·41 will displ ay intercept

and azimuth.

" Press I RISI il you are not using a primer.

tNot.e NAME is allY memberot ths list 01 objects shown in the appendix, If NAME is not found, the default, is NA. the Almanac lntarpulatar.

INPUT

DRl, d.ms 'DRLo. d.rns

mm,ddyyyy GMT. h.rns HE,ft. HE. m

HS, d.ms

NAMEt

7

SIZE: 054
FUNCTION DISPLAY
Ixe:QI SlIiHT DRl = 0 00:00N7
IRlsl DRlO = O:OO:OOW? :
IRlsl DATE =
ooooonO?
IRlsl liME = 0 00: DO?
IRlsl HE =VT?
IFVSI
ICHsIIRlsl HS=1
IR/51 WHICH BODY?
IRlsl
IALPHAI
IRIS[
A
Name a = 0,0 or
1
I RISI' ZN = 0,0 A WORD ABOUT PROGRAM USAGE

Catalog

When an Application Module is plugged into a port of the HP·4t , the contents ofthe Module can be reviewed by pressing .1 CAtALOG 12 (the Extension Catalog). Executing the] CATALOG I function lists the name of each program or function in the Module, as well as functions of any other extensions which might be pluggedin,

ALPHA Mode Notation

This manual uses a specialnotation to signify ALPHA mode. Whenever a statementon the User InstructionForm is printed in gold, the [ALPHAI key must be, pressed before the statement can be keyed in. After the statement is input, press I ALPHA I again to return the calculator to its normal operating mode, or to begin program execution. For example, IXEQ I SIG fIT means press the following keys: I noli ALPHA iSIGHT I AL.PHA I.

Optional Printer

When the optional printer is- plugged into the HP-41 along with the Navigation Application Module, all results will be printed automatically. You may also want to keep a permanent record of the values input to a certain program. A convenient way to do this is to set the Print Mode switch to NORMAL before running the program. In this mode, all input values and the corresponding keystrokes will be listed on the printer, thus providing a record ofthe entire operation ofthe program.

Downloading Module Programs

If you wish to trace execution, to modify, or to record on magnetic. cards a program in this Application Module, it must first be copied into the HP-41's program memory. For information concerning the HP"41's COpy function, see the Owner's Handbook. It is not necessary to copy a program in order to run it.

Program Interruption

These programs have been designed to operate properly when they are run from beginning to end, with or wi thou t a printer. If the sta tus of flag 21 is changed from set to clear, these programs may not work as documented. Flag_21 is cleared when the calculator is turned on, unless the printer is plugged in. Most of these prcgrams willset flag 21 initially to halt the calculator for alpha-displays. If the program is interrupted,

a

the calculator turned off, or only a specific subroutine of the program is used, flag 21 may not be set, in which case the.program will not stop to display the results (depending on the form of program interruption).

You may wish to take advantage of this feature when executing subroutines that would normally stop to display results and not continue until I RIS lis pushed. If flag 21 was cleared before the program executes the subroutines, the calculator could utilize the answer immediately after returning to the calling program.

Size

Size 054 is s ufficien t for programs in this pac, A smaller size is accepted where indicated.

Use of Labels

If you write programs that use program labels identical to those in the N a vig: a tion Pac, the N a vig a tion Pac will execu te your programs instead of its own. You might wish to take ad vantage of this powerful feature to customize aspects of the program operation by substituting your routines for Pacroutines.

Label Conflicts Whb Other Application Pacs

Three labels used in the Navigation Pac have the same name as those used in other Pacs. If you have this Pac and another Pac plugged into your HP-41 at the same time, you should make sure that the Pac whose programs you want to use is in the lowest-numbered port to avoid conflicting use of th ese la bels.

label

Pac

P

CI i nica! Lab" Machine Design; Surveying Aviation

Games. Petroleum Fluids, Standard

,9

NOTATION USED IN THIS PAC

This pac will recognize or display angles in one oftwo different formats, depending on the status of flag 00. When flag 00 is set, the initial prompts will he in the format of degrees, minutes, and decimal minutes (0:00.0). If flag 00 is cleared before a prompt for an angle, the angle's format will be degrees, minutes, and seconds (0:00:00). Most of the examples .are in degrees, minutes, and seconds format and require that flag 00 is clear to achieve identical results. 'Time is always expressed in hours, minutes, and seconds. When a program prompts for an angle, be sure to enter the angle in the specified format.

Display Status of Input Required
Flag 00
O:OO:OON? clear degrees, minute-s, seconds
O:OO.ON? set degrees, min utes, tenths of minutes When the User Instructions indicate the units of an angle which is to be input, d.ms will be used, Usually the display will prompt with old values and the form of the number to be input will be immediately recognized. Negative values must be used for southerly latitudes and declinations and for easterly longitudes and hour angles. On output, the signs are removed and the letters N, S, E, and Ware used instead,

When a program prompts for data, it recalls the value used previously and affixes a question mark If there is no change in the data, simply press I R/S I to skip to the next prompt. Prompts shown in the examples usually have the value zero. Values in actuaJ applications will be nonzero and will depend on the order in which the programs are run. Sometimes much of the data the examples require will be in place already and no further action beyond pressing I RIS I will be required to solve the problem.

SYMBOLS USED IN THIS PAC

Symbol

f3 6 OA 80

Meaning

celestial latitude declination

precession of equinox Sun's declination obliquity ofthe ecliptic longitude

10

Symbol

11

fJ n A

a

C dec

D DLo DRL DRLo

d.d d.ms d.mt e F G

GC GHA GHAT GMT GST HA Hc HE Hi Ho HP hs

h.ms

JD

L

Lx LHA

Lo

M mm.ddyyyy S

SD

SHA T

t Y

Meaning

longitude of perihelion radius vector

longitude of Moon's ascending node away

altitude intercept course declination

day of month, distance difference in longitude dead-reckoning latitude dead-reckoning longitude decimal degrees

degrees, minutes and seconds degrees, minutes and tenth-minutes eccentricity of the spheroid

latitude argument

mean anomaly

great circle

Greenwich hour angle

Greenwich hour angle of the Vernal Equinox Green wich mean time

Green wich sidereal time

hour angle

computed height

height of eye

initial heading

corrected sextant height

horizontal parallax

uncorrected sextant height

hours, minutes and seconds

Julian date

latitude, celestial longitude mean longitude of object x local hour angle

longitude

month

month, day and year speed

semidiameter sidereal hour angle

centuries from 1900.0, toward

Julian days from 2000.0, meridian angle year

11

GREAT-CIRCLE COURSE AND DISTANCE

This program calculates the great- circle distance and initial heading between any two points. A subroutine entry point is provided.

SIZE: 011

INSTRUCTIONS

DISPLAY

STEP

INPUT

1 Initialize program,

.2 Key in source latitude II .d.ms

3. Key'in source longitude LU I,d ms

4 Key in destination latitude. [2, d.ms

5 Key in destination longitude and Lo2.d.ms compute distance. and initial heading.

'Press I RIS I if you are not using a

printer.

FUNCTION

IXEoisc IRlsl IRIS I IRlsl IRlsl IRIsl"

11 = OOO:OON? LO'1 = O:OO:OOW? l2 = 0: 00 DON? LO 2 = O:OO:oOW? D,=O"ONMI

HI = 0_0

To use this program as asubroutine, store Ll, Lo L, L2, and Lo2 in decimal form, iii. registers 7 through 10 respectively. Then execute the function *GC. The outputs D and Hi will be in the X· and Yvreg isters, respectively,

Example:

Det.ermine th e great-Circle distance and initial heading from (33°31 '07"N, 118°38'32"W) to (21°16'N, 157°44'42"W).

Keystrokes (SIZE ~Oll) I XEQII ALPHA IGC I ALPHAI 33:31071 RIS I

11 R3832 I RIS I

21.161 R/S I

157.44421 RISI

IRlsl

Display

L 1-=O:'OO:·OON? LO) =P .. 'OO.:QOW? L~=O:OO:'OONI toe =0 :0-0 : flO W? 0=2,193;. (I. NMI HIc=26fl,6

12

GREAT-CIRCLE POSITION

This program calculates a point on a great circle at a specified distance and initial heading. A subroutineentry point is provided,

STEP INSTRUCTIONS

Initialize program,

2 Key in snurce latitude.

3 Key in source ,longitUde.

4 Key in distance,

5 Keyin in itial heading and compute new position.

"Press I RIS I if you are not using a printer.

SIZE: 011
INPUT FUNCTION OISPlAY
IXEQIGCPOS L1 = O:DD:OON?
l l.d.rns IR/~I LOI =O:OO:OOW?
lnl.d.ms IRlsl 0= O,DNMI?
0, n.mi. I Fusl HI =O.lJ?
Hi, d,d IRlsl l2 =
IRlsl' L-02= To use this program as a subroutine, store Ll and Lol in decimal form in registers 7 and 8 and store distance and course in registers 1 and 6. Then execute the function *GCPOS. The values L2 and Lo2 will be stored in decimal form in registers 9 and la, respectively,

Example:

We depart from (33°31'07"N, 118°38132"W) at 0845 in the direction 260.6. If we could follow a great circle, where would we be at noon assuming a speed of 16 knots?

Keystrokes (SIZE ;;:.011)

I XEol1 ALPHA I GCPOS I ALPHA I 33,31 071RIS I 118.3832ffi2§]

3, 151xEO II ALPHAI HR I ALPHA I 16@IRlsl

260,61 R/sl

IRlsl

Display

L 1 =O:OO:OON?

, La 1 =O:'OO:OfJ W? ,D=O.ONMI?

3.3

Hl=/):O? L2=33:22:2~N L02= 119:39:58W

13

Comments Displayed values assume cleared registers. Actual displays will show previous values of th e varia ble.

RHUMIB-lINE COURSE AND OISTANCE

This program calculates the rhumb-line distance and course between any two points. A subroutine entry point is provided.

For those who wish to be more precise, this program will compute. rhumb lines on asphsrical surfaces, The following table shows eccentricity values for 'some spheroids.

Spheroid

Spher iods in Common u se

Eccent ri city

Sphere

Clarke.Spheroid of 1866 Clarke Spheroid of 1880 International Spheroid

STEP I NSTRU.CTIONS INPUT
lnitialize PJogra[ll,
2 key i n eccentricity.
3 Key in source latitude. l.l.d.ms
4 Key insourcelenpituue. lol.d.ms
5 Key in dsstinati on latitude. L2, d.ms
6 Key in destination longitude and
compute distance and course. Lol,d.ms
"Press I R/S 1 if you are not using a
~rinter; 0.0 0.08227185422 O.0824834P005 0.08199188998

FUNCTION

IXEQI RL IH/sl IR/sl iRis 1 IR/sl

IR;sl IFI/s I'

SIZE: 052

DISPLAY

e = O,OOO_OOED?

L f = O:OOOON? L01 = O:OO:OQW? L2 = 0:00:00 N? L02 =.O:OO:D.OW?

To use this program as a subroutine, store Ll, LoI, L2, and Lo2 in decimal form in registers 7 through 10 respectively. Be sure the desired eccentricity is stored in Rl Lthen execute the function *R L.

The outputs D and C will be in the X-and Yregisters, respectively.

14

n =O,ONMI C =o._u

Example:

Ah umb-Line Course and Distance 15

Determine the rhumb-line distance and course on a sphere from (33°31'07"N, 118°38'32"W) to (21 °16'N, 157°44'42"W).

Keystrokes (SIZE ~ 052) 1)( EQ II ALPHA I ALI ALP HAl IR/sl

33.31071Rlsl

118.38321 R./s I

21.J6IRISI

157.44421 HIS I

I_R/S I

Display

e.=0. 0000,0£07

L 1 =o:OO.:aONl LQJ=O:OO:OPW? LZ=O:DO:OON?-

L (J2=0;'OO:ODWi D=2,203.2 NMI C=Z50.5

RHUMB-LINE POSITION

This program calculates a point on a rhumb line at a specified distance and initial course. An appropriate value for the Earth's eccentricity should be selected from the table accompanying the Rhumb-Line Course and Distance program.

SIZE: 052
STEP INSTRUCTIONS INPUT FUNCTION DISPLAY
1 lnitlalke program. IXEOIRLPOS e = O.DOOODED?
2 Key in eccentricity. e IRlsl Ll = O:OO:OON?
3 Key in source latitude. u .d.rns IRlsl LOl = O:OO:OOW7
4 Key in source longitude. lnl.d.rns IRlsl 0= O.ONMI?
5 Key in dista nee. 0, n.mi IRlsl C = 0.0?
6 Key in course and compute new
position. C, d.d IRlsl L2 ""
[Rlsl" L02 =
'Press I RIS iii you are not using a
printer. To use this program as a subroutine, store L1 arid Lo1 in decimal form in registers 7 and 8 and store distance and course in registers 1 and 6. Then execute the function *RLPOS. The values L2 and L02 will be stored in decimal form in registers 9 and 10.

EXRnrple:

We depart from (33°31'07"N, 118"3S'32"W) at 0845 in the direction 250.5. Where will we be at noon. if we are able to make. good a speed of 16 knots? Assume that the Earth is a sphere.

Keystrokes (SIZE ;< 052) I XEQ II ALPHA I RLPOS I ALPHA I IRlsl

33.31071 RIS I 118.3832~

3.151 XEQ II ALPHA IHR [ALPHA I 16 GI RISI

250.5rRlsl

IRlsl

Display

e=O. OOOOO£O?

L 1 =O:OO:DON? l01=0:00:OOW? D'"=O.ONMI?

3.3

C=O.O?

L2=33: 13:46N L02=119:37:.14W

16

Comments Displayed values assume cleared register's. Actual displays will show previous values of the variable.

GREAT-CIRCLE PLOTTING AND

VOYAGE PLANNING

These programs allow you to plot a great-circle track in two ways. You can specify a longi tude increment to obtain a list of points on the great circle spaced by that interval, or you can specify a distance to obtain equally-spaced points. The former technique is useful for plotting on a chart, and the latter is useful for predicting daily positions. Both programs provide the rhumb-line course and distance between successi ve great-circle points. A subroutine entry point is provided.

The program GCPLOT works very well when the longitudinal separation is less than or equal to 90·. For longitudinal separations greater than 90', the program GCPLAN should be used to generate intermediate points less than 90° apart. Then GCPLOT can be used for the intervals between the intermediate points. GCPLOT will not work completely on intervals greater than 90°.

SIZE: 054
STEP INSTRUCTIONS INPUT fUNCTION DISPLAY
To Plot a Great-Circle Track
(constant l-ongitude increment)
1 Initialize program. I XEQ I GCPLOT a = OOOOOOE07
2 Key in eccentricity. e IRlsl L1 = O:OOOON?
3 Key in source latitude. l l.d.ms IRlsl L01 = O:OO:OOW?
4 Key in source. longitude. l.o l.d.ms IRIsi L2 = 0:00:00 N?
5 Key in destination latitude. L2,d.ms IRlsl L02 = OOO:ODW?
6 Key in destination longitude. to2,d_ms IRlsl OLD = O:O():O()?
7 Key in the longitude increment and
the calculator will produce a list of
great·circle points with rhumb line
course and distance between them, lll.o.d.rns IRlsl 17

18 Great-Circle Plotting and Voyage Planning

Example 1:

Produce a plot of the great circle from (33°31'07"N, 118c38'32"W), off Catalina, to (21°16'N, 157°44'42"W), east of Diamond Head, using a longitude increment of 5 degrees. Assume that the Earth is a sphere.

Keystrokes (SIZE? 054)

I XEQ II ALPHA IGCPLOT [ALPHA I IR/sl

33.31071 RIS I

118.3832 I RIS I

21 161 RIS I

157.44421 RIS I

51RISI

Ll=33:31 :3?~~ LC+1=li8 3,8:32~'~

L 4= 31 : 24 ; B.3fi LG4:::}, j0 - tH3: @0itj

v-, _-.':--_ .-.

t,=~)-)~ t..

Display

e=O . .QOOOOEO? L 1 =O:OO:OON? L01 =O:OO:OOw? L2=O";·OO:OON? L02=O:OO.;OOW? DL 0 =O;·OO:-OO?

L (=26 .: 49': 25t~ LG7= 145: 8~ :·Ge~~

L~~=24' 49~ 4BH LOH= i 5~) : ij§ ", t30~'~

L ;?=22' 35: 37H LG9= i 55: ef~' B~3~]J

:C=242'15

Great-Circle Plotting and Voyage Planning 19

I I I

I I I

I I I

I I I

I 1 I

I I I

I I 1

___ l___ _ l____ _ + _

I I 1

I I 1

I 1 1

I I I

I I 1

I 1 1

40"~~---~1---+_----'r_----4_--_+----r_----~

I 1

1 1

1 :

1 1 I

: 1 1

- -----,----- ------j.------ ------t----

I 1

I 1

1 1

1 1

30o~+_----~--~----_4!----~--~~~--~----~----~--_\1

1 1

1 I

1 I

1 1

1 I

----4----- ----~-----

I 1

I I

I I

I I

I 1

20o~~--~~----_+---~I----~~----+,--~---~,------~--~

I I I

SLANpS : :

I 1 I

----"*"'1----~ ----...,!-----------

1 I

1 I

I 1

1 1

1

: : PACIFIC' OCEAN:

I 1 ,I

I 1 I 1

-----1----- -----1----- -----1---- -----1-- ---

1 I I 1

I 1 I I

1 1 I I

1 1 I 1

'~4-----~1 ----+----~I---~--+:-----4------~1 -----+----~O'

HAW~IIAN

1

-,-----

1 I 1 1 1

I 1 1 1

-----1-----

1 1 I I

1 1 1 1

-----1-----------

I I ,

1 I

1 I 1 1

----4------

I 1 I

1 1

I

1 1

-----1-----

I 1 I 1

I 1 I 1

____ .J_ _

1

O;>_ES

20 Great-Circle Plotting and Voyage Planning

STEP

I NSTRU CTIONS

DISPLAY

To Plan a Voyage (equally spaced points)

Initialize program.

2 Key in eccentricity.

Key in source latitude.

4 Key in source lungitude Keyi'~ destination latitude.

6 Key in destinatinn longitude,

K,~y in the distance increment and the catculator will produce a list of qreat-tircl e points with rhumb-line course and dist~nce between the m.

SIZE: 049

INPUT

FU,NCTIDN

I XEO I GCPl,l,lj e = O,OOOOOEO?
IRIS) L 1 = GOODON?
l l.d.rns IRlsl L01 = O:OO:OOW?
l.o l.d.rns IRlsl l2 = O:OO:OON?
L2,d.HIS IRlsl L02 = O:OO:OOW?
Lo2,d. ms IRlsl 0= O.DOOO?
ll.n.mi. I RISJ To use these programs as subroutines, store Ll , LaI, L2, and Lo2 in decimal form in registers 12, 13, 14, and 15,. Store the distance in register land execute *GCPLAN or store the longitude increment in register 5 and execute *GCPLQT. The programs will proceed as if you had performed step 7 of either set of instructions.

~xampl~2:

Produce a list of daily posrnons from (33°13'45"N, 119°37'13"W) to (2P16'N, 157°44'42"W), assuming a vessel speed of 16 knots. Assume that the Earth is a sphere,

Keystrokes (SIZE ;:?: 049)

I XEQ IIALPHA IGCPLAN I ALPHA I IRlsl

33.13451_R/$1

119.3713IF!lsl

21.16 IRlsl

157.44421H/SI

1 61.ENTERt 124 G] IRlsl

Display

e=O .OOOOO£O?

L 1 =O:OOJJONJ. LO 1 =O:OO.'OOW? L2=0:o.O:00N? L02=0:oo:dbW? D=O.OOOO? 384.0000

Great-Circle Plotting and Voyage Plann i.ng 21;

• • ~ ,_ _ m __ ••

L4=·l-~: tlh - ·~;6t~

, 1:"_ ''":!:' .: ,-: -xr, t r L·J";'t...-_~: ~~~ -:-,!"'!

LG5=14? - 49: 2tf~}

22 Great-Circle. Plotting and Voyage Planning

Example 3:

A ship leaves 'Tokyo (35°40'N, 139°45'E) bound for Coos Bay, Oregon, (43°22'N, 124°13'W). Plot her position every 836 miles. Assume that the Earth is a sphere.

Keystrokes

I XEQ I[ALPHA IGCPLAN I ALPHA I IRlsl

35.40 I R/S I 139.451 CHS II RIS I 43.221 RIS I 124.13 [ RIS I 3361RISI

L2::J,'3: [~{'_~_36N L02=145.17·44£

C=55=S

L3~42:i.?·SlN L03= i 51 : 2~;' 2~~E

lG4=158 ~5.22E

LG5=·165: 25: 42E

Display

e =0.. OOOOOE O?

L 1 =O:OO:OON? LO 1 =O:OO:OOW? L2=D:00:00N? L02=0:00:00 W? 0=0.00007

L6=49:22:28H

LOt:: 17-3 : 2~· i:3E

LO?= 178: ~,?: 36~~;

19=51: 1&:42H

L 1 ~=5B :.34: ~5Br~

Li2=4?: 17;2Hr·~ LOl 2=! 35 ··0S: 42w

Li.3=44:51 ,4e~j

L014=124: 13:~j0l4

Great-Circle Plotting and Voyage Plan ni ng 23

b c
0
'" '"
~
'"
0
<>..
s
<>.
_,
~
0
'"
«
\!I
s
~
~
<>
'"
s
'"
.,
0
,._
,._
0
" DEAD RECKONING

This program calculates a point on a rh urnb line at a specified distance and initial course and stores that point as your new position. Thus it can be used to determine a position from a vessel's sailing history, or to update a DR position using the data reduced from a celestial sight.

mE:012
STEP I NSTRU CTI ONS INPUT FUNCTION DISPLAY
lnitia lize program. IXEolOR e = 0,0.00.0.0. ED?
2 Key in e.ccentricily_ IRlsl L1 = O:OO:OON?
3 Key in source latitude. L1 .d.rns IRlsl WI =O:OO:Oo.W?
4 Key insource longi:tude, lll l.d.rns IRlsl 0= o._o.o.o.[)1
5 Key in distance. D, n.rni, IRISI c = 0_0000.1
6 Key in course: il oct compute'
new pcsiti on, e,d,d IRlsl ORt =
'p rim I RIS I if you are not IRIsl' D.RLO =
using a printer. To use this program as a subroutine, store Ll and Lol it) decimal form in registers 7 and 8 and store distance and course in registers 1 and 6. Then execute the.function "'DR. The values DRL and DRLo will be stored in decim al form in registers 9 .an dl 0 and also in registers 7 and 8.

li:xample:

We depart from (33°31'07"N, 118°38'32"W) at 0845 in the direction 250.5. What is our position at noon if we are able to make good a speed of 16 knots?

Keystrokes (SIZE ~ 012) IXEO LiALPHA IDR I ALPHA I IRlsl

33_31071RISI

118,3832 ffiZ[]'

3.151 XEollALPHA I HR 1 ALPHAI 16 GJIR/S 1

250 .. 51 R/51

IR/sl

Display

e = O.OOOOOEO?

L 1 = O.'OtjjJON?, L01 =o.oo.oowr D=0.00007

3.j5()O

C=O.,OOOO? DRL=33: 1 j·:46N DRLQ=119;37:14W

24

Comments Displayed values assume cleared registers. Actual displays will show previous values of the variable.

Dead Reckoning 25

124"

123'

121·

120"

1180

1220

36"

\. I I I
)
-.
t -
l~
\
C>(l ~8'45rDR o Los Angeles
~ -,
1200 DR
~ 0
San Diego
~
PACIFIC OCEAN
r-:
u 35°

34'

33°

32'

31"

29°

28°

27°

1220

1240

123·

36"

35"

33°

32"

31'

30·

29'

28'

27"

SIGHT REDUCT10N

This program calculates an altitude intercept for any of the objects listed in 'The Nautical Almanac: 58 stars, including Polaris, the Sun, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, and. the Moon. The inputs required are date, time, height of eye, sextant height (angle); and which body sighted. The suffixes U and L are used with SUN and MOON to indicate: upper or lower limb.

Mean refraction and dip corrections are applied to the sextant height for all bodies. For the Sun and Moon, semidiameter corrections are made for upper- or lower-limb sights, For the Moon, horizontal parallax is computed and included in the corrections.

STEP INSTRU CTIONS· INPUT
Initialile prnqra m.
2 Key in DR latitude. OAt, d.rns
3 Key inD R lcnqitude. DALa, d.ms
4 Key in date. mm.ddyyyy
5 Key lnGreenwich Mean Tirns, GMT, h.rns
6 Key in h eightuf ,eye in It. or HE.IL
-HE in m, H.E. m
K~y in sextant height. HS, d.ms
8. SBIBct which bndv,
a) ~ey in-name (at least first NAMEt
61p.uers.).
b) Take Hp·41 out ofatpha and
k.€y in star nu mhar. star #
9 HP"41 will display intercept
and azimuth .
• Press I R/S _I if you are not using a
printer.
+Note NAME is a~v member of.ths
list of objects shown in the
appendix. If NAME is not found, the
default is NA, the Almanac
lntarpolata r.
26 SIZE: 054
FUNCTION DISPLAY
IXEQISIGHT DRL = O:OO:OON7
IRIs I OALO = O:OO:OOW?
IR/sl OAH=
0.0000001
IR/sl TIME = 0:00:00]
IRlsl HE=O.FT?
IRlsl
I eriE' II RISI HS =?
IRlsl WHICH BODY?
!RISI
IALPHAI
IRlsl
A
Name a = 0.0 or
T
I RIS I" ZN=O:O Sight Reduction 27

Example:

At 19:45:20 GMT on May 12, 1980, a navigator shoots the lower limb of the noon Sun. His height of eye is 10 feet and the sextant reading is 74°40'. His DR is (3:3"13'46"N, 119°37'14"W). What is the intercept resulting from this sight?

If the dead reckoning example has just been run, the DR position will be correctly stored. If other values are stored, key in the proper ones when prompted.

Keystrokes (SIZE :;;. 054) I xEnl1 ALPHAISIGHT I ALPHA I IR/sl

IR/sl

5.121980 I R/S I 19.4520 I R/S I 101 R/sl

74.40 I R/S I SUNL I R/S I IR/sl

Display

DRL=33: 13:46N? DRL 0= 119:'37>14W? DA TE=O. OOOOOO? TIME=O;OO:OO? HE=O. FT?

HS=?

WHICH BOD Y? SUNa=4.2A ZN=171.3

PERPETUAL ALMANAC

This program is based on equations developed at the United States Naval Observatoryt. It calculates the Greenwich hour angle and declination for the celestial bodies most commonly used by navigators: 57 navigationail stars, Polaris, the Sun, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, and the Moon.

Star positions are corrected for the effects of precession, nutation, aberration, and! proper motion.

For the stars and the Sun, accuracy is much better than one minute of arc. For the inruerplanets, Venus and Mars, it is better than two minutes of arc, and for tthe outer planets, Jupiter and Saturn, it is approximately three minutes of arc. The Moon, always more difficult to predict, may be in error by as rmuch as five minutes of arc.

The inpu ts reqinired are date, time, and the name of the body observed. If the index num ber of a particular star is known, it can be used instead of spelling out the name. The stars Al N a'ir and Zubenelgenubi are spelled using commas: instead of apostrophes: "AL NA,IR" and "ZUBEN, UBI".

SIZE: 054
STEP Ift'4STRUCTIONS INPUT FUNCTION DISPLAY
1 Initialize prO(gram. IXEQI8{][JY DATE =
0,0000007
2 Key in dale. mm_ddyyyy IRlsl TIME = 0:00:007
3 Key in GMT GMT. h.rns IRlsl WHICH BODY?
4 Select whith: body.
a) Key ill name (at least first NAMEt IRlsl
6 letters).
or
b) Take HP-41 out of alpha and IALPHAI
key in starr number. star # lR/sl
5 HP-41 will diisplay GHA and NAME GHA =
declination. IR/S I' DEC =
• Press I R/S I if you are not using a
printer.
+Note NAMIE isany member of the
list of objects shown in the
appendix Ilf NAME is not found. the
default is NJA, the Almanac
lnterpclater iVan Flandern a.nd Pulkkinen, "Low-Precision Formulae for Planetary Positions", Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 41 :391-411, November, 1979.

28

Perpetual Almanac 29

Example:

On March 8,1980, Regulus, Mars, and Jupiter formed a small triangle. Wh at were the coordina tes of thesebodies at 0600 GMT?

Keystrokes (SIZE::;, 054) I XED II ALPHAI BODY I ALPHA I 3.081980 I RISI

6.0000 I RIS I

REGULUS I RIS I

IRlsl

I XEol1 ALPHAIBODY I ALPHA I IRlsl

IRlsl

MARSIRlsl

IRlsl

I XEQ IIALPHA IBODY I ALPHAI IRlsl

IRlsl

JUPITER I RIS I

Display

DA TE~O.OOOo.o.o.? TlME=Q:o.Q.:Oo.? WHICH a.ODY? REG ULUS,GHA = 10.4: 16.'.33

DEG=- 12:o.3":52N

DA TE=3. o.8-198o.? TlME=6:0o.:OO? WHICH BODY? MARSGHA= 1.01;·19.~55 DEC=14,$5,'51 N

oATE=3.o.8198o.? TIME=6:·OQ.:o.o? WH/CHBOOY? JUPITER GHA= 10.0.:0.0..:41 DEC=11 :23:32N

Comments

ALMANAC INTERPOLATER

This program provides theSIGHT program with a method of obtaining positions of celestial bodies using The Nautical Almanac. It is ordinarily run by first executing SIGHT. You will be prompted for date, time, height of eye, and sextant height as with any other sight. When' the prompt WHICH BODY'? appears, key in NA (Nautical Almanac). The program determines what kind of sight (star, planet, Sun, or Moon) you desire by inspecting your answer to the question SD OR HP? A semidiameter of zero is used for stars; one near zero (say .01), for planets; and one of about 16' for the Sun. If a value near 60' is used, the program interprets itas the Moon's horizontal parallax; For upper limb sights, SD or HP must be entered as a negative quantity (i.e. press I CHS D.

SIZE: 054
STEP INSTRUCTIONS INPUT FUNCTION DISPLAY
1 I nitialize program, IXEolSIGHT ORL = O:OOOON?
2 Key in latitud 8 of DR. L. d.rns IRlsl DRLO =
O:OO:OOW?
3 Key in longitude of OR. lo. d.ms IRlsl DATE =
Q,OOOOOO?
4 Key in the date, mm,ddyyyy IRlsl TIME = OOOOO?
5 Key in GMT. GMT. h.rns IRlsl HE=O, FT.?
6 Key in HE in It, or HE. ft, IFi/SI
- HE in m. HE.m ICHSllRlsl HS =?
7 Key in sextant he i'ght. HS. d.rns IRIs I WHICH BODY?
8 N ow sa leet the aim anac. NA IRlsl SO OR HP =?
For star sights:
9 Use 0 for SO, 0 IRlsl GHAY<hh> =
O:OO:O.D?
10 Key in GHA Aries at previous
whole hour. GHAY. d.rns I RISI GHAY<hh>=
O:OO:OO?
11 , Key in GHA Aries at next
whole hour, GHAY, d.rns IRlsl SHII = O:OO:OO?
12 Key in SHA, S'HA, d.rns IRIS) n EC = O:OOOON?
II
13 Key in 0 EC and compute DEC, d.ms IRlsl STAR a =<a> or
T
14 Compute azimuth, I RIS I' ZN =
• Press I RIS I if you are not
using a printer. 30

AI manac Interpolater 31

STEP INSTRUCTIONS INPUT FUNCTION DISPLAY
For Sun Sights:
9 Use Sun's semidiameter. SO, m.m IR/sl GHA<h>'=
II CHS Ilor upper limb) 0:00:001
10 Key in GHA at previous whole
hour. GHAlh) IRis I GHA<h+l>=
O:OO:OO?
u Key in G HA at next hour. GHA(h+ll IRISI OEC<h>=
O:DD:OON?
12 Key in DEC at previous whole hour. DEClh) I RISI DEC<h+l>=
O:OO:ODN?
13 Key in DEC at next hour arrd A
compute intercept mClh+ll IR/sl SUN a=<il> or
T
14 Compute azimuth I R/S I- ZN=
• Press IRIS li1 you are not
using a printer.
For Moon Sights:
9 Use Moon's horizontal
parallax. HP, m.m IR/sl GHA<h>=
II CHS I for upper limb) OOOOO?
10 Continue with step 10 under Sun
Sights.
For Planet Sights:
9 Use 0.01 lor SO .01 IR/sl GHA<h>=
O:OO:OO?
10 Key in G HA at previous whole
hour GHAlh) lR/sl GHA<J1+1> =
0;00:007
11 Key in GHA at next hOIiI. GHA(h + 1) IR/sl OEC<h>=
O:OO:OON?
12 Key in 0 EC at previous whole
hour. [JEC(h) IR/sl [)fC<h+l>=
O;OQ:()ON?
13 Key in DEC at next hour and A
compute intercept, OEC(h I) IR/sl PLANET a = <a>of
T
14 Compute azimuth I R!S I' ZN =
- Press I R/S lif you are not
usinq a pri nte r. Note that you can also use this program with BODY to compute and display a body's GHA and DEC.

32 Almanac Interpolater

Examp)e:

Use the extract from The Nautical Almanac shown here to reduce a Venus sight from June 19, 1975 at 1625 GMT. The navigator's height of eye was 4 m and the sextant height was 66°,55.3'. His DR was (38°N, 32°W).

Keystrokes (SIZE;3 054) 1m 00·

I XEQ II ALPHA 1 SIGHT I ALPHA 1 381RIsi

321RIsi

6.1919751Rlsl

16.251RISI

41 CHsli Risl

66.553 t Ris 1

NA 1 R/sl

.01IRIsl

11.0661 RIS 1

26.0671 RIS 1

1 8.402 1 RIS 1

18.3941 RIS 1 IRlsl

Display

DRL =O:OO.ON? DRL 0=0:00. o VII? DATE=O.OOOOOO? TIME=O:OO:OO? HE=O. FT?

HS=?

WHICH BODY? SO OR HP=l

GHA <16>=0:00. O? GHA<17>=0:00.0? DEC<16>=

0:00. ON? DEC<17>=

0:00. ON?

PLANET a=l.4 T ZN.=142.5

Comment SelectD.MT mode.

122

.Alma nac I nterpolater 33

1975 JUN E 1 B, 19, 20 (WED., THURS., FR I.)

ARIES VENUS -3.9 MARS +0.8 JUPITER -1.9 SATURN +0.4

STARS

G.M.T.i---.j---------1C-------t------t---:------:---+---:---:----:---.,-----

G H,A GJ1.A. {l~c. G.'H..A_ Orc a.M,A, o~( C.H.A. nee. NQm~ ~d·I.A 0.(,

1800 26S 3.6 01 2BO )93 02 295 41.8 03 110 44.2 {I4 32540_7 05 340 49.2 00 155 51.6

w 07 1054.1 E 08 21 50.,

D 16 ;: in

N II n O~.g E 12 86 06.4 S 13 101 08.9 D 14 116 n.s A 15 III rs.s y 16 1'6 1'-'

17 161 IS} 18 176.21.1 19 191 I),) 20 206 26.1 21 <11 18,6 22 2% 311 23 IS! 33.5

~} .. ,

In 0).1 N19 12.9

1<6 03,1 12,1

161 03.1 ILl

176.03-.3 1'1.5

191 OJ.) U.9.1

20b OlA OS_'9

,ll OJ.; ~l9. on

,)6 03.1 01.1

2:5103.0 Ot-A

t66- 0:3.1 O~_6

181 03.$ 04.8

~% 0).8 04.0

)11 0),9 Nl' au

32e. 1JoI!I.O I}t.~

HI ~',I ~1,6 )10 0'.1 1 ~ 00.3 II os.z 18 ;9."

1600 59.1 41 04.4 Nul S9.3

10 04.5 57.5-

71 04.0 56.7

as 04.7 >5.9

101 Q4,8 55,0

116 04.8 54.1

. , .. ,

246 57.2 N • JO

261 IU 34,0

271 01.4 1'.1

191 03.4 34.9

301 05,5 35.0

32207.0 15,1

)31 0'.1 N • J5.3

3S11l.8 )5.5

, 1l.9 31,0

,2 11>,0 15.1

)118.1: 35.'

SI 10.2 )0.0

.1 ,UN ,,31..1

81 14.4 10

91 10.> 30.4

112 18.6 .• J&.O

III )0' lb.7

142 }2.1 , •. ,

151 34.B N 6 H.O

172 369 HI

lB7 ".0 31.3

202 H.I 37.4

211 43.2 1l.6

232 -105.3 37_7

1.55 04,Q N2~ Q~:2 AeoM¢r

17Q 06.7 01.1 A<:h~IMf

185 O-8.~ '0"1.1 Acrux

'200 11.0 01.1 Aakol(]

215 13.1 (1-1',0 Aldebcrcn

jJo 15.1 0;.0

2" 01.2 ~ , 17.7

16102,9 284

116 01.1 19,]

21n O~.5 2'9.8

)06 05,1 30.5

311 06.0 3l.2

l); 06.8' N 6 31.S

>II on 32"

I> 08.3 ))"

11 01.1 11.9

JO ~9,8 34.6

,1 10.6 35,3

.0 11.4 N 6 )5.~

Bl 12.1 )6,&

?to 1"2.'9 HJ

III lJ.I ., 380

He. 14.4 J8.7

14115.1 )OJ

150 16.0 N 6 40,0

171 Hd 40,]

186 17.5 414

101 18.3 ., 421

<16 19.0 42.8

231 19,6 4).4

Alioth

A liI:(I i(l AI No'ir Aletlcrn AliPho.~d

'2-45 17,4 N22 ou.s

100 19.5 00,9

'1-15 21.7 00.9

i9G ..,,8 oO.B

30515.9 OM

320 18.1 00.1

)35 30:2 N:2;2 O().] AlpheoCoCClI

3-50 J2.4 GO.] Aloherotz

:5 )4.5 OO,Q All0i(

2'0 '6..~ 0Il.'& AnkDQ

35- )i3..S OIl.S Antcres

50 40.9 00.1

6S 4,),1) ~n OO.S Arclvru!.

BO 45.2 00.4 Attio

95 47,:3 00,4 Avio{

no 49.4 .00.3 Bellotd.x

125 51.6 00.3 Betelgeuse

140 IJ) 00,3

19 ~~ m ~~::

02 296 40.9 03 111 4),' 04 11" 45.B 05 141 48,)

00 lS& 'IM 01 ussa

T 08 !. 55) H 09 41 58.1 U 10 51 GO., R 11 11 03.1 S 12 67 01,; o 13 102 08.0 ~ 14 H7 10.5 Y 15 112 12,9

16 147 15.4 17 162 17,9 IS 117 20.3 19 in ns 20 201 15) 21 2n ",1 2l' 231 30,2 23 III 12.1

247 47.~ N 6 ~7.8

162 ~9,5 JS 0

217 S1.6 38.1

292 5J.7 lB.)

107 55.a 3a.'

l11 51.9 38,5,

))8 00.0 ~ ; lB.)

lli 01-.1 38.8

9 04.1 39.0

1) 0,,1 )9.1

38 08.4 "-2

5) 10.5 )9A

68 12.1> ~ 6 39.5

S) 14.7 39.7

98 Ib.7 )9.S

113 18.8 ,..'

12B 10,9 '01

143 1),0 '0,2

158 15,1 " 6 ~0.4

17) 27.1 '0.5

188 29,) '0,.

10) 31.4 -n.a

ns J.3,) ~O.'1

13) 15.. .U

lS~ 5S·.8 ~22: 00.2 Canopu.s.

1.-70 ~8.{) 00.2 Capella

18t. oo.r ClO') Oeneb

201 4):2.2. 00,1 Oeneboto

216 {I4.~ oo.i Dipkdo

1)1 Q0.5 QO.O

106 Q8.0 ~11 00.0 Ovbh, ;;::6l ic.a il ~9.1j1 E:tno.~

276 1'2.9 599 BtOf'lLtl

21jll lS.D 59.9 Enif

;mb 17.2 59~e FomCl!nc{'LI!

311 19,) \9 8

3% n .... N21 59J GOCflPX

35l 2J.6 59.7 Gie",oh

C 25.7 59_( Hodor

21 27.8 _. S9 .. h Homol

% 30:0 5'9.6 K(lU'" Au,;'

51 n.l 595

6.6 34,2 N21 59.S 1«J(hob

Sl )l:..4 595 Mor\ab

96 3-6,5 59 II. Mcrikol

III 4.0.1:1 59.4 Menkent

It;b 4.;U ~'t.li Mio~lo(idl,J~

1,1 ".9 191

131 04.9 N1S 53.4

1'·{' 05,~ 12.0

16105.1 SLa

170 01,1 10,g

191 05.3 5D.1

'.00 05.4 '~}'

221 055 N1Z- .:.1-8,5

2% 05.0 ').7

<:51 05.1 46.8

166 OS.B ,,:G

181 05,9 45,1

1'0 os.o 44.4

)11 ce.i N'8 4).>

326 M.l 41.1

).41 Oc,A 41.'9

316 06.5 .. 'l.l

U 06..b 40.2

26 001 3~ 4

41 06.8 N18 38.6

5. 06.' rz.a

11 07.1 36.9

se OU 31,.1

101 OU lS.3

ns 01.l 14.4

140 ~O.6 N 6 44.1

2,1 2Ll 44.8

2/. 12.1 45 .s

,91 12.' 46.2

300 no 40.8

HI 24.4 4"'.S

no 15,' N & 48.1

111 25.9 '8.9

b 21,.) 'H

11 27.5 " 10,1

% 28.1 10.9

sr zs.e 11;

00 /9.S ~ • >13

81 )0,5 11.9

.0)1.) I;;

III )1.1 ,4.)

,26 12.8 55.0

141 >J,6 55,7

156 )4.4 N b 50.3

171 35.1 5],0

186 35.9 1l.7

20-'1 lb.] 58.4

11; )],4 59,0

111 18.1 6 59.7

20 ~~ l~; n~

01 191 '0,0 03 312 '1.5 04 321 ".Q 05 ~4, 41,4 0(, )11 '1.9 07 \l >2.4 08 11 54.8

F 09 "57.J ,10 57 ,9,B I 11 7J Q12 o 12 as ~4,7 A 13 10) 07.2 '( 14 liB 09.6

15 13112.1 11. 148 145 11 16) P,O 18 118 19.5 19 193 11.9 20 106 24.4 21 223 26.9 21 V6 29.J 1l 11) n.s

III 01.5 NIB 3),0

).4607.7 :rn:

101 07.8 )1.9

W.OI .. 1 31.1

)91 08.0 )O.l

,0.OB.l 29.4

111 OB.) N18 ·IS.'

2)& 06.4 l7.8

111 08.0 11..9

2b6 Gill 26.1

l61 oa.s 11,)

190 09.0 24.4

JIl 09.1 NIB 1>:6

32609.1 zz.s

)'1 09,< 21.9

35-6 09.5 •. ' 21.1

11 M.l ~Q.2

16 09,8 1M

'I IO,~ NIB is.s

S; 10.1 17.l

71 10,3 10.9

S.f;l IDA te.i

101 10,0 11.1

110 10.7 14.4

1~6 J9.0 " t 00,4

261 )'9.7 ni.r

176 '0,1 01-.7

111 <lJ 01.'

)06 ;,,0 0),)

Jll ",8 03,8

.3:)6' ~:_l.,'.6. N ~ 04.5

311 '4,) 0,,1

6 '5.1 on

21 ~5.~ Ob.5

,H, .0.& DI.2

51 <7.' 01.8

M '8.1N , 0 s. 1

8' 469 09.2

96.9.1 09.9

III so., 1~.5

n. 5l.2 11,1

1,1 52.0 n.s

156 52.S N I 116

171 53.'5 lJ.2

186 54.3 13.9

,0155.1 ,. 1'-'

116 55.8 1l.1

2)1 56,6 IS,9

2<18 37.1 N 6 41.:2

16) 39.8 ".J

276 ~1,9 &1.5

19) 'U H.;

JG8 ~6.1 H.7

31J '8" 'l.9

31S 50.3 N ; ".0

31) '" 'II

8 54.5 4l.J

2356.& 'I.'

sa 58.1 41.6

5tl 00.8. 'l~.7

6-9·02.9 ~ b 4?8

B' 05,0 43.0

9907,2 0.1

11.093 ,. 4).2

129 11.4 43.4

14' n.s 43.5

lSi) 47",0 N21 59.3 Mirfo~

17l 4'9.1 592 NUri';:i

18.0 51,3 59,1 Po!!ococii:

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34

SUBROUTINES

This module contains many subroutines that are valuable to anyone concerned with navigational astronomy. Most programs documented elsewhere in this book can be used as subroutines with or without their associated prompts, In addition there, are a number of subroutines which are not of interest to most navigators but might very well be useful to people writing their own programs.

The programs are listed here and documented more fully in the following pages.

Subroutine Meaning
Name
~SRT Sight Reduction Table
JD Julian Date,
Astronomy D+T Date & Time
GST Greenwich Sidereal Time'
Routines STAR Star Almanac
FA Fundamental Arguments
LBRYZX Convert LBRto YZX
ZYXdHA Convert ZYX to dHA
LOTOL LOngitude TO Latitude
DSPHAd DiSPlay HA and dec
Input! *INl INput 1 poi nt
'IN INput points
Output "OMT Degrees, Minutes, and Tenths
"OMS Degrees, Minutes, and Seconds
Routines <HR HouRs
'T Time
DSPP2 DiSPlay POint
DSPL DiSPlay Latitude
DSPLO DiSPlay LOngitude SIGHT AEDUCnON TA8LE

This program evaluates the sight reduction table equation

Z = 180 + tan -1 sin t

n cos t sin L - tan d CO$ L

He = sin -1 (sin d sin L + cos d cos L cos t)

where t = meridian angle (negative if east) L = latitude (negative if south)

d = declination (negative if south) He = computed altitude

Zn = azimuth from north

In addition to the altitude and azimuth problem, the sight reduction table can also be employed to solve star identification, great- circle heading and distance, and great-circle position problems. The trick is to call the program with altered inputs as shown.

Star identification Use Zn instead oft Use Ho instead of d Get t instead of Zn Get cl instead of He

Great Circle Heading and Distance Use DLo instead oft

Use L2 instead Of d

Get Hi instead of Zn

Get (90-0/60) instead of He

Great Circle Position Use Hi instead of t

Use (90 - 0 /60) instead of d Get DLo instead of Zn

Get L2 instead of Hc

SIZE: 054
STEP INSTRUCTIONS INPUT FUNCTION DISPLAY
1 Initialize progra m IXEQISRT T=?
2 Key in meridian an91~, t. deg IRlsl L =?
3 Key in latitude. l, deg IR/sl o =?
4 Key in declination and compute
altitude, d. deg IRlsl He =
5 Display azimuth, IRis I' ZN =
- Press I R/S Iii you are not using a
printer 35

Display

36 Sight Reduction Table

E:Xl'unple 1:

What is the altitude of the Sun on the date of the Vernal Equinox observed from 45°N when its LHA is 30°?

Keystrokes (SIZE ~ 054) .1£IRJ2

I XEQ IIr:A:-:-L=PH:-:-A"1 S RT I ALPHA I

30lRIsi

451RISI

o I R/sl

IRlsl

0.00

T=?'

L=?

D=? Hc=37.76 ZN=219.23

To use this program as a subroutine, first set up the stack with t, L, and din Z, Y, and X respectively. Then press I XEQ I *SRT and the computed altitude and azimuth will be returned in X and y.

Example 2;

What is the distance from (OON,1500W) to (45°N, 1200W)?

Ix~YI Example 3:

A star is observed through the clouds in the approximate direction 115°. Our latitudeis approximately 33.5°N, and the star's direction is 57°35', Which star did we observe?

33.51 ENTERII 33.50 57.35 []fQ]1 ALPHAIHR I ALPHAI 57.58 I XEQ II ALPHA I""SRT I ALPHA I i 6'.08

Keystroke

1201 ENTERI1150 G

o I ENTER! I 45IXEQIIALPHAI*SRTIALPHAI 90 G60 ICHslG]

Keystroke 1151 ENTER! I

Display -30.00 0.00 37.76 3,134.33

D in nautical miles

D in degrees

26.57

Display 115.00

329.63

This is the star's declination, so it must be Aldebaran.

This is the star's local hour angle.

CALENDAR FUNCTIONS

These routines consist of a date and time input routine, D+T, and a Julian date calculator, JD. The routine D+~ prompts you for date and time and stores them in registers 30 and 34. The.JU routine converts a date of the form mm.ddyyyy in the X-register and a time in register 34 to a Julian date which it leaves in the X-register. It also stores T, the number of Julian centuriesfrom 1900.0, and t, the number of Julian days until 2000.0. 'I'hecalendar routine works correctly from October 15, 1582, onwards.

STEP INSTRUCTIONS

Toinput date and time.

SIZE: 037
INPUT FUNCTION DISPLAY
IXEOID-T DATE =
O.OOOOOO?
mrn,d1dyyyy I~/§I TIME = 0:00007
GMT, h.rns IR/sl GMT. hours I nitializs program.

DATE

I Eel 130 IXEQIJD

'Date

J[I

These programs use storage registers as follows:

29 Year 34 GMT

30 Date 35 T (Centuriesfrom 1900.0)

31 Month 36 t (JD from 200a.0)

32 Day

EXllmpl@;

What is the Julian date corresponding to Greenwich mean noon on September 26, 19S0'?

2 Key in date,

3 Key in GMT.

To compute Julian date.

Be sure time is stored by running 0 +1 or by, storing, it directly in R34,

2 Key in d ate or raca II it trom R30.

3 Cumpute Julian data,

Keystrokes (SIZE ~037) .IFIXI3

121 STOJ3.4

9.261980 I XEQ II ALPHA IJ o IALPHAi

Display

2A44,5iJ9,OOO

37

Display

DA TE =0. OOOOOO? TIME~O:OO:OP? 10.2720 2.444,540; 125 261.1238

GREENWICH SIDEREAL TIME

This program calculates Greenwich sidereal time from the Greenwich mean time stored in R34 and the value of T, the centuries from 1900.0, stored in R35. The value for GST is stored in the X-register.

SIZE: 037
STEP INSTRUCTIONS INPUT FUNCTION DISPLAY
1 Store date and time directly or by
using O+T.
2 Compute Tusing JO. (Date must be
in X.) I RcL!30 Date
IXEOIJO JD
3 Compute G5T. I xEOIGST GST ExampJe:

What is the Greenwich Sidereal Time atJ500 GMT on October 27, 19BO?

Keystrokes (SIZE ~ 037) I XEO II ALPH.AI D+ T IALPHA I 10.271980 I RISj

1 5 [Bill ffiITl30

I XEoliALPHA IJD "I ACC"l-=-P'"'"HA"--1

I XEoliALPHA IGST j.ALPHA I

38

STAR ALMANAC

This program is a subroutine of the BO D Y program documented ear lier, but it is interesting in its own right. The routine is used to determine a star's Greenwich hour angle and declination.

SIZE: 051

STEP INSTRUCTIONS

FU scnu N DISPLAY

I.NPUl

lnitia lila program.

2 Key in date.

.3 Key in.tirna.

4 Key in starnumber.

S The results are now stored as

follows:

NAME in .AlP HA GST in R44 GHA* in .R45 dec * in R46

I XEQ ISTAR DATE = ij,OOOOOD?

I-RIS I TIME = O:OO:OO?

IRlsl STAANO.=?

IRIS I 00000

mm.ddyyyy GMT, h.rns

star no.

Example 1:

What is the.declination of POLARIS on 1 JAN 1980? What will it be on 1 JAN 2080?

Keystrokes (SIZE ;. 051) I XEQ Il61.EBAJ STAR I ALPHAI 1,011980 I RISI

IRlsl

alRlsl

I RCL 146

I XEQ IIALPHA I STAR I ALPHA I 1.012080 I RIS I

IRlsl

DIRIS I

I RCLI46

Display

DA TE=o'. DDDDDD? 7}ME=o':DD:OQ? STAR NO.=? ,0.0000,

89.1721 Declination

LJAN 1980

DATE=I.01198D? TIME=O:o'O:OQ,? STAR NO .. =? 0.00,00

89.6531

Declination IJAI\12080

39

12 RHD

40 Star Almanac

A useful feature of this routine is, that it can be called without prompts with the name *STAR. The routine expects the fundamental arguments subroutine, FA, to have been run already. You can skip some of the computation by setting flag 6 if all you want are approximate answers.

An example will clarify the reasons for some of these features.

Example 2:

Construct a routine which searches the star list for stars having nearly the same declination as you specify.

There are many ways to do this Job, some nicer than others, but the following routine is a reasonable place to. start.

el*t.aL • WHICH?" 02 STD 13"5

13] i.ss:

~4 510 47 95*LBL 47

ij6 SFB6

87 XRO!'\ '*STliR" (see note) f.)S :.:< >y

89 FIX e

iii RtW

11 peL 05

13 X:::j'"

14 GTO Be i5!SG 47 16 GTC: 47 17 STOP lS"lBL (Ie 19 !WIEW ?9 ISG4{" 21 GTO ~7 22 ,EHIL

This little program is used by keying in the declination of the unknown star and then executing WHICH? All stars having the specified declin a tion will be listed.

EXllmpie:

A star's declination is determined to be·16°. Which star is it?

Keystrokes 16 (TIQ]

I ALPH~IWHICH;> IALPHA I

Display

ALDEBARAN

NOTE: XROM "" 5T AR·· is input with the keystrokes I XEQIIALPHA I *STAR IALPHA [while the Navigation module is plugged in,

FUNDAMENTALAAGUMENTS

This subroutine (FA) is basic to the entire long-term almanac. It computes mean longitude L, mean anomaly G, and latitude argument F for the navigational planets, the Sun and the Moon. All 3:3 arguments used by Van Flandern and Fulkkinen* are not calculated by this program, because the series for the various objsots are truncated. The truncation is such that the maximum error due to missing terms should not exceed 1 min ute of arc.

The routine requires the time stored in R:34 (decimal hours), the date (mm.ddyyyy) in the X,register, arid a minimum size of 045. Its outputs are located froni Rl2 to R36 as shown.

Rl2 Lm R25 G6
Rl3 Gm R26 L2
R14 Fm R27 L4
Rl5 D=Lm~Ls R28 Hm =Lm+Fm
Rl6 Ls R29
Rl7 Gs R30 Date
RIS G2 R31 -6,",
RI9 F2 R32 Day of month
R20 G4 R33 (not used)
R21 F4 R34 GMT
R22 L5 R3S T (Centuries from 1900.0)
R23 G5 R36 t(JD from 2000.0)
R24 L6 "np. cit

41

YecJiptic

ASTRONOMICAL COORDINATE CONVERSION

TheseprogramsinterCOrivert spherical and rectangular coordinates in equatorial and ecliptic coordinate systems. They are used as subroutines by the perpetual.almanac program.

Ecliptic spherical coordinates. are longitude, latitude, and radius vector. Equatorial rectangular coordinates are X, the direction of the Vernal equinox; Y> the direction of 90° longitude on the equator; and Z, the directionof the north celestial pole. Equatorial spherical coordinates are hour angle, 'declination, and radius vector (which is ignored, because it is not needed).

When converting from spherical coordinates to rectangular coordinates, the value in R29 is u sed for the 0 bliq ui ty of th e ecliptic. An obliq ui ty of zero results in conversion from equatorial coordinates rather than from eclipt! c coordi ria tes. The fundamen tal arg'umen ts routine, FA, can be used to calculate the obliquity of the .ecliptic when it is needed.

The names of these two functions are intended to indicate the stack contents on entry and exit. Thus; LBRYZX expects Longitude, Beta, and Radius vector and 'produces Y, Z, and X. ZYXdHA converts Z, Y, and X to declination and Hour Angle.

Z equatorial

Zecliptio·

42

Astronomical Coordinate Conversion 43

SIZE: 030
.STEP INSTRUCTIONS INPUT FUNCTION DISPLAY
To convert equatorial spherical to equatorial rectangular coordinates
1 Store zero for the obliquity. 0 ISTOI29
2 Key in negative longitUde. -LO.d.ms I ENTER I
3 Key in latitude. L. d.rns IENTERr)
4 Key in radiusvector (usu, 11. r I XEQ) UIRYlX X
5 Inspect other coordinates. [ill] Z
IX~YI y
To convert ecliptic spherical to equatorial rectangular coordinates
1 Store obliquity 01 ecliptic. { ISTOI29
(Use FA to computa obliquity if
desired)
2 Key in celestial longitude. Lo I ENTER 1 I
3 Key in celestial latitude. i3 I ENTERrl
4 Key in radius vector. p I XEO I LBIIYZX X
5 Inspect other cnordin ates. [ill] Z
jX~Yl Y
To convert equatorial rectangular to equatorial spherical coordinates
1 Key in Z·coordinate. Z I ENTER I
2 Key in Y -coardinate. y I ENTERrl
3 Key in X-coordinate and compute
hour angle. X I XEQ I ZYXdHA HA
4 Inspect declination, IX~YI d Example 1:

An ephemeris lists the coordinates of the Sun as X = 0.1487897, Y = -O.8£117501, and Z = -0.3866720, What are its hour angle and declination?

Keystrokes (SIZE?: 030) Display

IFIXI8

.3866720 I CHS II ENTER r I .89175011cHSIIENTERrl .14878971 XEQllALPHAIZYXdHA

I ALPHA I 440.5273830

360 I XEO II ALPHA I MOD IALPHA I 80.52738300 HA

Ix~YI -23J562851li dec

44 Astronomical Coordinate Conversion

EIample2:

The ephemeris also lists the coordinates of the Sun in terms of ecliptic longitude, 278°42'11.61", ecliptic latitude, -0.58", and radius vector, 0.9832965. For an obliquity or 23.441884°, compute the equatorial rectangular coordinates of the Sun.

Keystrokes Display

I FIX 18

23.4418841 STO 129 23.44188400

278.4211 61 I XEOI! ALPHA I,HR

I ALPHA I 27'S.7a32250

.0000681 CHs:11 }(EQ IIALPHA I HR

I, ALPHA I -o~ 000 1 6111

,98329661 XEgJ I ALPHA IlB RYZX

I ALPHA I o. 14878894 X

!]I] -0,.38667203 Z

IX~YI -0~89115030 Y

LONGITUDE TO LATITUDE

This program calculates the latitude at which a specified longitude is reached on a great circle defined by two points.

SIZE: 016
STEP INSTRLiCTIONS INPUT FUNCTION DISPLAY
1 Initialize program I XEQ I UlTOl L1 = 0: 00:0 ON?
2 Key in source latitude l L d.rns IRlsl L01 =O:OO:ODW?
3 KeV in source longitude, lO1, d.ms IRlsl l2 = 0:00:00 N?
4 Kev in destination latitude. L2, d.ms IR/sl L02 =O:OO:OOw?
5 Key iri destination lonqltuds l02. d.rns IHlsl LOI =?
6 Key in intermediate lonqitude, l.oi, d.rns IRlsl lI= To use this program as a subroutine. store: LI, LoI, L2, and Lo2 in decimal form in registers 7, 8, 14, and 15. Store the intermediate longitude in register 10, and execute *LOTOL The corresponding intermediate latitude will be in the X·register.

Example:

At what latitude does the great circle from (33°3I'07"N, llBo38'32"W) to (21°16'N, 157°44'42"W) cross longitude 135°W?

Keystrokes- (8 IZE ~ 016) IXEQ II ALPHA ILOTO L I ALP HA I 33.3107 I RIS I

118.3832 I RIS I

21,161RISI

157.44421RISI

1351R)sl

Display

L 1 =O:OO,'OON? LO 1 =O:QO.'()QW? L2 =Q:DO:OON 1,' L02=O:OD~'(:idW? LOI=? LI=30.;06.:22N

45

'" w

Z >= ::;)

o 0: ,_ ::;) 0. ,_

::;) o "I::;) 0.

~

II II

~b:l

,",0

c ,

o X

~ « u WI ,",,",0

46

Input/Output Routines 47

! :3 0 0 0
N ~ Sf * 0 0 0
,2 3 '6 - e 0 ~
~ on
c, " "
~
~ e- on
~ " s
s 0
u: "'
~ ~
"
u: .~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
a: r-. 00 m "
] ~ ~ ~
E x , -o
-a .
~ "
.~
a:
~ z z " ~ ~
r- .- ~ I
;;: ;;: N .
c,
0 0 0
- I 48 Input/Output Routines

~ ~
5i u " "
<5 o ~ - - £ ~ - ~
z 0 "' s 0 ur
II A
"' II r. ~
s: ~ " Ii
e, II S
<i >' I .:J II II
~ ~ I " "'
u: ~ N r X
~ ~
:;
u: .~
"
] ~ ~ 3
E s
"' X
] ~ 3
E ~ "
m
] c, u, ~
c, "'
j "' 0
cs
-c
E 5i ~ 5i 5i §
.= <5 <5 " 49

Notes

AppendixA ALMANAC OBJECTS

The objects listed below are in the perpetual almanac programmed in this ROM. There are5? navigational stars, Polaris, the Sun, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, and the Moon. The stars are listed both alphabetically and numerically for your convenience on the back of the fold-out star chart.

The Sun SUN SUNL SUNU

The Moon MOON MOONl MOONU

Solar system objects

The Navigational Planets VENUS

MARS

JUPITER

SATURN

StMS

ACAMAR ARCTURUS

ACHERNAR ATRIA

ACRUX AYlOR

ADHARA BELLATRIX

ALDEBARAN BETELGEUSE

GACRUX GIENAH HADAR HAMAL

KAUS AUSTRALIS

PROCYON RASAlHAGUE REGULUS RIGEL

RIGIL KENTAURUS

ALiOTH CANOPUS KOCHAB SABIK
ALKAID CAPELLA MARKAB SCHEDAR
ALNA,IR DENEB MENKAR SHAULA
ALNILAM DENEBOLA MENKENT SIRIUS
ALPHARD DIPHDA MIAPLACIDUS SPICA
ALPHECCA DUBHE MIRFAK SUHAIL
ALPHERATZ ELNATH NUNKI VEGA
ALTAIR ELTANIN PEACOCK ZUBEN. UBI
ANKAA ENIF POLARIS
ANTARES FOMALHAUT POLLUX All NauticOII Almanac Objects

NA (This mnemonic calls up the almanac interpolator program.)

50

51

NAVIGAT10NAL:

SIDE8EAL~~~}

y

"

CEPHEUS

30"

Q'lnd.i *

,

36 M-8nke~-l~, __ <,

',' y~ /. CE"N, T, ; UR,U' 5 *8\ t t J.._o'

LUPUra \~ • .....,_

... 0].1 GaCl.!..!)

/" , '''''1;* *1 "

. ~5 Had:'lr ¥ CRU",

\'8 R!g!! Kentaurus '1-1,< _ , }'$ I '

.lIt- 52 Peacccjc . .... - '-~- -- .;. _. 3.() ,lJ,ClU~1-. .

- .... L-, ~~'::::":"::~I--~ (_*y I tuM"~";'

0, Tucenee; * USTRALE

" Aor;, TR!ANGULUM A,

STAR CHART i ANGLE

us

i ANGLE

240'

51

60"

30"

30"

90'

60"

'<;

"?*40KOTb

~.

'"'

.. . o· Tucenee;

INAL STAR CHART .L HOUR ANGLE

1800 210'

~ORT~

360" 90'

240'

""LYNX

lnum~Venoil.

o-<!O"'bOI:/ LEO

",,-....__ .

~·21S Regulus.

[., .

"f "

I .• 29 Glen.ah

.,-: I.

CQRVUS

i/

,;r-~~ Capell. ,,('~ """'k

l \ f if.'" -Ze,NDROMEOA

AURIGA , PERSEUS I ~8

\.TRIANGULU~ ~

~ 1 Alph.""* 30·

.... *', Ham" I

~ARIE$

Y.

270'"

300"

330·

o if Polaris

.,. CASSIOPEIA

"'J-~

3 sehedarV

~~·,'~ __ ~ __ '_\~'E~'S_T

veroet E(tLJII'I)X 00 ~

CETUS

\Xl

*

4 Diphda

Peqas!

z

2

-' U w o

INDEX TO SELECTED STARS
Name No, Name No.
Acamar 7 Gecrux 31
Achernar 5 Gienah 29
Acrux 30 Hadar 35
Adhara 19 Hamal 6
Aldebaran 10 Kaus Australis 48
Alioth 32 Kochab 40
Alkaid 34 Markab 57
A I Ns'lr 55 Menkar 8
Alnilam 15 Menkent 36
Alphard 25 Miaplacidus 24
Alphecca 41 Mirfak 9
Alpheratz. Nunki 50
Altair 51 Peacock 52
Ankaa 2 Polaris 0
Antares 42 Pollux 21
Arcturus 37 Procyon 20
Atria 43 Rasa/hague 46
Avior 22 Regulus 26
Bellatrix 13 Rigel 11
Bete/geuse 16 Rigil Kentaurus· 38
Canopus 17 Sabik 44
Capella 12 Schedar 3
Deneb 53 Sheu!e 4.5
Denebola 28 Sirius 18
Diphda 4 Spica 33
Dubhe 27 Subeit 23
Elnath 14 Vega 49
Eltenin 47 Zubenelgenubi 39
En;! 54
Fomalhaut 56 -' .52

No. Name No. Name
0 Polaris 30 Acrux
1 Alpheratz 31 Gacrux
2 Ankaa 32 Alioth
3 Schedar 33 Spica
4 Diphda 34 Alkaid
.5 Achernar 35 Hadar
6 Hamal 36 Menkent
7 Acemer 37 Arcturus
8 Meaker 38 Rigi/ Kentaurus
9 Mirfak 39 Z ubenelgen ubi
10 Aldebaran 40 Kochab
11 Rigel 41 A/phecea
12 Capella 42 Antares
13 Bellatrix 43 Atria
14 Elnath 44 Sabik
1.5 Aim/am 45 Shaula
16 Betelgeuse 46 Rasalhague
17 Canopus 47 Eltanin
18 Sirius 48 Kaus Australis
19 Adhara 49 Vega
20 Procyon 50 Nunki
21 Poffux 51 Altair
22 A voir 52 Peacock
23 Suhail 53 Deneb
24 Miaplacidus 54 En if
25 Alphard 55 /uNe'ir
26 Regulus 56 Fomalhaut
27 Dubhe 57 Markab
28 Denebola
29 Gienah 00 Scratch 01 D or S 02 6. T

03 not used 04 not used 056. A

06 HiorC 07 U

08 Loi

09 U+1

10 Loi+l 11 e

12 Lm L 1

13 Gm Lo1 GCPLOT 14 Fm L2

15 D=lm-ls Lo2 16 Ls

17 Gs

Appendix B DATA STRUCTURE

R1B G2 R19 F2 R20 G4 R2l F4 R22 L5 R23 G5 R24 L6 R25 G6 R26 L2 R27 L4

R2B flm=Lm-Fm R29 Y, t

R30 Date

R31 M, -OA

R32 0, SO

R33 60

R34 GMT

R35 T (Centuries from 1900,0)

R36 t (JD from 2000.0) R37 GHA 0

R3B ,\+6,\, Xs

R39 {3, Ys

R40 RP, Zs

R41 A, Xp

R42 {3, Yp

R43 R,Zp

R44 GST

R45 SHA *,

GHA planet

R46 declination R47 Star #

R48 Star Name, temp, R49 HE

R50 0

R51 Ho=hs-nm-Dip R52 Scratch

R53 HP, # rhumb lines

Flag Meaning when set

00 Angles displayed as d.mt

05 "DMS IS negative, HE is negative

06 Don't repeat FA

07 Moon

OB Used by NA

09 Used by GCPlOT

53

Appendix C

PROGRAM LABELS

Label Duplicate Label In
*' IN Clinical lab Pac,
Machine Design Pac,
Survey Pac
P Games Pac,
Petroleum Fluids Pac,
Standard Pac
Ii T Aviation Pac
*' BODY *' RLPOS GCPOS
J DMS .Ii SATUR GST
J DMT J SRT JD
*' DR *' STAR JUPITER
1i ec *' SUN LBRYZX
*' GC Ii SUNL LOTOL
* GCPLAN *' SUNU MARS
* GCPLOT *' VENUS MOON (no Label Conflicts)
j GCPOS BODY NA
J HR DR RL
1i IN1 DSPHAd RLPOS
J JUPIT DSPL RM
J LOTOL DSPLO SATURN
Ii Mia DSPP2 SIGHT
* MARS D+T SRT
*' MOON FA STAR
* MOONL GC SUN
Ii MOONU GCPLAN VENUS
J NA GCPLOT ZYXdHA
*' RL The labels in this list are not in the same order as they appear in the catalog listing for the module.

54

r/i~ HEWLETT -.!I!..I PACKARD

HP-United Kingdom (Pinewood)

Gb-Nine Mile Ride, Wokingham Berkshire RG11 3LL

Portable Computer Division

1000 N.E. Circle Blvd., Corvallis, OR 97330, U.S.A.

European Headquarters 150, Route du Nant-d'Avril P.O. Box, CH-1217 Meyrin 2 Geneva-Switzerland

00041-90364 Rev. B English -0.5 K-I PC

Printed in Singapore 8/84