Limit state design - Definition

Limit state design is a concept used by structural engineers. Engineers use limit states to define and check a structure's
performance. A limit state is a set of performance criteria (e.g. vibration levels, deflection) that must be met when the
structure is loaded a particular way. The most commom limit states are the serviceability limit state and the ultimate limit
state.

In the serviceability limit state, designers must ensure that when everyday loads (machinery and people in buildings, cars on
bridges) are imposed, the activities for which the structure was designed can still proceed. For instance, if the floors of a
building deflect too much, objects such as machinery or partitions that sit on that floor may break. As well, if a bridge
vibrates too much, people may not use it.

In the ultimate limit state, designers must ensure that the structure will not collapse when loaded by the most severe loads it
can be expected to encounter. Material Confidence Factors and Load Confidence Factors are used to ensure that these loads
can be carried safely. Limit states design has replaced the older concept of working stress design in most forms of Civil
Engineering. Notable exceptions are Geotechnical Engineering and Transportation Engineering