John E. McMurry • Robert C.

Fay

General Chemistry: Atoms First

Chapter 4
Ionic Bonds and Some Main-Group
Chemistry
Lecture Notes
Alan D. Earhart
Southeast Community College • Lincoln, NE

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Molecules, Ions, and Chemical
Bonds
Covalent Bond: A bond that results from the sharing
of electrons between atoms.

Chapter 4/2
Molecules, Ions, and Chemical
Bonds

Chapter 4/3
Molecules, Ions, and Chemical
Bonds
Ionic Bond: A transfer of one or more electrons from
one atom to another. An electrostatic attraction
between charged particles.Typically a metal bonded
to a nonmetal.

Ion: A charged particle.

Cation: A positively charged particle. Metals tend to

form cations.

Anion: A negatively charged particle. Nonmetals

tend to form anions.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/4

Molecules, Ions, and Chemical
Bonds
In the formation of sodium chloride, one electron is
transferred from the sodium atom to a chlorine atom.

11 protons 17 protons
11 electrons 17 electrons
1
Na + Cl2 Na1+ + Cl1-
2

11 protons 17 protons
10 electrons 18 electrons

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/6

Chapter 4/7
 Electron Configurations of Ions

Atoms Ions
- e-
Na: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 Na1+: 1s2 2s2 2p6

+ e-
Cl: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 3p5 Cl1-: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 3p6

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/8

Electron Configurations of Ions

Chapter 4/9
Electron Configurations of Ions

Atoms Ions
-2 e-
Fe: [Ar] 4s2 3d6 Fe: [Ar] 3d6

-3 e-
Fe: [Ar] 4s2 3d6 Fe: [Ar] 3d5

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/10

Ionic Radii

Chapter 4/11
Ionic Radii

Chapter 4/12
 Ionization Energy

Ionization Energy (Ei): The amount of energy

necessary to remove the highest-energy electron
from an isolated neutral atom in the gaseous state.

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Ionization Energy

Chapter 4/14
 Ionization Energy

Boron has a lower Ei due to a smaller Zeff

(shielding by the 2s electrons)
 Ionization Energy

Oxygen has a lower Ei since the first

electron is removed from a filled orbital
Higher Ionization Energy

M + energy M1+ + e-
M1+ + energy M2+ + e-
M2+ + energy M3+ + e-
 Electron Affinity

Electron Affinity (Eea): The energy released when

a neutral atom gains an electron to form an anion.

Chapter 4/18
 The Octet Rule

Octet Rule: Main-group elements tend to undergo

reactions that leave them with eight outer-shell
electrons.
 The Octet Rule

Octet Rule: Main-group elements tend to undergo

reactions that leave them with eight outer-shell
electrons.

Metals tend to have low Ei and low Eea.

They tend to lose one or more electrons.

Nonmetals tend to have high Ei and high Eea.

They tend to gain one or more electrons.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/20

Chapter 4/21
 Ionic Bonds and the Formation
of Ionic Solids
Born-Haber Cycle
Step 1: Na(s) Na(g) +107.3 kJ/mol
1
Step 2: Cl2(g) Cl(g) +122 kJ/mol
2

Step 3: Na(g) Na1+(g) + e- +495.8 kJ/mol

Step 4: Cl(g) + e- Cl1-(g) -348.6 kJ/mol

Step 5: Na1+(g) + Cl1-(g) NaCl(s) -787 kJ/mol

1
Na(s) + Cl2(g) NaCl(s) -411 kJ/mol
2
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/22
Lattice Energies in Ionic Solids

Lattice Energy (U): The amount of energy that

must be supplied to break up an ionic solid into
individual gaseous ions.

Chapter 4/23
Naming Ionic Compounds

Cation Charges for Typical Main-Group Ions

1+
2+ 3+
Naming Ionic Compounds

Anion Charges for Typical Main-Group Ions

3- 2- 1-

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 Naming Ionic Compounds

Some transition metals form more than one cation

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 Naming Ionic Compounds

Ionic Compound: A neutral compound in which the

total number of positive charges must equal the total
number of negative charges.

Binary Ionic Compounds

sodium chloride: Na1+ Cl1- NaCl

magnesium oxide: Mg2+ O2- MgO

aluminum sulfide: Al3+ S2- Al2S3

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/27

 Naming Ionic Compounds

Use Roman numerals in parentheses to indicate the

charge on metals that form more than one kind of
cation.

Binary Ionic Compounds

iron(III) oxide: Fe3+ O2- Fe2O3

tin(II) chloride: Sn2+ Cl1- SnCl2

lead(II) fluoride: Pb2+ F1- PbF2

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/28

 Naming Ionic Compounds

Polyatomic Ionic Compounds

sodium hydroxide: Na1+ OH1- NaOH

magnesium carbonate: Mg2+ CO32- MgCO3

sodium carbonate: Na1+ CO32- Na2CO3

iron(II) hydroxide: Fe2+ OH1- Fe(OH)2

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/30

 Chemistry of the Group 1A
Elements: Alkali Metals

• Metallic • Good conductors of electricity

• Bright, silvery • Very reactive
• Malleable • Occur only in salts
• Relatively soft

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 Chemistry of the Group 1A
Elements: Alkali Metals
Reaction with Halogens

2M(s) + X2 2MX(s) M = Li, Na, K, Rb, or Cs

X = F, Cl, Br, or I

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Chemistry of the Group 1A
Elements: Alkali Metals
Reaction with Oxygen
4Li(s) + O2(g) 2Li2O(s) oxide

2Na(s) + O2(g) Na2O2(s) peroxide

K(s) + O2(g) KO2(s) superoxide

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/33

 Chemistry of the Group 1A
Elements: Alkali Metals
Reaction with Water

2M(s) + 2H2O(l) 2M1+(aq) + 2OH1-(aq) + H2(g)

M = Li, Na, K, Rb, or Cs

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/34

 Chemistry of the Group 1A
Elements: Alkali Metals
Reaction with Ammonia

2M(s) + 2NH3(l) 2M1+(soln) + 2NH21-(soln) + H2(g)

M = Li, Na, K, Rb, or Cs

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/35

 Chemistry of the Group 2A
Elements: Alkaline Earth Metals

• Metallic • Relatively soft (harder than 1a)

• Bright, silvery • Not as reactive as 1a
• Occur only in salts

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 Chemistry of the Group 2A
Elements: Alkaline Earth Metals
Reaction with Halogens

M + X2 MX2 M = Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, or Ba

X = F, Cl, Br, or I

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 Chemistry of the Group 2A
Elements: Alkaline Earth Metals
Reaction with Oxygen

2M + O2 2MO M = Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, or Ba

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 Chemistry of the Group 2A
Elements: Alkaline Earth Metals
Reaction with Water

M(s) + 2H2O(l) M2+(aq) + 2OH1-(aq) + H2(g)

M = Mg, Ca, Sr, or Ba

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 Chemistry of the Group 7A
Elements: Halogens

• Nonmetals • Very reactive

• Exist as diatomics in • Occur only in salts and
elemental form minerals

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Chemistry of the Group 7A
Elements: Halogens
Reaction with Metals

2M + nX2 2MXn M = Metal

X = F, Cl, Br, or I

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/41

Chemistry of the Group 7A
Elements: Halogens
Reaction with Hydrogen

H2(g) + X2 2HX(g) X = F, Cl, Br, or I

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/42

 Chemistry of the Group 8A
Elements: Noble Gases

• Colorless and odorless • Very unreactive

• Nonmetals • Occur naturally as atomic
gases
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/43
Chemistry of the Group 8A
Elements: Noble Gases
Reactions

Xe(g) + F2(g) XeF2(s)

Xe(g) + 2F2(g) XeF4(s)

Xe(g) + 3F2(g) XeF6(s)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/44