Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Term Paper of Business Environment
Term Paper of Business Environment
INDEX
Money market of india
Capital market of india
Capital market of USA
PESTAL analysis of Indian capital market
PESTAL analysis of USA capital market
Executive summary
Biblography
The Indian money market consists of two parts: the unorganized and the organized
sectors. The unorganized sector consists of indigenous bankers who pursue the
banking business on traditional lines and non-banking financial
institutions(NBFCs) .the organized sector comprises the reserve bank, the state
bank of India and its associates banks, both Indian and foreign.
The organized money market in India has a number of sub markets such as the
treasury bills market, the commercial bills market and the inter-bank call money
market.
The Indian money market is not a single homogenous market but is composed of
several sub-markets, each one of which deals in a particular type of short term
credit.
Call money rates are market determined i.e. by demand for and supply of short
term funds. The public sector banks for about 75 percent for the demand (that is,
borrowings) and foreign banks and Indian private sector banks accounts for the
balance for the balance of 20 percent of borrowings. Non-banking financial
Institutions such as IDBI, LIC, GIC, etc enter the call money market as lenders and
supply up to 80 percent of the short-term funds. The balance of 20 percent of the
funds is supplied by the banking system .while some banks operates both as
lenders and borrowers, others are either’s only borrowers or only borrowers or only
lenders in the call money market.
The market for commercial bills has not become popular in India. Unlike in
London & other international money markets where commercial bills are
extensively bought and sold (i.e. discounted).
The 91 days treasury bills are the most common way the government of India
raises funds for the short period. Some years ago, the government had introduced
the 182 day treasury bills which were later converted into 364-day treasury bills;
the government introduced the 14-day intermediate treasury bills.
• Absence of integration
The demand for long-term memory capital comes predominantly from private
sector manufacturing industries and agriculture and from the government largely
for the purpose of economic development. As the central and state governments are
investing not only on economic overheads like transport, irrigation and power
development but also on basic industries and sometimes even in consumer goods
industries, they require substantial sums from the capital market.
The supply of funds for the capital market comes largely from individual savers,
corporate savings, banks, insurance companies specialized financing agencies and
the government. Among the institutions, we may refer to the following:
(a) Commercial banks are important investors, but are largely interested in govt.
securities and, to a small extent, debentures of companies;
(b) LIC and GIC are of growing importance in the Indian capital market, though
their major interest is in government securities;
(c) Provident funds constitute a major medium of savings but their investment
too are mostly in govt. securities; and
(d) Specialinstitutions set up since independence , viz, IFCI, ICICI, IDBI, UTI,
etc. –generally called development financial institutions (DFIs) –aim at
supplying long term capital to the private sector.
Like all markets, the capital market is also composed of those who demand
funds (borrowers) and those who supply funds (lenders).an ideal capital
attempts to provide adequate capital at reasonable rate of return for any
business which offers a prospective yield high enough to make borrowing
worthwhile.
The capital market is broadly divided into two the gilt-edged market and the
industrial securities market. The gilt-edged market refers to the market for
government and semi govt. securities, backed by the RBI. The securities
traded in this market are stable in value and are much sought after by banks
and other institutions.
The industrial securities market refers to the market for shares and
debentures of old and new companies. This market is further divided into the
new issue market and old capital market meaning the stock exchange.
The new issue market –often referred to as primary market- refers to raising
of new capital in the form of shares and debentures whereas the old issue
market –commonly known as stock exchange or stock market-deals with
securities already issued by the companies. It is also known as the secondary
market. Both markets are equally important, but often the issue market IS
MUCH MORE IMPORTANT from the point of view of economic growth.
ICICI (1955), IDBI (1964) & UTI (1964) followed soon after.LIC was set up in
1956 to mobilize individual savings and to invest part of savings in the capital
market.
The operations of commercial banks have so far been confined to the purchase and
sell of govt. and other trust securities. Their holdings of industrial securities viz.
shares and debentures are very small.
But in recent years, banks have been increasingly participating in term through
subscribing to the shares & debentures of special financial institutions. They are
also setting up financial subsidiaries, known as merchant houses, mutual funds,
venture capital companies, leasing companies, etc. to mobilize funds.
Non banking financial companies (NBFCs):
Essentially, these finance cos. are banks, since they perform the basic twin
functions of attracting deposits from the public and making loans.RBI say
“The rapid growth of NBFC’s especially in the nineties, has led to a gradual
blurring of dividing lines between banks and NBFCs.”
Since NBFC are not regarded as banking companies they didn’t come under the
control of RBI. There is no minimum liquidity ratio or cash ratio between their
own funds and deposits.
Future of NBCs:
The NBFCs are now emerging as a growing segment of the Indian financial system
& both the government and RBI appreciate the need for their orderly and healthy
development with appropriate prudential safeguards. It is to regulate NBFCs and to
improve their financial health that amendment to RBI act, 1934 was carried out.
Mutual Funds:
In recent years, mutual funds are the most important among newer capital market
institutions. Several public sector banks and financial institutions have set up
mutual funds on a tax-exempt basis. Their main function is to mobilize the savings
of general people & invest them in stock market securities.
Under these conditions, it was difficult for mutual funds to rival such high yields
on debt instruments. They also found it hard to meet high expectations of investors
who were yet to break out of the get-rich-quick syndrome. Accordingly, the first
wave of mutual funds failed.
During 1998-99 and 1999-00, however the mutual fund sector registered
significant growth. Economic conditions were good; stock exchanges were
booming and the govt. had given tax concessions. All these help in the return of
faith of people in mutual funds.
The revival of mutual funds since 1995-96 was due to the entry of corporate
majors-TATA, BIRLA, and RELIANCE & SBI. Many other followed with
products designed for investor specific need. Investors left the banking system and
flocked to mutual fund.
The stock market is a place where stocks and shares & other long term
commitments or investments are bought and sold.
SEBI has advised stock exchanges to amend the listing agreements to ensure the
listed companies furnishes annual statements to the stock exchanges
All the guidelines and regulatory measures of capital issues are meant to promote
healthy and efficient functioning of the issue market
In January 1995 the government amended SEBI ACT 1992, so as to arm SEBI
with additional powers for ensuring the orderly development of capital market and
to enhance its ability to protect the interest of investors. It was thought that SEBI
has all necessary powers to control the capital market on one hand and effectively
protect interest of the shareholders on the other. But it has failed miserably to
prevent a small by scams like HARSHAD MEHTA scam.
Municipal
Bond 2-30 years State & Local govt. Active
Debentures 2-30 years Federal National Loan Active
Association
The New York stock exchange is the largest stock exchange in the world. It is
operated by NYSE Euro next (it is the company that is formed by all the
companies listed in the NYSE that came into existence in April 2007).the CEO of
the company is Duncan L. Niederauer .
Its origin started on may 1792, when 24 stock brokers signed the Buttonwood
agreement. It was renamed NEWYORK STOCK AND EXCHANE BOARD on
March 1817.The first president was Anthony Stockholm.
Its composite index was created with a base value of 50 points and base year as
1965.after a gap of 38 years the base value was 5000 points and the base year was
2005.
The main motive of the commission is to increase public faith in the capital
markets by disclosure of information about public securities offerings.
POLITICAL:
THE capital market of India is very vulnerable. India has been politically
instable in the past but it is a little politically stable now-a-days.the
political instability of the country has a very strong impact on the capital
market. The share market of India changes as the political changes took
place.
The sensex goes up and down with any kind of small and big political news,
like, if there is news that a particular political party has withdrawn its support
from the ruling party, and then the capital market will go down with a bang. The
capital market of India is too weak and is based on speculations. The political
stability of the country is very important for the stability and growth of capital
market in India. The political imbalance or balance of the country is the major
factor in deciding the capital market of India. The political factors include:
• employment laws
• tax policy
• trade restrictions and tariffs
• political stability
ECONOMICAL:
THE economical measures taken by the government of India has a very
strong relationship with the capital market. Whenever the annual budget is
announced the capital market goes up and down with the economical
policies of the government .If the policies are supportive to the companies
then the capital market takes it positively and if there is any other policy
that is not supportive and it is not welcomed then the capital market goes
down. Like, in the case of allocation of 3-G spectrum, those companies
that got the license for 3-G, they witnessed sharp growth in their share
values so the economic policies play a major part in the growth and
decline of the capital market and again if there is relaxation on any kind of
taxes on items of automobile industry then the share of automobile sector
goes up and virtually strengthen the capital market .The economical
factors include:
• inflation rate
• economic growth
• exchange rates
• interest rates
SOCIAL:
India is a country of unity in diversity .India is socially rich but the capital
market is not very attached with the social factors .Yes, there is some relation
between the social factors with the capital market. If there is any big social
factor then to some extent it affects the capital market but small social factors
don’t impact at all.
Like, there was opposition of reliance fresh in many cities and many stores were
closed. The share prices of the reliance fresh went down but the impact was on
and individual firm there was not much impact on the capital market on a whole
the social factors have not much of impact on the capital market in India. The
social factors include:
• emphasis on safety
• career attitudes
• population growth rate
• age distribution
• health consciousness
TECHNOLOGICAL:
The technological factors have not that much effect on the capital market. India
is technological backward country. Same as social factors, technological factor
can have an effect on an individual form but it cannot have a big impact on a
whole of capital market. The Bajaj got a patent on its dts-i technology, and
launched it in its new bike but it does not effect on capital market. The
technological change in India is always on a lower basis and it doesn’t effect on
country as a whole. The technological factors include:
• R&D activity
• technology incentives
• rate of technological change
• automation
Environmental factors:
Initially The environmental factors don’t play a vital role in the capital market.
But the time has changed and people are more eco-friendly. This is really
bothering them that if any firm or industry is environment friendly or not. An
increasing number of people, investors, corporate executives are paying
importance to these facts, the capital markets still see the environment as a
liability. They belie that it is of no use for their strategy. The environmental
performance is even under-valued by the markets.
Legal factors:
Legal factors play an important role in the development and sustain the capital
market. Legal issues relating to any industry or firm decides the fate of the
capital market. If the govt. of India or the parliament introduces a new law that
can affect the running of the industry then the industry will be demotivated and
this demonization will lead to the demonization of the investors and will result
in the fall of capital market. Like after the Hardhat Mehta scam, new rules and
regulations were introduced like PAN card was made necessary for trading, if
any investor was investing too much money in a small firm, then the investors
were questioned,etc. These regulations were meant to maintain transparency in
the capital market, but at that time, investment was discouraged. Legal factors
are necessary for the improvement and stability of the capital market.
Political factors:
The political state of USA is very stable as compared to the India and trading
there is done not on speculations but on hard and proven facts. They don’t invest
on feelings as we Indian investors do. It is a well known fact that the political
factors play an important role in the capital market, but in USA due to its strong
democracy and almost 100% employment the capital market. The investors there
don’t mix emotions with their professions so even if there is some kind of
political disturbance that doesn’t show much impact on the capital market there.
ECONOMICAL:
The economical factors of any country are very important for the capital market
of that country and USA is no exception. For example: the great depression of
1931.the USA stock market crash on October 29,1929.it is also known as
BLACK TUESDAY. This crash led to Hugh loss for investors and the capital
market was on its knees. Thus the economical factors are a very important and
unavoidable factor .it will be suicidal to overlook the various economical factors
like inflation, GDP, income tax structure etc.
SOCIAL:
Social factors almost don’t affect the capital market in the USA. Because, the
country is very rigid in its social roots. They are very less emotionally attached
to each other especially in terms of business. The investors are least bothered
about the social issues that prevail in their surroundings. Their social system is
of that kind that it is too difficult to disturb the capital market there. Their social
pattern is very much developed. Factors like emphasis on safety, health
consciousness, career attitudes, population growth rate; age distribution etc.
doesn’t affect them at all.
Technological factors:
USA is a technologically developed country and the companies spend lot of
money on the R& D of any product. They don’t bother about the cost incurring
on it. And the investors there are very active in technological changes. Any new
technological improvement in the industry will see a growth in the capital
market. The rate of change of technology is very swift in USA,so it creates a
major wave in the market if there is an automation. Like the introduction of the
i-pod,it changed the music industry in the USA,and virtually its impact was seen
on its capital market to, as the trading in music company increased.
Legal:
Legal factors are one of the most important factors the affect the capital market.
It encourages or discourages the investors depending upon the nature of law
passed. Like after the doom of AIG,LEHMAN BROTHERS, the USA govt.
provided them funds and passed anew law. This encouraged the investors to
regain faith in the capital market and the investment was increased. The legal
system of any country can be a huge factor in its improvement of primary and
secondary market.
Executive summary:
There is a lot of difference between the capital market of India and the capital
market of USA.
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