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Guide To Parallel Operating Systems With Microsoft Windows XP and Linux
Guide To Parallel Operating Systems With Microsoft Windows XP and Linux
Systems with Microsoft
Windows XP and Linux
Chapter 1
Hardware Components
Objectives
• Explain the use of virtual machine technology to run
multiple operating systems concurrently
• Describe the hardware components of a personal
computer system
• Describe the peripheral components that may be
attached to a personal computer system
• Describe the preventive maintenance for a computer
system
• Connect and test the personal computer system
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Microsoft Windows XP and Linux 2
Hardware Components
• Major operating systems (OSs): Windows and Linux
• Different OSs can function in parallel
– Virtual machine technology required
• OSs run on personal computers (PCs)
• Chapter goal: provide an overview of PCs
– Get acquainted with components of PC system
– Learn how to maintain PC
– Learn how to dispose of obsolete PCs
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Microsoft Windows XP and Linux 3
Virtual Machine Technology
• Allows multiple OSs to run concurrently on one PC
• Fedora Core 4: Linux distribution used in text
• Basic features of Microsoft Virtual PC 2004
– Resides in a host OS running on a host machine
– Provides a virtual machine for each OS guest
• Virtual machine emulates hardware system of guest OS
– User selects guest OS from a console window
• Example of a configuration used in the text
– Virtual PC 2004 is installed in Windows XP, host OS
– Fedora Core 4, guest OS, runs on virtual machine
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Microsoft Windows XP and Linux 4
Virtual Machine Technology
(continued)
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Microsoft Windows XP and Linux 5
Virtual Machine Technology
(continued)
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Microsoft Windows XP and Linux 6
Hardware Components of a PC
System
• Desktop computer: PC used in an office work station
• Desktop computer case comprises several devices
– Power supply: provides the necessary voltages
– Cooling system: removes heat generated by the PC
– Motherboard: main circuit board for the PC
– Microprocessor: central processing unit (CPU) for PC
– Memory: electronic storage for programs and data
– Firmware: instructions in ROM used to start the PC
– Ports: used to connect external devices to the PC
– Adapters: cards that provide capabilities to the PC
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Microsoft Windows XP and Linux 7
Cases
• House and protect main electronic components
• Form factor: size and configuration of case or part
• IBM XT PC: early standard for case configuration
• Evolution of desktop computer
– AT (advanced technology) model
– The miniAT
– The small footprint PC
• Tower chassis configuration: placed under a desk
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Microsoft Windows XP and Linux 8
Cases (continued)
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Microsoft Windows XP and Linux 9
Power Supplies
• The power supply is located in a sealed metal box
• Functions performed by power supply hardware
– Transforms 110volt AC current to DC current for PC
– Provides clean power feed to PC components
• Power supplies have standardized plugs
• Acquiring the correct voltage for a device
– Ensure the power supply plug fits the device
– Pay attention to the orientation of the plugs
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Microsoft Windows XP and Linux 10
Cooling Systems
• A PC may generate more than 200 watts of heat
• Consequences of poor heat dissipation
– Mysterious system crashes
– Premature failure of computer components
• Fans circulating air dissipate heat within the case
• Special considerations for microprocessor
– Uses a heat sink attached to dissipate heat
– May be liquid cooled
– Temperature should not exceed 120130 degrees
Fahrenheit
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Microsoft Windows XP and Linux 11
Motherboards
• Also known as system boards
• Main components of the motherboard
– Processor socket
– Memory slots
– Hard drive connectors
– Expansion slots
• Daughter boards can be plugged into motherboard
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Microsoft Windows XP and Linux 12
Motherboards (continued)
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Microsoft Windows XP and Linux 13
Microprocessor
• A CPU (central processing unit) on a chip
• Electronic engine that contains logic circuits
• Tasks performed by the microprocessor
– Arithmetic; e.g., adding and subtracting
– Logic operations; e. g, comparing two numbers
– Transferring numbers between registers
• Register: small amount of highspeed memory
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Microsoft Windows XP and Linux 14
Buses
• Sets of circuits on the motherboard
• Responsible for transferring data in the computer
• Expansion bus: links adapter boards to CPU and
memory
• All buses consist of two parts:
– Data bus: transfers actual data
– Address bus: transfers location information for data
• Size of a bus (width) determines data throughput
– Example: 32bit bus transmits 32 bits of data
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Microsoft Windows XP and Linux 15
Memory
• Electronic holding area for programs
• Several types of memory used in your PC
– RAM (random access memory)
• Refers to readandwrite memory (typically volatile)
– ROM (readonly memory)
• Instructions for starting the PC (nonvolatile)
– PROM (programmable readonly memory)
• Type of ROM that stores a program (nonvolatile)
– EPROM (erasable PROM)
• PROM that may be erased with ultraviolet light
– EEPROM (electrically erasable PROM)
• EPROM that may be erased with an electrical charge
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Microsoft Windows XP and Linux 16
Firmware
• Combination of software and hardware
– Examples: ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM
• BIOS (basic input/output system): type of firmware
– Supports PC during startup
– Controls keyboard, output text, reads from disk drives
• BIOS may be recorded on ROM or EEPROM
• Setup program shows hardware controlled by BIOS
• Virtual PC 2004 provides BIOS for each guest OS
– BIOS associated with the virtual machine for the OS
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Microsoft Windows XP and Linux 17
Firmware (continued)
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Microsoft Windows XP and Linux 18
Input/Output Ports
• Also abbreviated as I/O ports
• Two types of legacy ports
– Serial: used for modems, digitizer tablets, others
– Parallel: used for printers
• USB ports are replacing serial and parallel ports
• Location of USB ports: front of case, FireWire ports
• Connectors are identified by gender
– Male connector: copper pins exposed; e.g., serial
– Female connector: holes are present; e.g., parallel
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Microsoft Windows XP and Linux 19
Input/Output Ports (continued)
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Microsoft Windows XP and Linux 20
Serial Ports
• Transfer data one bit at a time
• RS232 (recommended standard232)
– Standard interface for transferring data over cables
– Cable connects device, such as mouse, to serial port
• Implementing connectors specified by RS232
– Complete specification for 25pinDtype connector
– Designers often implemented a subset of full standard
• Example: DB9 version used by IBM PCAT
• Check for male connectors to identify serial ports
• Check BIOS settings for allocated ports
– First four ports: COM1, COM2, COM3, and COM4
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Microsoft Windows XP and Linux 21
Parallel Ports
• Transfer multiple bits in parallel
• Used to connect printers
• Conform to Centronics parallel interface
– Connection to PC is through DB25 (25pin) connector
– Check for female connector to identify a parallel port
– Three typical parallel ports: LPT1, LPT2, LPT3
• Two new parallel ports
– ECP (Extended Capabilities Port)
• Supports bidirectional communication
– EPP (Enhanced Parallel Port)
• Like ECP, but also supports nonprinter devices
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Microsoft Windows XP and Linux 22
Universal Serial Bus (USB)
• Simplified connection of peripheral devices to PC
• Specifications for USB 1.1
– Maximum bandwidth of 1.5 Mbit for lowspeed devices
– Maximum bandwidth of 12 Mbit for highspeed devices
• Connect 127 USB peripherals to USB host controller
• Specifications for USB 2.0
– Maximum speed of 480 Mbps (60 MB/sec)
– Improved expansionhub design
• Manages transitions in data rates between devices
– Forward and backward compatibility with USB 1.1
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Microsoft Windows XP and Linux 23
FireWire
• Sometimes called IEEE 1394
• Very fast digital input/output system
• Provides transfer rates of up to 400 Mbps
• Processes managed while you are shooting video
– Digitization
– Compression
– Audio synchronization
• Other devices that can be connected with IEEE 1394
– Hard drives
– Optical drives
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Microsoft Windows XP and Linux 24
Expansion Cards
• Printed circuit boards inserted into motherboard
• Interconnect system components to add functionality
• Sometimes referred to as adapters
• The term “adapter” usually refers to controllers
– Display adapters (video cards)
– SCSI (small computer system interface) adapters
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Microsoft Windows XP and Linux 25
Video Adapters
• Plugged into video adapter boards
• Provide display capabilities
– Dependent on logic circuitry and display monitor
• Two basic categories of video modes offered
– Text: displays ASCII characters only
– Graphics: displays any bitmapped image
• Choice of resolutions available in both video modes
• Important features in new modern video adapters
– Local memory for better resolution and color display
– Graphics processors for graphics calculations
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Microsoft Windows XP and Linux 26
Sound Adapters
• Record and play back sound
• Support digital audio and MIDI formats
– MIDI: Musical Instrument Digital Interface
• Provide input port for sound source
– Example: microphone is a source of sound
• Provide output ports to speakers and amplifiers
• Integrated sound circuit provided on motherboard
– An alternative to a sound adapter
– Example: Intel AC’ 97
• Provides audio with six channels
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Microsoft Windows XP and Linux 27
Disk Drive Controllers
• Manage data transfer between the motherboard and
disk drive
• Designed to communicate with expansion bus
• Standard controller architectures: ATA, SATA, SCSI
• Adding new disk drives
– New controllers may need to be added
– New controller should conform to existing architecture
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Microsoft Windows XP and Linux 28
ATA Controllers (Parallel)
• Advanced Technology Attachment (ATA)
– Integrates controller on disk drive itself
• ATA/100: enhanced ATA interface
– Transfers data up to 100 MB/sec
• Parallel ATA (PATA)
– Also known as Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE)
– Motherboard controller supports one or two devices
• Example: controller supports hard drive or CDROM
• Two IDE controllers on PC: primary and secondary
– Two drives supported by each: master and slave
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Microsoft Windows XP and Linux 29
ATA Controllers (Parallel) (continued)
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Microsoft Windows XP and Linux 30
SCSI Controller
• Small computer system interface controller
• Parallel interface used to attach peripherals to PCs
• Can interface with up to 15 peripheral devices
• Speeds may exceed speeds of SATA controllers
• Be aware of multiple variations of SCSI standard
– Two SCSI devices may be incompatible
– Example: several types of connectors are supported
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Microsoft Windows XP and Linux 31
Storage Devices
• Nonvolatile storage for mass data
• Distinguished from RAM (typically temporary)
• Main types of mass storage
– Floppy disks: portable, inexpensive, slow, low capacity
– Hard drives: fast, high capacity, expensive
– Optical drives: encode data with lasers, high capacity
– Tape drives: cheap, high capacity, sequential access
– USB drives: portable, use flash or external hard drives
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Microsoft Windows XP and Linux 32
Floppy Disks
• Soft (floppy) magnetic disks (or diskettes)
• Key features: portability, low capacity, low expense
• How floppy disks manipulate data
– Writing data: change polarization of disk using flux
• Two polarization changes translate to binary 1 and 0
– Reading data: read written information in reverse
• Magnetic fields change electric field in read head
• Check BIOS settings for floppy drives
– A PC will often have two drives listed from letter A
– Example: Floppy A and Floppy B
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Microsoft Windows XP and Linux 33
Hard Drives
• Cabled to various controllers: PATA, SATA, SCSI
• May be connected to USB ports
• Typical configuration of a hard drive
– Rigid rotating platters
– Spindle on which platters run at constant speed
– Read/write heads moving on a common armature
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Microsoft Windows XP and Linux 34
Hard Drives (continued)
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Microsoft Windows XP and Linux 35
Optical Drives
• Use light produced by lasers to store data on disks
• Spin at high speeds, but slower than hard drives
• Types: CDROM, CDRW, DVDROM, DVDRW
• CD/DVD laser writers more powerful than readers
• Optical media are removable and inexpensive
– Most common format for distributing software
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Microsoft Windows XP and Linux 36
Optical Drives (continued)
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Microsoft Windows XP and Linux 37
Tape Drives
• Store computer data on magnetic tape
• Can be analogized to an ordinary tape recorder
• Highly suitable for backup operations
– Large capacity for storing data
– Economical relative to hard drives
• Disadvantage: data is read sequentially
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Microsoft Windows XP and Linux 38
USB Drives
• Small, portable flash memory devices
• Plug into any computer with a USB port
• Have up to 2 GB of storage capacity
• Aliases: jump drives, pen drives, key drives
• Other devices referred to by term “USB drive”
– Portable hard drive
– CD drive
– DVD drive
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Microsoft Windows XP and Linux 39
USB Drives (continued)
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Microsoft Windows XP and Linux 40
Communications Devices
• Support data transmission between PCs or devices
• Modem (modulatordemodulator) types
– Phone: converts between analog and digital signals
– Cable: supports highspeed broadband transmission
• Network interface card (NIC)
– Expansion board interfacing computer with LAN
– May be an expansion card that plugs into bus
– May be an interface on the motherboard
• Wireless Adapters
– Provides wireless (radio) connection to LAN
– Forms: part of motherboard, PC card, USB adapter
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Microsoft Windows XP and Linux 41
Communications Devices (continued)
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Microsoft Windows XP and Linux 42
Communications Devices (continued)
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Microsoft Windows XP and Linux 43
Portable Computers
• Designed for easy transportation
• Modern types: laptops and notebooks
• Laptop features
– Battery or ACpowered PC
– Generally smaller than a briefcase
– Can be easily transported and used
– Typically use LCDscreen technology
– Integrates mouse using touch pad or trackball
– Builtin NICs and wireless adapters
– CD and DVD drives may be built in or attachable
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Microsoft Windows XP and Linux 44
Peripheral Devices
• External to the PC
• Common peripheral devices
– Keyboards
– Pointing devices
– Printers
– External disk drives
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Microsoft Windows XP and Linux 45
Input Devices
• Feed data into the PC
• Examples of devices operated by human users
– Keyboards
– Pointing devices
– Biometric devices
– Digital/video cameras
• Storage devices can also provide input
– Not covered in the following sections
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Microsoft Windows XP and Linux 46
Keyboards
• Similar to electrictypewriter keyboards
• Designed for input of text and control of computer
• Features of standard U.S. keyboard
– Total number of keys: 100
– Alphanumeric key set: 26 letters and 10 digits
– Special character keys extend the character set
• Computer keyboards use additional control keys
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Microsoft Windows XP and Linux 47
Pointing Devices
• Multiple functions; e.g., move pointer, select text
• Mouse: device that rolls on a flat surface
– Maps position on surface to coordinates on screen
– Visible cursor represents current screen position
• Trackball: like a mouse that lies on its back
– Rotate the ball with your thumb, fingers, or palm
– Buttons on the side are similar to those of mouse
• Touch pad: small, touchsensitive pad
– Move finger on pad to control pointer on screen
– Click by tapping pad or pressing button below pad
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Microsoft Windows XP and Linux 48
Biometric Devices
• Science and technology of biometrics
– Measures and statistically analyzes biological data
– Information technology application: fingerprinting
• Fingerprint scanner has two basic jobs
– Get an image of your finger
– Determine whether fingerprint pattern matches scan
• If image matches, user is permitted to access the PC
• Fingerprint scanners included with highend laptops
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Microsoft Windows XP and Linux 49
Biometric Devices (continued)
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Microsoft Windows XP and Linux 50
Digital/Video Cameras
• Digital camera stores images on a flash card
– Captured pictures can be downloaded to a PC
– Downloaded pictures can be manipulated and printed
– Digital photos limited by amount of camera memory
• Resolution of regular photo is usually much higher
• Digital video camera stores frames on a digital tape
– Captured video can be downloaded to a PC
– Video manipulated with a videoediting program
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Microsoft Windows XP and Linux 51
Output Devices
• Provide output from a PC
• Examples: CRT monitors, LCD panels, printers
• Storage devices can provide output
– Not covered in the following sections
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Microsoft Windows XP and Linux 52
CRT Monitors
• CRT (cathoderay tube) technology
– Used in televisions and computer display screens
• CRT monitor usually refers to the entire box
– Display screen can mean just the screen
– Monitor often implies graphics capabilities
• Size: the most important aspect of a monitor
– Measured in diagonal inches
– Typical size for small VGA monitors is 15 inches
– Size of fullpage monitors are 17 or more inches
• Resolution: indicates packing density of pixels
– Examples: 1024 x 768, 1280 x 1024, 1600 x 1200
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Microsoft Windows XP and Linux 53
LCD Panels
• LCD (Liquid Crystal Display): used on laptops
• How LCD technology works
– Uses two sheets of polarizing material
– Liquid crystal solution lies between sheets
– Electric current aligns crystals to block light
• Crystal acts like a shutter
• LCD panels are also used for desktop monitors
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Microsoft Windows XP and Linux 54
Printers
• Print text or illustrations on paper
• Three common printer categories
– Dot matrix
• Creates characters by striking pins against ink ribbon
• Each pin makes a dot
• Combinations of dots form characters and illustrations
– Inkjet
• Sprays ink at paper
• Produces highquality text and graphics
– Laser
• Uses the same technology as copy machines
• Produces highquality text and graphics
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Microsoft Windows XP and Linux 55
Preventive Maintenance
• Regularly clean the unit to extend useful life
• Be aware of hazards that can harm PC
– Example: static electricity
• Dispose of PC using proper procedures
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Microsoft Windows XP and Linux 56
Cleaning
• Problem: dust and dirt cause excess heat
• Cleaning the outside
– Wipe case and screen with mild cleaning solution
– Use compressed air to clear ventilation openings
– Clean the rollers in a mouse with a cotton swab
– Turn keyboard upside down, shake to clear crumbs
– Use soft, dry lintfree cloth to clean optical disk
• Cleaning the inside
– Unplug power cord before cleaning inside case
– Use antistatic wipe to remove dust from inside case
– Clean expansion cards with isopropyl alcohol
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Microsoft Windows XP and Linux 57
Electrostatic Discharge
• Rapid discharge of static electricity
• Can occur whenever case is open
– Static discharge from user’s body to computer
– Walking across rug produces 12,000 volts
• Internal components are extremely susceptible
– Hard drive affected by small voltage
– Motherboard may be damaged by 10 volts
• Preventive maintenance
– Ground PC before touching internal components
– Handle electronic circuitry on the insulated areas
– Avoid touching the circuits, or any other parts
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Microsoft Windows XP and Linux 58
Hazards
• High voltages in capacitors
– Located in power supplies, monitors, laser printers
– May retain a charge long after power is removed
• Charge could damage equipment and cause shocks
– Do not service equipment with highvoltage capacitors
• Power supplies
– Unplug PC after discharging static electricity
• CRT monitors
– Voltages in monitor are lethal
• Fires
– Use C or ABC extinguisher against fire, not water
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Microsoft Windows XP and Linux 59
Disposal
• Many PC components contain harmful ingredients
– Examples: lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, selenium
• Toxins cause allergic reactions, brain damage, cancer
• Guidelines for disposing of PCs and peripherals
– Take batteries to a recycling depot
– You may be able to return batteries to manufacturer
– Recycle CRT or submit it to hazardous waste program
• Resources extracted from computers
– Gold, silver, copper, steel, aluminum, wire, cable
– Many extracted resources can be recycled
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Microsoft Windows XP and Linux 60
Connecting Components and Testing
a PC
• Components to plug into computer
– Case, keyboard, mouse, monitor, printer, LAN cable
• Colorcoded connectors simplify “cabling up”
process
• The PC99 System Design Guide
– Gives clarity to the industry
– Advances the platform
– Ensures availability of hardware and software drivers
• Connectors are colorcoded according to PC99
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Microsoft Windows XP and Linux 61
Connecting Components and Testing
a PC (continued)
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Microsoft Windows XP and Linux 62
Connecting Components and Testing
a PC (continued)
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Microsoft Windows XP and Linux 63
Cabling Up and Testing the PC
• Arrange components as they will be used
• Connect various cords in sequence
– Example: connect tower case from bottom to top
• Delay connection of USB devices
– Devices can be configured as they are plugged in
– Exceptions: mouse and keyboard
• Test each component
– Examples: CRT shows image, mouse moves pointer
– Verify that each device has power
– Before correcting a problem, turn off the PC
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Microsoft Windows XP and Linux 64
Summary
• Virtual machines emulate hardware systems
• Virtual PC 2004: hosts guest OSs on virtual machines
• PC components: power supply, cooling system
motherboard, firmware, ports, adapters, I/O devices
• Motherboard: CPU, bus, memory, expansion slots
• Memory: RAM (temporary), ROM, mass storage (disk)
• BIOS firmware supports PC during startup
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Microsoft Windows XP and Linux 65
Summary (continued)
• Input/Output (I/O) ports: serial, parallel, USB
• Disk drive controllers: ATA, SATA, SCSI
• External communication: modems, NIC cards,
wireless adapters
• Follow guidelines for PC care, safety, and disposal
• Follow colorcoding scheme to connect devices to PC
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Microsoft Windows XP and Linux 66