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1. »Ãо¨¹
¹ÔÂÒÁ »Ãо¨¹ ¤×Í »ÃÐ⤺͡àÅ‹ÒËÃ×Í»¯Ôàʸ·ÕèÊÒÁÒöºÍ¡¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨ÃԧNjÒ໚¹¨ÃÔ§ËÃ×Íà·ç¨Í‹ҧã´
Í‹ҧ˹Öè§à·‹Ò¹Ñé¹

Ẻ½ƒ¡¾Ñ²¹Ò¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙŒ
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1. 0 ໚¹¨íҹǹàµçÁºÇ¡¤Ù‹
µÍº ..............................................................................................................................................
2. ¤Ø³Àó·¾Ô  ໚¹¤¹ÊÇ·ÕÊè ´Ø ã¹»ÃÐà·Èä·Â
µÍº ..............................................................................................................................................
3. àÅ¢·Õèà¢Õ¹ã¹ÃÙ»·È¹ÔÂÁ«éíÒ໚¹ÊѺ૵¢Í§¨íҹǹµÃáÂÐ
µÍº ..............................................................................................................................................
4. 2x + 4 = 18
µÍº ..............................................................................................................................................
5. ¨§ËÒ૵¤íҵͺ¢Í§ÊÁ¡Òà 3x − 2 x − 2 = 0 2

µÍº ..............................................................................................................................................
6. ¡ÃÒ¿¢Í§ÊÁ¡Òà y = x − 2 x3 ໚¹àÊŒ¹µÃ§ 2

µÍº ..............................................................................................................................................
7. ¡ÃسÒÍ‹ÒÊ‹§àÊÕ§´Ñ§
µÍº ..............................................................................................................................................
8. ૵Njҧ໚¹ÊÁÒªÔ¡¢Í§à¾ÒàÇÍÏ૵ã´æ
µÍº ..............................................................................................................................................
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9. ¢ÍãËŒÁÕᵋ¤ÇÒÁÊØ¢¤ÇÒÁà¨ÃÔÞ
µÍº ..............................................................................................................................................
10. ૵¢Í§¨íҹǹµÃáÂÐÂÙà¹Õ¹¡Ñºà«µ¢Í§¨íҹǹ͵ÃáÂÐ䴌໚¹à«µ¢Í§¨íҹǹ¨ÃÔ§
µÍº ..............................................................................................................................................
11. π ÁÕ¤Ò‹ »ÃÐÁÒ³ 22 ´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ π ໚¹¨íҹǹµÃáÂÐ
7
µÍº ..............................................................................................................................................
12. ¶ŒÒ x ≤ 0 áÅÐ y < 0 áÅŒÇ xy > 0
µÍº ..............................................................................................................................................
13. âÍŒâË ¤Ø³ËÅ‹ÍÁÒ¡àŤÃѺ
µÍº ..............................................................................................................................................
14. 23 äÁ‹à»š¹¨íҹǹ੾ÒÐ
µÍº ..............................................................................................................................................
15. ¤Ø³µŒÍ§·Ò¹ÂÒáÅл¯ÔºÑµÔµÒÁ¤íÒàʹÍá¹Ð¢Í§á¾·Â·ÕÃÑ¡ÉҤس
µÍº ..............................................................................................................................................
16. ÍÂÒ¡ä»à·ÕèÂÇÂØâû¡Ñº¤Ø³¨Ñ§àÅÂ
µÍº ..............................................................................................................................................
17. {x∈R/ X2 + 1 = 0} äÁ‹à»š¹ÊѺ૵᷌
µÍº ..............................................................................................................................................
18. àÊŒ¹µÃ§·ÕèµÑ駩ҡ¡Ñ¹ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁªÑ¹à·‹Ò¡Ñ¹
µÍº ..............................................................................................................................................
19. ÍÍ¡ä»ãËŒ¾Œ¹¨Ò¡ËŒÍ§¹Õé
µÍº ..............................................................................................................................................
20. áÁ‹¹éíÒ਌ҾÃÐÂÒ໚¹áÁ‹¹éíÒÊÒÂËÅÑ¡¢Í§»ÃÐà·Èä·Â
µÍº ..............................................................................................................................................
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2. ¡ÒÃàª×èÍÁ»Ãо¨¹
µÑÇàª×èÍÁ»Ãо¨¹ã¹¤³ÔµÈÒʵÏáÅÐ㹪ÕÇÔµ»ÃШíÒÇѹÁÕ¤íÒÇ‹Ò äÁ‹ , áÅÐ , ËÃ×Í , ¶ŒÒ...áÅŒÇ , ¡çµ‹ÍàÁ×èÍ
ઋ¹ »Ãо¨¹·Õè 1 "2 ¹ŒÍÂ¡Ç‹Ò 5"
»Ãо¨¹·Õè 2 "2 ໚¹¨íҹǹ¤Ù‹"
ÊÌҧ»Ãо¨¹ãËÁ‹ä´Œ¤×Í
2 äÁ‹¹ŒÍÂ¡Ç‹Ò 5
2 ¹ŒÍÂ¡Ç‹Ò 5 áÅÐ 2 ໚¹¨íҹǹ¤Ù‹
2 ¹ŒÍÂ¡Ç‹Ò 5 ËÃ×Í 2 ໚¹¨íҹǹ¤Ù‹
¶ŒÒ 2 ¹ŒÍÂ¡Ç‹Ò 5 áÅŒÇ 2 ໚¹¨íҹǹ¤Ù‹
2 ¹ŒÍÂ¡Ç‹Ò 5 ¡çµ‹ÍàÁ×èÍ 2 ໚¹¨íҹǹ¤Ù‹
¡ÒùíÒ»Ãо¨¹µ‹Ò§æ ÁÒàª×èÍÁ´ŒÇµÑÇàª×èÍÁ ¹ÔÂÁ㪌 p , q , r , s , ... ᷹ᵋÅлÃо¨¹
¨Ò¡¹Ñ鹨֧¾Ô¨ÒóҤ‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨ÃÔ§¢Í§»Ãо¨¹ «Ö觤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨ÃÔ§·Õè໚¹ä»ä´Œ¢Í§»Ãо¨¹ÁÕ 2 ¡Ã³Õ ¤×Í ¨ÃÔ§
à¢Õ¹᷹´ŒÇ T , à·ç¨ à¢Õ¹᷹´ŒÇ F
¶ŒÒÁÕ»Ãо¨¹à´ÕÂÇÁաóշÕè໚¹ä»ä´Œ 2 ¡Ã³Õà·‹Ò¹Ñé¹ ¤×Í
P
T
F

¶ŒÒÁÕ 2 »Ãо¨¹ÁաóշÕè໚¹ä»ä´Œ 22 = 4 ¡Ã³Õ ´Ñ§¹Õé

P q
T T
T F
F T
F F
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3
¶ŒÒÁÕ 3 »Ãо¨¹ÁաóշÕè໚¹ä»ä´Œ 2 = 8 ¡Ã³Õ ´Ñ§¹Õé
p q r
T T T
T T F
T F T
T F F
F T T
F T F
F F T
F F F
¢ŒÍÊÃØ» ÊíÒËÃѺ»Ãо¨¹ n »Ãо¨¹ ·Õè¾Ô¨ÒóҾÌÍÁ¡Ñ¹ÁաóշÕèà¡Ô´¢Öé¹·Ñé§ËÁ´ 2n ¡Ã³Õ

2.1 µÒÃÒ§¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨ÃÔ§·Õèà¡Ô´¨Ò¡µÑÇàª×èÍÁ
1. µÑÇàª×èÍÁáÅÐ (∧) à¢Õ¹໚¹µÒÃÒ§¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨Ãԧ䴌´Ñ§¹Õé
p q p∧q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F
2. µÑÇàª×èÍÁËÃ×Í (∨) à¢Õ¹໚¹µÒÃÒ§¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨Ãԧ䴌´Ñ§¹Õé
p q p ∨ q
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F
3. µÑÇàª×èÍÁ ¶ŒÒ…áŌDž (→) à¢Õ¹໚¹µÒÃÒ§¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨Ãԧ䴌´Ñ§¹Õé
p q p → q
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T
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4. µÑÇàª×èÍÁ¡çµ‹ÍàÁ×èÍ (↔) à¢Õ¹໚¹µÒÃÒ§¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨Ãԧ䴌´Ñ§¹Õé
p q p↔q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F T
5. ¹Ôàʸ ( ~ ) à¢Õ¹໚¹µÒÃÒ§¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨Ãԧ䴌´Ñ§¹Õé
p ~p
T F
F T

Ẻ½ƒ¡¾Ñ²¹Ò¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙŒ
1. ¨§à»ÅÕè¹»ÃÐ⤵‹Í仹ÕéãËŒÍÂÙ‹ã¹ÃÙ»ÊÑÞÅѡɳ
»ÃÐ⤠ÊÑÞÅѡɳ
1. 2 ໚¹¨íҹǹ¤Ù‹ áÅÐ 3 ໚¹¨íҹǹ¤Õè p∧q
ãËŒ p á·¹ 2 ໚¹¨íҹǹ¤Ù‹
q á·¹ 3 ໚¹¨íҹǹ¤Õè

2. 3 ෋ҡѺ 4 ËÃ×Í 3 ÁÒ¡¡Ç‹Ò 4

3. ¶ŒÒ 9 ໚¹¨íҹǹ¤Ù‹áÅŒÇ 92 ໚¹¨íҹǹ¤Õè

4. ¶ŒÒ¹Ò¡ŒÒÇÍÒÂؤú 18 »‚áÅŒÇ ¹Ò¡ŒÒÇ໚¹¼ÙŒ·ÕèºÃÃÅعԵÔÀÒÇÐ

5. ¶ŒÒ 1 + 2 = 4 ´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ 3 = 4

6. 13 ¨ÐËÒà 8319 ŧµÑÇ ¡çµ‹ÍàÁ×èÍÁÕ¨íҹǹàµçÁ¤Ù³¡Ñº 13 áÅŒÇä´Œ

8319

7. ¶ŒÒÁÒ¹ÕÊͺ䴌·Õè˹Öè§áŌǤÃÙ¨ÐãËŒÃÒ§ÇÑÅ
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»ÃÐ⤠ÊÑÞÅѡɳ
8. ÊؾԪÒÃѺ»ÃзҹÊÑÁµíÒáÅÐ䡋‹ҧ

9. ÃÙ»ÊÒÁàËÅÕèÂÁ¨ÐÁÕÁØÁ෋ҡѹÊͧÁØÁ¡çµ‹ÍàÁ×èÍÁÕ´ŒÒ¹à·‹Ò¡Ñ¹ 2 ´ŒÒ¹

10. Çѹ¹ÕéÊÃÇÔȨÐä»Ç‹Ò¹éíÒËÃ×Íä»àÅ‹¹¿ØµºÍÅ

2. ¨§ËÒ¹Ôàʸ¢Í§»Ãо¨¹µ‹Í仹Õé

»Ãо¨¹ ¹Ôàʸ¢Í§»Ãо¨¹
1. 3 x 9 = 26
2. 8 ÷ 2 = 4
3. 4 < − 9
4. 10 > 5
5. ∅∈{∅}
6. {1 , 3 , 5 ,...}∩{2 , 4 , 6,...}=∅
7. àÊŒ¹µÃ§ L ¢¹Ò¹¡ÑºàÊŒ¹µÃ§ Y
8. ÊؾԪÒ໚¹¹Ñ¡´Ô¹µÃÕ
9. ÊÃÇÔÈäÁ‹ªÍºàÃÕ¹ÀÒÉÒÍѧ¡ÄÉ
10. ¹Ò ¡ ͌ǹ¡Ç‹Ò¹Ò ¢
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3. ¡ÒÃËÒ¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨ÃÔ§¢Í§»Ãо¨¹
㹡óշÕè»Ãо¨¹·Õè¡íÒ˹´ãËŒ äÁ‹ä´Œ¡íÒ˹´ãˌṋªÑ´Ç‹Ò ÁÕ¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨Ãԧ໚¹¨ÃÔ§ËÃ×Í໚¹
à·ç¨ ´Ñ§¹Ñ鹡ÒÃàª×èÍÁ»Ãо¨¹¡ç·íÒãËŒà¡Ô´¡Ã³Õ·Õè໚¹ä»ä´Œ·Ñé§ËÁ´ «Ö觡óÕàËÅ‹Ò¹Õé¨Ð¹íÒÁÒà¢Õ¹໚¹µÒÃÒ§
ä´Œ àÃÕÂ¡Ç‹Ò µÒÃÒ§¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨ÃÔ§ (truth table) â´Â¨íҹǹ¡Ã³Õ·Õèà¡Ô´ ¢Öé¹ÍÂÙ‹¡Ñº¨íҹǹ»Ãо¨¹
¾Ô¨ÒóҵÑÇÍ‹ҧµ‹Í仹Õé
µÑÇÍ‹ҧ 1 ¨§ÊÌҧµÒÃÒ§¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨ÃÔ§¢Í§ p → ( p ∨ q)
ÇÔ¸Õ·íÒ
p q p∨q p→(p∨
q)
T T T T
T F T T
F T T T
F F F T
ËÃ×Í
p → p ∨ q
T T T T T
T T T T F
F T F T T
F T F F F
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µÑÇÍ‹ҧ 2 ¨§ÊÌҧµÒÃÒ§¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨ÃÔ§¢Í§ p ∨ ~ q
ÇÔ¸Õ·íÒ
p q ~q p ∨ ~q
T T F T
T F T T
F T F F
F F T T

2.3 ¡ÒÃËÒ¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨ÃÔ§â´ÂäÁ‹µŒÍ§ÊÌҧµÒÃÒ§¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨ÃÔ§
àÁ×èÍ⨷¡íÒ˹´¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨ÃÔ§¢Í§»Ãо¨¹ÁÒãËŒ àÃÒÊÒÁÒöËÒ¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨ÃÔ§¢Í§»Ãо¨¹·ÕèÁÕµÑÇàª×èÍÁ
ä´Œ â´Â¡ÒÃá·¹¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨ÃÔ§¢Í§»Ãо¨¹Â‹Í æ Å§ä» áÅŒÇ㪌¹ÔÂÒÁ¢Í§µÑÇàª×èÍÁÁÒª‹Ç â´ÂàÃÔèÁ¨Ò¡
~, ∨, ∧, →, ↔ µÒÁÅíҴѺ ᵋ¶ŒÒÁÕǧàÅ纵ŒÍ§·íÒã¹Ç§àÅ纡‹Í¹
µÑÇÍ‹ҧ 3 ¡íÒ˹´¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨ÃÔ§¢Í§ p , q ໚¹ T áÅÐ F µÒÁÅíҴѺ
¨§ËÒ¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨ÃÔ§¢Í§ p ∨ q ↔ ~ p
ÇÔ¸Õ·íÒ ÍÒÈѵÒÃÒ§¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨ÃÔ§¢Í§µÑÇàª×èÍÁ áÅÐá¼¹ÀÒ¾ª‹ÇÂ㹡ÒÃá¡Œ»˜ÞËÒ
p ∨ q ↔ ~p
T F F
T
F

ºÒ§¤ÃÑé§ p , q , r ,… ¡íÒ˹´ã¹ÃÙ»¢Í§¢ŒÍ¤ÇÒÁ µŒÍ§ËÒ¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨ÃÔ§¡‹Í¹·Õè¨ÐËÒ¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨ÃÔ§

¢Í§»Ãо¨¹·Õè⨷µŒÍ§¡ÒÃ
µÑÇÍ‹ҧ 4 ¡íÒ˹´ p á·¹ “¡Ãا෾ Ï à»š¹àÁ×ͧËÅǧ¢Í§»ÃÐà·Èä·Â” ( T )
q á·¹ “àªÕ§ãËÁ‹ÍÂÙ‹ÀҤ㵌¢Í§ä·Â” (F)
r á·¹ “ 2 > 5 ” (F)
¨§ËÒ¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨ÃÔ§¢Í§ ~ ( p∨ q) → r
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ÇÔ¸Õ·íÒ ¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨ÃÔ§¢Í§ p ,q , r ໚¹ T , F áÅÐ F µÒÁÅíҴѺ
~ ( p ∨ q) → r
T F
T
F F

¹Í¡¨Ò¡·Õè¡Å‹ÒÇÁÒáÅŒÇ ºÒ§¤ÃÑ駡ÒÃá¡Œ»˜ÞËÒà¡ÕèÂǡѺ¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨ÃÔ§¢Í§»Ãо¨¹ÍҨ㪌¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨ÃÔ§
¨Ò¡»Ãо¨¹·Õè¡íÒ˹´ãËŒ ઋ¹ p ∧ q ໚¹¨ÃÔ§ áÊ´§Ç‹Ò p ໚¹¨ÃÔ§ q ໚¹¨ÃÔ§ ËÃ×Í
p → q ໚¹à·ç¨ áÊ´§Ç‹Ò p ໚¹¨ÃÔ§ q ໚¹à·ç¨
µÑÇÍ‹ҧ 5 ¡íÒ˹´ »Ãо¨¹ p→q ໚¹ F ¨§ËÒ¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨ÃÔ§¢Í§
[(p ∧ ~q ) ∨ p] → q
ÇÔ¸Õ·íÒ p → q ໚¹à·ç¨ áÊ´§Ç‹Ò p ໚¹¨ÃÔ§ q ໚¹à·ç¨
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ [(p ∧ ~q ) ∨ p] → q
T T T F
T
T
F

µÑÇÍ‹ҧ 6 ¡íÒ˹´ãËŒ p ,q , r ໚¹»Ãо¨¹«Öè§ q ÁÕ¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨Ãԧ໚¹à·ç¨ ¨§ËÒ¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨ÃÔ§

¢Í§ [(p ∨ q) ∧(p∨ r)] → (p∨~q)
ÇÔ¸Õ·íÒ [( p ∨ q) ∧ ( p ∨ r )] → ( p ∨ ~ q )
F
T
T
T
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Ẻ½ƒ¡¾Ñ²¹Ò¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙŒ
1. ¨§ÊÌҧµÒÃÒ§¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨ÃÔ§¢Í§»Ãо¨¹µ‹Í仹Õé
1.1 p →( p ∧ q)

1.2 (p ∧∼q ) →q

1.3 ∼ (p ∧ q ) ↔ (r→q) ∨ ∼ r
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2. ¡íÒ˹´ p , q ໚¹»Ãо¨¹ áÅжŒÒ p → q ÁÕ¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨Ãԧ໚¹ F
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ 2.1 ) ∼ p ∨ q ÁÕ¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨Ãԧ໚¹ ________
ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´

2.2 ) p ∧ ∼q ÁÕ¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨Ãԧ໚¹ ________

ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´

2.3 ) ∼ p → ∼q ÁÕ¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨Ãԧ໚¹ ________

ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´

3. ¡íÒ˹´ p,q, r áÅÐ s ໚¹»Ãо¨¹â´Â·Õè p→( r∨q ) ÁÕ¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨Ãԧ໚¹ F áÅÐ

p→ q ÁÕ¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨Ãԧ໚¹ F
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ 3.1 ) p ↔ (∼ r ∨ p ) ÁÕ¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨Ãԧ໚¹ _______
ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´

3.2 ) p → (∼ r ∧ p ) ÁÕ¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨Ãԧ໚¹ _______

ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´
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3.3 ) p ↔ (∼ r ∧ p ) ÁÕ¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨Ãԧ໚¹ _______
ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´

4. ¡íÒ˹´ ( p ↔ q ) ∧ ∼ p ÁÕ¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨Ãԧ໚¹ T
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ 4.1 ) ∼ p ∧ q ÁÕ¤‹Ò ¤ÇÒÁ¨Ãԧ໚¹________
ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´

4.2 ) ∼p→q ÁÕ¤‹Ò ¤ÇÒÁ¨Ãԧ໚¹________

ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´

4.3 ) ∼p↔ q ÁÕ¤‹Ò ¤ÇÒÁ¨Ãԧ໚¹________

ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´
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4. ¡ÒÃÊÁÁÙŢͧ»Ãо¨¹
»Ãо¨¹Êͧ»Ãо¨¹¨ÐÊÁÁÙšѹ µ‹ÍàÁ×èÍ »Ãо¨¹¤Ù‹¹Ñé¹ÁÕ¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨ÃÔ§¢Ñé¹
ÊØ´·ŒÒÂàËÁ×͹¡Ñ¹·Ø¡¡Ã³Õ ÊÑÞÅѡɳ¤×Í ≡
¶ŒÒ»Ãо¨¹¤Ù‹ã´ÊÁÁÙšѹ ¨ÐàÃÕ¡¡Ñ¹§‹Ò æ Ç‹Ò »Ãо¨¹¤Ù‹¹Ñé¹à·‹Ò¡Ñ¹
¡ÒõÃǨÊͺÊÁÁÙŢͧ»Ãо¨¹ ·íÒä´Œ 2 ÇÔ¸Õ
1. µÃǨÊͺÊÁÁÙÅâ´Â¡ÒÃÊÌҧµÒÃÒ§¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨ÃÔ§
µÑÇÍ‹ҧ ¨§¾Ô¨ÒóÒÇ‹Ò »Ãо¨¹µ‹Í仹ÕéÊÁÁÙšѹËÃ×ÍäÁ‹
p → q ¡Ñº ∼q → ∼p
p Q ∼p ∼q p → q ∼q → ∼p
T T F F T T
T F F T F F
F T T F T T
F F T T T T

2. µÃǨÊͺÊÁÁÙÅâ´ÂÊٵõÃáÈÒʵϵÃǨÊͺ
໚¹¡ÒÃ㪌ÊٵõÃáÈÒʵÏ à»ÅÕè¹»Ãо¨¹·Õè¨ÐµÃǨÊͺãËŒÁÕÃÙ»àËÁ×͹¡Ñ¹ä´Œ ¶ŒÒÃÙ»àËÁ×͹¡Ñ¹ÊÁÁÙÅ
¡Ñ¹áµ‹¶ŒÒá»Å§áÅŒÇá»Å§àÅ‹Ò¡çÂѧäÁ‹àËÁ×͹¡Ñ¹¡çäÁ‹ÊÁÁÙšѹ áÅзÕè¹ÔÂÁ·íÒ¨Ðá»Å§ →ãˌ໚¹ ∧
¡Ñº∨ áŌǹíÒÊÔ觷Õèá»Å§ä´Œà»ÃÕºà·Õº¡Ñ¹
P→ q ∼q → ∼p
p → q ≡ ∼p ∨ q ....... 1 ∼q → ∼p ≡ ∼( ∼q) ∨ ∼p ...... 2
≡ q ∨ ∼p
≡ ∼p ∨ q
1 = 2 áÊ´§Ç‹Ò p → q ÊÁÁÙšѹ ∼q → ∼p
 14
ÊٵõÃáÈÒʵÏ
㹡Ò÷íÒ⨷µÃáÈÒʵϺҧ¤ÃÑ駨ÐÅ‹ÒªŒÒàÊÕÂàÇÅÒ ¶ŒÒàÃÒ㪌ÇÔ¸ÕµÕµÒÃÒ§ËÒ¤‹Ò
¤ÇÒÁ¨ÃԧࢌÒá¡Œ»˜ÞËÒ ©Ð¹Ñé¹ à¾×èͤÇÒÁÃÇ´àÃçÇ㹡ÒÃá¡Œ»˜ÞËÒ⨷ ¹Ñ¡àÃÕ¹¨Ö§
¤ÇèШíÒ¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸¢Í§»Ãо¨¹¼ÊÁµ‹Í仹Õéãˌ䴌 «Ö觨ÐàÃÕ¡NjÒÊٵõÃáÈÒʵÏ
áÅÐÊٵ÷Õèà¤Ã×èͧËÁÒ´͡¨Ñ¹àÍÒäÇŒ ¹Ñ¡àÃÕ¹µŒÍ§·‹Í§¨íÒãˌ䴌
㪌 ≡ á·¹ “ ÊÁÁÙÅ ” ËÃ×Í෋ҡѹ (Êٵ÷ÕèÁÕà¤Ã×èͧËÁÒ´͡¨Ñ¹ ¹Ñ¡àÃÕ¹µŒÍ§·‹Í§ãˌ䴌)
1. p ∧ p ≡ p
2. p ∨ q ≡ p
3. p ∧ q ≡ q ∧ p
4. p ∨ q ≡ p ∨ q
5. p ↔q ≡ q ↔ p
6. p ∧ (q ∧ r) ≡ (p ∧ q ) ∧ r
7. p ∨ (q ∨ r) ≡ (p ∨ q ) ∨ r
8. p ∧ (q ∨ r) ≡ (p ∧ q ) ∨ (p ∧ r)
9. p ∨ (q ∧ r) ≡ (p ∨ q ) ∧ (p∨ r)
10 p→q ≡ ∼p ∨ q ≡ ∼ q →∼p
11. p ∨ ∼q ≡ T
12. p ∧∼p ≡ F
13. T ∧ p ≡ p
14. F ∨ p ≡ p
15. ∼ ( ∼p ) ≡ p
16. ∼(p ∧q) ≡ ∼p ∨ ∼q
17. ∼(p∨q) ≡ ∼p ∧ ∼ q
18. ∼ ( p → q) ≡ p ∧∼q
19. ∼(p↔q) ≡ ∼p ↔ q ≡ p ↔ ∼q
20. (p↔q) ≡ ( p → q) ∧ ( q → p)
 15
¡ÒÃËÒ¹Ôàʸ¢Í§»Ãо¨¹¼ÊÁ
¡ÒÃËÒ¹Ôàʸ¹Õé¨ÐÂÒ¡¡Ç‹Ò¡ÒÃËÒ¹Ôàʸ¤ÃÑé§áá «Öè§à»š¹»Ãо¨¹à´ÕèÂÇ æ ¡ÒÃËÒ
¹Ôàʸ¢Í§»Ãо¨¹¼ÊÁ¹Õé ¹Ñ¡àÃÕ¹µŒÍ§¨íÒÊٵõÃáÈÒʵÏ áÅÐÊٵ÷Õè¨Ð㪌¡ç¢Í
¡ÁÒ·º·Ç¹ÍÕ¡¤ÃÑé§
1. ∼ ( p ∧ q ) ≡ ∼p ∨ ∼q
2. ∼ ( p ∨ q ) ≡ ∼p ∧ ∼ q
3. ∼ ( p → q) ≡ p ∧∼q
4. ∼ ( p ↔ q ) ≡ ∼p ↔ q
≡ p ↔ ∼q
µÑÇÍ‹ҧ ¨§ËÒ¹Ôàʸ p ∧ ∼ q
ÇÔ¸Õ·íÒ ¨Ò¡ ∼ ( p ∧ q ) ≡ ∼p ∨ ∼q
∴ ∼ ( p ∧ ∼ q) ≡ ∼p ∨ ∼( ∼q)
≡ ∼p ∨ q

µÑÇÍ‹ҧ (p→(q∨ r)
¨§ËÒ¹Ôàʸ
ÇÔ¸Õ·íÒ ¨Ò¡ ∼ ( p → q) ≡ p ∧ ∼ q
∴ ∼ [( p → ( q ∨ r ) ] ≡ p ∧ ∼ ( q ∨ r)
≡ p ∧∼ q ∧∼r

µÑÇÍ‹ҧ ¨§ËÒ¹Ôàʸ¢ŒÍ¤ÇÒÁ “ ᴧ໚¹¹Ñ¡àÃÕ¹ªÑé¹ Á.4 áŌǴíÒ໚¹¹Ñ¡àÃÕ¹ªÒ “

ÇÔ¸Õ·íÒ ≡ ∼ [ ᴧ໚¹¹Ñ¡àÃÕ¹ªÑé¹ Á.4 áŌǴíÒ໚¹¹Ñ¡àÃÕ¹ªÒ ]
≡ ∼ ( p → q)
≡ p ∧∼q
≡ ᴧ໚¹¹Ñ¡àÃÕ¹ªÑé¹ Á.4 áÅÐ ´íÒäÁ‹à»š¹¹Ñ¡àÃÕ¹ªÒÂ
 16
Ẻ½ƒ¡¾Ñ²¹Ò¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙŒ
¨§µÃǨÊͺNjÒÃٻẺ¢Í§»Ãо¨¹áµ‹ÅТŒÍ ÊÁÁÙšѹËÃ×ÍäÁ‹
1. p ∧ q ¡Ñº q ∨ p
ÇÔ¸Õ·íÒ à¢Õ¹µÒÃÒ§áÊ´§¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨Ãԧ䴌 5. ( p ∧ q ) ∧ r ¡Ñº p ∧ (q ∧ r )

p ∧ q ¡Ñº q ∨ p
TT T TTT
TF F F FT
FF T T FF
FF F F FF

6. p ∧ (q ∨ r ) ¡Ñº ( p ∧ q ) ∨ ( p ∧ r )
p ∧ q ¡Ñº q ∨ p ÁÕ¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨ÃÔ§àËÁ×͹
·Ø¡¡Ã³Õ áÊ´§Ç‹Ò p ∧ q ≡ q ∨ p
2. p → q ¡Ñº q → p

3. p ∨ q ¡Ñº q ∨ p
7. p → q ¡Ñº ~p∨ q

4. p ↔ q ¡Ñº q ↔ p
 17

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ûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûû
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5. ÊѨ¹ÔÃѹ´Ã
¤×Í »Ãо¨¹¼ÊÁ·ÕèÁÕ¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨ÃÔ§¢Ñé¹ÊØ´·ŒÒÂ໚¹¨ÃÔ§·Ø¡¡Ã³Õ äÁ‹Ç‹Ò»Ãо¨¹
‹ÍÂ æ ¨ÐÁÕ¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨Ãԧઋ¹äáçµÒÁ ¶ŒÒ¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨ÃÔ§¢Ñé¹ÊØ´·ŒÒÂäÁ‹à»š¹¨ÃÔ§·Ø¡Ã³Õ(ÊÒÁÒöà¡Ô´ F 䴌͋ҧ
¹ŒÍÂ˹Öè§¡Ã³Õ ) áŌǻÃо¨¹¼ÊÁ¹Ñé¹äÁ‹à»š¹ÊѨ¹ÔÃѹ´Ã
¡ÒõÃǨÊͺNjһÃо¨¹¹Ñé¹ æ ໚¹ÊѨ¹ÔÃѹ´Ã·íÒä´Œ 3 ¡Ã³Õ¤×Í
1. ÊÌҧµÒÃÒ§¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨ÃÔ§
2. 㪌ʵ٠õÃáÈÒʵÏ
3. ¡ÒÃÊÁÁµÔ¢ŒÍ¢Ñ´áÂŒ§
µÑÇÍ‹ҧ »Ãо¨¹µ‹Í仹Õé໚¹ÊѨ¹ÔÃѹ´ÃËÃ×ÍäÁ‹ p→(p∨q)
ÇÔ¸Õ·íÒ 1. µÃǨÊͺÊÌҧµÒÃÒ§¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨ÃÔ§
p → ( p ∨ q )
T T T T T
T T T T F
F T F T T
F T F F F
¨Ò¡µÒÃÒ§¨ÐàËç¹ä´ŒÇ‹Ò ¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨ÃÔ§¢Ñé¹ÊØ´·ŒÒ¢ͧ»Ãо¨¹à»š¹
¨ÃÔ§·Ø¡¡Ã³Õ ´Ñ§¹Ñé¹»Ãо¨¹¹Õé¨Ö§à»š¹ “ ÊѨ¹ÔÃѹ´Ã ”
2. 㪌ʵ٠õÃáÈÒʵÏ
p→(p∨q)
p → ( p ∨ q ) ≡ ∼p ∨ ∼q
∴ ∼ ( p ∧ ∼ q) ≡ ∼p ∨ ∼( ∼q)
≡ ∼p ∨ q
 18
≡ T
¼Å¨Ò¡¡ÒÃ㪌ÊÙµÃá»Å§»Ãо¨¹ ä´Œ¼ÅÍÍ¡ÁÒ໚¹ “ T “ ¡çáÊ´§Ç‹Ò
»Ãо¨¹¹Õé໚¹ ÊѨ¹ÔÃѹ´Ã
3. ¡ÒõÃǨÊͺâ´Â¡ÒÃËÒ¢ŒÍ¢Ñ´áÂŒ§
ÇÔ¸Õ¡ÒÃ㪌ÇÔ¸Õ¹Õé¡ç¤×Í ÊÁÁµÔãËŒ»Ãо¨¹¹Ñé¹ æ ÁÕ¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨Ãԧ໚¹ F àŨҡ¹Ñ鹨ÐËÒ¤‹Ò¢Í§»Ãо¨¹
‹Í æ ä´Œ áÅÐàÃÒ¡ç´ÙµÃ§¹Õé ¤×Í´ÙÇ‹Ò¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨ÃÔ§¢Í§»Ãо¨¹Â‹Í æ 㹡ÅØ‹Á¢ÇҡѺ¡ÅØ‹Á«ŒÒÂÁ×͢ѴáÂŒ§¡Ñ¹
ËÃ×ÍäÁ‹ ¶ŒÒ
1. ¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨ÃÔ§¢Í§»Ãо¨¹Â‹Í¢ѴáÂŒ§¡Ñ¹ ¡ç¨ÐäÁ‹à¡Ô´ F ä´Œ»Ãо¨¹¹Ñ鹡ç໚¹ÊѨ¹ÔÃѹ´Ã
2. ¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨ÃÔ§»Ãо¨¹Â‹Í æ äÁ‹¢Ñ´áÂŒ§¡Ñ¹(àËÁ×͹¡Ñ¹) ¡ç¨Ðà¡Ô´ F »Ãо¨¹¹Ñ鹡çäÁ‹à»š¹ÊѨ¹ÔÃѹ´Ã
p → (p ∨ q)
T F F

F
F
»Ãо¨¹ p ´ŒÒ¹«ŒÒÂÁ×ÍáÅдŒÒ¹¢ÇÒÁ×Í »ÃÒ¡¯Ç‹Ò¢Ñ´áÂŒ§¡Ñ¹(äÁ‹àËÁ×͹¡Ñ¹)
àÁ×èͤ‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨ÃÔ§¢Í§»Ãо¨¹à´ÕÂǡѹ äÁ‹àËÁ×͹¡Ñ¹¡çáÊ´§Ç‹Ò»Ãо¨¹äÁ‹ÁÕâÍ¡ÒÊ໚¹ F àÅÂ
àÁ×èͤ‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨ÃÔ§äÁ‹ÁÕâÍ¡ÒÊ໚¹à·ç¨¹Ñ鹡ç¤×Í áÊ´§Ç‹Ò »Ãо¨¹¹àÕé »š¹ÊѨ¹ÔÃѹ´Ã

µÑÇÍ‹ҧ »Ãо¨¹µ‹Í仹Õé໚¹ÊѨ¹ÔÃѹ´ÃËÃ×ÍäÁ‹ p → (p→q)

ÇÔ¸Õ·íÒ p → (p → q)
T T F
F
F

»Ãо¨¹ p ´ŒÒ¹«ŒÒÂÁ×ÍáÅдŒÒ¹¢ÇÒÁ×Í »ÃÒ¡¯Ç‹ÒäÁ‹¢Ñ´áÂŒ§¡Ñ¹(àËÁ×͹¡Ñ¹)

àÁ×èͤ‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨ÃÔ§¢Í§»Ãо¨¹à´ÕÂǡѹ àËÁ×͹¡Ñ¹¡çáÊ´§Ç‹Ò»Ãо¨¹ ÁÕâÍ¡ÒÊ໚¹ F ä´Œ
àÁ×èͤ‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨ÃÔ§ÁÕâÍ¡ÒÊ໚¹à·ç¨¹Ñ鹡ç¤×ÍáÊ´§Ç‹Ò »Ãо¨¹¹Õé äÁ‹à»š¹ÊѨ¹ÔÃѹ´Ã
 19
Ẻ½ƒ¡¾Ñ²¹Ò¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙŒ
¨§¾Ô¨ÒóҢŒÍ¤ÇÒÁµ‹Í仹ÕéÇ‹Ò໚¹ÊѨ¹ÔÃѹ´ÃËÃ×ÍäÁ‹ â´ÂÇÔ¸Õ¡ÒÃà¢Õ¹µÒÃÒ§áÊ´§¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨ÃÔ§
1. [p ∧ (p →q)] →q
ÇÔ¸Õ·íÒ à¢Õ¹µÒÃÒ§áÊ´§¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨Ãԧ䴌
[p ∧ (p →q)] →q 4 [p→(q ∧ r)]↔[(p →q)∧(p →r)]

2.[(p ∨ q) →r] ↔[(p→r) ∧(q→r)]

3. [p→(q∨r)] ∨ [(p∧r) ↔~r]

 20

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6. »ÃÐâ¤ແ´
¤×Í »ÃÐ⤺͡àÅ‹ÒËÃ×Í»ÃÐ⤻®Ôàʸ·ÕèÁÕµÑÇá»Ã»Ð»¹ÍÂÙ‹´ŒÇÂ
áÅÐàÁ×èÍá·¹·ÕèµÑÇá»Ã¹Ñé¹´ŒÇÂÊÁÒªÔ¡ã¹àÍ¡À¾ÊÑÁ¾Ñ·¸ áÅŒÇ ·íÒãËŒ»ÃÐ⤹Ñé¹à»š¹¨ÃÔ§ºŒÒ§à·ç¨ºŒÒ§
µÑÇÍ‹ҧ »ÃÐ⤷Õè¡íÒ˹´ãËŒµ‹Í仹Õé ໚¹»ÃÐâ¤ແ´ËÃ×ÍäÁ‹ ¶ŒÒ໚¹µÑÇá»Ã¤×ÍÍÐäÃ
»ÃÐ⤠໚¹ µÑÇá»Ã¤×Í äÁ‹à»š¹ äÁ‹à»š¹à¾ÃÒÐ
1. à¢Ò໚¹ÇÕê¹ X à¢Ò - -
2. x + 5 = 9 x x - -
3. x2 + y2 = 25 x x,y - -
4. x Ê٧෋Òã´ - - x »ÃÐ⤤íÒ¶ÒÁ
5. | y | < 10 x y - -
6. x + y > 2 㪋 - - x »ÃÐ⤤íÒ¶ÒÁ
ËÃ×ÍäÁ‹ - - x »ÃÐ⤢ÍÌͧ
7. ¤Ø³¤ÃѺແ´»ÃеÙãËŒ¼Á x à¸Í - -
·Õ
8. à¸Í໚¹¹Ñ¡ÈÖ¡ÉÒ

ÊÑÞÅѡɳ·Õè㪌᷹»ÃÐâ¤ແ´
àÃÒ¹ÔÂÁ㪌 P(x) , Q(x) , ... ËÃ×Í P(x y) , Q(x , y) , ...á·¹
»ÃÐâ¤ແ´·ÕèÁÕµÑÇá»Ã໚¹ x ËÃ×Í x , y µÒÁÅíҴѺ
ઋ¹ P(x) á·¹ x > 4
P(x,y) á·¹ x + y = 7
 21
¡Ò÷íÒ»ÃÐâ¤ແ´ãˌ໚¹»Ãо¨¹
»ÃÐâ¤ແ´äÁ‹ãª‹»Ãо¨¹ ᵋàÃÒÊÒÁÒö·íÒ»ÃÐâ¤ແ´ãˌ໚¹»Ãо¨¹ä´Œ
2 ÇÔ¸Õ ¤×Í
1. ¹íÒÊÁÒªÔ¡ã¹àÍ¡À¾ÊÑÁ¾Ñ·¸ á·¹·ÕèµÑÇá»Ãã¹»ÃÐâ¤ແ´
2. àµÔÁµÑǺ‹§»ÃÔÁÒ³änj˹ŒÒ»ÃÐâ¤ແ´

µÑÇÍ‹ҧ ãËŒ U = { 1 , 2 , 3 } áÅÐ P (x) á·¹ x > 2

¨§ËÒ¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨ÃÔ§¢Í§ P(1) , P(3)
ÇÔ¸Õ·íÒ P (x) = x > 2
P (1) = 1 > 2 ໚¹»Ãо¨¹·ÕèÁÕ¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨Ãԧ໚¹à·ç¨
P (3) = 3 > 2 ໚¹»Ãо¨¹·ÕèÁÕ¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨Ãԧ໚¹¨ÃÔ§

µÑÇÍ‹ҧ ãËŒ U = { 1 , 2 , 3 } áÅÐ P (x) á·¹ x2 > 4

¨§ËÒ¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨ÃÔ§¢Í§ P(3) → P(1)
ÇÔ¸Õ·íÒ P (x) = x2 > 4
P (1) = (1)2 > 4 ໚¹»Ãо¨¹·ÕèÁÕ¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨Ãԧ໚¹à·ç¨
P (3) = (3)2 > 4 ໚¹»Ãо¨¹·ÕèÁÕ¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨Ãԧ໚¹¨ÃÔ§
 22
Ẻ½ƒ¡¾Ñ²¹Ò¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙŒ
¨§¾Ô¨ÒóһÃÐ⤵‹Í仹ÕéÇ‹Ò໚¹»Ãо¨¹ËÃ×Í»ÃÐâ¤ແ´à¾ÃÒÐÍÐäÃ
1. à¢Ò໚¹¤¹àÃÕ¹ࡋ§·ÕèÊØ´¢Í§ªÑé¹ÁѸÂÁÈÖ¡ÉÒ»‚·Õè 4
µÍº »ÃÐâ¤ແ´ à¹×èͧ¨Ò¡à»š¹»ÃÐ⤺͡àÅ‹Ò áµ‹äÁ‹ÊÒÁÒöºÍ¡¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨Ãԧ䴌 à¹×èͧ¨Ò¡ “à¢Ò” äÁ‹
·ÃҺNjÒ໚¹ã¤Ã(¶×ÍÇ‹Ò໚¹µÑÇá»Ã)
2. ¾ÃÐÍҷԵ¢Öé¹·Ò§·ÔȵÐÇѹµ¡

3. ¡ÃØ³Ò ·íÒ¡ÒúŒÒ¹ÁÒãËŒàÃÕºÌÍ´ŒÇÂ

4. x 2 − 25 = ( x − 5)( x + 5)

5. ¶ŒÒ x – 2 = 1 áÅŒÇ x2 > 9

6. x2 + y = 2 ໚¹¡ÃÒ¿¾ÒÃÒâºÅÒ

7. x2 + 3x + 2

8. ¨§ËÒ૵¤íҵͺ¢Í§ x2 – x – 2 < 0

9. ä´Œâ»Ã´à¶Ô´ ª‹ÇµÒÁËҤس¸¹ÇѲ¹ãˌ˹‹ÍÂ

10. ¨Ñ§ËÇÑ´àªÕ§ãËÁ‹äÁ‹ÍÂÙ‹·Ò§ÀÒ¤à˹×ͧ͢»ÃÐà·Èä·Â

11. 3 ໚¹¤íҵͺ¢Í§ÊÁ¡Òà x2 – 2x – 3 = 0

12. x2 < 0
 23

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7. µÑǺ‹§»ÃÔÁÒ³
ã¹ÇÔªÒ¤³ÔµÈÒʵÏ ¨Ð¾º¡ÑºÇÅÕÇ‹Ò “ ÊíÒËÃѺ x ·Ø¡µÑÇ x2 > 0 “
“ ÁÕ x ºÒ§µÑÇ ªÖè§ x > 3 “ àÃÒàÃÕ¡ “ ÊíÒËÃѺ... ·Ø¡µÑÇ “ áÅÐ “ ÁÕ ....
ºÒ§µÑÇ “ Ç‹Ò໚¹µÑǺ‹§»ÃÔÁÒ³
µÑǺ‹§»ÃÔÁҳ㹻ÃÐ⤴ѧ¡Å‹ÒǹÑ鹨лÃÒ¡®ã¹»ÃÐâ¤ແ´ «Ö觨ШíÒṡ䴌 2 »ÃÐàÀ·¤×Í
1. µÑǺ‹§»ÃÔÁÒ³·ÕèËÁÒ¶֧ “·Ñé§ËÁ´“ “·Ø¡ æ“ “ᵋÅÐÍѹ“¨Ðà¢Õ¹᷹´ŒÇÂ
ÊÑÞÅѡɳ “ ∀ “ áÅÐ
∀x Í‹Ò¹Ç‹Ò ÊíÒËÃѺ x ·Ø¡µÑÇ
ÊíÒËÃѺ x ᵋÅеÑÇ
ÊíÒËÃѺ x ã´ æ
2. µÑǺ‹§»ÃÔÁÒ³·ÕèËÁÒ¶֧ “ ºÒ§Ê‹Ç¹ “ “ ºÒ§Í‹ҧ“ “ ºÒ§ÊÔè§ “ “ ÁÕ “
“ ÁÕÍ‹ҧ¹ŒÍ “ ¨Ðà¢Õ¹᷹´ŒÇÂÊÑÞÅѡɳ “ ∃ “ áÅÐ
∃x Í‹Ò¹Ç‹Ò ¨ÐÁÕ x ºÒ§µÑÇ
ÊíÒËÃѺ x ºÒ§µÑÇ
ÁÕ x Í‹ҧ¹ŒÍÂ˹Ö觵ÑÇ
µÑÇÍ‹ҧ ¡ÒÃÍ‹Ò¹»ÃÐâ¤ແ´·ÕèÁÕµÑǺ‹§»ÃÔÁÒ³¡íҡѺ
1. ∀x [ x + 0 = x ] Í‹Ò¹Ç‹Ò ÊíÒËÃѺ x ·Ø¡µÑÇ x + 0 = x
2. ∀x [ x ∈ I → x ∈ R ] Í‹Ò¹Ç‹Ò ÊíÒËÃѺ x ·Ø¡µÑÇ ¶ŒÒ x ໚¹¨íҹǹàµçÁáÅŒÇ x ໚¹
໚¹¨íҹǹ¨ÃÔ§
3. ∃x [ x > 4 ] Í‹Ò¹Ç‹Ò ÁÕ x ºÒ§µÑÇ ªÖè§ x > 4
4. ∃x [x ∈ I ∧ x2 = 4 ] Í‹Ò¹Ç‹Ò ÁÕ x ºÒ§µÑÇ ªÖè§ x ໚¹¨íҹǹàµçÁáÅŒÇ x2 = 4
5. ∃x∀y [ x + y = 5 ] Í‹Ò¹Ç‹Ò ÊíÒËÃѺ x ·Ø¡µÑÇ ¨ÐÁÕ yºÒ§µÑÇ «Öè§ x + y = 5
6. ∀x∀y [ x + y > 4 ] Í‹Ò¹Ç‹Ò ÊíÒËÃѺ x ·Ø¡µÑÇ ÊíÒËÃѺ y ·Ø¡µÑÇ «Öè§ x + y > 4
7. ∃x∃y [ x + y < 3 ] Í‹Ò¹Ç‹Ò ÁÕ x áÅÐ yºÒ§µÑÇ «Öè§ x + y < 3
 24
¢ŒÍµ¡Å§
1. ¶ŒÒ»Ãо¨¹¹Ñé¹¹íÒ˹ŒÒ´ŒÇ “∀ “ áÅŒÇ »ÃÐâ¤ແ´´ŒÒ¹ã¹Ç§àÅçºãËŒàª×èÍÁ´ŒÇÂ
“→“
2. ¶ŒÒ»Ãо¨¹¹Ñé¹¹íÒ˹ŒÒ´ŒÇ “∃ “ áÅŒÇ »ÃÐâ¤ແ´´ŒÒ¹ã¹Ç§àÅçºãËŒàª×èÍÁ´ŒÇÂ
“ ∧“

µÑÇÍ‹ҧ ¨§à¢Õ¹»ÃÐ⤵‹Í仹Õé ã¹ÃÙ»¢Í§ÊÑÞÅѡɳ

1. »ÃÐ⤠“ ¨íҹǹµÃáÂзءµÑÇ໚¹¨íҹǹ¨ÃÔ§ “ à¢Õ¹᷹´ŒÇÂÊÑÞÅѡɳ
ÇÔ¸Õ·íÒ Q ãËŒ á·¹ ¨íҹǹµÃáÂÐ
R ãËŒ á·¹ ¨íҹǹ¨ÃÔ§
= ∀x [ x ໚¹¨íҹǹµÃáÂÐ→ x ໚¹¨íҹǹ¨ÃÔ§ ]
= ∀x [ x ∈ Q → x ∈ R ]
2. »ÃÐ⤠“ ¨íҹǹàµçÁ¤Ù‹ºÒ§µÑÇ໚¹¨íҹǹàµçÁ¤Õè “ à¢Õ¹᷹´ŒÇÂÊÑÞÅѡɳ
ÇÔ¸Õ·íÒ E ãËŒ á·¹ ¨íҹǹàµçÁ¤Ù‹
O ãËŒ á·¹ ¨íҹǹàµçÁ¤Õè
= ∃x [ x ໚¹¨íҹǹàµçÁ¤Ù‹→ x ໚¹¨íҹǹàµçÁ¤Õè ]
= ∃x [ x ∈ E ∧ x ∈ O ]
3. »ÃÐ⤠“ äÁ‹ÁÕáÁǵÑÇã´àÅÂ໚¹ÊѵǏ “ à¢Õ¹᷹´ŒÇÂÊÑÞÅѡɳ
ÇÔ¸Õ·íÒ P(x) ãËŒ á·¹ áÁÇ
Q(x) ãËŒ á·¹ ÊѵǏ
= äÁ‹ÁÕáÁǵÑÇã´àÅÂ໚¹ÊѵǏ
= áÁÇ·Ø¡µÑÇ໚¹ÊѵǏ
= ∀x [ x ໚¹áÁÇ → x ໚¹ÊѵǏ ]
= ∀x [ P(x) → Q(x ) ]
¡ÒÃËÒ¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨ÃÔ§¨Ò¡»ÃÐâ¤ແ´·ÕèÁÕµÑǺ‹§»ÃÔÁÒ³
¶ŒÒ P(x) á·¹»ÃÐâ¤ແ´·ÕèÁÕ x ໚¹µÑÇá»Ã áÅÐàÍ¡À¾ÊÑÁ¾Ñ·¸ ¤×Í U
áÅŒÇ ∀x [P(x)] áÅÐ ∃x [P(x)] ໚¹»Ãо¨¹
àÃÒ¨ÐËÒ¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨ÃÔ§∀x [P(x)] áÅÐ ∃x [P(x)] Ç‹Ò¨ÃÔ§ ËÃ×Í à·ç¨
 25
µÑÇÍ‹ҧ ¡íÒ˹´ U = { 2, 3 } ¨§ËÒ¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨ÃÔ§¢Í§
1. ∀x [ x > 1 ]
ÇÔ¸Õ·íÒ ¹íÒÊÁÒªÔ¡ã¹ U á·¹·Õè x ã¹ [ x > 1 ]
x = 2 ¨Ðä´Œ 2 > 1 ໚¹¨ÃÔ§
x = 3 ¨Ðä´Œ 3 > 1 ໚¹¨ÃÔ§
»ÃÒ¡¯Ç‹Ò ÊÁÒªÔ¡ã¹ U ·Ø¡µÑÇ·íÒãËŒ [ x > 1 ] ໚¹¨ÃÔ§
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ∀x [ x > 1 ] ÁÕ¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨Ãԧ໚¹¨ÃÔ§
2. ∀x [ x > 2 ]
ÇÔ¸Õ·íÒ ¹íÒÊÁÒªÔ¡ã¹ U á·¹·Õè x ã¹ [ x > 2 ]
x = 2 ¨Ðä´Œ 2 > 2 ໚¹à·ç¨
x = 3 ¨Ðä´Œ 3 > 2 ໚¹¨ÃÔ§
»ÃÒ¡¯Ç‹Ò ÊÁÒªÔ¡ã¹ U ·Ø¡µÑÇ·íÒãËŒ [ x > 2 ] ໚¹à·ç¨
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ∀x [ x > 1 ] ÁÕ¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨Ãԧ໚¹à·ç¨
3. ∃x [ x > 2 ]
ÇÔ¸Õ·íÒ ¹íÒÊÁÒªÔ¡ã¹ U á·¹·Õè x ã¹ [ x > 2 ]
x = 2 ¨Ðä´Œ 2 > 2 ໚¹à·ç¨
x = 3 ¨Ðä´Œ 3 > 2 ໚¹¨ÃÔ§
»ÃÒ¡¯Ç‹Ò ÊÁÒªÔ¡ã¹ U ºÒ§µÑÇ·íÒãËŒ [ x > 2 ] ໚¹¨ÃÔ§
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ∃x [ x > 2 ] ÁÕ¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨Ãԧ໚¹¨ÃÔ§
µÑÇÍ‹ҧ ¡íÒ˹´ U = R
P(x) á·¹ x ໚¹¨íҹǹ¤Ù‹
Q(x) á·¹ x ËÒôŒÇ 3 ŧµÑÇ
¨§ËÒ¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨ÃÔ§¢Í§
1. ∀x [ Q(x) → P(x) ]
ÇÔ¸Õ·íÒ à¾ÃÒÐ ¶ŒÒãËŒ x = 9 ¨Ðä´Œ
[ Q(9) → P(9) ]
T F
F
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ∀x [ Q(x) → P(x) ] ÁÕ¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨Ãԧ໚¹à·ç¨
 26
2. ∃x [ P(x) ∧ Q(x) ]
ÇÔ¸Õ·íÒ à¾ÃÒÐ ¶ŒÒãËŒ x = 6 ¨Ðä´Œ
[ P(6) ∧ Q(6) ]
T T
T
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ∃x [ P(x) ∧ Q(x) ] ÁÕ¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨Ãԧ໚¹¨ÃÔ§
µÑÇÍ‹ҧ ãËŒ U = { 0 , 1 , 2 } ¨§ËÒ¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨ÃÔ§¢Í§ ∀x∃y [ y < x ]
ÇÔ¸Õ·íÒ àª‹¹ ¶ŒÒãËŒ x = 0 áÅÐ y = 0 áŌǨзíÒãËŒ [ y < x ] ໚¹ à·ç¨
µÑÇÍ‹ҧ ãËŒ U = { 4 , 5 , 6 } ¨§ËÒ¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨ÃÔ§¢Í§ ∃x∃y [ x + 3 = 2y ]
ÇÔ¸Õ·íÒ àª‹¹ ¶ŒÒãËŒ x = 5 áÅÐ y = 4 áŌǨзíÒãËŒ y = 4 áÅŒÇ ¨Ð·íÒãËŒ
[ x + 3 = 2y ] ໚¹ ¨ÃÔ§
µÑÇÍ‹ҧ ãËŒ U = { -1 , 0 , 1 } ¨§ËÒ¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨ÃÔ§¢Í§ ∀x∃y [ x + y = 0 ]
ÇÔ¸Õ·íÒ ¶ŒÒãËŒ x = -1 ¨Ðä´Œ ∃x [ -1 + y = 0 ] ໚¹¨ÃÔ§ ´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ y = 1
¶ŒÒãËŒ x = 0 ¨Ðä´Œ ∃x [ 0 + y = 0 ] ໚¹¨ÃÔ§ ´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ y = 0
¶ŒÒãËŒ x = 1 ¨Ðä´Œ ∃x [ 1 + y = 0 ] ໚¹¨ÃÔ§ ´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ y = -1
´Ñ§¹Ñ鹤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨ÃÔ§¢Í§ ∀x∃x [ x + y = 0 ] ໚¹¨ÃÔ§

¹Ôàʸ¢Í§¢ŒÍ¤ÇÒÁ·ÕèÁÕµÑǺ‹§»ÃÔÁÒ³

( 1 ) ¹Ôàʸ¢Í§ ∀x[ P(x) ] à¢Õ¹᷹´ŒÇ ∼∃x[ P(x) ]

( 2 ) ¹Ôàʸ¢Í§ ∃x [ P(x) ] à¢Õ¹᷹´ŒÇ ∼∀x P(x) ]
áÅÐÊٵ÷Õè¨Ð㪌¡Ñºâ¨·Â¹Ôàʸ໚¹´Ñ§¹Õé
1. ∼∀x [ P(x) ] ≡ ∃x [∼P(x) ]
2. ∼∃x [ P(x) ] ≡ ∀x [∼P(x) ]
3. ∼∀x ∃ y[ P(x , y) ] ≡ ∃x∀y [∼P(x , y) ]
4. ∼ (p →q) ≡ p ∧ ∼q
5. ∼ (p ∨ q) ≡ ∼p ∧ ∼q
6. ∼ (p ∧q) ≡ ∼p ∨ ∼q
7. ∼ (∼p) ≡ p
 27

µÑÇÍ‹ҧ ¨§ËÒ¹Ôàʸ¢Í§¢ŒÍ¤ÇÒÁ “ ÊíÒËÃѺ x ·Ø¡µÑÇ ·íÒãËŒ x + 5 < 4 “

ÇÔ¸Õ·íÒ ∼ ( ÊíÒËÃѺ x ·Ø¡µÑÇ ·íÒãËŒ x + 5 < 4 ) ≡ ∼∀x [ x + 5 < 4 ]
≡ ∃x [∼( x + 5 < 4)]
≡ ∃x [ x + 5 ≥ 4 ]
≡ ÁÕ x ºÒ§µÑÇ«Ö觷íÒãËŒ x + 5 ≥ 4

µÑÇÍ‹ҧ ¨§ËÒ¹Ôàʸ¢Í§¢ŒÍ¤ÇÒÁ “ ÁÕ x ºÒ§µÑÇ ·íÒãËŒ x + 2 > 4 “

ÇÔ¸Õ·íÒ ∼ (ÁÕ x ºÒ§µÑÇ ·íÒãËŒ x + 2 > 4 ) ≡ ∼∃x [ x + 2 > 4 ]
≡ ∀x [∼(x + 2 > 4) ]
≡ ∀x [ x + 2 ≤ 4 ]
≡ ÊíÒËÃѺ x ·Ø¡µÑÇ«Ö觷íÒãËŒ x + 2 ≤ 4
 28
Ẻ½ƒ¡¾Ñ²¹Ò¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙŒ
¨§à¢Õ¹¢ŒÍ¤ÇÒÁµ‹Í仹ÕéãËŒÍÂÙ‹ã¹ÃÙ»ÊÑÞÅѡɳàÁ×èÍàÍ¡À¾ÊÑÁ¾Ñ·¸¤×Í૵¢Í§¨íҹǹ¨ÃÔ§
¢ŒÍ¤ÇÒÁ ÃÙ»ÊÑÞÅѡɳ
1. ÁÕ¨íҹǹ¨ÃÔ§ x Í‹ҧ¹ŒÍÂ˹Ö觵ÑÇ 2 x + 5 > 7
2. ÁÕ¨íҹǹàµçÁ x «Öè§ x2 + 25 =0
3. ÁÕ¨íҹǹàµçÁ·Ø¡¨íҹǹ໚¹¨íҹǹ͵ÃáÂÐ
4. ÁÕ¨íҹǹµÃáÂкҧµÑÇ໚¹¨íҹǹàµçÁ
5. ÁÕ¨íҹǹ¨ÃÔ§·Ø¡¨íҹǹ໚¹¨íҹǹµÃáÂÐËÃ×Í͵ÃáÂÐ
6. ÁÕ¨íҹǹàµçÁºÒ§µÑÇ·ÕèäÁ‹à»š¹¨íҹǹàµçÁºÇ¡ËÃ×ͨíҹǹàµçÁ
ź
7. ÊíÒËÃѺ x ºÒ§µÑÇáÅÐ y ºÒ§µÑÇ·Õè 2x + y = 9
8. ÊíÒËÃѺ x ã´æ ÁÕ y ºÒ§µÑÇ·Õè x = 3y ËÃ×Í x+y≥3
9. ÁÕ y ºÒ§µÑÇ«Öè§ÊíÒËÃѺ x ·Ø¡µÑÇ·Õè 2x + y < 7
10.ÊíÒËÃѺ¨íҹǹ͵ÃáÂзءµÑÇ·ÕèÁÕ¤‹ÒäÁ‹ÁÒ¡¡Ç‹Ò 10
11.A≠B ¡çµ‹ÍàÁ×èÍÁÕÊÁÒªÔ¡ºÒ§µÑǢͧ A äÁ‹à»š¹ÊÁÒªÔ¡¢Í§ B
ËÃ×ÍÁÕÊÁÒªÔ¡ºÒ§µÑǢͧ B äÁ‹à»š¹ÊÁÒªÔ¡¢Í§ A
12.A⊂B ¡çµ‹ÍàÁ×èÍÊÁÒªÔ¡·Ø¡µÑǢͧ A ໚¹ÊÁÒªÔ¡¢Í§ B

¨§à¢Õ¹¢ŒÍ¤ÇÒÁã¹ÃÙ»ÊÑÞÅѡɳµ‹Í仹Õéãˌ໚¹¢ŒÍ¤ÇÒÁÃÙ»ºÃÃÂÒÂ
ÊÑÞÅѡɳ ºÃÃÂÒÂ
1. ∃x[ x + 2 = 7]
2. ∃x[ x ∈ I ∧ X > 5]
3. ∀X [( x − 2) = x − 4 x + 4]
2 2

4. ∀X [ x = 0 → x = 0]
3

5. ∀X [ x = a → ( x = a ∨ x = −a]
2 2

6. ∃x∀y[ x + y = xy]
7. ∀x∃y[ x + y = xy]
8. ∃x∃y[ x − y = 0]
9. ∀x∀y[ x + y = y + x]
10. ∀x[ x > 9 → x > 3]
2
 29
¡íÒ˹´ U = {-2,-1,0,1,2} ¨§ËÒ¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨ÃÔ§¢Í§»Ãо¨¹µ‹Í仹Õé
1. ∃x[ x = 1]
2
7. ∀x[ x > 0 → x 2
= 1]

2. ∀x[ x 2 ≤ 1]

8. ∀x[ x > 0 ∨ x < 0]

3. ∃x[ x 2 + 1 = 5]

9. ∀x[ 2 x + 1 < 0 → x 2 = 4]
x2 −1
4. ∀x[ = x − 1]
x +1

10. ∃x[ x 2 + 1 = −1 ∨ ( x + 1) 2 = −21]

5. ∀x[ x + 2 x = 3x]

6. ∃x[ x ≠ 0 ∧ x 3 < 0]
 30
¡íÒ˹´ U = {1 , 2 , 3} ¨§ËÒ¤‹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¨ÃÔ§¢Í§»Ãо¨¹µ‹Í仹Õé

1. ∀x∀y[ x 2 < y + 1] ¨§ËÒ¹Ôàʸ¢Í§»ÃÐ⤵‹Í仹Õé

1. ∀x[ x + 1 < 0]

2. ∃x[ x + 7 = 2]
2. ∀x∃y[ x 2 + y 2 < 12]

3. ∀x∃y[2 x + y > 3]

3. ∀x∀y[ x 2 + y 2 < 12]

4. ∃x[( x ∈ Q) ∨ ( x ∉ I )]

4. ∀x∀y[ x + y < 6]
1
5. ∀x[( x 2 = x) ∧ ( ≠ x)]
x

5. ∃x∃y[ y = x 3 ]
6. ∀x[ x 2 ≥ 0 → ( x ≥ 0 ∧ x < 0)]

6. ∃x∀y[ x 2 < y + 1]
 31

àÍ¡ÊÒûÃСͺ¡ÒÃÊ͹ ÃÒÂÇÔªÒ¤³ÔµÈÒʵÏ
(¤ 31201) ªÑé¹ÁѸÂÁÈÖ¡ÉÒ»‚·Õè 4
ûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûû
º··Õè 2 Ãкº¨íҹǹ¨ÃÔ§
1. ʋǹ»ÃСͺ¢Í§¨íҹǹ¨ÃÔ§

2. ¡ÒáÃзíÒáÅФسÊÁºÑµÔ¡ÒáÃзíÒã¹Ãкº¨íҹǹ¨ÃÔ§
¡ÒáÃзíÒâ´Â¾×é¹°Ò¹¢Í§Ãкº¨íҹǹ¨ÃÔ§¡ç¤×Í¡Òúǡź¤Ù³áÅÐËÒà ´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ËÑÇ¢ŒÍ¹Õé¨Ðŧ㹡ÒÃ
¡ÃзíÒ·Õèà¡Ô´¨Ò¡¡ÒùíÒ¡ÒáÃзíÒËÅÑ¡ÁÒ¡ÃзíÒ¡ÒõÃǨÊͺ¤Ø³ÊÁºÑµÔ¾×é¹°Ò¹·Õ赌ͧ·ÃÒº â´Â·Õ赌ͧ·ÃÒº
¢Íºà¢µ¢Í§Ãкº·Õ赌ͧ¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒ´ŒÇ ÀÒ¾ÃÇÁ¤×ÍàÍ¡À¾ÊÑÁ¾Ñ·¸ (U) áÅÐÁѡ㪌 ♥,∗,⊗,⊕ á·¹
à¤Ã×èͧËÁÒ¡ÒáÃзíÒ«Öè§â¨·Â¨Ð¡íÒ˹´¹ÔÂÒÁ¢Í§à¤Ã×èͧËÁÒ¹Ñé¹æ Ç‹Ò·íÒÍ‹ҧäà «Öè§àÃÕ¡ a⊗b Ç‹Ò àÍ
¡ÃзíҡѺºÕ ËÃ×Í àÍâÍà»Íàõ¡ÑººÕ â´Â a,b ∈U
µÑÇÍ‹ҧ ¨§ËÒ 1⊗2 และ 2⊗1 ของการกระทําตอไปนี้
1. a⊗b= 2a + b
3
2(1) + 2 4
ÇÔ¸Õ·íÒ 1⊗2 = =
3 3
 32
(a=1 áÅÐ b=2 ᷹㹹ÔÂÒÁ·Ò§¢ÇÒÁ×Í)
2⊗1 =

2ab
2. a⊗b=
3(a + b)

¤Ø³ÊÁºÑµÔ¾×é¹°Ò¹¢Í§¡ÒáÃзíÒÁÕ
2.1. ¤Ø³ÊÁºÑµÔ»´
¹ÔÂÒÁ a,b ∈ U ¡ÒáÃзíÒ ⊗ ÁդسÊÁºÑµÔ»´ ¡çµ‹ÍàÁ×èÍ a⊗b ∈ U
µÑÇÍ‹ҧ
1) U = I+ áÅÐ a⊗b = a+b
ÁդسÊÁºÑµÔ»´à¹×èͧ¨Ò¡¨íҹǹàµçÁºÇ¡¡Ñº¨íҹǹàµçÁºÇ¡ä´Œà»š¹¨íҹǹàµçÁºÇ¡àÊÁÍ
2) U = I+ áÅÐ a⊗b = a-b

3) U = Q- áÅÐ a∗b =(axb)+2

4) U = I áÅÐ a♥b=(axb)+2

5) U = R áÅÐ a⊗b = 10+a-b

a
6) U = R áÅÐ a⊗b =
3b + 3
 33
7) ÊÃØ»¤Ø³ÊÁºÑµÔ»´¢Í§¡Òúǡ ź ¤Ù³ ËÒÃã¹ U µ‹Ò§æä´Œ´Ñ§¹Õé

àÍ¡À¾ÊÑÁ¾Ñ·¸ ¤Ø³ÊÁºÑµÔ»´¢Í§
ºÇ¡ ź ¤Ù³ ËÒÃ
¨íҹǹ¹Ñº ⁄ x ⁄ x
¨íҹǹàµçÁ
¨íҹǹµÃáÂÐ
¨íҹǹ͵ÃáÂÐ
¨íҹǹ¨ÃÔ§

2.2 ¤Ø³ÊÁºÑµÔÊÅѺ·Õè
¹ÔÂÒÁ a,b ∈ U ¡ÒáÃзíÒ ⊗ ÁդسÊÁºÑµÔÊÅѺ·Õè ¡çµ‹ÍàÁ×èÍ a⊗b = b⊗a
µÑÇÍ‹ҧ ¡íÒ˹´ U=R ¨§¾Ô¨ÒóҡÒáÃзíÒã¹áµ‹ÅТŒÍµ‹Í仹ÕéÇ‹ÒÁդسÊÁºÑµÔÊÅѺ·ÕèËÃ×ÍäÁ‹
1) a⊗b = a+b
ÁդسÊÁºÑµÔÊÅѺ·Õè à¹×èͧ¨Ò¡ a⊗b = b⊗a → a+b=b+a ઋ¹ 1+2 = 2+1
2) a⊗b = a-b

3) a∗b = (axb)+2

4) a♥b = a+b-8

5) a⊗b = 10 + a – b

a
6) a⊕b =
3b + 3
 34
2.3 ¤Ø³ÊÁºÑµÔ¡ÒèѴËÁÙ‹
¹ÔÂÒÁ a,b ∈ U ¡ÒáÃзíÒ ⊗ ÁդسÊÁºÑµÔ¡ÒèѴËÁÙ‹ ¡çµ‹ÍàÁ×èÍ
(a⊗b)⊗c = a⊗(b⊗c)
µÑÇÍ‹ҧ ¡íÒ˹´ U=R ¨§¾Ô¨ÒóҡÒáÃзíÒã¹áµ‹ÅТŒÍµ‹Í仹ÕéÇ‹ÒÁդسÊÁºÑµÔ¡ÒèѴËÁÙ‹ËÃ×ÍäÁ‹
1) a⊗b = a+b
(a⊗b)⊗c a⊗(b⊗c)
(a+b)⊗c a⊗(b+c)
(a+b)+c a+(b+c)
a+b+c = a+b+c
2) a⊗b = a-b 5) a⊗b = 10 + a – b

3) a∗b = (axb)+2

a
6) a⊕b =
3b + 3

4) a♥b = a+b-8
 35
2.4 ¤Ø³ÊÁºÑµÔ¡ÒÃÁÕàÍ¡Åѡɳ
¹ÔÂÒÁ a,e ∈ U ¶ŒÒ e ໚¹àÍ¡ÅѡɳáÅÐ
໚¹¤‹Ò¤§·Õèà¾Õ§¤‹Òà´ÕÂÇÀÒÂ㵌¡ÒáÃзíÒ ⊗ ¨Ð 4) a♥b = a+b-8
ä´ŒÇ‹Ò a⊗e = a = e⊗a
µÑÇÍ‹ҧ ¡íÒ˹´ U = R ¨§ËÒàÍ¡Åѡɳ
ÀÒÂ㵌¡ÒáÃзíÒµ‹Í仹Õé
1) a⊗b = a + b
ÇÔ¸Õ·íÒ a⊗e = a (¹ÔÂÒÁàÍ¡Åѡɳ)
a+e=a
e=a–a=0
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ 0 ໚¹àÍ¡Åѡɳ¡Òúǡ㹠5) a⊗b = 10 + a – b
Ãкº¨íҹǹ¨ÃÔ§
2) 2) a⊗b = a-b

a
3) a∗b = (axb)+2 6) a⊕b =
3b + 3
 36
2.5 ¤Ø³ÊÁºÑµÔ¡ÒÃÁÕÍÔ¹àÇÍÏÊ
¹ÔÂÒÁ a,a-1 ,e ∈ U â´Â e = àÍ¡ÅѡɳáÅÐ a-1 = ÍÔ¹àÇÍÏʢͧ a ÀÒÂ㵌¡ÒáÃзíÒ ⊗ ¨Ðä´Œ
Ç‹Ò a⊗a-1 = e = a-1⊗a
µÑÇÍ‹ҧ ¡íÒ˹´ U = R ¨§ËÒàÍ¡ÅѡɳÀÒÂ㵌¡ÒáÃзíÒµ‹Í仹Õé
1) a⊗b = a + b
ÇÔ¸Õ·íÒ a⊗a-1 = e (¹ÔÂÒÁ¢Í§ÍÔ¹àÇÍÏÊ)
a+a-1 = 0
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ a-1 = -a

2) 2) a⊗b = a-b
5) a⊗b = 10 + a – b

3) a∗b = (axb)+2

a
6) a⊕b =
3b + 3

4) a♥b = a+b-8
 37

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(¤ 31201) ªÑé¹ÁѸÂÁÈÖ¡ÉÒ»‚·Õè 4
ûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûû
º··Õè 2 ¨íҹǹ¨ÃÔ§
3. ÊÁ¡ÒþËعÒÁ áÅзÄɮպ··Õè㪌ª‹ÇÂá¡ŒÊÁ¡ÒþËعÒÁ
3.1 ¿˜§¡ªÑ¹¾ËعÒÁ·ÕèÁÕµÑÇá»Ã x
¹ÔÂÒÁ ¶ŒÒ P(x) ໚¹¿˜§¡ªÑ¹¾ËعÒÁáŌǨÐä´Œ
P(x) = anxn + an-1xn-1 + an-2xn-2 + … + a1x + a0 àÁ×èÍ n ∈ I+ ∪ {0}
áÅÐ a0,a1,a2,…,an∈R
µÑÇÍ‹ҧ ¿˜§¡ªÑ¹¾ËعÒÁ P(x) = 5x6-4x5+3x4-x3+2x2-x+10
F(x) = 3x2+2x-7
¶ŒÒ P(x) ໚¹¿˜§¡ªÑ¹¾ËعÒÁáÅŒÇ ÊÁ¡ÒþËعÒÁ¡ç¤×Í P(x) = 0
3.2 ¡ÒÃËÒÃÊѧà¤ÃÒÐˏ
ºÃ÷Ѵ·Õè 1 à¢Õ¹ÊÑÁ»ÃÐÊÔ·¸Ôì¢Í§ P(x) ·ÕèàÃÕ§¡íÒÅѧ¨Ò¡ÁÒ¡ä»ËÒ¹ŒÍ ¶ŒÒ¡íÒÅѧ¡ÃÐâ´´Í‹ÒÅ×Á
ÊÑÁ»ÃÐÊÔ·¸Ôì¢Í§¡íÒÅѧ·ÕèËÒÂ令×Í 0
ºÃ÷Ѵ·Õè 2 ᵋÅеÑÇà¡Ô´¨Ò¡¡Òäٳ¨íҹǹ·ÕèÍÂÙ‹·Ò§«ŒÒ¢ͧºÃ÷Ѵ·Õè 3 ´ŒÇ¤‹Ò c
ºÃ÷Ѵ·Õè 3 ä´Œ¨Ò¡ºÃ÷Ѵ·Õè 1 + ºÃ÷Ѵ·Õè 2 â´ÂàÃÔèÁ¨Ò¡·Ò§«ŒÒÂÁ×ÍÊØ´´ŒÇ¡Òô֧àÅ¢ºÃ÷Ѵ·Õè 1 ŧ
ÁÒ (ËÃ×ͺÃ÷Ѵ·Õè 2 «ŒÒÂÊØ´ ໚¹ 0 ºÇ¡¡ÑººÃ÷Ѵ·Õè 1)
¼ÅËÒ÷Õèä´Œ ´Ù¨Ò¡ºÃ÷Ѵ·Õè 3 «Ö觵ÑÇàÅ¢¢ÇÒÊش໚¹àÈɢͧ¡ÒÃËÒÃáÅеÑÇàÅ¢¨Ò¡«ŒÒÂ仢ÇÒ໚¹
ÊÑÁ»ÃÐÊÔ·¸Ôì¢Í§¼ÅËÒÃâ´Â¡íÒÅѧŴŧ 1 ¨Ò¡µÑǵÑé§ËÃ×Í P(x)
µÑÇÍ‹ҧ ¨§ËÒ¼ÅËÒôŒÇÂÇÔ¸ÕËÒÃÊѧà¤ÃÒÐˏ ¢Í§ ( x + 3x − 2 x + 1) ÷ ( x + 1)
4 2

ÇÔ¸Õ·íÒ P(x) = x + 3x − 2 x + 1
4 2

P(x) = x + 0 x + 3x − 2 x + 1
4 3 2

x-c=x+1 -1 1 0 3 -2 1

x-c=x-(-1) -1 1 -4 6
1 -1 4 -6 7
¼ÅÅѾ¸¤×Í x 3
− x2 + 4 x − 6 àÈÉ 7
 38
Ẻ½ƒ¡¾Ñ²¹Ò¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙŒ
¨§ËÒàÈÉâ´Â㪌·ÄÉ®ÕàÈÉàËÅ×Í·Õèà¡Ô´¨Ò¡
1. (8 x + 2 x + 5 x − 3) ÷ (2 x − 3)
3 2
1. (8 x 3 + 2 x 2 + 5 x − 3) ÷ (2 x − 3)

2. (5 y 4 − 2 y 2 + 2 y − 2) ÷ ( y − 1)
2. (5 y 4 − 2 y 2 + 2 y − 2) ÷ ( y − 1)

3. (2 x 4 − 5 x 3 − x 2 + 3 x + 1) ÷ (2 x + 1)

3. (2 x 4 − 5 x 3 − x 2 + 3 x + 1) ÷ (2 x + 1)

¨§ËÒàÈÉâ´Â㪌·ÄÉ®ÕàÈÉàËÅ×Í·Õèà¡Ô´¨Ò¡
1. ( x + 3x − 2 x + 1) ÷ ( x + 1)
4 2

ÇÔ¸Õ·íÒ ¨Ðä´Œ P(x) = x + 3x − 2 x + 1

4 2

X – c = x + 1 = x-(-1) ¹Ñ¹è ¤×Í c = -1

¨Ðä´ŒàÈÉ = P(c)
= P(-1) = (-1)4+3(-1)2-2(-1)+1
= 1+3+2+1=7
 39

àÍ¡ÊÒûÃСͺ¡ÒÃÊ͹ ÃÒÂÇÔªÒ¤³ÔµÈÒʵÏ
(¤ 31201) ªÑé¹ÁѸÂÁÈÖ¡ÉÒ»‚·Õè 4
ûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûû
º··Õè 2 ¨íҹǹ¨ÃÔ§
4. ·Äɮպ·µÑÇ»ÃСͺ
·Äɮպ· ¶ŒÒ x – c ໚¹µÑÇ»ÃСͺ¢Í§ P(x) ¡çµ‹ÍàÁ×èÍ P(c) =0
µÑÇÍ‹ҧ ¨§¾Ô¨ÒóÒÇ‹Ò (2x+1) ໚¹µÑÇ»ÃСͺ¢Í§ 4x3+4x2-11x-6 ËÃ×ÍäÁ‹
ÇÔ¸Õ·íÒ x – c = 2x +1 = x-  − 1  ¨Ðä´Œ C=  1
− 
 2  2
3 2
 1  1  1
P( − 1 ) = 4 −  + 4 −  − 11 −  − 6
2  2  2  2
= 1 11
− +1+ − 6 = − 1 + 2 + 11 − 12 =0
2 2 2
3 2
áÊ´§Ç‹Ò (2x+1) ໚¹µÑÇ»ÃСͺ¢Í§ 4x +4x -11x-6
·Äɯպ· ¶ŒÒ x-c ໚¹µÑÇ»ÃСͺ¢Í§ P(x) â´Â c = a â´Â·Õè a áÅÐ b ໚¹¨íҹǹàµçÁ «Öè§ b≠0
b
áÅÐ Ë.Ã.Á.¢Í§ a áÅÐ b ෋ҡѺ 1 áÅÐ P ( a ) = 0 â´Â
b
a = µÑÇ»ÃСͺ¢Í§ÊÑÁ»ÃÐÊÔ·¸Ôì¢Í§µÑÇá»Ã¡¡íÒÅѧÈٹ
b = µÑÇ»ÃСͺ¢Í§ÊÑÁ»ÃÐÊÔ·¸Ôì¢Í§µÑÇá»Ã¡¡íÒÅѧÊÙ§ÊØ´
µÑÇÍ‹ҧ P(x) = 6x4-7x3-12x2+3x+2
ÇÔ¸Õ·íÒ a = µÑÇ»ÃСͺ¢Í§ 2 = ± 1,±2 , b = µÑÇ»ÃСͺ¢Í§ 6 = ± 1,±2,±3,±6

C = a = ±1,±2,± 1 ,± 1 ,± 2 ,± 1
b 2 3 3 6
-1 6 -7 -12 3 2
X + 1 ໚¹µÑÇ»ÃСͺ
-6 13 -1 -2
2 6 -13 1 2 0
12 -2 -2
X - 2 ໚¹µÑÇ»ÃСͺ
6 -1 -1 0
P(x) = 6x4-7x3-12x2+3x+2
= (x+1)(x-2)(6x2-x-1)
= (x+1)(x-2)(3x+1)(2x-1)
 40
Ẻ½ƒ¡¾Ñ²¹Ò¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙŒ

¨§ËÒ¤‹Ò t ·Õè·íÒãËŒ 2. x4-2x3-13x2+14x+24

1. x+2 ËÒà x3-tx2+3x+7t ŧµÑÇ
ÇÔ¸Õ·íÒ ãËŒ P(x) = x3-tx2+3x+7t
ãËŒ x+2 = 0 , c = -2
à¹×èͧ¨Ò¡ x+2 ËÒà P(x) ŧµÑÇáÊ´§Ç‹ÒàÈÉ=0
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ P(-2) = 0
(-2)3-t(-2)2+3(-2)+7t = 0
-8-4t-6+7t = 0 3. 3x4-8x3+x2+8x-4
3t-14 = 0
t = 14
3
2. x+1 ËÒà 2tx5-x3-3x2+t àËÅ×ÍàÈÉ-4

4. x5-3x4+2x3+2x2-3x+1

3. x+t ËÒà x2+5x -2 àËÅ×ÍàÈÉ-8

5. 4x5+16x4+9x3-31x2-40x-12

¨§á¡µÑÇ»ÃСͺµ‹Í仹Õé
1. 3x3-10x2+9x-2
 41

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º··Õè 2 ¨íҹǹ¨ÃÔ§
5. ¡ÒÃá¡ŒÊÁ¡ÒþËعÒÁ
ËÅÑ¡¡ÒÃÁÕ 3 ¢ŒÍ ´Ñ§¹Õé
1. ¨Ñ´ÊÁ¡ÒÃãËŒÍÂÙ‹ã¹ÃÙ» P(x)=0 â´Â·Õè
1.1 ¢ÇÒÁ×Í໚¹Èٹ
1.2 ¶ŒÒÁÕµÑÇá»Ã x ¡¡íÒÅѧźãËŒà»ÅÕè¹໚¹¡íÒÅѧºÇ¡ ¶ŒÒÁÕÃÒ¡µŒÍ§¶Í´ÃÒ¡ÍÍ¡ãËŒ¶Ù¡µŒÍ§
1.3 ·Ø¡¾¨¹µŒÍ§ÁÕʋǹ໚¹Ë¹Öè§ ¶ŒÒÁÕºÒ§¾¨¹·ÕèʋǹÂѧäÁ‹à»š¹Ë¹Öè§ ¡ç㪌 ¤.Ã.¹.¢Í§Ê‹Ç¹¤Ù³µÅÍ´
1.4 àÃÕ§¾¨¹¢Í§µÑÇá»Ã x ¨Ò¡¡íÒÅѧÊÙ§ÊØ´ä»Âѧ¡íÒÅѧµèíÒÊØ´áÅÐÊÑÁ»ÃÐÊÔ·¸Ôì¢Í§¾¨¹¢Í§µÑÇá»Ã
x ¡íÒÅѧÊÙ§ÊØ´µŒÍ§à»š¹ºÇ¡
2. ¹íÒàÍÒ P(x) ÁҨѺ¤Ù‹´Ö§µÑÇËÇÁËÃ×ÍᡵÑÇ»ÃСͺ ´ŒÇ·ÄÉ®ÕᡵÑÇ»ÃСͺËÇÁ¡Ñº¡ÒÃËÒÃÊѧà¤ÃÒÐˏ
¨¹ä´Œ¼ÅËÒÃÁÕµÑÇá»Ã x ¡¡íÒÅѧÊͧ (ax2+bx+c , a , b , c ∈R ,a ≠0) ¡çÊÒÁÒöᡵÑÇ
»ÃСͺ¡íÒÅѧÊͧ䴌
3. ËÒ¤‹ÒµÑÇá»Ã x ä´Œ¨Ò¡¡ÒÃÊÃػᵋÅеÑÇ»ÃСͺ෋ҡѺÈٹ 㹡óշÕèµÑÇá»Ã x ¡íÒÅѧÊͧ
− b ± b 2 − 4ac
(ax2+bx+c ) ·ÕèäÁ‹ÊÒÁÒöᡵÑÇ»ÃСͺ䴌 ¡çÊÒÁÒöËÒ¤‹Ò x ä´Œ¨Ò¡Êٵà x=
2a
µÑÇÍ‹ҧ1. ¨§ËÒÃÒ¡¤íҵͺ¢Í§ x,y ËÃ×Í t ·Õè໚¹¨íҹǹ¨ÃÔ§¢Í§
1. 4x3+27=12x2+9x
ÇÔ¸Õ·íÒ 4x3+27 = 12x2+9x
4x3+27 - 9x - 12x2 = 0
(4x3 - 12x2)+(-9x + 27)=0
4x2(x-3)-9(x-3) = 0
(x – 3)(4x2-9) = 0
(x – 3)(2x – 3)(2x + 3) = 0
X – 3 = 0 ËÃ×Í 2x – 3 = 0 ËÃ×Í 2x + 3 = 0
X = 3 ËÃ×Í x = 3 ËÃ×Í x = − 3
2 2
−3 3
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ x = {3, , }
2 2
 42
µÑÇÍ‹ҧ2. x4-4x2+3 = 0
ÇÔ¸Õ·íÒ x4-4x2+3 = 0
á·¹ x2=a a2-4a+3 = 0
(a-3)(a-1) = 0
᷹Œ͹¡ÅѺ (x2-3)(x2-1) = 0
(x- 3 )(x+ 3 )(x-1)(x+1) = 0
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ x = {- 3 ,-1,1, 3 }
3x 2 5
µÑÇÍ‹ҧ3. − 5 + x −1 = x − 2 x − 2
2 2
2
3x 5
ÇÔ¸Õ·íÒ − 5 + x −1 = x − 2 x − 2
2 2
2
3x 1 5 2
−5+ = x− 2
2 x 2 x
4 3 2
3x -5x -10x +2x+4 = 0
A = µÑÇ»ÃСͺ¢Í§ 4 =……………………………………………
B = µÑÇ»ÃСͺ¢Í§ 3 =……………………………………………..
C = a = ……………………………………………………….
b
P(x) = 3x4-5x3-10x2+2x+4 = 0
-1 3 -5 -10 2 4
-3 8 2 -4
2
3 -8 -2 4 0
3
2 -4 -4
3 -6 -6 0
3x4-5x3-10x2+2x+4 = 0
(x+1)(3x-2)(3x2-6x-6) = 0
3(x+1)(3x-2)(x2-2x-2) = 0
2± 4+8
X=-1 ËÃ×Í x= 2
ËÃ×Í x = = 2 ± 2 3 =1 ± 3
3 2 2

X = {-1, 2 , 1 ± 3}
3
 43
Ẻ½ƒ¡¾Ñ²¹Ò¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙŒ

¨§ËÒÃÒ¡¤íҵͺµ‹Í仹Õé
1. 2x2-9x+10 = 0 5. 2x3-3x2-5x+6 = 0

2. x4-29x2+100 = 0

4 y 2 + 6 y −2 8 y + 1
6. = − 3 y −1
5 0

3. 6x3-4x2+3x-2 = 0

4. x3-18 = 9x–2x2
44
 45

àÍ¡ÊÒûÃСͺ¡ÒÃÊ͹ ÃÒÂÇÔªÒ¤³ÔµÈÒʵÏ
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º··Õè 2 ¨íҹǹ¨ÃÔ§
6. ¡ÒÃäÁ‹à·‹Ò¡Ñ¹áÅФسÊÁºÑµÔ¡ÒÃäÁ‹à·‹Ò¡Ñ¹
¹ÔÂÒÁ ¶ŒÒ a < b áÅŒÇ b – a ∈ R+ (ËÃ×Í ¶ŒÒ a < b áÅŒÇ b – a > 0)
¶ŒÒ a > b áÅŒÇ a – b ∈ R+ (ËÃ×Í ¶ŒÒ a > b áÅŒÇ a – b > 0)
ÊÁºÑµÔ¡ÒÃäÁ‹à·‹Ò¡Ñ¹
·.º.1 ¤Ø³ÊÁºÑµÔ¡Òö‹Ò·ʹ , ¶ŒÒ a > b áÅÐ b > c áÅŒÇ a > c
·.º.2 ¤Ø³ÊÁºÑµÔ¡Òúǡ´ŒÇ¤‹Ò¤§·Õè·Õè෋ҡѹ , ¶ŒÒ a > b áÅŒÇ a + c > b + c
·.º.3 ¤Ø³ÊÁºÑµÔ¡ÒÃźÍÍ¡´ŒÇ¤‹Ò¤§·Õè·Õè෋ҡѹ , ¶ŒÒ a + c > b + c áÅŒÇ a > b
·.º.4 ¤Ø³ÊÁºÑµÔ¡Òäٳ´ŒÇ¤‹Ò¤§·Õè·Õè෋ҡѹ
4.1 ¶ŒÒ a > b áÅÐ c > 0 áÅŒÇ ac > bc
4.2 ¶ŒÒ a > b áÅÐ c > 0 áÅŒÇ ac > bc
·.º. 5 ¤Ø³ÊÁºÑµÔ¡ÒÃËÒôŒÇ¤‹Ò¤§·Õè·Õè෋ҡѹ
5.1 ¶ŒÒ ac > bc áÅÐ c > 0 áÅŒÇ a > b
5.2 ¶ŒÒ ac > bc áÅÐ c < 0 áÅŒÇ a < b
·.º.6 ¶ŒÒ ab > 0 áÅŒÇ (a > 0 áÅÐ b > 0) ËÃ×Í (a < 0 áÅÐ b < 0)
·.º.7 ¶ŒÒ ab < 0 áÅŒÇ (a > 0 áÅÐ b < 0) ËÃ×Í (a < 0 áÅÐ b > 0)
·.º.8 ¤Ø³ÊÁºÑµÔ¡ÒúǡáÅСÒÃź¢Í§¡ÒÃäÁ‹à·‹Ò¡Ñ¹ ¶ŒÒ a < b áÅÐ c < d áŌǨÐ䴌NjÒ
8.1 a+c<b+d
8.2 a – d < b – c
·.º.9 ¤Ø³ÊÁºÑµÔ¡Òäٳ¢Í§¡ÒÃäÁ‹à·‹Ò¡Ñ¹
9.1 ¶ŒÒ a,b,c,d ໚¹¨íҹǹ¨ÃÔ§ºÇ¡ áÅÐ a < b áÅÐ c < d áÅŒÇ ac < bd
9.2 ¶ŒÒ a,b,c,d ໚¹¨íҹǹ¨Ãԧź áÅÐ a < b áÅÐ c < d áÅŒÇ ac > bd
 46

·.º.10 ¤Ø³ÊÁºÑµÔ¡ÒÃäÁ‹à·‹Ò¡Ñ¹¢Í§ÍÔ¹àÇÍÏÊ
¶ŒÒ ab > 0 áÅÐ a < b áÅŒÇ 1 > 1
a b
·.º.11 ¤Ø³ÊÁºÑµÔ¡ÒÃËÒâͧ¡ÒÃäÁ‹à·‹Ò¡Ñ¹
11.1 ¶ŒÒ a,b,c,d ໚¹¨íҹǹ¨ÃÔ§ºÇ¡ áÅÐ a < b áÅÐ c < d áÅŒÇ a < b
d c
a b
11.2 ¶ŒÒ a,b,c,d ໚¹¨íҹǹ¨Ãԧź áÅÐ a < b áÅÐ c < d áÅŒÇ >
d c
a+b
·.º.12 ¶ŒÒ a áÅÐ b ໚¹¨íҹǹ¨ÃÔ§ áÅÐ a < b áÅŒÇ a< <b
2
·.º.13 ¶ŒÒ a < b áÅÐ n ໚¹¨íҹǹàµçÁºÇ¡¤Õè áÅŒÇ an < b n

·.º.14 ¶ŒÒ a > 0 , b > 0 , a < b áÅÐ n ໚¹¨íҹǹàµçÁºÇ¡¤Ù‹ áÅŒÇ an < bn

7. ª‹Ç§ áÅСÒáÃзíҢͧ૵㹪‹Ç§
º·¹ÔÂÒÁ : àÁ×èÍàÍ¡À¾ÊÑÁ¾Ñ·¸à»š¹¨íҹǹ¨ÃÔ§ áÅÐ a< b
ª‹Ç§à»´ (a,b) ËÁÒ¶֧ {x|a < x < b}
ª‹Ç§»´ [a,b] ËÁÒ¶֧ {x|a ≤ x ≤ b}
ª‹Ç§¤ÃÖè§à»´ (a,b] ËÁÒ¶֧ {x|a < x ≤ b}
ª‹Ç§¤ÃÖ觻´ [a,b) ËÁÒ¶֧ {x|a ≤ x < b}
ª‹Ç§ (a,∞ ) ËÁÒ¶֧ {x|x > a}
ª‹Ç§ [a,∞ ) ËÁÒ¶֧ {x|x ≥ a}

ª‹Ç§ (-∞ ,a) ËÁÒ¶֧ {x|x < a}

ª‹Ç§ (-∞ ,a] ËÁÒ¶֧ {x|x ≤ a}

µÑÇÍ‹ҧ
¡ÒÃáÊ´§ª‹Ç§µ‹Ò§ æ º¹àÊŒ¹¨íҹǹ
A = (2,4)
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

ËÁÒ¶֧ A = {x | 2 < x < 4}

B = [2,4] -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

ËÁÒ¶֧ B = {x | 2 ≤ x ≤ 4}
 47

C = (2,4]
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

ËÁÒ¶֧ C = {x | 2 < x ≤ 4}

D = [2,4)

-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
ËÁÒ¶֧ D = {x | 2 ≤ x < 4}

E = (2,∞ )
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

ËÁÒ¶֧ E = {x | 2 < x}

F = [2,∞ )

-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
ËÁÒ¶֧ F = {x | 2 ≤ x}

G = (- ∞ ,4)
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

ËÁÒ¶֧ G = {x | x < 4}

H = (- ∞ ,4] -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

ËÁÒ¶֧ H = {x | x ≤ 4}

µÑÇÍ‹ҧ
¶ŒÒ A = [1,3),B = [2,5],C = (4,∞ ) ¨Ðä´Œ¡ÃÒ¿´Ñ§ÃÙ»

A
¡ÃÒ¿¢Í§ A -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

B
¡ÃÒ¿¢Í§ B
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

C
¡ÃÒ¿¢Í§ C
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
 48

A ∩ B = [1,3) ∩ [2,5] = [2,3)

A ∪ B = [1,3) ∪ [2,5] = [1,5]
B ∩ C = [2,5] ∩ (4,∞ ) = (4,5]
B - C = [2,5]- (4,∞ ) = [2,4]
C ′ = (- ∞ ,4)

7. ÍÊÁ¡ÒÃáÅСÒÃá¡ŒÍÊÁ¡ÒþËعÒÁ
ÍÊÁ¡ÒÃã¹ x ໚¹»ÃÐ⤷ÕèÁÕµÑÇá»Ã x áÅСŋÒǶ֧¡ÒÃäÁ‹à·‹Ò¡Ñ¹ â´Â㪌à¤Ã×èͧËÁÒÂ

>, ≥, <, ≤, ≠
ÍÊÁ¡ÒèÐ໚¹ ¨ÃÔ§ ËÃ×Í à·ç¨ ¢Ö鹡Ѻ¨íҹǹ¨ÃÔ§·Õè¹íÒÁÒá·¹µÑÇá»Ã ઋ¹
2x < −8 ໚¹¨ÃÔ§àÁ×èÍ x < −4
2
x ≥0 ໚¹¨ÃÔ§àÁ×èÍ x ∈ R
2
x +1 < 0 ¨ÐäÁ‹ÁÕ¨íҹǹ¨ÃÔ§ã´àÅ ·Õè·íÒãËŒÍÊÁ¡ÒÃ໚¹¨ÃÔ§
૵¤íҵͺ¢Í§ÍÊÁ¡Òà 㹠x ໚¹à«µ·ÕèÁÕÊÁҪԡ໚¹¨íҹǹ¨ÃÔ§ àÁ×è͹íÒÁÒá·¹ x áŌǷíÒãËŒ
ÍÊÁ¡ÒÃ໚¹¨ÃÔ§
¡ÒÃá¡ŒÍÊÁ¡Òà ¤×Í ¡ÒÃËÒ૵¤íҵͺ¢Í§ÍÊÁ¡ÒÃ
¡ÒÃá¡ŒÍÊÁ¡ÒùÔÂÁ㪌ÊÁºÑµÔ 4 ¢ŒÍ´Ñ§¹Õé
1. ¡Òúǡ´ŒÇ¨íҹǹ·Õè෋ҡѹࢌҷÑé§Êͧ¢ŒÒ§¢Í§ÍÊÁ¡ÒÃ

2. ¡Òäٳ´ŒÇ¨íҹǹ·Õè෋ҡѹࢌҷÑé§Êͧ¢ŒÒ§¢Í§ÍÊÁ¡ÒÃ

3. ¡ÒõѴÍÍ¡ÊíÒËÃѺ¡Òúǡ

4. ¡ÒõѴÍÍ¡ÊíÒËÃѺ¡Òäٳ

¡ÒÃ㪌ÊÁºÑµÔ㹡ÒÃá¡ŒÊÁ¡ÒõŒÍ§ÃÐÁÑ´ÃÐÇѧã¹àÃ×èͧ ¡Òäٳ·Ñé§Êͧ¢ŒÒ§¢Í§ÍÊÁ¡ÒôŒÇ¨íҹǹ¨Ãԧź
¡ÒáÅѺàÈÉ໚¹Ê‹Ç¹ ¡Òá¡íÒÅѧÊͧ·Ñé§Êͧ¢ŒÒ§ µŒÍ§ÃÐÇѧ¡ÒÃà»ÅÕè¹à¤Ã×èͧËÁÒ¢ͧ¡ÒÃäÁ‹à·‹Ò¡Ñ¹

¡ÒÃá¡ŒÍÊÁ¡ÒõÑÇá»Ãà´ÕÂÇ
µÑÇÍ‹ҧ ¨§á¡ŒÍÊÁ¡Òà 4x < 28
ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´ 4x < 28
4x 28
<
4 4 ËÒôŒÇ 4 ·Ñé§Êͧ¢ŒÒ§
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ x<7
 49

ËÃ×Í à«µ¤íҵͺ¢Í§ÍÊÁ¡Òà 4x < 28 ¤×Í {x| x < 7}

à¢Õ¹᷹´ŒÇ¨شã¹àÊŒ¹¨íҹǹ ä´Œ ´Ñ§¹Õé

-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

µÑÇÍ‹ҧ ¨§á¡ŒÍÊÁ¡Òà - 2y < 16

ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´ - 2y < 16

- 2x 16
>
-2 -2 ËÒôŒÇ −2 ·Ñé§Êͧ¢ŒÒ§ ( à¤Ã×èͧËÁÒÂà»ÅÕè¹ )
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ x > −8

ËÃ×Í à«µ¤íҵͺ¢Í§ÍÊÁ¡Òà - 2y < 16 ¤×Í {x| x > −8}

à¢Õ¹᷹´ŒÇ¨شã¹àÊŒ¹¨íҹǹ ä´Œ ´Ñ§¹Õé

-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8

µÑÇÍ‹ҧ ¨§á¡ŒÍÊÁ¡Òà (x - 2)(x + 4) > 0

ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´ - 2y < 16

- 2x 16
>
-2 -2 ËÒôŒÇ −2 ·Ñé§Êͧ¢ŒÒ§ ( à¤Ã×èͧËÁÒÂà»ÅÕè¹ )
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ x > −8

ËÃ×Í à«µ¤íҵͺ¢Í§ÍÊÁ¡Òà - 2y < 16 ¤×Í {x| x > −8}

à¢Õ¹᷹´ŒÇ¨شã¹àÊŒ¹¨íҹǹ ä´Œ ´Ñ§¹Õé

-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
 50

Ẻ½ƒ¡¾Ñ²¹Ò¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙŒ
¨§à¢Õ¹ª‹Ç§µ‹Í仹Õéã¹Ãٻ૵áÅÐà¢Õ¹ἹÀÒ¾º¹àÊŒ¹¨íҹǹ
1) [3,5] =…………………………………………………………………

2) ( −3,2) =…………………………………………………………………

3) (1,5] =…………………………………………………………………

4) [ −2,2] =…………………………………………………………………

5) (2, ∞) =…………………………………………………………………

6) [ −1, ∞) =…………………………………………………………………

7) ( −∞,0) =…………………………………………………………………

8) ( −∞, 4] =…………………………………………………………………

9) ( −7,1] =…………………………………………………………………
 51

10) [ −7,1) =…………………………………………………………………

¨§à¢Õ¹૵µ‹Í仹Õéã¹ÃÙ»ª‹Ç§áÅÐá¼¹ÀÒ¾º¹àÊŒ¹¨íҹǹ
1) {x | 3 < x ≤ 8} =…………………………………………………………

2) ËÃ×Í x > 5}
{x | x < −4

=……………………………………………………………

3) ËÃ×Í x > 5}
{x | x ≤ 2

=……………………………………………………………

4) {x | x ≤ -2}
=…………………………………………………………………

{x | x < −1 ËÃ×Í x ≥ -1} =………………………………………………………

ãËŒ A = (3,6) áÅÐ B = [ 4,7] ¨§ËÒ૵µ‹Í仹Õé â´Âà¢Õ¹ἹÀÒ¾º¹àÊŒ¹¨íҹǹ áÅÐà¢Õ¹ª‹Ç§

1) A ∪B
∴A ∪B = …………………………………………………………………

2) A ∩B
∴A ∩B = …………………………………………………………………

3) A −B
∴A −B = …………………………………………………………………

4) B - A
∴B - A = …………………………………………………………………
 52

Ẻ½ƒ¡¾Ñ²¹Ò¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙŒ
¨§ËÒ૵¤íҵͺ¢Í§ÍÊÁ¡ÒÃã¹áµ‹ÅТŒÍµ‹Í仹Õé

…………………………………………
1. 3x + 5 < x - 7 …………………………………………
………………………………………… 3. -10 ≤ 2x + 4 ≤ 6
………………………………………… …………………………………………
………………………………………… …………………………………………
………………………………………… …………………………………………
………………………………………… …………………………………………
………………………………………… …………………………………………
…………………………………………. …………………………………………
………………………………………… ………………………………………….
………………………………………… …………………………………………
………………………………………… …………………………………………
………………………………………… …………………………………………
………………………………………… …………………………………………
……………………………………… …………………………………………
(-4x + 2) …………………………………………
>9
2. 2 ………………………………………
…………………………………………
4. 9 - 2x < 4x - 3 ≤ x + 6
………………………………………… …………………………………………
………………………………………… …………………………………………
………………………………………… …………………………………………
………………………………………… …………………………………………
………………………………………… …………………………………………
………………………………………… ………………………….………………
………………………………………… …………………………………………..
………………………………………… …………………………….……………
………………………………………… …………………………………………
………………………………………… …………………………………………
………………………………………… …………………………………………
 53

¨§ËÒ૵¤íҵͺ¢Í§ÍÊÁ¡Òõ‹Í仹Õé
2
1. x − 2x + 4 > 0
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
2
2. x + 4x + 4 < 0
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
2
3. x − 6x ≤ 5
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
2
4. x − 7x + 6 ≥ 0
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
…...…………………………………………………………………………………………..
 54
1 1
<
5. x 2
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
…...…………………………………………………………………………………………..
2
6. x − 3x - 4 < 0
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
…...…………………………………………………………………………………………..
2
7. x − x ≤ 0
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
…...…………………………………………………………………………………………..
 55

àÍ¡ÊÒûÃСͺ¡ÒÃÊ͹ ÃÒÂÇÔªÒ¤³ÔµÈÒʵÏ
(¤ 31201) ªÑé¹ÁѸÂÁÈÖ¡ÉÒ»‚·Õè 4
ûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûû
º··Õè 2 ¨íҹǹ¨ÃÔ§
ÍÊÁ¡ÒáíÒÅѧ˹Öè§ ÁÕÃÙ»·ÑèÇä»à»š¹ ax + b < 0 à¤Ã×èͧËÁÒ < ÍҨ᷹´ŒÇ >, ≤
ËÃ×Í ≥ àÁ×èÍ a, b ໚¹¨íҹǹ¨ÃÔ§ áÅÐ a ≠ 0
µÑÇÍ‹ҧ ¨§ËÒ૵¤íҵͺ¢Í§ÍÊÁ¡Òà 4x + 7 < 2x + 1
ÇÔ¸Õ·íÒ 4x − 2x < 1 − 7
2x < − 6
x < −3
¤íҵͺ¢Í§ÍÊÁ¡Òà ¤×Í {x x < − 3}
µÑÇÍ‹ҧ ¨§ËÒ૵¤íҵͺ¢Í§ÍÊÁ¡Òà − 17 < 3x − 2 < 10
ÇÔ¸Õ·íÒ ¹íÒ 2 ÁҺǡµÅÍ´
− 17 + 2 < 3x − 2 + 2 < 10 + 2
− 15 < 3x < 12
¹íÒ 3 ÁÒËÒõÅÍ´
− 15 3x 12
< <
3 3 3
−5 < x < 4
¤íҵͺ¢Í§ÍÊÁ¡Òà ¤×Í {x −5 < x < 4 }
µÑÇÍ‹ҧ ¨§ËÒ૵¤íҵͺ¢Í§ÍÊÁ¡Òà 9 − 2x < 4x − 3 < x + 6
ÇÔ¸Õ·íÒ ¨Ò¡ 9 − 2x < 4x − 3 < x + 6
¨Ðä´ŒÇ‹Ò 9 − 2 x < 4 x − 3 áÅÐ 4x − 3 < x + 6
− 2x − 4 x < − 3 − 9 áÅÐ 4x − x < 3 + 6
− 6 x < − 12 áÅÐ 3x < 9
x > 2 áÅÐ x < 3
¤íҵͺ¢Í§ÍÊÁ¡Òà ¤×Í {x 2 < x < 3}
 56

ÍÊÁ¡ÒáíÒÅѧÊͧ
ÍÊÁ¡ÒáíÒÅѧÊͧµÑÇá»Ãà´ÕÂÇ ÁÕÃÙ»·ÑèÇ令×Í ax + bx + c < 0 àÁ×èÍ 2
a≠0 ÁÕ a, b
áÅÐ c ໚¹¨íҹǹ¨Ãԧ㴠æ áÅÐ x ໚¹µÑÇá»Ã à¤Ã×èͧËÁÒ < ÍҨ᷹´ŒÇÂ
>, ≤ ËÃ×Í ≥
¡ÒÃá¡ŒÍÊÁ¡ÒÃ
¡ÒÃá¡ŒÍÊÁ¡ÒëÖ觹Ծ¨¹¢Í§ x ·Õè»ÃÒ¡®ã¹ÍÊÁ¡ÒÃ໚¹¾ËعÒÁËÃ×ÍàÈÉʋǹ¢Í§¾ËعÒÁÁÑ¡¨Ð
ä´ŒÍÊÁ¡Ò÷ÕèÊÁÁÙšѺÍÊÁ¡ÒÃã¹ÃÙ»µ‹Í仹Õé
( x − a )( x − a )( x − a )...( x − a ) < 0 «Öè§à¤Ã×èͧËÁÒ < ÍҨ໚¹ >, ≤ ËÃ×Í ≥
1 2 3 n

ÇÔ¸Õá¡ŒÍÊÁ¡ÒÃ
1. ËҨش x ·Õè·íÒãËŒ ( x − a )( x − a )( x − a )...( x − a ) = 0
1 2 3 n

¨Ðä´Œ x = a , a , a ,..., a
1 2 3 n

2. ¹íÒ¤‹Ò a , a , a ,..., a
1 2 3¡íÒ˹´Å§º¹àÊŒ¹¨íҹǹ «Ö觤‹ÒàËÅ‹Ò¹Õé¨Ðẋ§àÊŒ¹
n

¨íҹǹ໚¹ª‹Ç§æ
3. ãÊ‹à¤Ã×èͧËÁÒ + áÅÐ - ÊÅѺ¡Ñ¹ â´ÂàÃÔèÁ·ÕèºÇ¡¡‹Í¹·Ò§´ŒÒ¹ª‹Í§¢ÇÒÊØ´
4. àÅ×Í¡ª‹Ç§·ÕèÁÕà¤Ã×èͧËÁÒµÒÁ·Õè⨷µŒÍ§¡ÒÃ仵ͺ

µÑÇÍ‹ҧ ¨§ËÒ૵¤íҵͺ¢Í§ÍÊÁ¡Òà ( x + 5)( x − 9) > 0

ÇÔ¸Õ·íÒ ¤‹Ò x ·Õè·íÒãËŒ ( x + 5)( x − 9 ) = 0 ¤×Í x = -5, 9

+ - +
-5 9
૵¤íҵͺ¢Í§ÍÊÁ¡Òä×Í ( - 5 , 9 )
µÑÇÍ‹ҧ ¨§ËÒ૵¤íҵͺ¢Í§ÍÊÁ¡Òà 3x − 5 ≥ −3 + x − 3x 2 2

ÇÔ¸Õ·íÒ 3x 2 + 3x 2 − x − 5 + 3 ≥ 0
6x 2 − x − 2 ≥ 0
( 3x − 2 )( 2 x + 1) ≥ 0
¤‹Ò x ·Õè·íÒãËŒ ( 3x − 2 )( 2 x + 1) = 0 ¤×Í x = − 12 , 2
3
 57

+ - +

− 12 2
3
 − ∞,− 1  ∪  2 , ∞ 
૵¤íҵͺ¢Í§ÍÊÁ¡Òä×Í  
 2   3 
µÑÇÍ‹ҧ ¨§ËÒ૵¤íҵͺ¢Í§ÍÊÁ¡Òà x( x + 2)( x + 1)(3 x − 5) < 0
ÇÔ¸Õ·íÒ ¤‹Ò x ·Õè·íÒãËŒ x ( x + 2 )( x + 1)( 3x − 5) = 0 ¤×Í x =
5
-1,-2, 0, 3

+ - + - +

-2 -1 0 5
3
5
૵¤íҵͺ¢Í§ÍÊÁ¡Òä×Í (−2 , - 1 ) ∪ (0 , )
3
¡ÒÃá¡ŒÍÊÁ¡ÒÃã¹ÃÙ»¢Í§àÈÉʋǹâ´Â·ÕèµÑÇʋǹÁÕµÑÇá»ÃÍÂÙ‹´ŒÇ àÃÒ㪌ÊÁºÑµÔµ‹Í仹Õéá¡ŒÊÁ¡ÒÃ
1. a < 0 ¡çµ‹ÍàÁ×èÍ ab < 0
b
a
2. ≤ 0 ¡çµ‹ÍàÁ×èÍ ab ≤ 0 áÅÐ b ≠ 0
b
a
3. > 0 ¡çµ‹ÍàÁ×èÍ ab > 0
b
a
4. ≥ 0 ¡çµ‹ÍàÁ×èÍ ab ≥ 0 áÅÐ b ≠ 0
b
( x + 5)( x − 4)
µÑÇÍ‹ҧ ¨§ËÒ૵¤íҵͺ¢Í§ÍÊÁ¡Òà ≤0
2x + 1
ÇÔ¸Õ·íÒ ¨Ò¡¤Ø³ÊÁºÑµÔ¢ŒÍ·Õè 2 ¨Ð䴌NjÒ
( x + 5)( x − 4 )( 2 x + 1) ≤ 0 áÅÐ 2x + 1 ≠ 0
1
¹Ñ¹è ¤×Í ( x + 5)( x − 4 )( 2 x + 1) ≤ 0 áÅÐ x ≠−
2

- + - +
- 5 − 12 4
૵¤íҵͺ¢Í§ÍÊÁ¡Òä×Í ( − ∞, - 5] ∪ (− 12 , 4 ]
 58
x 2
µÑÇÍ‹ҧ ¨§ËÒ૵¤íҵͺ¢Í§ÍÊÁ¡Òà ≥
x + 2 x −1
ÇÔ¸Õ·íÒ ¨Ò¡ÍÊÁ¡Ò÷Õè¡íÒ˹´ãËŒ ¨Ðä´Œ
x 2
≥
x + 2 x −1
x 2
− ≥ 0
x +2 x −1
x ( x − 1) − 2 ( x + 2 )
≥ 0
( x + 2 )( x − 1)
x 2 − x − 2x − 4
≥ 0
( x + 2 )( x − 1)
x 2 − 3x − 4
≥ 0
( x + 2 )( x − 1)
( x + 1)( x − 4 )
≥ 0
( x + 2 )( x − 1)
a
¨Ò¡¤Ø³ÊÁºÑµÔ ≥ 0 ¡çµ‹ÍàÁ×èÍ ab ≥ 0 áÅÐ b ≠ 0 ¨Ð䴌NjÒ
b
( x + 1)( x − 4 )( x + 2 )( x − 1) ≥ 0 áÅÐ ( x + 2 )( x − 1) ≠ 0
( x + 1)( x − 4 )( x + 2 )( x − 1) ≥ 0 áÅÐ x ≠ −2 , 1

+ - + - +
-2 -1 1 4

૵¤íҵͺ¢Í§ÍÊÁ¡Òä×Í ( − ∞, - 2 ) ∪ [ − 1 , 1 ) ∪ [ 4 , - ∞ )
1. ãËŒ x ∈ R áÅÐ d ∈ R +

x = d ¡çµ‹ÍàÁ×èÍ x = d ËÃ×Í x = −d

µÑÇÍ‹ҧ ¨§ËÒ૵¤íҵͺ¢Í§ 2 x + 5 = 11
ÇÔ¸Õ·íÒ 2 x + 5 = −11 ËÃ×Í 2 x + 5 = 11
2 x = −11 − 5 ËÃ×Í 2 x = 11 − 5
2 x = −16 ËÃ×Í 2x = 6
x = −8 ËÃ×Í x=3
µÃǨ¤íҵͺ 2(−8) + 5 = 11 áÅÐ 2(3) + 5 = 11 ໚¹¨ÃÔ§
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹à«µ¤íҵͺ¢Í§ÊÁ¡Òä×Í {− 8, 3}
 59

2. ãËŒ x∈R áÅÐ d ∈ R

x =d ¡çµ‹ÍàÁ×èÍ x = d ËÃ×Í x = −d áÅÐ d ≥0

µÑÇÍ‹ҧ ¨§ËÒ૵¤íҵͺ¢Í§ 3 x + 14 = 5 x + 2
ÇÔ¸Õ·íÒ 3 x + 14 = −(5 x + 2) ËÃ×Í 3 x + 14 = 5 x + 2 áÅÐ 5x + 2 ≥ 0
3 x + 14 = −5 x − 2 ËÃ×Í 3 x − 5 x = 2 − 14 áÅÐ 5 x ≥ −2
−2
3 x + 5 x = −2 − 14 ËÃ×Í − 2 x = −12 áÅÐ x≥
5
x = −2 ËÃ×Í x=6

-2 − 2
5 6
૵¤íҵͺ¢Í§ÊÁ¡Òä×Í {6}

3. ãËŒ x∈R áÅÐ d∈R

x = d ¡çµ‹ÍàÁ×èÍ x=d ËÃ×Í x = −d

µÑÇÍ‹ҧ ¨§ËÒ૵¤íҵͺ¢Í§ 2 x − 3 = 7 − 3x
ÇÔ¸Õ·íÒ 2 x − 3 = −(7 − 3 x ) ËÃ×Í 2 x − 3 = 7 − 3x
2 x − 3 = −7 + 3 x ËÃ×Í 2 x + 3x = 7 + 3
2 x − 3 x = −7 + 3 ËÃ×Í 5 x = 10
− x = −4 ËÃ×Í x=2
x=4 ËÃ×Í x=2
µÃǨ¤íҵͺ 2(4) − 3 = 7 − 3(4) áÅÐ 2(2) − 3 = 7 − 3(2)

5=5
áÅÐ 1=1 ໚¹¨ÃÔ§
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹à«µ¤íҵͺ¢Í§ÊÁ¡Òä×Í {2, 4}
 60
4. ãËŒ x∈R áÅÐ d ∈ R+
x <d ¡çµ‹ÍàÁ×èÍ −d < x< d
x ≤d ¡çµ‹ÍàÁ×èÍ −d ≤ x ≤d

µÑÇÍ‹ҧ ¨§ËÒ¤íҵͺ¢Í§ 3 2 x − 4 < 18

18
ÇÔ¸Õ·íÒ 2x − 4 <
3
2x − 4 < 6
¨Ðä´Œ −6 < 2x − 4 < 6
¹íÒ 4 ºÇ¡µÅÍ´ −6+4 < 2x − 4 + 4 < 6+4

−2 < 2x < 10
¹íÒ 2 ËÒõÅÍ´ −1 < x < 5
¤íҵͺ¢Í§ÍÊÁ¡Òà ¤×Í {x − 1 < x < 5} = (− 1,5)

5. ãËŒ x∈R áÅÐ d ∈ R+

x >d ¡çµ‹ÍàÁ×èÍ x < −d ËÃ×Í x>d
x ≥d ¡çµ‹ÍàÁ×èÍ x ≤ −d ËÃ×Í x≥d

µÑÇÍ‹ҧ ¨§ËÒ¤íҵͺ¢Í§ 3x + 2 ≥ 4
ÇÔ¸Õ·íÒ ¨Ò¡ 3x + 2 ≥ 4
¨Ðä´Œ 3x + 2 ≤ −4 ËÃ×Í 3x + 2 ≥ 4
3x ≤ −4−2 ËÃ×Í 3x ≥ 4−2
3x ≤ -6 ËÃ×Í 3x ≥ 2
2
x ≤ -2 ËÃ×Í x ≥
3
¤íҵͺ¢Í§ÍÊÁ¡Òà ¤×Í {x x ≤ −2 ËÃ×Í x ≥
2
} = (− ∞,−2) ∪  2 , ∞ 
3 3 
µÑÇÍ‹ҧ ¨§ËÒ¤íҵͺ¢Í§ 6 − 7 x > −10
ÇÔ¸Õ·íÒ 6 − 7 x > −10
ÍÊÁ¡ÒÃ໚¹¨ÃÔ§àÁ×èÍ x ໚¹¨íҹǹ¨ÃÔ§ã´æ
¤íҵͺ¢Í§ÍÊÁ¡Òà ¤×Í R
 61
Ẻ½ƒ¡¾Ñ²¹Ò¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙŒ
¨§ËÒ૵¤íҵͺ¢Í§ÍÊÁ¡Òõ‹Í仹Õé
2x + 1
1. 2 x + 3x − 2 ≤ 0
2
4. <0
x−3
……………………………….. ………………………………..
……………………………….. ………………………………..
……………………………….. ………………………………..
……………………………….. ………………………………..
……………………………….. ………………………………..
……………………………….. ………………………………..
2. ( x + 3)( x − 1)(2 x − 5) ≥ 0 5. 3 < 4
2x + 1 x−2
……………………………….. ………………………………..
……………………………….. ………………………………..
……………………………….. ………………………………..
……………………………….. ………………………………..
……………………………….. ………………………………..
……………………………….. ………………………………..
3. (4 − x)(7 x − 9) > 0 6. (2 x + 1)(x − 1)(x − 3) ≤ 0
(x − 2)(5 x + 3)
……………………………….. ………………………………..
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 62
¨§ËÒ¼ÅÅѾ¸µ‹Í仹Õé
1. 3(4 x − 5) = 30 7. 5 − 2 x ≤ 3
……………………………….. ………………………………..
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……………………………….. ………………………………..
x − 16
2. 8 x + 6 = −5 8. <4
4
……………………………….. ………………………………..
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x − 16
3. 6 x − 4) = 3 x + 2 9. <4
4
……………………………….. ………………………………..
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5 − 3x x
4. =2 10. −3 >8
x+2 10
……………………………….. ………………………………..
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 63
2
5. x+2 = 11. 3< x−2 <5
x +1
……………………………….. ………………………………..
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6. x + 8 = 3x − 4 12. 5 ≤ 2 x − 3
……………………………….. ………………………………..
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 64

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ÊÁºÑµÔ¤ÇÒÁºÃÔºÙó
໚¹ÊÁºÑµÔÊØ´·ŒÒ¢ͧÃкº¨íҹǹ¨ÃÔ§¤Ð «Ö觷ҧº·ááæ¢Í§¨íҹǹ¨ÃÔ§¹Ñé¹ä´Œà¤Â¾Ù´¶Ö§¤Ø³ÊÁºÑµÔ
µ‹Ò§æ¢Í§¨íҹǹ¨ÃÔ§ä»áŌǹФР«Öè§ÊÁºÑµÔ¤ÇÒÁºÃÔºÙó¹Õé ¨Ð໚¹ÊÁºÑµÔÊØ´·ŒÒ¢ͧÃкº¨íҹǹ¨ÃÔ§·Õè
¨íҹǹÍ×è¹äÁ‹ÁÕ áÅÐàÃÒÁÕª×èÍàÃÕ¡ª×èÍÍÕ¡Í‹ҧ˹Öè§Ç‹Ò ÊѨ¾¨¹¡ÒÃÁÕ¤‹Ò¢Íºà¢µº¹¹ŒÍ·ÕèÊØ´ (lest upper
bound axiom)

«Ö觡‹Í¹Í×è¹ ¾Ç¡àÃҡ経ͧÁÒ·íÒ¤ÇÒÁÃÙŒ¨Ñ¡¡Ñº¤íÒÇ‹Ò "¤‹Ò¢Íºà¢µº·" ¡Ñ¹àÊÕ¡‹Í¹¹Ð¤Ð à¾ÃÒÐÁѹÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÊíÒ¤ÑÞ

ÁÒ¡ÊíÒËÃѺã¹àÃ×èͧ¹Õé â´Â¨Ò¡¹ÔÂÒÁ·Õèä´Œ¡Å‹ÒÇàÍÒänjNjÒ

º·¹ÔÂÒÁ ãËŒ ¡Å‹ÒÇÇ‹Ò ¨íҹǹ¨ÃÔ§ ¨Ð໚¹¤‹Ò¢Íºà¢µº¹¢Í§ ¡çµ‹ÍàÁ×èÍ ÁÕ¤‹ÒäÁ‹¹ŒÍ¡NjÒ

ÊÁÒªÔ¡ã´æ¢Í§ 㹡óչÕéàÃÒàÃÕÂ¡Ç‹Ò Áբͺࢵº¹
¹Ñ蹡ç¤×ÍÇ‹Ò: ໚¹¤‹Ò¢Íºà¢µº¹¢Í§ ¡çµ‹ÍàÁ×èÍ ÊíÒËÃѺ·Ø¡æ
â´Â·Õè ÊѨ¾¨¹¢Í§Ãкº¨íҹǹ¨ÃÔ§¹Ñ鹡ç¤×Í ¢ŒÍ¤ÇÒÁ·Õè໚¹¨Ãԧ䴌â´Â·ÕèäÁ‹µŒÍ§¾ÔÊÙ¨¹ «Öè§ÁÕ·Ñé§ËÁ´ 15
ÊѨ¾¨¹´ŒÇ¡ѹ ´Ñ§·ÕèáÊ´§ãËŒàË繴ѧ¹Õé
ÊѨ¾¨¹·Õè 1 ¶ŒÒ ¨Ðä´Œ
ÊѨ¾¨¹·Õè 2 ¶ŒÒ ¨Ðä´Œ
ÊѨ¾¨¹·Õè 3 ÁÕ â´Â·Õè ÊíÒËÃѺ·Ø¡
ÊѨ¾¨¹·Õè 4 ¶ŒÒ ¨ÐÁÕ «Öè§
ÊѨ¾¨¹·Õè 5 ¶ŒÒ ¨Ðä´Œ
ÊѨ¾¨¹·Õè 6 ¶ŒÒ ¨Ðä´Œ
ÊѨ¾¨¹·Õè 7 ¶ŒÒ ¨Ðä´Œ
ÊѨ¾¨¹·Õè 8 ÁÕ «Öè§ ÊíÒËÃѺ·Ø¡
ÊѨ¾¨¹·Õè 9 ¶ŒÒ ¨ÐÁÕ «Öè§
ÊѨ¾¨¹·Õè 10 ¶ŒÒ ¨Ðä´Œ
 65
ÊѨ¾¨¹·Õè 11 ¶ŒÒ áÅŒÇ
ÊѨ¾¨¹·Õè 12 ÁÕÊѺ૵ ¢Í§ «Öè§ áÅÐ ¶ŒÒ áÅÐ áÅŒÇ ËÃ×Í
»ÃСÒÃã´»ÃСÒÃ˹֧è
ÊѨ¾¨¹·Õè 13 ¶ŒÒ áÅŒÇ
ÊѨ¾¨¹·Õè 14 ¶ŒÒ áÅŒÇ
ÊѨ¾¨¹·Õè 15 ¶ŒÒ áÅÐ Áբͺࢵº¹áÅŒÇ ¨ÐÁբͺࢵº¹¹ŒÍ·ÕèÊØ´

µÑÇÍ‹ҧ·Õè 1 ãËŒ
¨Ðä´ŒÇ‹Ò 8 áÅШíҹǹ¨ÃÔ§·Ø¡µÑÇ·ÕèÁÒ¡¡Ç‹Ò 8 ໚¹¢Íºà¢µº¹¢Í§ 8 áÅТͺࢵº¹·Õ蹌Í·ÕèÊØ´¤×Í 8

µÑÇÍ‹ҧ·Õè 2 ãËŒ
¨Ðä´ŒÇ‹Ò 5 áÅШíҹǹ¨ÃÔ§·Ø¡µÑÇ·ÕèÁÒ¡¡Ç‹Ò 5 ໚¹¢Íºà¢µº¹¢Í§ 8 áÅÐ ¢Íºà¢µº¹·Õ蹌Í·ÕèÊØ´ ¤×Í 5

µÑÇÍ‹ҧ·Õè 3 ãËŒ
¨Ðä´ŒÇ‹Ò 7 áÅШíҹǹ¨ÃÔ§·Ø¡µÑÇ·ÕèÁÒ¡¡Ç‹Ò 7 ໚¹¢Íºà¢µº¹¢Í§ 5 áÅТͺࢵº¹·Õ蹌Í·ÕèÊØ´¤×Í 7

µÑÇÍ‹ҧ·Õè 4 ãËŒ
¨Ðä´ŒÇ‹Ò äÁ‹Áբͺࢵº¹

µÑÇÍ‹ҧ·Õè 5 ãËŒ
¨Ðä´ŒÇ‹Ò ¨íҹǹ¨ÃÔ§·Ø¡¨íҹǹ໚¹¢Íºà¢µº¹¢Í§ áÅÐ äÁ‹Áբͺࢵº¹·Õ蹌Í·ÕèÊØ´
 66

àÍ¡ÊÒûÃСͺ¡ÒÃÊ͹ ÃÒÂÇÔªÒ¤³ÔµÈÒʵÏ
(¤ 31201) ªÑé¹ÁѸÂÁÈÖ¡ÉÒ»‚·Õè 4
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º··Õè 2 ·Äɮըíҹǹàº×éͧµŒ¹
àÍ¡ÊÒûÃСͺ¡ÒÃÊ͹àÃ×èͧ·Äɮըíҹǹàº×éͧµŒ¹

¡ÒÃËÒ÷ÕèŧµÑÇ áÅÐ Division Algorithm

¹ÔÂÒÁ ÊíÒËÃѺ·Ø¡æ a , b໚¹¨íҹǹàµçÁ «Öè§ a ≠ 0 àÃÒ¡Å‹ÒÇÇ‹Ò a ໚¹µÑÇËÒ÷ÕèŧµÑÇ (division
ËÃ×Í factor) ¢Í§ b ¡çµ‹ÍàÁ×èÍ ÁÕ ¨íҹǹàµçÁ c «Öè§ÁդسÊÁºÑµÔÇ‹Ò b = ac
㹡óշÕè a ໚¹µÑÇËÒ÷ÕèŧµÑÇËÃ×Í á¿¡àµÍÏ ¢Í§ b àÃÒÍÒ¨¡Å‹ÒÇä´ŒÍÕ¡Í‹ҧ˹Öè§Ç‹Ò
a ËÒà b 䴌ŧµÑÇ
b ËÒôŒÇ a 䴌ŧµÑÇ
b ໚¹ multiple ¢Í§ a
ÊÑÞÅѡɳ·Õè㪌à¢Õ¹᷹ ” a ໚¹µÑÇËÒ÷ÕèŧµÑǢͧb “ àÃÒ¹ÔÂÁà¢Õ¹᷹´ŒÇ a | b áÅÐã¹
¡Ã³Õ·Õè a äÁ‹à»š¹µÑÇËÒ÷ÕèŧµÑǢͧ b àÃÒà¢Õ¹᷹´ŒÇÂÊÑÞÅѡɳ a \/ b
¨ÐÊѧࡵNjҨҡ¹ÔÂÒÁ µÑÇËÒ÷ÕèŧµÑǨеŒÍ§äÁ‹à·‹Ò¡Ñº 0 àÊÁÍ ´Ñ§µÑÇÍ‹ҧ ¶ŒÒàÃÒà¢Õ¹NjÒ
x | y ໚¹·ÕèࢌÒã¨¡Ñ¹Ç‹Ò x ≠ o áÅШíҹǹàµçÁ x ໚¹µÑÇËÒ÷ÕèŧµÑÇ ¢Í§¨íҹǹàµçÁ y

·ÄÉ®Õ ãËŒ a , c áÅÐ b ໚¹¨íҹǹàµçÁã´ æ ¨Ðä´Œ

1. ¶ŒÒ a | b áÅÐ a | c áÅŒÇ a | (b + c)
2. ¶ŒÒ a | b áÅŒÇ a | bc ÊíÒËÃѺ¨íҹǹàµçÁã´ æ
3. ¶ŒÒ a | b áÅÐ b | c áÅŒÇ a | c
¾ÔÊÙ¨¹ 1.
ÊÁÁصÔãËŒ a | b áÅÐ a | c
´Ñ§¹Ñ鹨ҡ¹ÔÂÒÁ¢Í§¡ÒÃËÒÃŧµÑǨÐ䴌NjÒÁÕ¨íҹǹ s áÅÐ t «Ö觷íÒãËŒ b= as áÅÐ c = at
b + c = as + at = a (s + t)
 67
¹Ñ¹è ¤×Í a | (b + c)
¢ŒÍ 2 áÅÐ 3 ãˌ໚¹áºº½ƒ¡ËÑ´

¹ÔÂÒÁ ãËŒ p ໚¹¨íҹǹàµçÁºÇ¡ã´ æ «Öè§ p > 1 ¨ÐàÃÕ¡NjҨíҹǹ੾ÒÐ(prime)¡çµ‹ÍàÁ×èÍá¿¡àµÍÏ

¢Í§ p ¤×Í 1 áÅÐ p à·‹Ò¹Ñé¹ áÅШÐàÃÕ¡¨íҹǹàµçÁºÇ¡·ÕèÁÒ¡¡Ç‹Ò 1 áÅÐäÁ‹à»š¹¨íҹǹ੾ÒÐÇ‹Ò
composite
µÑÇÍ‹ҧ 7 ໚¹¨íҹǹ੾ÒÐ
9 ໚¹ composite à¹×èͧ¨Ò¡ËÒôŒÇ 3 ŧµÑÇ

Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic

¨íҹǹàµçÁºÇ¡ã´ æÊÒÁÒöà¢Õ¹䴌໚¹¼Å¤Ù³¢Í§¨íҹǹ੾ÒÐä´Œà¾Õ§Ẻà´ÕÂÇà·‹Ò¹Ñé¹

µÑÇÍ‹ҧ prime factorial ¢Í§ 100, 641, 999, 1024

100 = 2 x 2 x 5 x 5 = 22 5 2
641 = 641
999 = 3 x 3 x 3 x 37 = 33 x 37
1024 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 210

·ÄÉ®Õ ¶ŒÒ n ໚¹ composite áÅŒÇ n ¨ÐÁÕµÑÇËÒ÷Õè໚¹¨íҹǹ੾ÒзÕèÁÕ¤‹Ò¹ŒÍ¡NjÒËÃ×Í෋ҡѺ √n

¾ÔÊÙ¨¹
¶ŒÒ n ໚¹ composite áÅÐÁÕá¿¡àµÍϤ×Í a «Öè§ 1<a<n
n = ab àÁ×èÍ a, b ໚¹¨íҹǹàµçÁºÇ¡·ÕèÁÒ¡¡Ç‹Ò 1
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ a ≤ √ n ËÃ×Í b ≤ √n
ab > √n √n = n
¹Ñ¹è ¤×Í n ÁÕµÑÇËÒ÷ÕèÁÕ¤‹ÒäÁ‹à¡Ô¹ √n â´Â·ÕèµÑÇËÒùÕé໚¹¨íҹǹ੾ÒÐ ËÃ×Íâ´Â Fundamental
Theorem of Arithmetic ¨ÐÁÕµÑÇËÒ÷Õè໚¹¨íҹǹ੾ÒÐ
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ n ÁÕµÑÇËÒ÷Õè໚¹¨íҹǹ੾ÒзÕèÁÕ¤‹ÒäÁ‹à¡Ô¹ √n

µÑÇÍ‹ҧ ¨§áÊ´§Ç‹Ò 101 ໚¹¨íҹǹ੾ÒÐ

 68
ÇÔ¸Õ·íÒ
¨íҹǹ·Õè໚¹¨íҹǹ੾ÒÐÁÕ¤‹Òä´ŒäÁ‹à¡Ô¹ √101 䴌ᡋ 2, 3, 5 áÅÐ 7
à¹×èͧ¨Ò¡ 101 ËÒÃäÁ‹Å§µÑÇ´ŒÇ 2, 3, 5 ËÃ×Í 7
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ 101 ໚¹¨íҹǹ੾ÒÐ
µÑÇÍ‹ҧ ¨§ËÒ prime factorial ¢Í§ 7007
ÇÔ¸Õ·íÒ
àÃÔèÁµŒ¹ËÒµÑÇËÒâͧ 7007·Õè໚¹¨íҹǹ੾ÒÐ â´ÂàÃÔèÁµŒ¹´ŒÇ 2, 3, 5 «Öè§ËÒà 7007
äÁ‹Å§µÑÇ áµ‹ 7007 / 7 = 1001
µ‹Íä»ËÒà 1001 ´ŒÇ¨íҹǹ੾ÒзÕèàÃÔèÁ¨Ò¡ 7 ໚¹µŒ¹ä» ¨Ðä´ŒÇ‹Ò 1001 / 7 = 143
µ‹Íä»ËÒà 143 ´ŒÇ¨íҹǹ੾ÒзÕèàÃÔèÁ¨Ò¡ 7 ໚¹µŒ¹ä» ¨Ðä´ŒÇ‹Ò 7 ËÒà 143 äÁ‹Å§µÑÇ
ᵋ 11 ËÒà 143 ŧµÑÇ áÅÐ 143 / 11 = 13 à¹×èͧ¨Ò¡ 13 ໚¹¨íҹǹ੾ÒÐ
´Ñ§¹Ñ鹨Ð䴌NjÒ
7007 = 7 x 7 x 11 x 13 = 72 x 11 x 13

Division Algorithm
·ÄÉ®Õ (Division Algorithm) ¶ŒÒ a áÅÐ d ໚¹¨íҹǹ «Öè§ d > 0 áÅŒÇ áÅŒÇÁÕ¨íҹǹàµçÁ q áÅÐ
r ¤Ù‹Ë¹Öè§áÅФًà´ÕÂÇà·‹Ò¹Ñé¹ «Öè§ÁդسÊÁºÑµÔÇ‹Ò
a = dq + r , 0≤ r < d
(ã¹·Õè¹Õé¡ÒþÔÊÙ¨¹¨ÐàÇŒ¹äÇŒ)
ËÁÒÂà赯 ¨Ò¡·ÄÉ®Õ «Öè§ä´Œ¡Å‹ÒÇÇ‹Ò ÊíÒËÃѺ·Ø¡æ a,d∈ Z , d > 0 ¨ÐÁÕ q,r∈ Z «Öè§ÁդسÊÁºÑµÔ
Ç‹Ò
a = dq + r , 0 ≤ r < d
àÃÒàÃÕ¡ a Ç‹Ò µÑǵÑé§(dividend)
àÃÕ¡ d Ç‹Ò µÑÇËÒÃ(divisor) 㹡ÒÃËÒà a ´ŒÇ d
àÃÕ¡ q Ç‹Ò ¼ÅµÑÇËÒÃ(quotient) 㹡ÒÃËÒà a ´ŒÇ d
áÅÐàÃÕ¡ r Ç‹Ò àÈÉ (remainder) 㹡ÒÃËÒà a ´ŒÇ d

àÃÒ¨ÐàËç¹ä´ŒªÑ´Ç‹Ò d ໚¹µÑÇËÒ÷ÕèŧµÑÇ ¢Í§ a ¡çµ‹ÍàÁ×èÍàÈÉ㹡ÒÃËÒà a ´ŒÇ d

෋ҡѺ 0
 69
¶ŒÒ·Ñé§ a áÅÐ d ໚¹¨íҹǹàµçÁºÇ¡·Ñ駤ً áŌǼÅËÒà áÅÐàÈÉ㹡ÒÃËÒà a ´ŒÇ d
ÍÒ¨¨ÐËÒä´Œâ´ÂÇÔ¸Õ¡ÒÃËÒÃÂÒÇã¹·Ò§àÅ¢¤³Ôµ

µÑÇÍ‹ҧ ¨§ËÒ¼ÅËÒÃáÅÐàÈɨҡÒÃËÒà 101 ´ŒÇ 11

ÇÔ¸Õ·íÒ
101= 11. 9 + 2
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹àÈɤ×Í 2 áÅмÅËÒä×Í 9
µÑÇÍ‹ҧ ¨§ËÒ¼ÅËÒÃáÅÐàÈɨҡÒÃËÒà -11 ´ŒÇ 3
ÇÔ¸Õ·íÒ
-11= 3(-4) + 1
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹àÈɤ×Í 1 áÅмÅËÒä×Í -4
¢ŒÍÊÑ§à¡µØ àÈÉ·ÕèàËÅ×ͨҡ¡ÒÃËÒèÐäÁ‹à»š¹¨íÒ¹¹Ç¹Åº ¨Ò¡µÑÇÍ‹ҧ¢ŒÒ§µŒ¹ àÈÉ·ÕèààËÅ×ͨҡ¡ÒÃËÒèÐäÁ‹
໚¹ -2 ¶Ö§áÁŒÇ‹Ò -11 = 3(-3) - 2 à¹×èͧ¨Ò¡ r = -2 ¨ÐäÁ‹ÊÍ´¤ÅŒÍ§¡Ñºà§×è͹䢷Õè¡Å‹ÒÇÇ‹Ò
0≤ r < 3

µÑÇËÒÃËÇÁÁÒ¡
¹ÔÂÒÁ ¡íÒ˹´ãËŒ a, b ໚¹¨íҹǹàµçÁ , a ≠ o ËÃ×Í b ≠ o , µÑÇËÒÃËÇÁÁÒ¡ (Ë.Ã.Á.,
greatesr common division : gcd )¢Í§ a áÅÐ b ¤×ͨíҹǹàµçÁºÇ¡ d ¨íҹǹà´ÕÂÇà·‹Ò¹Ñé¹·Õè
ãËÞ‹·ÕèÊØ´«Öè§ÁդسÊÁºÑµÔÇ‹Ò d | a áÅÐ d | b
µ‹Í仨Ðà¢Õ¹᷹ Ë.Ã.Á. ¢Í§ a áÅÐ b ´ŒÇÂÊÑÞÅѡɳ gcd (a , b)

µÑÇÍ‹ҧ ¨§ËÒË.Ã.Á. ¢Í§ 24 áÅÐ 36

ÇÔ¸Õ·íÒ
µÑÇËÒÃËÇÁ¢Í§ 24 áÅÐ 36 ¤×Í 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 áÅÐ 12
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ gcd(24, 36) = 12

µÑÇÍ‹ҧ ¨§ËÒË.Ã.Á. ¢Í§ 17 áÅÐ 22

ÇÔ¸Õ·íÒ
µÑÇËÒÃËÇÁ¢Í§ 17 áÅÐ 22 ¤×Í 1
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ gcd (17, 22) = 1
 70
¹ÔÂÒÁ ¨íҹǹàµçÁ a áÅÐ b ¨ÐàÃÕÂ¡Ç‹Ò relatively prime ¶ŒÒ Ë.Ã.Á. ¢Í§ a áÅÐ b ¤×Í 1

µÑÇÍ‹ҧ
à¹×èͧ¨Ò¡ gcd(17, 22) = 1
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ 17 áÅÐ 22 ໚¹ relatively prime

¹ÔÂÒÁ ¨íҹǹàµçÁ a1, a2, … an¨ÐàÃÕÂ¡Ç‹Ò pairwise relatively prime ¶ŒÒ gcd(ai , aj) = 1

µÑÇÍ‹ҧ ¨§µÃǨÊÍºÇ‹Ò 10, 17, 21 ໚¹ pairwise relatively prime ËÃ×ÍäÁ‹

à¹×èͧ¨Ò¡ gcd(10, 17) = 1, gcd(10, 21) = 1, gcd(17, 21) = 1
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ 10, 17 áÅÐ 21 ໚¹ pair wise relatively prime
 71
¡ÒÃËÒ Ë.Ã.Á.
a = p1a1 p2 a2…pn an , b = p1b1 p2 b2…pn bn

´Ñ§¹Ñé¹
gcd(a, b) = p1min(a1, b1) p2 min(a2,b2)…pn min(an, bn)

µÑÇÍ‹ҧ ¨§ËÒ ËÃÁ¢Í§ 120 áÅÐ 500

∴120 = 23.3 .5 áÅÐ 500 = 22.53
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ gcd (120, 500) = 2min(3, 2) 3 min(1, 0)
…5 min(1, 3)
= 223051 = 20

¹ÔÂÒÁ ¡íÒ˹´ãËŒ a, b ໚¹¨íҹǹàµçÁ , a ≠ o ËÃ×Í b ≠ o µÑǤٳËÇÁ¹ŒÍ (¤.Ã.¹. , least

common multiple : lcm ) ¢Í§ a áÅÐ b ¤×ͨíҹǹàµçÁºÇ¡ m ·ÕèàÅç¡·ÕèÊØ´¨íҹǹà´ÕÂÇ
à·‹Ò¹Ñé¹ «Öè§ÁդسÊÁºÑµÔÇ‹Ò a | m áÅÐ b | m
µ‹Í仨Ðà¢Õ¹᷹ ¤.Ã.Á. ¢Í§ a áÅÐ b ´ŒÇÂÊÑÞÅѡɳ lcm (a , b)
¶ŒÒ¡íÒ˹´
a = p1a1 p2 a2…pn an , b = p1b1 p2 b2…pn bn
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹
lcm(a, b) = p1max(a1, b1) p2 max(a2, b2)…pn max(an, bn)

µÑÇÍ‹ҧ ¨§ËÒ ¤.Ã.¹.¢Í§ 23.35 .72 áÅÐ 24.33

´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ lcm (23.35 .72 , 24.33) = 2max(3, 4)
3 max(5, 3)
…7 max(2, 0)
= 243572

Modular Arithmetic
¹ÔÂÒÁ ãËŒ a ໚¹¨íҹǹàµçÁáÅÐ m ໚¹¨íҹǹàµçÁºÇ¡ àÃÒà¢Õ¹ a mod m á·¹àÈÉ·ÕèàËÅ×ͨҡ¡ÒÃ
ËÒà a ´ŒÇ m
¨Ò¡¹ÔÂÒÁ¢Í§àÈÉ·ÕèàËÅ×ͨҡ¡ÒÃËÒà ¤×Í a mod m «Ö觡ç¤×Í ¨íҹǹàµçÁ r «Öè§ÁդسÊÁºÑµÔÇ‹Ò a = qm
+ r áÅÐ 0 ≤ r <m
µÑÇÍ‹ҧ
àÃÒ¾ºÇ‹Ò 17 mod 5 = 2
-133 mod 9 = 2
2001 mod 101 = 82
 72
¹ÔÂÒÁ ãËŒ a áÅÐ b ໚¹¨íҹǹàµçÁ áÅÐ m ໚¹¨íҹǹàµçÁºÇ¡ àÃÒ¡Å‹ÒÇÇ‹Ò a congruent to b
modulo m ¶ŒÒ m ËÒà a - b ŧµÑÇ àÃÒà¢Õ¹ÊÑÞÅѡɳ a ≡ b (mod m) á·¹ a congruent
to b(mod m) áÅÐà¢Õ¹ a /≡ b (mod m) á·¹ a are not congruent to b modulo m

ËÁÒÂà˵Ø
1. a ≡ b (mod m) ¡çµ‹ÍàÁ×èÍ m | a -b áÅÐ
a ≡ b (mod m) ¡çµ‹ÍàÁ×èÍ a mod m = b mod m

2. ÊÑÞÅѡɳ·Õè㪌᷹ congruent modulo (ie: a ≡ b (mod m) ) ¼ÙŒ·Õè¡íÒ˹´¤×Í ¹Ñ¡

¤³ÔµÈÒʵϪÒÇàÂÍÃÁѹª×èÍ Karl Freidrich Gauss

·ÄÉ®Õ ãËŒ m ໚¹¨íҹǹàµçÁºÇ¡ ¨Ðä´ŒÇ‹Ò a ≡ b (mod m) ¡çµ‹ÍàÁ×èÍ ÁÕ¨íҹǹàµçÁ k «Ö觷íÒãËŒ

a = b + km.
¾ÔÊÙ¨¹
¶ŒÒ a ≡ b (mod m) ´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ m | ( a - b)
¹Ñ¹è ¤×ÍÁÕ k «Ö觷íÒãËŒ a - b = km
a = b + km
¶ŒÒ ÁÕ¨íҹǹàµçÁ k «Ö觷íÒãËŒ a = b + km
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ km = a - b
¹Ñ¹è ¤×Í m | (a - b)

·ÄÉ®Õ ãËŒ m ໚¹¨íҹǹàµçÁºÇ¡ã´ æ ¶ŒÒ a ≡ b (mod m) áÅÐ c ≡ d (mod m) áÅŒÇ a

+ c ≡ b +c (mod m) áÅÐ ac ≡ bd (mod m)
¾ÔÊÙ¨¹
à¹×èͧ¨Ò¡ a ≡ b (mod m) áÅÐ c ≡ d (mod m)
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ÁÕ¨íҹǹàµçÁ s áÅÐÐ t «Ö觷íÒãËŒ b = a + sm áÅÐ d = c + tm
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ b + d = (a + sm) + ( c + tm) = (a +c ) + m (s + t)
áÅÐ bd = (a + sm) ( c + tm) = ac + m (at + cs + stm)
¹Ñ¹è ¤×Í a + c ≡ b + c(mod m) áÅÐ ac ≡ bd (mod m)
 73
µÑÇÍ‹ҧ 1 ¨§ËÒ¤‹ÒàÈÉ·ÕèàËÅ×ͨҡ¡ÒÃËÒà 21003 -1 ´ŒÇ 7?
àÃÒµŒÍ§¡ÒÃËÒ 21003 ≡ r (mod 7)
à¹×èͧ¨Ò¡, 23 ≡ 1 (mod 7)
(àÃÒàÃÔèÁµŒ¹·Õè¹Õèà¾ÃÒÐ 23 ¤×Í¡íÒÅѧ·Õ蹌Í·ÕèÊØ´¢Í§ 2 «Öè§ÁÒ¡¡Ç‹ÒËÃ×Í෋ҡѺ 7)
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ (23)333 ≡1(mod 7), áÅÐ 2999 ≡ 1(mod 7)
2999 * 24 ≡ 24 (mod 7)
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ 21003 ≡ 24 ≡ 2 (mod 7)
áÅÐ 21003 - 1 ≡2 - 1(mod 7), ¹Ñ¹è ¤×Í
(21003 - 1) mod 7 = 1.

Euclidean Algorithm
¡‹Í¹·Õè¨Ð¡Å‹ÒǶ֧ÇÔ¸Õ¡Òâͧ Euclidean Algorithm ¨Ð¢ÍáÊ´§¶Ö§ÇÔ¸Õ¡ÒÃËÒ Ë.Ã.Á. ¢Í§¨íҹǹ 91áÅÐ
287 ´Ñ§¹Õé
ËÒà 287 ´ŒÇ 91 ¨Ðä´ŒÇ‹Ò 287 = 91.3 + 14 ¨Ðä´ŒÇ‹Ò µÑÇËÒÃËÇÁã´æ ¢Í§ 91 áÅÐ
287 ¨ÐµŒÍ§à»š¹µÑÇËÒâͧ 287 -91.3 = 14 ´ŒÇ áÅзíҹͧà´ÕÂǡѹ¨Ð䴌NjҵÑÇËÒÃËÇÁ¢Í§ 91 áÅÐ
14 ¨ÐµŒÍ§à»š¹µÑÇËÒâͧ 287 = 91.3 + 14 ´Ñ§¹Ñ鹨Ðä´ŒÇ‹Ò Ë.Ã.Á. ¢Í§ 287áÅÐ 91 ¨Ð໚¹ Ë.Ã.
Á.¢Í§ 91 áÅÐ 14 ´ŒÇ «Öè§ËÁÒ¤ÇÒÁÇ‹Ò ÊÒÁÒöËÒ Ë.Ã.Á.¢Í§ 91 áÅÐ 14 á·¹¡ÒÃËÒË.Ã.Á.¢Í§
287áÅÐ 91 ä´Œ
µ‹Íä»ËÒà 91 ´ŒÇ 14 ¨Ðä´Œ
91 = 14.6 + 7
¹Ñ蹤×͵ÑÇËÒÃËÇÁ¢Í§ 91 áÅÐ 14 ¨ÐÊÒÁÒöËÒà 91 -14.6 = 7 áÅеÑÇËÒÃËÇÁ¢Í§14 áÅÐ
7 ÊÒÁÒöËÒà 91 ä´Œ ´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ gcd (91, 14) = gcd(14 , 7)
µ‹Íä»ËÒà 14 ´ŒÇ 7 ¨Ðä´Œ 14 = 7.2
à¹×èͧ´ŒÇ 7 | 14 ´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ gcd (14, 7) = 7
∴gcd (287,91) = gcd (91, 14) = gcd (14, 7)= 7

Euclidean Algorithm ໚¹¢ºÇ¹¡ÒÃ㹡ÒÃËÒ Ë.Ã.Á. ¢Í§¨íҹǹàµçÁ a áÅÐ b â´ÂÍÒÈÑÂ

·Äɮբͧ Division Algorithm «Öè§ÁÕÇÔ¸Õ¡Òôѧµ‹Í仹Õé
 74
Lemma ¶ŒÒãËŒ a = bq + r àÁ×èÍ a, b, q, r ໚¹¨íҹǹàµçÁ¨Ðä´ŒÇ‹Ò gcd(a, b) = gcd (b,
r)
¾ÔÊÙ¨¹ ¨ÐµŒÍ§áÊ´§Ç‹Ò µÑÇËÒÃËÇÁ¢Í§ a áÅÐ b ໚¹ªØ´à´ÕÂǡѺµÑÇËÒÃËÇÁ¢Í§ b, r
ÊÁÁصÔãËŒ d ໚¹µÑÇËÒÃËÇÁ¢Í§ a, b ¹Ñ蹤×Í d | a áÅÐ d | b
∴ d ÊÒÁÒöËÒà a – bq = r ŧµÑÇ
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ d ໚¹µÑÇËÒÃËÇÁ ¢Í§ b áÅÐ r
∴ gcd(a, b) = gcd (b, r)
ÊÁÁصÔãËŒ d ໚¹µÑÇËÒÃËÇÁ¢Í§ b, r ¹Ñ蹤×Í d | b áÅÐ d | r
∴ d ÊÒÁÒöËÒà bq + r = a ŧµÑÇ
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ µÑÇËÒÃËÇÁ ¢Í§ b áÅÐ r ¨Ð໚¹µÑÇËÒÃËÇÁ¢Í§ a áÅÐ b
∴ gcd(a, b) = gcd (b, r)

¨Ò¡·ÄɮբŒÒ§µŒ¹ ÊÁÁصÔãËŒ a, b ໚¹¨íҹǹàµçÁºÇ¡ áÅÐ a ≥ b

ãËŒ r0 = a áÅÐ r1 = b ¨Ò¡ division algorithm àÃÒ¨Ðä´ŒÇ‹Ò ÁÕ q,r∈ I «Öè§ÁÕ
¤Ø³ÊÁºÑµÔÇ‹Ò
r0 = r1 q1+ r2 , 0 ≤ r2 < r1
r1 = r2 q2+ r3 , 0 ≤ r3 < r2
:
rn - 2 = rn - 1 q n - 1+ rn , 0 ≤ rn < rn - 1
r0n –1 = rn qn
¨Ð䴌NjÒàÈÉ·ÕèàËÅ×Í໚¹ 0 㹪ش¢Í§¡ÒÃËÒà a = r0 > r2 > … ≥ 0 «Öè§ÁÕäÁ‹à¡Ô¹ a
¾¨¹ ´Ñ§¹Ñ鹨ҡ lemma ¨Ð䴌NjÒ
gcd (a, b) = gcd ( r0 , r1) = gcd ( r1 , r2) =…= gcd ( rn - 2 , rn - 1 )
= gcd ( rn - 1 , rn )
= gcd ( rn , r0 ) = rn
µÑÇÍ‹ҧ ¨§ËÒË.Ã.Á. ¢Í§ 710 áÅÐ 68 â´Â㪌 Euclidean Algorithm
ÇÔ¸Õ·íÒ â´Â㪌 Eucliclean algorithm ¨Ðä´Œ
710 = 10.68 + 30
68 = 2.30 + 8
 75
30 = 3.8 + 6
8 = 1.6 + 2
6 = 3.2
gcd(710, 68) = 2
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ Ë.Ã.Á. ¢Í§ 710 áÅÐ 68 ¤×Í 2