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1 Applications
1 Applications
2 Professor A G Constantinides
Spectral Analysis
• Three typical areas of spectral analysis are:
5 Professor A G Constantinides
Spectral Analysis of
Sinusoidal Signals
Note that
[k ] (e j ) , 0 k R 1
2 k / R
• The normalised discrete-time angular
frequency corresponding to DFT bin k is
k 2 k
R
• while the equivalent continuous-time
angular frequency is 2 k
k
6
RT Professor A G Constantinides
Spectral Analysis of
Sinusoidal Signals
• Consider g[n] cos(o n ), n
• expressed as
g[n] 12 e j (o n ) e j (o n )
• Its DTFT is given by
j j
G (e ) e ( o 2)
j
e ( o 2)
7 Professor A G Constantinides
Spectral Analysis of
Sinusoidal Signals
• G (e j )is a periodic function of with a period
2 containing two impulses in each period
• In the range , there is an impulse at
o of complex amplitude e j and an
impulse at o of complex amplitude e j
• To analyse g[n] using DFT, we employ a finite-
length version of the sequence given by
[n] cos(o n ), 0 n N 1
8 Professor A G Constantinides
Spectral Analysis of
Sinusoidal Signals
• Example - Determine the 32-point DFT of a
length-32 sequence g[n] obtained by
sampling at a rate of 64 Hz a sinusoidal
signal g (t ) of frequency 10 Hz
a
• Since Hz the DFT bins will be
FT 64
located in Hz at ( k/NT)=2k, k=0,1,2,..,63
• One of these points is at given signal
frwquency of 10Hz
9 Professor A G Constantinides
Spectral Analysis of
Sinusoidal Signals
• DFT magnitude plot
15
10
|G [k]|
0
0 10 20 30
k
10 Professor A G Constantinides
Spectral Analysis of
Sinusoidal Signals
• Example - Determine the 32-point DFT of a
length-32 sequence [n] obtained by sampling at a
rate of 64 Hz a sinusoid of frequency 11 Hz
• Since f R 11 32
5.5
FT 64
the impulse at f = 11 Hz of the DTFT appear
between the DFT bin locations k = 5 and k = 6
• the impulse at f= -11 Hz appears between the DFT
bin locations k = 26 and k = 27
11 Professor A G Constantinides
Spectral Analysis of
Sinusoidal Signals
• DFT magnitude plot
15
|G[k]| 10
0
0 10 20 30
k
0
0 10 20 30
k
• Problem gets more complicated if the signal
contains more than one sinusoid
13 Professor A G Constantinides
Spectral Analysis of
Sinusoidal Signals
• Example x[n] 1 sin(2 f1n) sin(2 f2 n), 0 n N 1
2
4
|X[k]|
0
0 5 10 15
k
• From plot it is difficult to determine if there is one or
more sinusoids in x[n] and the exact locations of the
sinusoids
14 Professor A G Constantinides
Spectral Analysis of
Sinusoidal Signals
N = 16, R = 128
8
6
|X[k]|
4
0
0 50 100
k
• An increase in resolution and accuracy of
the peak locations is obtained by increasing
DFT length to R = 128 with peaks occurring
at k = 27 and k =45
15 Professor A G Constantinides
Spectral Analysis of
Sinusoidal Signals
• Reduced resolution occurs when the
difference between the two frequencies
becomes less than 0.4
16 Professor A G Constantinides
Spectral Analysis of
Nonstationary Signals
• An example of a time-varying signal is the
2
chirp signal x[ n ] A cos( o ) and shown
n
5
below for o 10 10
1
0.5
Amplitude
-0.5
-1
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Time index n
Amplitude
0 0
-1 -1
0 50 100 150 200 100 150 200 250 300
Time index n Time index n
1 1
Amplitude
Amplitude
0 0
-1 -1
20 200 250 300 350 400 300 350 400 A G450
Professor 500
Constantinides
Time index n Time index n
Short-Time Fourier Transform
• Short-time Fourier transform (STFT),
also known as time-dependent Fourier
transform of a signal x[n] is defined by
j j m
X STFT (e , n) x[n m] w[m] e
m
where w[n] is a suitably chosen window
sequence
• If w[n] = 1, definition of STFT reduces to
21
that of DTFT of x[n] Professor A G Constantinides
Short-Time Fourier Transform
j
• X STFT (e , n) is a function of 2 variables:
integer time index n and continuous
frequency
j
• X STFT ( e , n) is a periodic function of
with a period 2
j
• Display of X STFT (e , n) is the
spectrogram
• Display of spectrogram requires normally
three dimensions
22 Professor A G Constantinides
Short-Time Fourier Transform
• Often, STFT magnitude is plotted in two
dimensions with the magnitude represented
by the intensity of the plot
• Plot of STFT magnitude of chirp sequence
x[n] A cos( o n 2 ) with o 10 105
for a length of 20,000 samples computed
using a Hamming window of length 200
shown next
23 Professor A G Constantinides
Short-Time Fourier Transform
0.5
0.4
Frequency 0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 5000 10000 15000
Time
15
Magnitude
10
0
25 0 0.5p p 1.5p 2p
Professor A G Constantinides
w
STFT on Speech
• An example of a narrowband
spectrogram of a segment of speech signal
26 Professor A G Constantinides
STFT on Speech
• The wideband spectrogram of the speech signal is
shown below
27 Professor A G Constantinides