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Introduction To Psychology: Nature vs. Nurture March 23, 2009
Introduction To Psychology: Nature vs. Nurture March 23, 2009
Nature vs. Nurture
March 23, 2009
Professor Weiser
34 slides
What we will discuss…
Behavior Genetics
Heritability
Genes: Our Code for Life
Methods of Study in Behavior Genetics
Family Studies
Twin Studies
Adoptee Studies
What we will discuss…
Temperament: Nature or Nurture?
Temperament Profiles
Temperament Studies
Nature and Nurture
Gene‐Environment Interaction
The New Frontier: Molecular Genetics
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Nature vs. Nurture
Refers to the debate concerning the relative importance
of an individual’s biological inborn qualities (nature)
vs. an individual’s unique environment and
experiences (nurture) in causing individual differences
in physical, behavioral, or psychological characteristics.
In other words, are we more influenced by genes
(heredity) or by the environment?
Why is this important?
If a trait (e.g., intelligence) is influenced primarily by
nurture (experience or the environment), then it means
that it can perhaps be changed or modified via some
change in environment or experience.
But if the trait is influenced mainly by nature (e.g.,
genes), the implication is that it is fixed and little can be
done to change it.
Behavior Genetics: The Study of
Individual Differences
Behavior Genetics is the study of our differences and
the relative importance of heredity and environment.
Genotype
The total and unobservable genetic makeup of a person.
Phenotype
The observable behavioral characteristics of a person.
The genotype is fixed at birth, but the phenotype is
influenced by both genotype and the environment.
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Behavior Genetics
Any characteristic that is determined mainly by genes
is something you inherit genetically from your parents.
We call this a heritable characteristic.
When talking about the genetic transmission of a trait,
we are talking about the heritability of that trait.
Heritability
We are not a world of clones. Rather, we are all different:
Personality
Intelligence
Moodiness, etc
Heritability refers to the extent to which the differences
among people are attributable to genes.
Heritability is a population statistic, ranging from .00 to 1.00,
with higher numbers indicating greater heritability
Thus, if we say the heritability of intelligence is 50%, it
does not mean that your intelligence is 50% genetic.
Rather, it means that 50% of the observed variation in
intelligence among people is due to genetic influences.
Genes: Our Codes for Life
The human body contains about 10 trillion cells.
Most cells contain a nucleus. Located within the nucleus are 46
chromosomes (23 from each parent) that carry instructions
permitting the manufacture of proteins.
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Genes: Our Code for Life
Chromosomes are long, thin strands of DNA (deoxyribonucleic
acid) organized as a coiled double helix.
Genes are segments of DNA that make proteins to determine
our development.
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Important Terms in Genetics
• Genome
– the complete set of heredity information in making an
organism, containing all the genes in that organism
• In terms of DNA, humans are about 99.9% similar
• Humans and chimps are about 96% similar
• Yet, these tiny differences matter
• Alleles
– Different forms of the same gene
• e.g., a single gene controls eye color, but one version (allele) may give
rise to blue eyes, another version (allele) may give produce brown eyes
• Gene expression
– Proteins influence whether the action of a specific gene will
occur
• Polygenic
– Involving multiple genes vs. single gene
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Methods of Study
in Behavior Genetics
1. Family studies
2. Twins studies
3. Adoption studies
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Family Studies
The frequency of a trait or behavior is determined
in relatives who have varying percentages of a
shared genetic background.
Are family members more similar to one another than
to other people?
Are we more similar to first‐degree relatives (parents,
siblings) than to relatives not as closely related
(uncles, aunts, cousins)?
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Family Studies
Degree of
Similarity of
Trait
Relationship
Greater similarity in a trait among first‐degree relatives, as shown here, may
suggest that the trait is genetically influenced.
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Problems with Family Studies
Assume first degree relatives are more similar to one
another on certain traits than are relatives not as closely
related.
This still does not rule out the possibility that shared
environment is influencing the similarities.
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Twins Studies
The frequency of a trait is compared between pairs of
identical twins and pairs of fraternal twins.
If a trait is has a mainly genetic influence, twins should
be more similar in that trait than non‐twins, and
identical twins should be more similar in that train
than fraternal twins.
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Twin Biology
Identical twins (monozygotic twins, or MZ twins)
Develop from the same fertilized egg and are genetically the same.
Fraternal twins (dizygotic twins, or DZ twins)
Develop from separate eggs and are only 50% alike genetically.
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Twins Studies
Degree of
Similarity of
Trait
Identical Twins Fraternal Twins
Relationship
Greater similarity in a trait among identical twins than among
fraternal twins, as shown here, suggests that the trait is genetically
influenced.
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Problems with Twins Studies
Both fraternal and identical twins usually grow up in
the same home, and thus experience a shared
environment.
This shared environment may cause the similarities, not genes
In addition, because identical twins look alike, they may
consistently receive similar treatment by others (e.g.,
parents, teachers).
These factors, not necessarily genetics, may explain
similarities among twins.
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Twins Reared Apart Studies
Twins reared in separate environments, although rare,
offer a unique opportunity to study genetic and
environmental factors in certain traits.
If twins who were reared apart are still similar in a trait, it
would provide convincing evidence that the trait is
influenced mainly by genetic factors.
This is because the twins do not grow up in a shared
(equal) environment. Thus, a shared environment cannot
be the cause of any similarities among twins.
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Twins Reared Apart Studies
A number of studies by Jim
Bouchard and others have Separated Twins
compared identical twins
raised separately from birth, Personality, Intelligence
or close thereafter, and found
numerous similarities.
Abilities, Attitudes
Interests, Fears
Brain Waves, Heart Rate
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Adoption Studies
Adoption studies involve determining and comparing
how similar adopted individuals are to their adoptive
parents and siblings and their biological parents and
siblings.
If a certain trait is influenced mostly by genes, the
adoptee should be more similar to their biological
family than to their adoptive family.
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Adoption Studies
Degree of
Similarity of
Trait
Adoptee ‐ Biological Parent Adoptee ‐ Adoptive Parent
Relationship
Greater similarity in a trait among adoptees and biological parents than among
adoptees and adoptive parents, as shown here, may suggest that the trait is
genetically influenced.
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Adoption Studies
Adoption studies suggest that adoptees (who are
biologically unrelated) tend to be different from their
adoptive parents and siblings.
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Temperament
Temperament is a person’s characteristic mode of
responding emotionally to the environment.
The following five attributes comprise temperament:
Activity level – typical pace or vigor of activities.
Irritability/negative emotionality – how easily or intensely
upset one becomes over negative events.
Soothability – ease with which one calms after becoming upset.
Fearfulness – fearfulness of highly unusual events.
Sociability – receptiveness to social stimulation.
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Temperament Profiles
Thomas & Chess (1977) noted that certain aspects of
infant temperament tend to cluster in predictable ways,
forming broad temperament profiles:
1. Easy temperament (about 40%)
Even tempered, usually in positive mood, open to new experience,
habits are regular and predictable.
2. Difficult temperament (about 10%)
Active, irritable, irregular in habits, often react negatively to changes
in routine, very slow to adapt to new persons or situations.
3. Slow‐to‐warm‐up temperament (about 15%)
Quite inactive, moody, slow to adapt to new persons and situations,
but unlike difficult children they respond to novelty in mild rather
than negative ways. For example, they may resist cuddling by looking
away rather than kicking or screaming.
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Temperament Studies
Is temperament influenced more by genes or the
environment? That is, is temperament a matter of
nature or nurture?
Identical twins express similar temperaments, suggesting
that genes predispose temperament.
Also, temperament is stable (long‐lasting), again suggesting
that temperament has a significant genetic component.
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Twins Studies of Temperament
0.4
Degree of
Resemblence 0.2
(correlation)
0
Identical Twins Fraternal Twins Nontwin Siblings
Kinship
Average correlations in infant temperament among identical twins, fraternal twins,
and non‐twin siblings born at different times.
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Nature and Nurture
Some human traits are fixed, such as eye color and hair
color.
However, it is important to understand that most, if
not all, psychological traits are influenced both by
genetic factors and the environment.
Thus, nature and nurture make us who we are. Neither
nature nor nurture dances alone.
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Gene‐Environment Interaction
Genes and environment interact.
This interaction is really what makes us different.
1. Genes may evoke certain responses from other
people.
A genetic predisposition that makes a child restless and
hyperactive can evoke an angry response from his parents.
2. Certain environments may evoke genes.
A stressful environment can trigger genes to manufacture
neurotransmitters leading to depression.
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Gene‐Environment Interaction
• Caspi et al. (2003)
– Longitudinal study of New Zealand children from
age 5 to 20
– Measured childhood maltreatment (abuse) and
depression as an adult
– Also measured a particular gene (5‐HTT)
– Some people have two short alleles, some have two
long alleles, and some have one short and one long
allele
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Caspi et al. (2003)
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The New Frontier:
Molecular Genetics
Molecular genetics is a branch of behavior genetics that
seeks to understand what specific genes affect various
traits and behaviors.
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Molecular Genetics
Which genes put people at risk for:
Alcoholism?
Depression?
Schizophrenia?
Learning disabilities?
Bipolar disorder, etc?
Future research in molecular genetics hopefully
will unravel these mysteries.
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