Professional Documents
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Expert System
Expert System
The expert knowledge must be ontained from specialists or texts, journal, articles and existing
database. Once a sufficient body of expert system knowledge has been acquired, it must be
encoded in some form, loaded into knowledge base, then tested and refined continually
throughout the life of the system.
So an Expert system contain knowledge acquire by interviewing human expertise some narrow
domain. Expert system cannot operate in situations that call for common sense.
Traditional definition of a Program:
Program = algorithm + data structure
Whereas Expert system = knowledge + Inference engine
Knowledge acquisition is the process of adding new to a existing knowledge base and refining or
otherwise improving knowledge that was previously acquired.
1.7 Architecture of Expert system.
USE
R
User
Interface
Inference Learning
Engine module
Knowled
ge
Engineer
User Interface provides the means for dialog between the user and system.
Explanation facility provides the user with Explanations of how a conclusion was reached or
why a piece of knowledge is needed. They also need to be convinced that the solution is
appropriate and applicable in their circumstances.
Inference Engine accepts user input quarries and response to questions through the user
interface and uses this dynamic information together with the static knowledge (the rules and
facts) stored in the knowledge base.
The inference process is carried out recursively in three stages (I) match (II) select (III) execute.
During the match stage, the contents of working memory are compared to facts and rules
contained in the knowledge base.
Knowledge base contains facts and rules about some specialized knowledge domain.
Learning module implies that an organize or machine must be able to adapt to new situations.
The job of Knowledge engineer is to extract the knowledge from the expert and other sources
like book, journals, article etc.
1.8 Existing Expert system:
1. DENDRAL
(a) First Expert system to be completed was DENDRAL.
(b) It was developed at Stanford University in late 1960s.
(c) The system was capable of determining the structure of chemical compounds.
(d) Suppose that an organic chemist wants to know the chemical nature of some
substance. The first step is to determine the number of atoms of various kinds in one
molecule of the stuff. This step determines the chemical formula. Once a sample’s
chemical formula is known, the chemist may use the sample’s mass spectrogram to
work out the way the atoms are arranged in the chemical’s structure, thus identifying
the isomer of the chemical.
(e) DENDRAL has following features:
(1) Knowledge representation: Production rules and algorithm for generating graph
structure are constructed by META- DENDRAL. META DENDRAL is a
program which uses learning techniques to construct rules for an expert system
automatically.
(2) Reasoning: DENDRAL uses forward chaining.
(3) Heuristics: DENDRAL uses generate and test method.
(4) Explanation: the user can supply the information and the system can request
information as required.
(5) Procedure:
(a) Spectra data given as input
(b) Preliminary analysis determines
- Necessary compounds -- spectra data
- Forbidden compounds -- spectra data, expert knowledge
(c) Generate and test:
a) Structure enumerator: can generate all possible compounds
- Takes necessary and forbidden lists, and creates a new possible
Compound
- Output is formula
b) Spectra synthesizer: generates spectra data for this compound
c) Matcher - matches synthesized spectra with actual one
- compound with best fit is the one
(6) Working: The spectrogram machine bombard a sample with high energy
electrons, causing the molecule to break up into charged chunks of various sizes.
Then, the machine sorts the chunks by passing them through a magnetic field
which deflects the high-charge, low-weight ones more than it does the low-charge,
high charges ones.
it is now possible to get an estimate of the masses of these particles. This is called a
mass spectrogram. By knowing the masses, it is possible to guess how the atoms of
a single molecule of the unknown substance are put together.
The DENDRAL program works out structures from chemical formulas and mass
spectrogram using the generate and test method. The generator consists of a
structure enumerator and a synthesizer, which produce a synthetic mass
spectrogram by simulating the action of a real mass spectrometer on each
enumerated structure.The tester compares the real mass spectrogram with those
produce by the generator. The possible structure are those whose synthetic
spectrograms math the real one adequately.
2. MYCIN
(a) Mycin is an Expter system for diagnosing and recommending treatment of bacterial
infection of blood.
(b) It was developed in Stanford University in California.
(c) A consolation with MYCIN begins with request for routine information such as age,
medical history, and so on, progressive to more specific questions as required.
(d) MYCIN represented its knowledge as a set of if……….THEN rules with certainty
factors.
(e) MYCIN has following features:
(1) Stanford University in mid 70's.
(2) Domain: Medical diagnosis for bacterial and meningitis infections.
(3) Task: interview physician, make diagnosis and therapy recommendations
(4) Input: Answers to queries.
(5) Output: Ordered set of diagnoses and therapies.
(6) Architecture: rule-based exhaustive backward chaining with uncertainty.
(7) Tools: programmed in LISP (shell called EMYCIN -- empty MYCIN).
(8) Results: not in general use, but was ground-breaking work in
diagnostic consultation systems.
(f) Working
MYCIN’s expertise knowledge lies in the domain of bacterial
infections.MYCIN’s pools of knowledge consist of approximately 500
antecedent- consequently rules which give MYCIN the ability to recognize
about 100 causes of bacterial infections.
MYCIN helps the physician to prescribe disease- specific drugs. MYCIN
informs itself about particular cases by requesting information from the
physician about patient’s symptoms. At each point the question MYCIN
asks is determined by MYCIN’s current hypothesis & the answer to all
previous question at the end, it provides.
1.9 Limitations of Expert system:
1. Expert systems are restricted to a very narrow domain of expertise. For example,
MYCIN, which was developed for the diagnosis of infectious blood diseases, lacks any
real knowledge of human physiology. If a patient has more than one disease, we cannot
rely on MYCIN. In fact, therapy prescribed for the blood disease might even be harmful
because of the other disease.
2. Expert systems can show the sequence of the rules they applied to reach a solution, but
cannot relate accumulated, heuristic knowledge to any deeper understanding of the
problem domain.
3. Expert systems have difficulty in recognising domain boundaries. When given a task
different from the typical problems, an expert system might attempt to solve it and fail in
rather unpredictable ways.
4. Heuristic rules represent knowledge in abstract form and lack even basic understanding
of the domain area. It makes the task of identifying incorrect, incomplete or inconsistent
knowledge difficult.
5. Expert systems, especially the first generation, have little or no ability to learn from their
experience. Expert systems are built individually and cannot be developed fast. Complex
systems can take over 30 person-years to build.