PCR UCM AC mC) 4G Wireless STMT M IY ATU cra Onl ual} Cea cay Agilent Technologiesa | Copyright © 2009 Agilent Technologies Publication Reprinted July 2009 for Agilent Technologies by John Wiley & Sons, Lid Agilent Technologies, Inc. does nat warrant that the same results will be obtained in every test performed and makes no warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, with regard to the documentation contained in this book. Agilent Technologies, Inc. shall not be liable in any event for incidental or consequential damages in connection with, or arising out ofthe Use of the procedures outined in this book. All products or services mentioned in this book are the trademarks or service marks of their respective companies or organizations. LTE isa trademark of ETSI © 2008. 3GPP™ TSs and TRs are the property of ARIB, ATIS, CCSA, ETSI, TTA and TTC who jointly own the copyright in them. They are subject to further modifications and are therefore Provided to you "as is" for information purposes only. Further Use is strictly prohibited. “WiMAX” and "Mobile WiMAX" are trademarks of the ‘WiMAX Forum. edma2000 is a registered certification mark of the Telecommunications Industry Association. Used under license, MATLAB is a US. registered trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from Agilent Technologies, Inc. Printed and bound in Great Britain by TJ International Ltd, Padstow, Comwall ISBN 978-0-470-68261-6 Credits Publisher : Agitent Technologies Editor-in-Chief : Moray Rumney Program Manager : Jan Whitacre Managing Editor : Mary Jane Pahis Technical Editors: Dr. Michael Leung, Phil Lorch Cover Design : Dr. Michae! Leung Compositor : Vivian Lee *Foreword The introduction of any new access technology into the current mobile telecommunication network is going to be filed with challenges, and not all of them can be anticipated. For network operators, convincing tech-savvy customers that new is better will need more than a marketing effort it will need demonstrable results. The one thing that connects a customer to the network operator is the mobile device or handset. If that device does not appear to work in a variety of situations, then inevitably good reputations will be lost, customers may leave, and utimately revenue and profits wll suffer. No matter how big the investment in the new technology, mastering the physics of the mobile device and its supporting network is the foundation of success Expectations are high for Long Term Evolution, or LTE as it commonly called. But these expectations are based on the premise of faut-free performance. Therefore, LTE's inital success will be determined by the abilty of handset and radio infrastructure manufacturers to deliver products that conform to 3GPP standards and are robust enough to allow operators to introduce improved services without disruption. Product testing is essential, butt can also be expensive and time-consuming. Manufacturers of new LTE products will have to make difficult decisions regarding what elements require rigorous procedures such as conformance testing and what can be safely eft to testing in the field. The bottom lin is that compromised quality or outright failure is unacceptable, costing more in the long run if it affects thousands or even millions of users ‘Whatever the strategy a manufacturer adopts, the telecommunications test industry will once again play the important (but often unenviable) role of providing the equipment necessary to protect the huge investments made by LTE equipment manufacturers so that they, in tum, can fulfil the demands ofthe operators. The realty is that operators, manufacturers and the test industry need to work together closely as they ty to establish competitive advantage. The scale of investment required to introduce LTE is likely to be the factor that brings about its success, as all players realise the common goal af making the new technology work. In this respect | have seen cooperation between competitors at all levels, whether it is in a SGPP Standards meeting room with the sharing of work or consensus building, or even at the commercial level where compromises often have to be made to adapt to shifting moods in the market place. Standards for new technology are essential, but proving adherence to those standards is a serious and expensive task. One approach to managing risk during LTE introduction can be found in the work of the Global Certification Forum (GCF). In March 2008, GCF initiated a process to define the criteria against which the first LTE devices can be certified; this will ensure GCF is well placed to assume market requirements prior to full scale development of conformance test cases. Here is an example of cross-industry commitment and cooperation. To start with, muchFOREWORD Consensus building was required between operators and manufacturers to select and prioritise the conformance tests being developed by 3GPP TSG RAN WGS. With that selection came the increased confidence needed to invest resources into developing the most relevant test specifications and test platforms in a timely manner, The GCF processes, along with the benefits to be gained by the industry, are explained in this book Leading test companies such as Agilent understand the technical challenges ahead. This working knowledge. coupled with an appreciation of market requirements such as device certification and a sensitivity to the needs of their manufacturer customers, qualifies Agilent to weigh in on the complexities and test challenges of LTE Although no one person or one company can fully comprehend all aspects of LTE, this book sets out to give practical information to practicing engineers who are or will be working with LTE technology. In so doing, the authors are helping prepare the way for successful LTE deployment, Phil Brown Chair of 3GPP TSG RAN WG5 Chair of the Global Certification Forum Steering Group 2008‘The next generation of cellular technology will dramatically altar the communications landscape, changing the way people access information and interact with one another. At the forefront of the new technology is LTE, the Long- Term Evolution of UMTS, developed by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). LTE promises consumers a new level of mobile broadband access while ensuring that network operators achieve greater operational efficiencies and reduced cost of service. The further evolution of LTE through the LTE-Advanced project will become 3GPP’s submission to the ITU-R IMT-Advanced (4G) program. While the idea of a new technology is exciting, turning it into reality takes thousands of haurs of engineering development. This book is intended to help make the task easier. The engineers at Agilent have contributed their insights to provide readers with an understanding of LTE that comes from working with the technology on a daily basis, both in the lab and on the committees that are defining the LTE standards. As Agilent engineers, they also have a unique measurement perspective to offer. The authors have shared the best, most current information from Agilent and its partner Anite to help ensure the success of LTE and future generations of cellular technology. The book is not intended, however, to substitute for reading the standards. Chapter 1 introduces LTE with an overview of the technology's objectives, services and architecture. The chapter covers the standards process and status of the LTE/SAE Trial Initiative (LSTI). Chapter 2 discusses air interface concepts, including the OFDMA modulation scheme used for the downlink, the new SC-FDMA uplink modulation scheme and multiple antenna techniques such as MIMO. Chapter 3 gives more detail about the air interface design. The chapter describes the downlink and uplink frame structures and defines the physical signals and channe!s. Multiplexing, channel coding and physical layer measurements are covered. The procedures for the physical layer and radio access are explained along with radio resource management. Chapter 4 covers upper layer signaling including the specifications for access stratum signalling and non-access stratum protocol states and transitions. Chapter 5 introduces the System Architecture Evolution (SAE), which is the evolution of the core network towards an all-IP system. The SAE is being developed concurrently with the LTE air interface. Chapter 6 tums to the challenges of system design and testing. The chapter begins by exploring how to use LTE Simulation tools to design a system and translate simulations into real signals for testing. This leads to a discussion ooPREFACE of testing the new DigRF standard that provides a digital interface between the baseband and RF integrated circuits. Considerable time is spent discussing likely design issues and the challenges of testing LTE receivers and transmitters at the physical and transport channel layers. MIMO test challenges are also addressed in detail. Other sections cover signaling protocol development and network monitoring and troubleshooting Chapter 7 covers RF and signalling conformance testing and the role of the Global Certification Forum (GCF) and PCS Type Certification Review Board (PTCRB) Chapter 8 concludes with a forward look at how LTE will be developed further into LTE-Advanced, in anticipation of being adopted as a 4G standard by the ITU-R.| _ Acknowledgements | “exnov g The management team of Agilent’s Global LTE Initiative would like to recognize the valuable insights and hard work of the many contributors to this book. Moray Rumney has done an outstanding job of defining the book's focus and the content. He spent many hours iting, working with other authors and editing to give the book is final shape. Dr. Michael Leung's enthusiasm was instrumental in getting this project started and his encouragement and support kept going aver many months. Many experts provided valuable input and comments on the content. We would like to recognize Jinbiao Xu, Mike Hurst, Yugin Shen, Andrea Leonardi, Dan Aubertin, Bob Cutler, Phil Lorch, Jing Ya, Hongwei Kong, Dan Jaeger and Juergen Ptacht for their contributions. Our special thanks go to Mary Jane Pahls for all her hard work. Without her dedication to the project, it would never have happened. The editors also wish to thank our compositor, Vivian Lee, of Agilent. We thank Agilent and cour managers for providing their support and encouragement in the book's creation. The 3GPP standardization process involves people from all over the world. We wish to acknowledge the work of our colleagues in creating the LTE standards documents. Without these documents, this book would not be possible, Finally, we are grateful for our families who provided understanding and support during our long hours to complete this work, Jan Whitacre LTE Program Lead and Project Director Aagilent Technologies April 2009 :Randy Becker Peter Cain Steve Chariton Niranjan Das Sandy Fraser _ Author Biographies Randy Becker obtained his BSE with a major in Electrical Engineering from Walla Walla College in 1997 and an MSEE from the University in Nebraska in 1999, He then joined Hewlett-Packard/Agilent Technologies where he has worked for 10 years in a variety of technical marketing roles. Randy started as a marketing engineer in the Spectrum Analysis Division; two years later he moved to the Signal Sources Division where he stayed for eight years. Randy is currently a senior application engineer supporting various cellular technologies with a focus in W-COMA and LTE. Peter Cain is a wireless solution planner working for Agilent’s Wireless Business Unit near Edinburgh, Scotland. Since joining Hewlett-Packard /Agilent Technologies in 1986, Peter has had a variety of roles as an RF engineer, project manager and marketing specialist. Over the last decade he has directed solution plans and written application notes for Bluetooth, Wireless LAN, Ultra Wideband and Mobile WiMAX™. Most recently he has applied his knowledge of MIMO to LTE. Peter obtained a first class degree in Electronic Engineering at Southampton University in 1981 Steve Charlton is currently working for Anite Telecoms Ltd. as part of their LTE Layer 2 development team. An engineer for more than 30 years, Steve has been primarily involved in real-time embedded systems, mostly in the telecoms arena. Niranjan Kumar Das is currently working with Anite Telecoms Ltd. and hes primary responsibilty for the development of the MME protocols for Anite's test system. After araduating in 1999 with a BE in Computer Science from Dibrugarh University, India, Niranjan has been mainiy involved with 3GPP Layer 3 protocol development in UMTS and LTE ‘Sandy Fraser is a 25-year veteran of the RF and microwave industry with expertise spanning DC to 100 GHz applied to such diverse technologies as space and military products and Infrared, Sandy's career includes over 15 years’ experience with a cellular radio focus. During the last nine years with Agilent Technologios, Sandy has focused on base station emulators for manufacturing test instruments, including the 8922 and the E5515B/C. Today he is the product manager for GSM and EGPRS R&D test solutions and a leader in LTE technology awareness and training, specializing in LTE protocol and signalling, Sandy is a well-published author and his papers and presentations are appreciated by a global audience. He holds @ BSc in Mechanical Engineering from Glasgow University.Ceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eee Ee AUTHOR BIOGRAPHIES Peter Goldsack Peter Goldsack is an R&D engineer at Agilent Technologies. He has a BS in Mathematics from Edinburgh University, Scotiand, and an MS in Electronics from Napier University, also in Edinburgh. Peter has worked at Hewlett-Packard/ Agilent Technologies for the past 14 years ina variety of roles within R&D and marketing. He has developed protocol stacks for GSM, GPRS, EGPRS and LTE and worked in a technical marketing role on GSM, GPRS, EGPRS, W-CDMA, HSDPA, HSUPA and WiMAX™. Currently his primary responsibility is developing LTE solutions for cellular R&D customers. Jean-Philippe Jean-Philippe Gregoire received a Masters in Electrical Engineering (microelectronics) Gregoire from the Université de Li8ge, Belgium, in 2001. He joined Agilent Technologies the same year. Since then Jean-Philippe has contributed significantly to various projects — from specification to implementation — focusing on baseband digital with a specific interest in MIMO. As member of Agilent Labs, he currently leads a research program on closed loop MIMO and multichannel fading in @ European collaborative framework. Jean-Philippe is the author of several patent applications and technical papers in the field of signal processing, MIMO and OFDM systems. Craig Grimley Craig Grimley joined Hewlett-Packard/Agilent Technologies in 1993 after completing a BEng (Hons) in Electrical and Electronic Engineering from Edinburgh's Heriot Watt University. Craig initially spent a few years in manufacturing engineering before moving to his current product development research and design role in Agilent's Signal Analysis Division. Over the years Craig has gained measurement experience in many wireless communication signal formats including GSM, EDGE, W-CDMA, DVB-T/C, Bluetooth, WLAN, edma2000 and 1xEVDO, as well as other general purpose measurement applications including AM/FM and noise figure. His current technology focus is the development of signal analysis ‘measurement capabilities for LTE within the Agilent 89600 VSA product. Pankaj Gupta Pankaj Gupta obtained his Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and Communications from Cochin University, India, in 2000. He has worked with SASKEN/Anite for more than eight years. During this time Pankaj has been involved with design and development of 36 conformance test cases. He started attending the 3GPP testing standardization group RANS {formerly known as T1) in 2004, Since then he has contributed to the development of R89, HSDPA, HSUPA and now LTE conformance signalling test cases. In addition to working on the standards, Panksj isthe test case lead manager within Anite's Conformance Business Unit and is responsible for the Anite Conformance Test product for 3G and LTE test cases. Bob Irvine Bob Irvine is a senior product manager with Agilent Technologies. He graduated from the University of Glasgow in 1991 with a Masters in Electronic Engineering. He then joined Hewlett-Packard/Agilent Technologies and has handled a variety of technical marketing roles for the last 17 years. During his early career. Bob worked on the launch and support of test equipment for mobile cellular R&D and manufacturing, For the last 10 years Bob has been working on leading-edge RF test products for the deployment and optimization of Wireless cellular networks, including GSM, GPRS, UMTS, HSPA and now LTE.AUTHOR BIOGRAPHIES Peter Jones Peter Jones is the Technical Authority/System Architect for the Development Toolset Business Unit at Anite Telecoms Ltd. and is part of the DT Business Unit Management ‘Team. He is responsible for the overall technical direction of LTE development in terms of the Development Toolset product. Peter, who has worked at Anite since 1998, has been personally involved in the development of the network side EGPRS protocol stack for UE testing. conformance testing solutions and interoperability testing solutions. Additionally he has been responsible for overall project management of new product development for UTRAN, in particular for HSPA and GERAN. Peter received his HND. with distinction. in Information Technology from Hertfordshire University in 1989. Greg Jue Greg Jue is an applications development engineer/scientist with Agilent EEsof Electronic Design Automation (EDA|. As a product manager for the ADS 3GPP LTE and Mobile WiMAX Wireless Libraries, Greg has pioneered combining design and test solutions at Agilent Technologies. He has also authored numerous artces, presentations and application notes, including the popular Connected Simulation and Test Solutions Using the Advanced Design System (Application Note 1384) and Agilent Technologies RF/IF-Digital Connected Solutions Bit Error Rate using the Advanced Design System (Application Note 1471). Greg developed the ADS 3GPP W-CDMA and ADS Communications System Design courses, and he has taught numerous RF circuit design, communication system design and 3GPP W-CDMA simulation design courses. Before joining Agilent in 1995, he worked on system design for the Deep Space Netwark atthe Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech University Per Kangra Per Kangru is currently the world wide Business Development Manager for Agilent’s "Networks Solutions Division in the areas of LTE and SAE. Per has been with Agilent since 2001 working mainly in the area of mobile protocol testing but with MPLS and IP routing conformance testing as wel. Over the years at Agilent Per has contributed to more than 20 patent epplications and he is the sole inventor of several pending patents. Per is Agilent’s, lead representative in the LTE & SAE Trial Initiative (LSTI) and has been an invited speaker at several industry conferences. Per has a background in basic research in atomic and laser physics from Uppsala University in Sweden Eng Wei Koo Eng Wei Koo has extensive experience in 3GPP and cdma2000 wireless system technologies both as a cdmaZ000 BTS developer at Motorola and as a lead engineer at Agilent Technologies for protocol test and monitoring solutions. Eng Wei joined Agilent in 2002 and has worked on UTRAN and E-UTRAN protocol monitoring solutions, pioneering the development of new and innovative approaches to data analysis. Eng Wei is currently the lead engineer for network protocol test for LTE and legacy UTRAN. Eng Wei received a Bachelor of Engineering from the University of Queensland, Australia, in 1999. Dr. Michael Leung Dr. Michael Leung is an applications program manager for Agilent Technologies’ Asia Electronic Measurement Group. Michael plays a significant role in Agilent’s wireless technology development for 3G (W-CDMA), 3.56 (HSPA) and 3.96 (LTE). protocol research and testing development in Asia. During his 12 years at Agilent. Michael has received five ‘Agilent technical invention awards, contributed more than 20 Agilent technical conference papers, and authored 10 research papers for various intemational journals and conferences. He received a Master of Science and Doctor of Engineering from Hong Kong Polytechnic University in 1998 and 2006 respectively. Michael is a chartered engineer, a member of IET, and a senior member of IEEE. ———————————— Seeee, AUTHOR BIOGRAPHIES Zach Lovell Zach Lovell is a product planner for network protocol test focusing on protocol diagnostics solutions for evolving 3G and LTE in Agilent Technologies’ Next Generation Wireless business. He graduated from the Georgia Institute of Technology with a BS in Electrical Engineering in 1998. During his 10-year career, Zach has worked with network equipment manufacturers and wireless service providers focusing on active and passive testing of CDMA. GSM, GPRS, UMTS and NGN networks. Zach has been engaged in all aspects of protocol tests, including consultative assistance in troubleshooting live network problems ‘and providing training in leading wireless technologies. Masatoshi Obara Masatoshi Obara obtained his BSc in Acoustics Design Engineering from Kyushu Institute of Design (a part of Kyushu University today}, Japan, in 1979. He then joined Matsushita Inter techno in Tokyo, which represented test equipment companies such as B&K and DISA in Denmark and Leuven Measurements Systems in Belgium. Starting as a sales engineer, he later became a system engineer to design and develop automated acoustic and vibration test systems. Obara moved to Hewlett-Packard/Agilent Technologies in 1986. During the past 23 years he has developed many RF and microwave test systems for RF and microwave ‘component test. radar and antenna test. satelite receiver test. and analog end digital cellular mobile and base station test. His roles have included system engineer, project manager ‘and engineering manager. Today he is responsible for product planning of an LTE RF design verification and conformance test system. He regularly attends GCF meetings as an Agilent delegate Mary Jane Pahls Mary Jane Pahls is the owner of Eikonal Communications, a firm serving the engineering community. She has worked as a writer and editor in the test and measurement and telecommunication industries for more than 20 years, including eight years at Hewlett- Packard Company in Santa Rosa, California. Mary Jane's recent projects, in addition to those for Agilent, include work for engineering standards groups and for companies in the ‘semiconductor industry. She holds BA and MA degrees from Kent State University Venkata Ratnakar Venkata Retnakar Rayavarepu is currently working with Anite Telecoms Ltd. as a member of Rayavarapu their Layer 3 protocol development team for LTE. He holds a Masters in Telecommunication Systems from IIT, Kharagpur, India. Over the past eight years Venkata has worked on various mobile technologies including GSM, GPRS. W-CDMA. HSDPA and HSUPA. He was previously with Hellosoft and Samsung Moray Rumney Moray Rumney joined Hewlett-Packard/Agilent Technologies in 1984, after completing 2 BSc in Electronics from Edinburgh’s Heriot-Watt University. Since then. Moray has enjoyed a varied career path, spanning manufacturing engineering, product development, applications engineering, and most recently technical marketing. His main focus has been the development and system design of hase station emulators used in the development ‘and testing of cellular phones. Moray joined ETSI in 1981 and 3GPP in 1999 where he was 1a significant contributor to the development of type approval tests for GSM and UMTS. He currently represents Agilent at RAN WGé4, developing the air interface for HSPA+ and LTE. Moray has published many technical articles in the field of cellular communications and is a regular speaker and chairman at industry conferences. He is a member of IET and a chartered engineer.Darshpreet Sabharwal Mark Stambaugh Dr. K.F. Tsang Chris Van Woerkom ‘AUTHOR BIOGRAPHIES Darshpreet Sabharwal is currently working as a Senior Software Engineer at Anite Telecoms Lid, and is responsible for the development of the Medium Access Control layer for LTE, He has developed protocol stacks for GPRS, EGPRS and LTE and has worked with various generations of ETSI and 3GPP technologies including 2G, 2.5G, 3G and LTE. Previously he was a technical leader with Aricent, India. He received his BE in Computer Science with distinction from Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, India, and holds a postgraduate diploma in Business Administration from Symbiosis, India. Sarabjit Singh is a Technical Architect at Anite Telecoms Ltd. UK, where his main responsibilty involves shaping Anite LTE solutions for cellular R&D customers. Previously Sarabjit worked with Tata Consultancy Services Ltd as a Technical Consultant and was a Subject Matter Expert on various mobile technologies from both 3GPP and 3GPP2. He is currently involved in LTE and HSPA+, and previously worked on UMTS (Release 98, HSDPA, HSUPA) and COMA (IS 95 B, cdrma2000®, 1xEV-D0). He received a BE in Computer Science with distinction from Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, India, in 1996. Mark Stambaugh has a BS in Electrical Engineering from the University of Cincinnati, an MEE from Rice University and an MS in Computer Science from National Technological University. He joined Hewlett-Packard/Agilent Technologies in 1987 and began his career developing signal generators. Throughout most of his 21 years with Agilent, Mark has been part of Agilent’s R&D team developing base station emulator products and has implemented all the major digital cellular protocols that these instruments support since GSM. Concentrating on the physical layer, his roles span implementation, system engineering and technical leadership. Mark has nine patents. Dr. K. F. Tsang obtained a PhD from the University of Wales, College of Cardiff, UK. K.F is now the Chairman and Managing Director of Citycom Technology Ltd.. as well as an associate professor in the Department of Electronic Engineering. City University of Hong Kong. K.., who has published more than 80 technical papets, is actively engaged in various professional activities. His achievements include receiving the City University of Hong Kong's Applied Research Excellence Award and the Certificate of Mert in both the first Hong Kong Science & Product Innovation Competition in 1998 and the World Chinese Invention Exposition’98. In addition, he has won the EDN Asia Innovator Award, the Ericsson Super Wireless Application Award and the Freescale Semiconductor Ltd. Best Award, Chris Van Woerkom obtained his BSEE from the University of California at Davis in 1977 and his MBA from the University of Colorado in 1996. He has worked at Hewlett-Packard/Agilent Technologies for 31 years in a wide variety of positions in marketing and technical marketing. Chris is presently managing the marketing activities for the DigRF program to assure that the digital and RF tools work together seamlessly. He is also responsible for efforts within Agilent to ensure that instrument connectivity and test system automation are simplified for the end user. This includes coordinating activities within Agilent for the LAN Extensions for Instrumentation (LXI) program. Chris has published a number of articles and application notes about building test systems. xi