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mvD`x Avie
D”P wk¶v gš¿Yvjq
Bmjvgx wek¦ we`¨vjq Avj-gv`xbv
Øxwb M‡elYv feb
Abyev` wefvM www.iu.edu
.sa
Avi&Kvbyj Cgvb
ev
Cgv‡bi ¯—¤¢mg~n
evsjv
fvlvq

welq t myPx cÎ t
ev Cgv‡bi ¯—¤¢ mg~n t 1

%& ' ( : ! "#
cÖ_g i“K&b ev ¯—¤¢ t gnvb Avj−vni cÖwZ Cgvb | 6
1 Ñ Cgv‡bi ev¯—evqb t 6
2 Ñ Bev`v‡Zi msMv t 21
3 Ñ Avj−vni ZvInx` (GKZvZ¡ev`) Gi `jxj I cÖgvY cÄx t 25
. +,- :)* "#
wØZxq i“K&b t wdwik&Zv‡ì cÖwZ Cgvb | 29
1 Ñ wdwik&Zv‡ì cwiPq t 29
2 Ñ wdwik&Zv‡ì cÖwZ Cgvb Avbvi c×wZ t 31
./0+ :* "#
Z…Zxq i“K&b t Avmgvbx MÖš’ mg~‡ni cÖwZ Cgvb t 41
1 Ñ wKZve mg~‡ni cÖwZ Cgvb Avbvi g~j K_v t 42
2 Ñ wKZve mg~‡ni cÖwZ Cgvb Avbvi weavb t 43
3 ÑGme wKZv‡ei cÖwZ gvby‡li cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Ges Zv AeZxY© Kivi
wcQ‡b wnK&gvZ ev inm¨ t 44
4 Ñ wKZve mg~‡ni cÖwZ Cgvb Avbvi wbqg t 45
5 Ñ c~e©eZx© wKZve mg~‡ni msev` MÖnY Kiv t 47
6 Ñ KziAvb I nv`x‡m †h mKj Avmgvbx wKZv‡ei bvg D‡j−L¨ n‡q‡Q
Zv n‡jv t 49

%3# :2 # "#
PZz_© i“Kb t ivm~j‡ì cÖwZ Cgvb | 54
1 Ñ ivm~j (AvjvBwngym& mvjvg) †ì cªwZ Cgvb Avbv t 54
2 Ñ beyIqv‡Zi nvKxKvZ t 56
3 Ñ ivm~j †cÖi‡Yi wnK&gvZ ev inm¨ t 56
4 Ñ ivm~jM‡Yi (AvjvBwngym& mvjvg) `vwqZ¡ mg~n t 59
5 Ñ Bm&jvg mKj bvex‡ì ag© t 61
6 Ñ ivm~jMY gvbyl Zuviv MvBe Rv‡bb bv t 61
7 Ñ ivm~jMY gvÔm~g ev wb¯úvc t 62
8 Ñ bvex I ivm~jM‡Yi msL¨v I Zuv‡ì g‡a¨ hviv DËg t 64
9 Ñ bvex‡ì (AvjvBwngym& mvjvg) gyÔwRhvn& t 68
10ÑAvgv‡ì bvex gynv¤§v` (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg)Gi
beyIqv‡Zi cÖwZ Cgvb t 69
#78 9: :456 "#
cÂg i“K&b t †kl wè‡mi cÖwZ Cgvb 81
1 Ñ ‡kl wè‡mi (Av‡Liv‡Zi) cÖwZ Cgvb t 81
2 Ñ †kl wè‡mi cÖwZ Cgvb Avbvi wbqg t 87
3 Ñ †kl wè‡mi cÖwZ Cgvb Avbvi djvdj t 108
= :;< "#
lô i“K&b t fv‡Mï cÖwZ Cgvb t 109
1 Ñ K`‡ii (fv‡Mï) msMv I Zvi cÖwZ Cgvb Avbvi ¸i“Z¡ t 109
2 Ñ fv‡Mï ¯—i t 109
3 Ñ fv‡Mï cÖKvi t 112
4 Ñ fv‡Mï e¨vcv‡i mvjvd‡ì AvwK`vn& ev wek¦vm t 113
1
5 Ñ ev›`v‡ì Kg© mg~n t 114
6 Ñ Avj−vni m„wó I ev›`vi K‡g©i gv‡S mgSZv t 116
7 Ñ fv‡Mï e¨vcv‡i ev›`vi KiYxq t 117
8 Ñ fvM¨ I dvqmvjvi cÖwZ mš—yó _vKv t 118
9 Ñ wn`vqvZ `yÕ cÖKvi t (wn`vqv‡Zi `yÕwU A_©) 120
10 Ñ (Avj−vni) KziAv‡b ewY©Z Biv`v `yÕ cÖKvi t 120
11 Ñ H mKj Avm&eve ev KviY mg~n hv fvM¨ cwieZ©b K‡i t 122
12 Ñ fv‡Mï gvm&Avjv ev welqwU Avj−vni m„wó Rx‡ei gv‡S Zvui
GKwU inm¨gq welq t 122
13 Ñ fv‡Mï Øviv `jxj †Ìqv t 123
14 Ñ Avmeve ev (gva¨g mg~n) MÖnY Kiv t 125
15 Ñ fvM¨‡K A¯^xKvi Kvixi weavb t 127
16 Ñ fv‡Mï cÖwZ Cgvb Avbvi djvdj t 127
>

Avi&Kvbyj Cgvb, ev Cgv‡bi ¯—¤¢ mg~n t
Zv n‡jv Avj−vn& ZvÔAvjv, Zvui wdwik&Zv‡ì, wKZve mg~‡ni,

ivm~jM‡Yi, I †kl wè‡mi, Ges fv‡Mï fvj g‡›ì cÖwZ Cgvb
Avbv|
G cÖms‡M Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv e‡jb t
Ψ◊Ω|ΜΞ;ΗΤΤς∏Ω∧<√≅…Ω Ξ≤Ψ›‚"≅… Ψζ⌠ΤΩ∼<√≅…Ω Ψϑð/≅†ΨŠ Ω⇑Ω∨…ƒ∫ ⌠⇑Ω∨ ΘΩ⁄Ψι<√≅… ΘΩ⇑Ψ∇ΗΤς√Ω …
.[AA
8 :#= 3] ≈ Ω⇑ΓΤΤΤΘΞ∼Ψ‰Πς⇒√≅…Ω γˆΗΤΩΤ,Ψ∇<√≅…Ω
A_© t eis cÖK…Z c‡¶ mrKvR nj-†h Cgvb Avb‡e Avj−vni Dci,
wKqvgZ wè‡mi Dci, wdwik&Zv‡ì Dci, Ges mg¯— bvex ivm~jM‡Yi
Dci| [m~iv Avj-evK¡viv,AvqvZ-177 ]
wZwb Av‡iv e‡jb t
〉⊄ΘΞ≤Ω⊃ΣΤ⇓ ‚Ω" −ΨΨ∏Σ♠Σ⁄Ω −ΨΨ‰Σ,〉{Ω −ΨΨ,Ω|ΞΜ;ΗΤςΤ∏Ω∨Ω Ψϑð/≅†ΨŠ Ω⇑Ω∨…ƒ∫ ΘδΡ …
.[C>
8 :#= 3] ≈... −&ΨΨ∏Σ♠ΘΣ⁄ ⇑ΨΘ∨ ξŸΩšςΚ… φκΩΤŠ
A_© t mevB wek¦vm iv‡L, Avj−vni cÖwZ, Zvui wdwik&Zv‡ì cÖwZ,
Zvui wKZv‡ei cÖwZ, Ges Zvui bvex‡ì cÖwZ, Zviv e‡j Avgiv Zvui
ivm~jM‡Yi g‡a¨ †Kvb ZviZg¨ Kwi bv| [m~iv Avj-evK¡viv,AvqvZ-
185]
.[1D
8 :#= 3] ≈ (49) ξ⁄ΩŸΩ⊆ΨŠ ΣΗΤΩΤ⇒πΤ⊆ς∏Ω ]∫πΩ→ ΘΩΡ †ΠςΤ⇓ΞΜ… …
?
A_© t Avwg cÖ‡Z¨K e¯—y‡K cwiwgZi“‡c m„wó K‡iwQ| [m~iv Avj-
K¡vgvi,AvqvZ-49]
bvex (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) e‡jb t
"5HI .#78 9: FG3 FG0 FG0+,-5 F( "5HI ))
.[N<5 J ] ((.J#L . JK7 =
A_© t Cgvb nj t Zzwg Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv,Zvui wdwik&ZvMY, wKZve mg~n,
ivm~jMY I ‡kl wè‡mi (AvwLiv‡Zi) cÖwZ wek¦vm ¯’vcb Ki‡e| Av‡iv
wek¦vm ivL‡e fv‡Mï fvj g‡›ì cÖwZ| [gymwjg kixd ]
Cgv‡bi msMv t Zv n‡jv gy‡L ejv, Ges Aš—‡i wek¦vm Kiv, I ev¯—‡e
A½-cÖZ‡½i gva¨‡g m¤úv`b Kiv| Cgvb AvbyM‡Z¨ e„w× nq,
bvdvigvbx I Aev×Zvq n«vm cvq|
Avj−vn ZÔvAvjv e‡jb t
πŒΩ∼Ψ∏ΣΤZ …ς′ΞΜ…Ω ¬ΣΣŠΣΤ∏ΣΤ∈ πŒς∏Ξ–Ω ϑðΣ/≅… Ω≤Ψ{Σ′ …ς′ΞΜ… Ω⇑ÿΨϒΠς√≅… φΣ⇒Ψ∨Σ∧<√≅… †Ω∧Πς⇓ΞΜ… …
Ω⇑ÿΨϒΠς√≅… (2) Ω⇐ΣΤ∏Πς{ΩΩ,Ωÿ ψΞΨΘΤŠΩ⁄ υς∏Ω∅Ω †_Τ⇒ΗΤΩ∧ÿΜΞ… ¬ΣΤZΩ …Ωƒ ΙΣΣ,ΗΤΩΤÿ…ƒ∫ ¬Ξ∼ς∏Ω∅
Ω⇐Σ⇒Ψ∨Σ∧<√≅… Σ¬Σ∑ ð∠ΜΞ;ΗΤΤς√ΟΚΡ… (3) Ω⇐Σ⊆Ψ⊃⇒Σÿ ¬ΣΗΤΩΤπ⇒∈ΩƒΩ⁄ †ΘΩ∧Ψ∨Ω Ω〈λς∏ϑð±√≅… Ω⇐Σ∧∼Ψ⊆Σÿ
3] ≈ (4) χψÿΞ≤Ω{ β⊄ƒΞ⁄Ω β〈Ω≤Ψ⊃πΤ⊕Ω∨Ω ψΞΨΘΤŠΩ⁄ ΩŸ⇒Ψ∅ }ŒΗΤΩ–Ω⁄Ω ¬ΣΠς√ †& Θ⊥Τ⊆Ωš
.[1Q
8 :OP!
A_© t cÖK…Z gyÔwgb ZvivB hLb Zv‡ì wbK‡U Avj−vni bvg ¯îYxZ nq
ZLb Zv‡ì
Aš—i †Ku‡c D‡V| Avi hLb Zv‡ì wbKU Zvui AvqvZ cwVZ nq ZLb
Zv‡ì Cgvb ewa©Z nq| Zviv Zv‡ì cÖfyi Dc‡iB fimv K‡i| Avi
hviv bvgvh cÖwZôv K‡i, Ges Avgvi cÖ`Ë i“hx n‡Z (Avj−vni c‡_ )
e¨q K‡i| ZvivB nj mwZ¨Kvi Cgvb`vi|
A
[m~iv Avj-Avbdvj,AvqvZ-2-4]
Ξ≤Ψ›‚"≅… ΨζΩ∼<√≅…Ω −ΨΨ∏Σ♠Σ⁄Ω −ΨΨ‰Σ,Σ{Ω −ΨΨ,Ω|ΜΞ;ΗΤΤς∏Ω∨Ω ΨΠς∏√≅†ΨŠ ⌠≤Σ⊃<∇Ωÿ ⇑Ω∨Ω …
.[?
8 :R< 3] ≈ (136) …[Ÿ∼Ψ⊕ΩΤŠ Ω=„ΗΤς∏Ω∂ ΘΩΤΩ∂ ŸΩ⊆ΩΤ⊇
A_© t Ges ‡h Avj−vni cÖwZ,I Zuvi wdwik&Zv‡ì cÖwZ, Zuvi wKZve
mg~‡ni cÖwZ, Ges ivm~jM‡Yi cÖwZ I wKqvgZ wè‡mi cÖwZ, wek¦vm
¯’vcb K‡ibv Zviv Pig c_åó n‡q co‡e| [m~iv Avb-wbmv,AvqvZ-
136]
Avi Cgvb hv gy‡Li Øviv m¤úvw`Z nq t †hgb-whwKi, `yÔAv, b¨v‡qi
Av‡`k,Ab¨v‡qi wb‡la,I KziAvb cvV Kiv BZ¨vw`|
Abyi“c Aš—‡ii mv‡_I Cgvb mswk−ó t †hgb-mªóv, cÖwZcvjK,
cwiPvjK,Bev`v‡Zi AwaKvix Ges my›ìZg bvg I gnvb ¸bvejxi
†¶‡Î Avj−vn ZvÔAvjvi (ZvInx`) GKZ¡ev‡` wek¦vm ¯’vcb Kiv| GK
I Aw`Z¡xq Avj−vn ZvÔAvjvi `vm‡Z¡i Avek¨KZvq wek¦vm ¯’vcb Kiv|
B”Qv-msKí BZ¨vw` I Gi g‡a¨ kvwgj|
Avi Aš—‡ii KvR n‡jv t Avj−vni fvjevmv, fq-fxwZ, Avkv-AvMÖn I
fimv BZ¨vw` (me wKQy Aš—‡ii Cgvb)|
A½-cÖZ‡½i Kg© mg~n Cgv‡bi Aš—fy©³| †hgb-bvgvh, †ivhv, nv¾,
Avj−vni c‡_ wRnv`, Øxb wk¶vR©b BZ¨vw`|
Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv e‡jb t

8 :OP! 3] ≈ †_Τ⇒ΗΤΩ∧ÿΜΞ… ¬ΣΤZΩ …Ωƒ ΙΣΣ,ΗΤΩΤÿ…ƒ∫ ¬Ξ∼ς∏Ω∅ πŒΩ∼Ψ∏ΣΤZ …ς′ΞΜ…Ω …
.[
A_© t Avi hLb Zv‡ì Kv‡Q Zuvi (Avj−vni ) AvqvZ cwVZ nq, ZLb
Zv‡ì Cgvb †e‡o hvq| [m~iv Avj-Avbdvj,AvqvZ-2]
C
Ω⊗ΩΘ∨ †_Τ⇒ΗΤΩ∧ÿΜΞ… ϖΝ…Σ …Ω ƒΩκΨ√ Ω⇐κΨ⇒Ψ∨Σ∧<√≅… Ψ‡ΣΤ∏ΣΤ∈ ℑ Ω◊Ω⇒∼Ψ∇ϑð♥√≅… ΩΩ∞⇓Κς… ϖΨϒΠς√≅… ΩΣ∑ …
.[1
8 :S0O 3] ≈ ¬
⌠% ΞΨ⇒ΤΗΤΩ∧ÿΞΜ…
A_© t wZwb gyÔwgb‡ì Aš—‡i cÖkvwš— bvwhj K‡ib, hv‡Z Zv‡ì Cgv‡bi
mv‡_ Av‡iv Cgvb †e‡o hvq| [m~iv Avj-dvZn&-AvqvZ,4]
myZivs AbyMZ¨ I ˆbKU¨kxjZv hZ e„w× cvq, Cgv‡bv Z‡Zv e„w× cvq|
Avi AbyMZ¨ I ‰bKU¨kxjZv hZ n«vm cvq, Cgv‡bv Z‡Zv n«vm cvq|
‡hgb-Aeva¨Zv I bvdigvbx Cgv‡b Kz-cÖfve †d‡j, hw` Zv
(bvdigvbx) eo ai‡Yi wkK© ev †Kvb Kzdzix KvR nq Zvn‡j Avmj
Cgvb‡K aŸsm K‡i w`‡e| Avi hw` †QvU ai‡Yi †Kvb bvdigvbx nq
Zvn‡j Cgv‡bi cwic~Y©Zvq NvUwZ Av‡m Ges Zv KzjwlZ I `ye©j n‡q
hvq|
... Σ∫
& :†Ω↑Ωÿ ⇑Ω∧Ψ√ ð∠Ψ√.ς′ Ω⇐Σ †Ω∨ Σ≤Ψ⊃πΤΤ⊕ΩÿΩ −ΨΨŠ ð∉Ω≤πΤ↑Σÿ ⇐Κς… Σ≤Ψ⊃πΤ⊕Ωÿ ‚Ω" ϑðΩ/≅… ΘΩ⇐ΜΞ… …
.[1C
8 :R< 3] ≈
A_© t wbðq Avj−vn Zvui mv‡_ wkiK Kivi Aciva ¶gv K‡ib bv|
GZØ¨ZxZ me wKQy hv‡K B”Qv wZwb ¶gv K‡ib| [m~iv Avb,
wbmv,AvqvZ-48]
ΩŸ⊕ΩΤŠ Ν…Σ≤Ω⊃Ω{Ω Ξ≤πΤ⊃Ρ∇<√≅… Ω◊Ω∧Ψ∏ς Ν…Ρ√†ΩΤ∈ ŸΩ⊆ς√Ω Ν…Ρ√†ΩΤ∈ †Ω∨ Ψϑð/≅†ΨŠ φΣ⊃Ψ∏µðš …
.[A1
8 : 0 3] ≈ ... ψΞΨ∧ΗΤς∏♠ΜΞ…
A_© t Zviv Kmg †L‡q e‡j †h Avgiv ewj bvB| A_P Zviv Kzdix
D
evK¨ e‡j‡Q Ges Bmjvg ag© MÖnY Kivi ci Kzdzix K‡i‡Q|
[myiv AvZ&ZvIevn&-AvqvZ,74]
U#<
VW U< U#<
X F"5H5 Y )'
VW )' )'
X))
.[G: ]O05] ((."5H5 Y Z#L VW #6 [#\
X F"5H5 Y
A_© t e¨vwfPvix cwic~Y© Cgvb`vi Ae¯’vq e¨vwfPv‡i wjß nqbv, †Pvi
cwic~Y© Cgvb`vi Ae¯’vq Pzwi K‡ibv, Ges g`¨cvqx cwic~Y© Cgvb`vi
Ae¯’vq g` cvb K‡ibv, (A_©vr D³ mg‡q Zv‡ì Cgvb Ac~Y© I `ye©j
n‡q hvq)| [eyLvix I gymwjg]
%& ' ( : ! "#
T
cÖ_g i“K&b ev ¯—¤¢ t gnvb Avj−vni cÖwZ Cgvb t
(1) Cgv‡bi ev¯—evqb t
wb‡æ ewY©Z welq mg~n ev¯—evq‡bi gva¨‡g Avj−vni cÖwZ c~Y© Cgvb
Avbv nq|
cÖ_gZ t G wek¦vm †cvlY Kiv †h, G wek¦ RM‡Zi GKRb cÖfy
cÖwZcvjK i‡q‡Qb| whwb ¯^xq m„wó ivRZ¡, cwiPvjbv I Kg©
e¨ve¯’vcbvq i“hx`vZv, Rxeb `vZv, g„Zz¨`vZv, ¶gZvkxj,Ges Kj¨vY
I AKj¨vY mvabKvix wn‡m‡e GK I Aw`Z¡xq| wZwb e¨ZxZ †Kvb cÖfy
cÖwZcvjK †bB|
wZwb GKvB hv B”Qv Zv K‡ib, Ges hv Pvb Zvi ûKzg K‡ib| hv‡K
B”Qv m¤§vwbZ K‡ib, Avevi hv‡K B”Qv AcgvwbZ K‡ib| ZuviB nv‡Z
Avmgvb Rwg‡bi ivRZ¡| wZwb me© wel‡q ¶gZvkxj I ÁvZ i‡q‡Qb|
wZwb Kv‡iv gyLv‡c¶x bb|
mKj Av‡`k ZvuiB Ges me© cÖKvi Kj¨vY ZuviB nv‡Z, Zuvi Kg© mg~‡n
†Kvb kixK ‡bB| Zuvi K‡g© Zuv‡K †Kn civRq Kvix ‡bB| eis gvbe
RvwZ, R¡xb RvwZ I wdwik&Zv gÛjx mn mKj m„wó Rxe ZuviB `vm ev
ev›`v | Zviv Zvui ivRZ¡, kw³ I B”Qv n‡Z †ei n‡Z cv‡ib bv|
Zvui Kg© mg~n AMwbZ ‡Kvb msL¨vB Zv wkgve× Ki‡Z cv‡ibv| G
mKj êwk‡ói wZwbB GKgvÎ AwaKvix, Zvui †Kvb kixK †bB| wZwb
e¨ZxZ †KD G (êwkô) mg~‡ni AwaKvi iv‡Lbv| Gme Avj−vn Qvov
Ab¨ Kv‡iv mwnZ m¤ú©wKZ I mve¨¯— Kiv nvivg|

⌠¬Ρ∇Ψ∏‰ΩΤ∈ ⇑Ψ∨ Ω⇑ÿΨϒΠς√≅…Ω ⌠¬Ρ∇Ω⊆ς∏ΤΩ ΨϒΠς√≅… Σ¬Ρ∇ΘΩΤŠΩ⁄ Ν…ΣŸΣ‰∅≅… 〉♣†Πς⇒√≅… †ΩΘΣΤÿΚς†Η;ΤΤΩΤÿ …
_∫:†Ωγ⇒Š ∫ƒ:†φΤΤ∧ΘΩ♥√≅…Ω †⊥Τ→.Ω≤Ψ⊇ ð≥⁄Κς‚≅… Σ¬Ρ∇ς√ ΩΩ⊕Ω– ΨϒΠς√≅… (21) Ω⇐Σ⊆Πς,ΩΤZ ⌠¬Ρ∇Πς∏Ω⊕ς√
≈ ... ⌠¬
∃ Ρ∇Πς√ †_Τ∈πƒΨ⁄ γ‹.Ω≤Ω∧Πς‘√≅… Ω⇑Ψ∨ −ΨΤΨŠ Ω“Ω≤Κς†ΩΤ⊇ _∫:†Ω∨ Ψ∫:†φΤΤ∧ϑð♥√≅… Ω⇑Ψ∨ ΩΩ∞⇓Κς…Ω
.[ F 0
8 :#= 3]
A_© t †n gvbe mgvR ! †Zvgiv †Zvgv‡ì cvjbKZv©i Bev`vZ Ki,
whwb †Zvgvw`M‡K Ges †Zvgv‡ì c~e©eZx©w`M‡K m„wó K‡i‡Qb| Zv‡Z
Avkv Kiv hvq,†Zvgiv ci‡nhMvix AR©b Ki‡Z cvi‡e| †h cweÎmËv
†Zvgv‡ì Rb¨ Rwgb‡K weQvbv AvKvk‡K Qv` ¯îƒc ¯’vcb K‡i
w`‡q‡Qb, Avi AvKvk †_‡K cvwb el©Y K‡i †Zvgv‡ì Rb¨ dj-dmj
Drcv`b K‡i‡Qb ‡Zvgv‡ì Lv`¨ wnmv‡e| [m~iv Avj-evK¡viv,AvqvZ-
21-22]
Σ℘Ξ∞⇒ΩΤZΩ Σ∫:†Ω↑ΩΤZ ⇑Ω∨ ð∠<∏Σ∧<√≅… ΨΤπZΣΤZ γ∠∏< Σ∧<√≅… ð∠Ψ∏ΗΤΩ∨ ϑðψΣΠς∏√≅… ΞΣΤ∈ …
ð∉ΨŸΩ∼ΨŠ Σ∫∃ :†Ω↑ΩΤZ ⇑Ω∨ ΘΣΨϒΣΤZΩ ∫:†Ω↑ΩΤZ ⇑Ω∨ ΘΣ∞ΤΤΨ⊕ΣΤZΩ Σ∫:†Ω↑ΩΤZ ⇑ΘΩ∧Ψ∨ ð∠<∏Σ∧<√≅…
:
8 F# ^ 3] ≈ (26) χ≤ÿΨŸΩΤ∈ ω∫πΩ→ ΘΞΡ υς∏Ω∅ ð∠Πς⇓ΜΞ… ⁄Σ∃ κΩ<√≅…
.[?
A_© t ejyb †n Avj−vn ! ZzwgB mve©‡fŠg kw³i AwaKvix| Zzwg hv‡K
B”Qv ivR¨ `vb Ki Ges hvi KvQ †_‡K B”Qv ivR¨ wQwb‡q bvI, Ges
hv‡K B”Qv m¤§vwbZ Ki, Avi hv‡K B”Qv AcgvwbZ Ki| †ZvgviB
nv‡Z i‡q‡Q hveZxq Kj¨vY| wbðqB Zzwg me© wel‡q ¶gZvkxj|
[m~iv Avwj-Bgivb,AvqvZ-26 ]

… †Ω∨Ω ⇑Ψ∨ ξ◊ΤΘΩΤŠ:…Ω ℑ Ξ≥⁄Κς‚≅… ‚Πς"ΜΞ… ς∏Ω∅ ϑðΨ/≅… †ΩΣΤ∈ƒΞ⁄ 〉ψς∏⊕ΩΤÿΩ †Ω∑ΘΩ≤Ω⊆Ω,πΤ♥Σ∨
†& ΩΩ∅Ω ⌠ΤΩ,πΤ♥Σ∨Ω ΘβΡ ℑ ξˆΗΤΩΤ,Ψ ξ⇐κΨ‰ΣΘ∨ (6) ≈.[? :

8 FY 3]
A_© t Avi c„w_ex‡Z wePiYkxj gvÎB mK‡ji RxweKvi `vwqZ¡ Avj−vn
ZvÔAvjv wb‡q‡Qb, wZwb Rv‡bb Zviv †Kv_vq _v‡K Ges †Kv_vq
mgvwcZ nq| me wKQyB GK my¯úó MÖ‡š’ i‡q‡Q| [m~iv û`,AvqvZ-6 ]
3] ≈ (54) Ω⇐κΨ∧ς∏ΗΤΩ⊕<√≅… ϑ〉‡Ω⁄ ϑðΣ/≅… ð∉Ω⁄†Ω‰ΩΤZ Σ≤∨Κς‚≅…Ω Σ⊂<∏Ω<√≅… Σς√ ‚ς"Κς… ... …
.[>1 :
8 F_#!
A_© t †R‡b †iL ZvuiB m„wó I ZvuiB weavb, Avj−vn eiKZgq whwb wek¦
RM‡Zi cÖf-y cÖwZcvjK| [m~iv Avj-AvÔivd, AvqvZ-54 ]
wØZxqZ t G wek¦vm †cvlY Kiv †h, Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv Zvui my›ì bvg
mg~n I cyZ-cweÎ c~Y© ¸Yvejxi †¶‡Î GK I AwØZxq| hvi wKQy
ev›`v‡ì Rb¨ Zuvi cweÎ MÖš’ I †kl bvex I bvex gynv¤§v` (mvj−vj−vû
AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) Gi nv`x‡m eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Avj−vn& ZvÔAvjv e‡jb t
φΣŸΨ™<∏ΣΤÿ Ω⇑ÿΨϒΠς√≅… Ν…Σ⁄Ω′Ω †∃ ΩΨŠ ΣΣ∅ ≅†ΩΤ⊇ υΩ⇒π♥Σ™<√≅… Σ∫:†Ω∧♠Κς‚≅… ΨΠς∏Ψ√Ω …
F_#! 3] ≈ (180) Ω⇐ΣΤ∏Ω∧⊕ΩΤÿ Ν…ΣΤ⇓†ς †Ω∨ Ω⇐Ω∞•Σ∼Ω♠ −&ΨΜΞ;ΗΤΤΩ∧♠Κς… ⌡Ψ⊇

.[CT :
8
A_© t Avi Avj−vni Rb¨ i‡q‡Q me© DËg bvg| ZvB †m bvg a‡iB
Zuv‡K WvK| Avi Zv‡ì‡K eR©b Ki,hviv Zvui bv‡gi e¨vcv‡i evuKv
c‡_ P‡j| Zviv wb‡R‡ì K…Z K‡g©i dj kxNÖB cv‡e|

[m~iv Avj-AvÔivd,AvqvZ-180 ]
/` #I Y F a %7 YbW "5 cd V<I <I ( e ))
[G: ]O05]((#I
A_© t Avj−vni wbivbeŸ-BwU bvg i‡q‡Q| ‡h e¨w³ Bnv msi¶b Ki‡e
†m Rvbœv‡Z cÖ‡ek Ki‡e| Avj−vn& †e‡Rvo, wZwb †e‡Rvo‡K
fvjev‡mb| [ eyLvix I gymwjg ]
Avi GB AvKx`vn- wek¦vm `yÕwU eo g~jbxwZi Dci cÖwZwôZ |
cÖ_g t wbðq Avj−vn&i my›ì bvg I gnvb ¸Y i‡q‡Q, hv cwic~Y©
¸bvejxi cÖgvY K‡i, Zv‡Z †Kvb cÖKv‡ii Acwic~Y©Zv I µwU †bB|
m„wóRx‡ei †Kvb wKQyB Zvi gZ I Zvi Askx`vi n‡Z cv‡ibv|
f g (Avj-nvBqy) Zvui (Avj−vni) bvg mg~‡ni GKwU bvg|
:g(Avj-nvqvZ) Zvui wmdvZ ev ¸Y hv gnvb Avj−vni Rb¨ mgywPZ
mwVK cš’vq mve¨¯— Kiv IqvwRe| Avi G Rxeb GK wPi¯’vqx cwic~Y©
Rxeb| Zv‡Z Ávb,kw³ BZ¨vw` me© cÖKvi c~Y©Zvi mgv‡ek i‡q‡Q|
Avj−vn wPiÄxe Zuvi jq I ¶q bvB|
≈ ... χ⋅& ⌠ΤΩΤ⇓ ‚Ω"Ω β◊Ω⇒ΨΤ♠ ΙΣΡϒΣΚ<†ΩΤZ ‚Ω" Σ⋅& ΘΣΤ∼Ω⊆<√≅… ΘΣΩ™<√≅… ΩΣ∑ ‚Πς"ΜΞ… ΩΗΤς√ΞΜ… :‚Ω" ϑðΣ/≅… …
.[>> :
8 F#= 3]
A_© t Avj−vn& Qvov †Kvb mwVK Dcvm¨ †bB, wZwb wPiÄxe I me wKQyi
aviK| Zvu‡K Z›`ªv ¯úk© Ki‡Z cv‡ibv Ges wb`ªvI bq| [m~iv Avj-
evK¡viv,AvqvZ-255 ]
wØZxq t wbðq Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv mKj †`vl I µwU hy³ ¸Y n‡Z
m¤úyY©fv‡e cyZ-cweÎ †hgb-wb`ªv AcviMZv, g~L©Zv I Ryjyg-AZ¨vPvi
1
BZ¨vw`|
wZwb Av‡iv cyZ I cweÎ m„wóRx‡ei mv‡_ mv`„k¨ ivLv n‡Z| Avj−vn
ZvÔAvjv I Zvui ivm~j (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) Zvui (Avj−vni )
Rb¨ †h mKj ¸Y A¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb, Zv A¯^xKvi Kiv Acwinvh©|
Avj−vn& ZvÔAvjv †h mKj ¸Y‡K wb‡Ri Rb¨ A¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb †m
¸‡Yi wecixZ ¸‡Y cwic~Y© fv‡e ¸bœvw¤^Z, GB wek¦vm ivLv|
myZivs hLb Avj−vn‡K Z›`ªv I wb`&ªv †_‡K gy³ Kie, ZLb Z›`ªvi
wecixZ wPi RvMÖZ Ges wb`ªvi wecixZ wPiÄxe cwic~Y© `yÕwU ¸Y‡K
mve¨¯— Kiv n‡e|
Abyi“c fv‡e Avj−vn‡K cÖwZwU Acwic~Y© ¸Y ‡_‡K gy³ Ki‡j mv‡_
mv‡_ Zvi wecixZ cwic~Y© ¸Y mve¨¯— n‡q hvq| wZwbB GKgvÎ cwic~Y©
Avi wZwb e¨ZxZ meB Acwic~Y|©
3] ≈ (11) Σ⁄κΨ±Ω‰Τ<√≅… Σ⊗∼Ψ∧ΘΩ♥√≅… ΩΣ∑Ω ∫χ∃ πΤΩ→ −ΨΨπ∏‘Ψ∧ς ð♦∼Τς√ ... …
.[ :
8 Fh\
A_© t(m„wóRx‡ei) †Kvb wKQyB Zvui Abyi“c bq|Avi wZwb me ï‡bb
Ges me †`‡Lb| [m~iv Avk&ïiv,AvqvZ-11 ]
.[1? :
8 Fibj 3] ≈ (46) ΨŸ∼Ψ‰Ω⊕<∏ΠΨ√ ξψΗΤΠς∏ðℵ≠ΨΤŠ ð∠ΘΣΤŠΩ⁄ †Ω∨Ω ... …
A_© t Avi Avcbvi cÖwZ cvjK ev›`v‡ì cÖwZ Ryjyg K‡ib bv|
[m~iv dzm&wmjvZ,AvqvZ-46 ]
ℑ ‚Ω"Ω γ‹.ΩΗΤΩ∧ΘΩ♥√≅… ℑ ξ∫πΤΩ→ ⇑Ψ∨ ΙΣΩ∞Ψ•⊕Σ∼Ψ√ ϑðΣ/≅… φ†ς †Ω∨Ω ... …
>
.[11 :
8 F#kj 3] ≈ ... Ξ≥
& ⁄Κς‚≅…
A_© t AvKvk I c„w_ex‡Z †Kvb wKQyB Avj−vn‡K AcviM Ki‡Z cv‡i
bv| [m~iv dv‡Zi,AvqvZ-44 ]
.[?1 :
8 Fl#5 3] ≈ (64) †⊥ΘΤ∼Ψ♥ΩΤ⇓ ð∠ΘΣΤŠΩ⁄ Ω⇐†ς †Ω∨Ω ... …
A_© t Avi Avcbvi cÖwZcvjK we¯§„Z nIqvi bb| [m~iv gvwiBqvg,
AvqvZ-64 ]
Avj−vni bvg, Zvui ¸Y I Kg© mg~‡ni cÖwZ Cgvb Avbv, Avj−vn& I Zvui
Bev`vZ‡K Rvbvi GKgvÎ c_|
KviY Avj−vn& ZvÔAvjv GB cvw_©e RM‡Z Zvui mivmwi `k©b‡K m„wóRxe
n‡Z †Mvcb †i‡L‡Qb, Ges Zv‡ì Rb¨ Ggb Áv‡bi c_ Ly‡j
w`‡q‡Qb, hvi Øviv Zviv Zv‡ì cÖfy Bjvn&-gvÔey`‡K Rvb‡e Ges mwVK
Ávb Abyhvqx Zuvi Bev`vZ Ki‡e|
myZivs ev›`v Zvi ¸bgq gvÔey‡ì Bev`vZ K‡i, gyAvwËj (Avj−vni bvg
I ¸bvejx AaxKvi Kvix) Abw¯—‡Z¡i Bev`vZ K‡i, gygvw”Qj (gykixK
mv`„këv`x) cÖwZgvi Bev`vZ K‡i| Avi gymwjg e¨w³ GK I
AgyLv‡c¶x Avj−vni Bev`vZ K‡i, whwb KvD‡K Rb¥ †`bwb Ges †KD
Zv‡K Rb¥ †`qwb, Ges Zuvi mgK¶ I ‡KD bq|
Avj−vni my›ì bvg mg~n mve¨¯— Kivi ‡¶‡Î wb‡æ ewY©Z welq ¸‡jvi
j¶¨ ivLv DwPZ t
(1) ms‡hvRb I we‡qvRb e¨vZxZ KziAvb I nv`x‡m ewY©Z mKj my›ì
bvg mg~n Avj−vni Rb¨ mve¨¯— i‡q‡Q Zvi Dci Cgvb Avbv|
Σ⇑Ψ∨Σ∧<√≅… Σ¬ΗΤς∏ΘΩ♥√≅… 〉♣ΠΡŸΣ⊆<√≅… 〉∠Ψ∏Ω∧<√≅… ΩΣ∑ ‚Πς"ΜΞ… ΩΗΤς√ΞΜ… :‚Ω" ΨϒΠς√≅… ϑðΣ/≅… ΩΣ∑ …
?
†ΘΩ∧∅ ϑðΨ/≅… Ω⇑ΗΤΩ™‰ΤΣ♠ Σ⁄& ΘΨιΩ|Ω,Σ∧<√≅… Σ⁄†ΘΩ‰φΤΤ•<√≅… Σ∞ÿΞ∞Ω⊕<√≅… 〉⇔Ψ∧∼ΩΣ∧<√≅…
.[ :
8 F#\g 3] ≈ (23) φΣ{Ξ≤π↑ΣΤÿ
A_© t wZwbB Avj−vn wZwb e¨ZxZ mwZ¨Kvi †Kvb Dcvm¨ †bB| wZwb
GK gvÎ me wKQyi gvwjK, hveZxq †`vl-µwU n‡Z cweÎ,kvwš— I
wbivcËv`vZv, ch©‡e¶K,civµvš—, cÖZvcvw¤^Z, gvnvZœ¨kxj| Zviv hv‡K
Askx`vi K‡i Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv Zv †_‡K cweÎ| [m~iv Avj-nvki,
AvqvZ-23 ]
nv`x‡m G‡m‡Q t
p qp3 )e Nr :=
-c & 2dQ Qm < n io ))
-a s
t! Fu< 2
iP Xe Ge X g q
v( w I :Q Q m =j .9:=
g
9# F
Gd ( = J: <OP yz :x FN G3 F( :x
F J ](({| G %}3 se F[& G se yz N~!
.[
A_© t bvex (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) GK e¨w³‡K ej‡Z
ïb‡jb| †n Avj−vn& ! Avwg †Zvgvi Kv‡Q cÖv_©bv KiwQ, KviY mKj
cÖksmv †ZvgviB Rb¨| Zzwg Qvov †Kvb mwZ¨Kvi gvÔey` †bB| Zzwg
(gvbœvb ) AbyMªnKvix, Avmgvb Rwg‡bi m„wó Kvix| †n m¤§vwbZ I
ghv©`vevb! †n wPiÄxe I me wKQyi aviK evnK !
AZtci bvex (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) (mvnvev‡ì‡K wRÁvmv
Ki‡jb t †Zvgiv wK Rvb ? †m wK‡mi (Awmjvq) Avj−vn‡K AvnŸvb
K‡i‡Q? Zvuiv ej‡jb t Avj−vn& I Zvui ivm~jB AwaK Rv‡bb| Zvici
bvex (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) e‡j−b t kc_ †mB mËvi hvi
A
nv‡Z Avgvi cÖvY, wbðq †m Avj−vn‡K Zvui Ggb Bm‡g AvR‡gi
(gnvb bv‡gi)Awmjvq AvnŸvb K‡i‡Q,hvi Øviv Avj−vn‡K AvnŸvb
Ki‡j Avj−vn& AvnŸv‡b mvov ‡`b, Ges Av‡e`b Ki‡j wZwb `vb
K‡ib| [ Bgvg Avey `vD` I Avn&gv` nv`xmwU eY©bv K‡ib ]
(2) Avj−vn& wb‡RB wb‡Ri bvg ‡i‡L‡Qb| m„wó Rx‡ei †KD Zvi bvg
iv‡L bvB| Ges wZwb wb‡RB GB mKj bvg Øviv ¯^xq cÖksmv
K‡i‡Qb| Bnv m„wRZ bZzb bq| Bnvi Dci Cgvb Avbv|
(3) Avj−vni my›ì bvg mg~n Ggb cwic~Y© A_©‡evaK hv‡Z †Kvb
cÖKv‡ii †Kvb µwU †bB| ZvB G bvg mg~‡ni cÖwZ Cgvb Avbv †hgb
IqvwRe,‡Zgwb Gi A‡_©i Dci Cgvb AvbvI IqvwRe|
(4) G mg¯— bv‡gi A_© A¯^xKvi I Ace¨v¶v bv K‡i m¤§v‡bi mv‡_
MÖnY Kiv IqvwRe|
(5) cÖwZwU bvg n‡Z mve¨¯— wewa-weavb I djvdj Ges Gi cÖfv‡ei
cÖwZ Cgvb Avbv|
G cvuPwU welq‡K Av‡iv ¯úó Kivi Rb¨ Avgiv Avj−vni bvg 2:<
Avm&mvgxÔ (kªeY Kvix) Øviv D`vniY †ck Ki‡ev|
2:< G‡Z wb‡æ ewY©Z welq ¸‡jv j¶¨ ivLv cÖ‡Z¨‡KiB KZ©e¨|
(K) 2:< (Avm&mvgxÔ) Avj−vni bvg mg~‡ni GKwU bvg| G K_vi
cÖwZ Cgvb Avbv| KviY Gi eY©bv KziAvb I nv`x‡m G‡m‡Q|
(L) Av‡iv Cgvb Avbv †h,Avj−vn& ZvÔAvjv wb‡RB wb‡R‡K G bv‡g bvg
KiY K‡i‡Qb,G bv‡g K_v e‡jb Ges Zv KziAv‡b AeZxY© K‡i‡Qb|
(M) 2:< (Avm&mvgxÔ) Avm&mvgD ev (†kvbv) A_©‡K kvwgj K‡i| hv
Avj−vni ¸Y mg~‡ni GKwU ¸Y|
(N) 2:< (Avm&mvgxq) bvg n‡Z D™¢~Z ÒkªeY Kiv ev †kvbvÓ ¸bwU
A¯^xKvi I Ace¨vLv bv K‡i m¤§v‡bi mv‡_ MÖnY Kiv IqvwRe|
C
(O) wbðq Avj−vn me wKQy ï‡bb Ges Zuvi ïbv mKj awb‡K cwi‡eób
K‡i †i‡L‡Q, GB wek¦vm ivLv| G Cgv‡bi djvdj I cÖfve n‡jv
Avj−vni ch©‡e¶Y I Zvui fq-fxwZ Avek¨K n‡q hvq,Ges G `„p
wek¦vm m„wó nq †h,Avj−vni Kv‡Q †Kvb wKQy †Mvcb _v‡Kbv|
Ggwb fv‡e Avj−vni ¸Y (Avj-Avjx) mve¨¯— Kivi mgq
wb‡æi welq ¸‡jv j¶¨ ivLv DwPZ t
(1) KziAvb I nv`x‡m ewY©Z mKj wmdvZ ev ¸Y †Kvb cÖKvi Ace¨vLv
I mwVK A_© Z¨vM bv K‡i cÖK…Zv‡_© Avj−vni Rb¨ mve¨¯— Kiv|
(2) `„p wek¦vm ivLv †h, Avj−vn& ZvÔAvjv hveZxq †`vl Am¤ú~Y© ¸Y
n‡Z g~³, eis wZwb m~-cwic~Y© ¸‡Y ¸bvw¤^Z|
(3) Avj−vni ¸Yvejxi mv‡_ m„wóRx‡ei ¸Y mg~‡ni mv`„k¨ bv Kiv|
KviY Avj−vni Abyi“c †Kvb wKQy †bB| bv Zvui ¸‡Y Ges bv Zvui
K‡g©|
3] ≈ (11) Σ⁄κΨ±Ω‰Τ<√≅… Σ⊗∼Ψ∧ΘΩ♥√≅… ΩΣ∑Ω ∫χ∃ πΤΩ→ −ΨΨπ∏‘Ψ∧ς ð♦∼Τς√ …
.[ :
8 Fh\
A_© t (m„wóRx‡ei) †Kvb wKQyB Zvui Abyi“c bq| Avi wZwb me
ï‡bb,Ges me ‡`‡Lb| [m~iv Avk&ïiv,AvqvZ-11 ]
(4) Gme ¸‡Yi i“c I aiY-MVb Rvbvi †Kvb cÖKvi Avkv AvKv•Lv
bv Kiv| †Kbbv Avj−vn ¸‡Yi i“c I aiY-MVb wZwb e¨ZxZ Ab¨ †KD
Rv‡bbv| d‡j m„wóRx‡ei Zv Rvbvi †Kvb c_ †bB|
(5) G me ¸Yvejx n‡Z mve¨¯— wewa-weavb Ges Gi cÖfve I `vexi
cÖwZ Cgvb Avbv| myZivs cÖwZwU ¸‡Yi mv‡_ Bev`vZ m¤ú„³|
GLb cvuPwU welq Av‡iv ¯úó nIqvi Rb¨ wmdvZzj Bm&wZIqv
(R03X) Gi D`vniY †ck Kie|
D
Avj-Bm&wZIqv (R03X)¸YwU mve¨¯— Ki‡Z wb‡æ ewY©Z welq ¸‡jv
j¶¨ ivLv Acwinvh©|
(1)Avj-Bm&wZIqv (Avj−vn& ZvÔAvjv ¯^-mËvq Avi‡ki Dc‡i i‡q‡Qb)
G ¸YwU Avj−vni Rb¨ mve¨¯— Kiv Ges Gi cÖwZ Cgvb Avbv, ‡Kbbv
Bnv KyiAvb I nv`x‡m GKvwaKevi cÖgvwbZ n‡q‡Q|
.[> :
8 FGk 3] ≈ (5) υΩΩΤ,Τ♠≅… Ξ↔⌠≤ΤΩ⊕<√≅… ς∏Ω∅ Σ⇑ΗΤΩ∧šΘΩ≤√≅… …
A_© t cig `qvgq (Avj−vn& ZvÔAvjv ¯^-mËvq) Avi‡ki Dci i‡q‡Qb|
[m~iv Z¡nv,AvqvZ-5 ]
(2) Avj-Bm&wZIqv (R03X) ¸YwU‡K h_v‡hvM¨ I cwic~Y© iƒ‡c
Avj−vni Rb¨ mve¨¯— Kiv| Avi Gi cÖK…Z A_© n‡jv t Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv
¯^xq Avi‡ki Dc‡i weivRgvb i‡q‡Qb, †hgb Zvui gn‡Z¡i I †kªó‡Z¡i
†kvfv cvq|
Gi A_© Avj−vn Zuvi Avi‡ki Dc‡i mgvmxb cÖK…Z c‡¶| Zvui ghv©`vi
Rb¨ ‡h fv‡e †kvfv cvq|
(3) Avj−vn ZvÔAvjvi Avi‡ki Dci weivRgvb _vKv‡K m„wó Rx‡ei
Avmb MÖn‡Yi mv‡_ Dcgv bv †Ìqv| †Kbbv Avj−vn Avi‡ki gyLv‡c¶x
bb| wZwb Avi‡ki gyn&ZvR bb| wKš—y m„wó Rx‡ei mgvmxbZv m¤ú~Y©
mZš¿, m„wóRxe Gi gyn&ZvR ev gyLv‡c¶x|
3] ≈ (11) Σ⁄κΨ±Ω‰Τ<√≅… Σ⊗∼Ψ∧ΘΩ♥√≅… ΩΣ∑Ω ∫χ∃ πΤΩ→ −ΨΨπ∏‘Ψ∧ς ð♦∼Τς√ …
.[ :
8 Fh\
A_© t(m„wó Rx‡ei) †Kvb wKQyB Zvui Abyiƒc bq| Avi wZwb me
ï‡bb,Ges me †`‡Lb| [m~iv Avk&ïiv,AvqvZ-11 ]
T
(4) Avj−vn ZvÔAvjvi Avi‡ki Dci weivRgv‡bi aiY I c×wZ wb‡q
Z‡K© wjß bv nIqv| ‡Kbbv GUv MvBex (A`„‡kï) welq, hv GKgvÎ
Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv Qvov †KD Rv‡bbv|
(5) G ¸YwU n‡Z mve¨¯— wewa-weavb I djvdj Ges Gi cÖfv‡ei cÖwZ
Cgvb Avbv, Avi Zv n‡jv Avj−vn& ZvÔAvjvi h_v‡hvM¨ gnË I †kªóZ¡
mve¨¯— Kiv, hv mgMÖ m„wó n‡Z Zvui D‡×© I my-D‡”P (Avi‡ki Dci)
Ae¯’vbB cÖgvY K‡i|
Av‡iv cÖgvY K‡i mKj AvZœvi ZvuiB w`‡K Ea©g~Lx nIqv, †hgb
wmR&`vKvix wmR&`vq e‡j t ({! 3) Avwg Avgvi cÖfyi
cweÎZv eY©bv Kwi whwb my-D”P I E‡a©|
Z…ZxqZ t G wek¦vm †cvlY Kiv †h, Avj−vn& ZvÔAvjvB GKgvÎ
mwZ¨Kvi gvÔey` ev Dcvm¨ Ges cÖKvk¨ I AcªKvk¨ hveZxq Bev`vZ
cvIqvi AwaKvi iv‡Lb| wZwb GK I AwØZxq, Zvui †Kvb kixK †bB|
Ν…Σ‰Ψ⇒ΩΤ,–≅…Ω ϑðΩ/≅… Ν…ΣŸΣΤ‰∅≅… γ⇐Κς… ‚Ζ"Σ♠ΩΘ⁄ ξ◊ΤΤΘΩ∨ΡΚ… ΘΞΣ{ ℑ †ΩΤ⇒Τ‘Ω⊕ΩΤŠ ŸΩ⊆ς√Ω …
.[? :
8 F% 3] ≈ ... ð‹
∃ Σ⊕ΗΤϑð≠√≅…
A_© t Avwg cÖ‡Z¨K D¤§‡Zi g‡a¨B ivm~j †cÖiY K‡iwQ GB g‡g© †h,
†Zvgiv GKgvÎ Avj−vni Bev`vZ Ki‡e Ges Zv¸Z (Avj−vn e¨ZxZ
A‡bï Bev`vZ Kiv A_v©r wki&K Kiv) †_‡K wbivc` I weiZ _vK‡e|
[m~iv Avb-bnj,AvqvZ-36 ]
Avi cÖ‡Z¨K ivm~jB ¯^xq D¤§vZ‡K ej‡Zb t
F_#! 3] ≈ ... ,ΙΣΣ⁄κΤΩ∅ ]ΗΤς√ΞΜ… ⌠⇑ΨΘ∨ ¬Ρ∇ς√ †Ω∨ ϑðΩ/≅… Ν…ΣŸΣ‰Τ∅≅… ... …
.[>D :
8
A_© t †Zvgiv GKgvÎ Avj−vni Bev`vZ Ki| wZwb e¨ZxZ †Zvgv‡ì

†Kvb mZ¨ Dcvm¨ †bB| [m~iv Avj-AvÔivd,AvqvZ-59 ]
≈ ... ∫ƒ:†ΤΩ⊃Ω⇒ΤΣš Ω⇑ÿΠΨŸ√≅… ΣΤς√ Ω⇐κΨ±Ψ∏ο〉 ϑðΩ/≅… Ν…ΣŸΣΤ‰⊕Ω∼Ψ√ ‚Πς"ΜΞ… ϖΝ…Σ≤Ψ∨ΡΚ… :†Ω∨Ω …
.[> :
8 F : 3]
A_© t Avi Zv‡ì‡K G Qvov †Kvb wb‡`©k Kiv nqwb †h, Zviv LvuwU
g‡b GKwbô fv‡e (wki&Kgy³ †_‡K) GKgvÎ Avj−vni Bev`vZ Ki‡e|
[m~iv Avj-evB‡q¨bvn-AvqvZ-5 ]
mnxn eyLvix I gymwjg kix‡d ewY©Z n‡q‡Q †h,
(:ix.v( { ]W 5 { ( ]W 5 yI))
G #\
X J
{ ( ]W:x.N G3
.((c}:L G #\
X "5 [z
X ( { ]W Fc}:L
A_© t Zzwg wK Rvb? ev›`vi Dci Avj−vni nK¡ ev AwaKvi wK? Avi
Avj−vni Dci ev›`vi AwaKvi wK?
Avwg (gyÔqvR ivt) ej&jvg Avj−vn I Zvui ivm~jB AwaK ÁvZ| ivm~j
(mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) e‡jb t ev›`vi Dci Avj−vni nK¡
n‡jv- Zvui (Avj−vni) Bev`vZ Kiv, Ges Zvui mv‡_ KvD‡K Askx`vi
bv Kiv| Avj−vni Dci ev›`vi nK¡ n‡jv- hviv ZvInx‡ì Dci †_‡K
wki&K gy³ _v‡K Zv‡ì‡K kvw¯— bv †Ìqv|
mZ¨ gvÔey` t wZwbB mZ¨ gvÔey`, Aš—i hvi Bev`vZ K‡i, hvi
fvjevmvq Aš—i f‡i hvq, A‡bï fvjevmvi cÖ‡qvRb c‡obv| hvi
Avkv AvKvsLvB Aš—‡ii Rb¨ h‡_ó A‡bï Kv‡Q Avkv I AvKvsLvi
cÖ‡qvRb nqbv| hvi wbKU PvIqv cvIqv, mvnvh¨ cÖv_©bv I Zvu‡K fq-
fxwZ KivB Aš—‡ii Rb¨ h‡_ó| Ab¨ Kv‡iv Kv‡Q PvIqv cvIqvi
cÖv_©bv Kiv, KvD‡K fq-fxwZ Kivi cÖ‡qvRb †bB|

ΩΣ∑ −ΨΤΤΨ⇓Σ ⇑Ψ∨ Ω⇐Σ∅ŸΤΩÿ †Ω∨ ΥφςΚ…Ω ΣΘ⊂Ω™<√≅… ΩΣ∑ Ωϑð/≅… ΥφΚς†ΨΤŠ ð∠Ψ√.ς′ …
≈ (62) Σ⁄γκ‰Ω|<√≅… ϑ〉Ψ∏Ω⊕<√≅… ΩΣ∑ ϑðΩ/≅… ΥφςΚ…Ω 〉Ψ≠ΗΤΩΤ‰<√≅…
.[? :
8 Fg 3]
A_© t GUv GKvi‡YI †h, Avj−vnB mZ¨ t Avi Zvui cwie‡Z© Zviv hv‡K
Wv‡K,Zv AmZ¨ Ges Avj−vnB mevi D‡”P,gnvb| [m~iv Avj-
nv¾,AvqvZ-62 ]
Avi BnvB ev›`vi K‡g©i Øviv Avj−vni GKZ¡ev` †Nvlbv Kiv| BnvB
ZvInx‡` Djynxq¨vn&|
ZvInx‡ì ¸i“Z¡ t
wb‡æi welq ¸‡jvi gva¨‡g ZvInx‡ì ¸i“Z¡ dz‡U D‡V|
(1) ZvInx`B Bmjvg a‡g©i ïi“ I †kl, Rv‡nix-ev‡Zbx-Ges gyL¨
D‡Ïk¨| Avi BnvB mKj ivm~j (AvjvBwnm mvjvg) Gi `vIqvZ
wQj|
(2) G ZvInx` (Kv‡qg) Gi j‡¶¨-Avj−vn& ZvÔAvjv gvLjyKvZ m„wó
K‡i‡Qb, mKj bvex ivm~j‡ì †cÖiY K‡i‡Qb Ges me Avmgvbx wKZve
AeZxY© K‡i‡Qb| Avi G ZvInx‡ì Kvi‡YB gvbyl gyÔwgb-Kvwdi,
†mŠfvM¨ `~fv©‡M¨ wef³ n‡q‡Q|
(3) Avi ZvInx`B ev›`v‡ì Dci me© cÖ_g IqvwRe| me© cÖ_g Gi
gva¨‡gB Bmjv‡g cÖ‡ek K‡i| Ges G ZvInx` wb‡qB `ywbqv Z¨vM
K‡i|
ZvInx` ev¯—evqb ev ZvInx` cÖwZôv t
ZvInx‡ì ev¯—evqb nj t ZvInx`‡K wki&K, we`&AvZ I cvcvPvi gy³
Kiv|
ZvInx`‡K Kjyl gy³ Kiv `yÕiKg t

(1) IqvwRe I
(2) gvb&`ye ev gy¯—vnve|
IqvwRe ZvInx` wZb wel‡qi gva¨‡g nq t
(1) ZvInx`‡K Ggb wki&K, n‡Z gy³ Kiv, hv g~j ZvInx‡ì
cwicš’x|
(2) ZvInx`‡K Ggb we`&AvZ n‡Z gy³ Kiv hv ZvInx‡ì cwic~Y©Zvi
cwicš’x,A_ev g~j ZvInx‡ì cwicš’x †m we`&AvZ hw` Kzdyix chv©‡qi
n‡q _v‡K|
(3) ZvInx`‡K Ggb cvcKg© n‡Z gy³ Kiv hv ZvInx‡ì (AwR©Z)
c~Y¨ n«vm K‡i Ges ZvInx‡` Kz-cÖfve †d‡j|
Avi gvb&`ye (ZvInx`) t
Zv n‡jv gy¯—vnve KvR| †hgb wbæi“c t
(K) Bn&mv‡bi (BLjv‡mi) c~Y© ev¯—evqb|
(L) BqvKx‡bi c~Y© ev¯—evqb Kiv|
(M) Avj−vn Qvov Kv‡iv wbKU Awf‡hvM bv K‡i c~Y© âh© aviY Kiv|
(N) m„wó Rxe n‡Z gy³ n‡q ïay gvÎ Avj−vni Kv‡Q PvIqvB h‡_ô
g‡b Kiv|
(P) wKQy êa DcKiY Z¨v‡Mi gva¨‡g Avj−vni Dci c~Y©
ZvIqvK&Kz‡ji cÖKvk| †hgb-Svo dyuK I `vMv (‡ivM wbivg‡qi Rb¨)
†Q‡o †Ìqv|
(Q) bdj Bev`vZ K‡i Avj−vni ˆbKU¨ AR©‡bi gva¨‡g c~Y© fvjevmv
jvf Kiv|
AZtci hviv ZvInx`‡K ev¯—evqb Ki‡e Dc‡i eY©bvbycv‡Z Ges eo
wki&K n‡Z †eu‡P _vK‡e, Zviv Rvnvbœv‡g wPi¯’vqx emevm Kiv n‡Z
cwiÎvb jvf Ki‡e|
Avi hviv eo I †QvU wki&K Kiv n‡Z †eu‡P _vK‡e Ges eo I ‡QvU
1
cvc n‡Z `~‡i _vK‡e, Zv‡ì Rb¨ `ywbqv‡Z I AvwLiv‡Z c~Y© wbivcËv
i‡q‡Q|
Σ∫& :†Ω↑Ωÿ ⇑Ω∧Ψ√ ð∠Ψ√.ς′ Ω⇐Σ †Ω∨ Σ≤Ψ⊃πΤΤ⊕ΩÿΩ −ΨΨŠ ð∉Ω≤πΤ↑Σÿ ⇐Κς… Σ≤Ψ⊃πΤ⊕Ωÿ ‚Ω" ϑðΩ/≅… ΘΩ⇐ΜΞ… …
.[1C :
8 FR< 3] ≈ ...
A_© t wbðq Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv Zvui mv‡_ wki&‡Ki Aciva ¶gv Ki‡eb
bv| Avi Bnv e¨ZxZ hv‡K B”Qv K‡ib (Zvi Ab¨vb¨ Aciva) ¶gv
K‡i †`b| [m~iv Avb-wbmv,AvqvZ,48 ]
Σ⇑∨ςΚ‚≅… Σ¬Σς√ ð∠ΜΞ;ΗΤΤς√ΟΚΡ… ]ψ<∏Ρℵ≠ΨŠ ψΣΩ⇒ΤΗΤΩ∧ÿΞΜ… Ν…;ΤΤΣ♥Ψ‰<∏ΩΤÿ ψς√Ω Ν…Σ⇒ΤΩ∨…ƒ∫ ⇑ÿΨϒΠς√≅… …
.[C:
8 F9P! 3] ≈ (82) Ω⇐ΣŸΩΤ,ΘΣ∨ ¬Σ∑Ω
A_© t hviv Cgvb Av‡b Ges ¯^xq wek¦vm‡K wki&‡Ki mv‡_ wgwkªZ
K‡ibv,Zv‡ì Rb¨B kvwš— Ges ZvivB myc_Mvgx| [m~iv-Avj-
AvbAvg,AvqvZ-82 ]
ZvInx‡ì wecixZ wki&K, Bnv wZb cÖKvi t
(1) eo wki&K, hv g~j ZvInx‡ì cwicš’x, Avj−vn& wki&‡Ki †Mvbvn&
ZvIevn& Qvov gvd K‡ibbv| †h e¨w³ wki&‡Ki Dci gviv hv‡e, †m
wPi¯’vqx Rvnvbœvgx n‡e|
wki&K nj t Avj−vni Bev`v‡Z KvD‡K Zvui mgK¶ wbav©iY K‡i †bqv|
†hgb fv‡e Avj−vn‡K Wv‡K Abyiƒc fv‡e Zv‡K (mgK¶‡K) WvKv|
Zv‡K D‡Ïk¨ Kiv, Zvi Dci fimv Kiv| Zvi Kv‡Q †Kvb wKQyi Avkv
Kiv| Zv‡K fvjevmv Zv‡K fq Kiv, †hi“c Avj−vn‡K fvjev‡m I fq
K‡i|
>
ΣΗΤΩΚ<†Ω∨Ω Ω◊Πς⇒Ω•<√≅… Ψ∼ς∏Ω∅ ϑðΣ/≅… Ω⋅ΘΩ≤Ωš ŸΤΩ⊆ΩΤ⊇ Ψϑð/≅†ΨΤŠ ∉Ξ≤πΤ↑ΣΤÿ ⇑Ω∨ ΙΣΠςΤ⇓ΜΞ… ... …
.[A:
8 F, 3] ≈ (72) ξ⁄†φΤΤ±⇓Κς… ⌠⇑Ψ∨ φκΨ∧Ψ∏ΗΤϑðℵ≠∏Ψ√ †Ω∨Ω Σ⁄∃ †ΘΩΤ⇒√≅…
A_© t wbðq †h e¨w³ Avj−vni mv‡_ Avswk`vi w¯’i K‡i, Avj−vn Zvi
Rb¨ RvbœvZ nvivg K‡i‡Qb Ges Zvi evm¯’vb nq Rvnvbœvg|
AZ¨vPvix‡ì (gykixK‡ì) †Kvb mvnvh¨Kvix †bB| [m~iv Avj-
gvwq`vn-AvqvZ-72 ]
(2) †QvU wki&K ZvInx‡ì c~Y©Zvi cwicš’x| Bnv cÖ‡Z¨K H gva¨g hv
eo wki&‡Ki w`‡K wb‡q hvq| †hgb Avj−vn& Qvov A‡bï bv‡g kc_
Kiv| wiqv ev †jvK †`Lv‡bv KvR|
(3) †Mvcbxq wki&K t hv wbq¨vZ I D‡Ï‡kï mv‡_ m¤ú„³ iv‡L| Bnv
KL‡bv †QvU, Avevi KL‡bv eo wki&‡K cwibZ nq|
mvnvex gvngy` web jex` (ivt) n‡Z ewY©Z †h, ivm~jyj−vn& (mvj−vj−vû
AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) e‡jb t
#! #\5 xF#! #\ N+: _7 5 _7 e))
.[ 95 J ]((R
#:x v ( 3
A_© t Avwg †Zvgv‡ì Dci me †P‡q †ekx fq cvB †QvU wki&‡Ki|

mvnveviv wRÁvmv Ki‡jb t †n Avj−vni ivm~j ! †QvU wki&K wK? wZwb
ej&‡jb t Zv nj wiqv ev †jvK †`Lv‡bv KvR| [Avn&gv` ]
(2) Bev`v‡Zi msMv t
Bnv H me AvKx`v-wek¦vm, Aš—i I A½-cÖZ‡½i Kg© hv Avj−vn&
ZvÔAvjv fvj ev‡mb I cQ›` K‡ib| Bnv Qvov †Kvb wKQy m¤úv`b
Kiv ev eR©b Kiv hv Avj−vni ˆbKU¨ AR©b Kivq ZvI Bev`vZ|
Abyi“c fv‡e KziAvb I nv`x‡m wewae×¨ cÖwZwU Kg© Bev`v‡Zi
Aš—f©y³|
?
Bev`vZ wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii i‡q‡Q|
Avš—wiK Bev`vZ t †hgb- Cgv‡bi QqwU i“K&b, fq, Avkv, fimv,
AvMÖn, I wfZx, BZ¨vw`|
cÖKvk¨ Bev`vZ t †hgb- bvgvh, hvKvZ, †ivhv I nv¾|
Bev`vZ ZZ¶bY ch©š— MÖnY ‡hvM¨ n‡e bv hZ¶b bv Zv `yÕwU g~j
bxwZi Dci cÖwZwôZ nq|
cÖ_g t mKj Bev`vZ GKgvÎ Avj−vni Rb¨ Lv‡jm Kiv Ges Zvi
mv‡_ wki&K bv Kiv| Avi BnvB (( Xe Ge X rL) ÒAvj−vn& Qvov
†Kvb mZ¨ gvÔey` †bBÓ G kv¶¨ cÖ`v‡bi A_©|
,−ΨΤΤΨΤ⇓Σ ⇔Ψ∨ Ν…ΣϒΩΠςΤZ≅… φ⇔ΤÿΨϒΠς√≅…Ω 〉°
& Ψ√†Ω<√≅… Σ⇑ÿΠΨŸ√≅… ΨΠς∏Ψ√ ‚Ω"Κς… …
Σ¬Ρ∇µðš ϑðΩ/≅… ΘΩ⇐ΜΞ… υϖΩ⊃<√Σƒ ϑðΨ/≅… ς√ΞΜ… :†ΩΤ⇓ΣΤŠΘΞ≤Ω⊆Σ∼Ψ√ ‚Πς"ΜΞ… ¬Σ∑ΣŸΣ‰Τ⊕ΩΤ⇓ †Ω∨ ∫ƒ:†φΤΤΤΤΤΤ∼Ψ√ςΚ…
β⁄†Πς⊃Ω{ τ‡ΨϒΗΤΤς ΩΣ∑ ⌠⇑Ω∨ ΨŸΩΤÿ ‚Ω" Ωϑð/≅… ΘΩ⇐ΜΞ… Ω⇐

% Σ⊃Ψ∏Ω,µð Ψ∼Ψ⊇ ¬Σ∑ †Ω∨ ℑ ψΣΩΤ⇒∼ΩΤŠ
.[:
8 F#5' 3] ≈ (3)
A_© t †R‡b ivLyb, wbôvc~Y© Bev`vZ Avj−vniB wbwg‡Ë| hviv Avj−vn
e¨ZxZ Aci‡K Dcvm¨ iƒ‡c MÖnY K‡i †i‡L‡Q Ges e‡j †h, Avgiv
Zv‡ì Bev`vZ GRb¨B Kwi, †hb Zviv Avgv‡ì‡K Avj−vni wbKUeZx©
K‡i †`q| wbðq Avj−vn Zv‡ì g‡a¨ Zv‡ì cvi¯úwiK we‡ivac~Y©
wel‡qi dvqmvjv K‡i †`‡eb| Avj−vn wg_¨vev`x Kvwdi‡K mrc‡_
cwiPvwjZ K‡ib bv| [m~iv Avh&hygvi,AvqvZ-2-3 ]
≈ ... ∫
ƒ:†ΤΩ⊃Ω⇒ΤΣš Ω⇑ÿΠΨŸ√≅… ΣΤς√ Ω⇐κΨ±Ψ∏ο〉 ϑðΩ/≅… Ν…ΣŸΣΤ‰⊕Ω∼Ψ√ ‚Πς"ΜΞ… ϖΝ…Σ≤Ψ∨ΡΚ… :†Ω∨Ω …
A
.[>:
8 F : 3]
A_© t Avi Zv‡ì‡K GQvov ‡Kvb wb‡`©kKiv nqwb †h,Zviv LvuwU g‡b
GKwbófv‡e (wki&Kgy³ †_‡K) GKgvÎ Avj−vni Bev`vZ Ki‡e| [m~iv
Avj-evB‡q¨bvn-AvqvZ-5 ]
wØZxq t ivm~j (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) †h, kixqvZ wb‡q
G‡m‡Qb Zvi AbymiY Kiv|
Gi A_© t bvex (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqv mvj−vg) †h KvR †h fv‡e
K‡i‡Qb †m KvR †mB wbq‡g Kiv, †Kvb cÖKvi Kg †ekx bv Kiv|
Avi BnvB (( 3 rL) Ògynv¤§v` (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn
Iqvmvj−vg) Avj−vni †cÖwiZ ivm~jÓ G mv¶¨ cÖ`v‡bi A_©|
ψΡ∇ς√ ⌠≤Ψ⊃πΤΤ⊕ΩΤÿΩ ϑðΣ/≅… Σ¬Ρ∇‰Ψ‰™ΣΤÿ ΨΤ⇓Σ⊕Ψ‰ΠςΤZ≅†ΩΤ⊇ ϑðΩ/≅… Ω⇐ΘΣ‰Ψ™ΣΤZ ψΣ,⇒Ρ ⇐ΜΞ… ΣΤ∈ …
.[:
8 F# ^ 3] ≈ ... πψ
% Ρ∇ΩŠΣΤ⇓Σ′
A_© t ejyb, hw` †Zvgiv Avj−vn‡K fvj evm,Zvn‡j Avgv‡K AbymiY
Ki, hv‡Z Avj−vnI †Zvgvw`M‡K fvj ev‡mb Ges †Zvgv‡ì cvc
gvR©bv K‡i †`b,Avi Avj−vn& n‡jb ¶gvKvix `qvjy| [m~iv Avwj-
Bgivb,AvqvZ-31 ]
... Ν…& ΣΩ,⇓≅†ΩΤ⊇ ΣΤΤ⇒Ω∅ ⌠¬Ρ∇ΗΩΩΤ⇓ †Ω∨Ω ΣΣϒΣΩΤ⊇ ΣΣ♠ΘΩ≤√≅… Σ¬Ρ∇ΗΩΤZ…ƒ∫ :†Ω∨Ω ... …
.[A:
8 F#\g 3] ≈
A_© t Avi ivm~j (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) †Zvgv‡ì‡K hv
w`‡q‡Qb Zv MÖnY Ki, Ges hv †_‡K eviY K‡i‡Qb Zv n‡Z weiZ
_vK| [m~iv Avj-nvki,AvqvZ-7]
C
ψΣΩΤ⇒∼ΩΤŠ Ω≤φΤΤΤΤ•Ω→ †Ω∧∼Ψ⊇ ð∉Σ∧ΨΠ∇Ω™Σÿ υΠς,Ωš φΣ⇒Ψπ∨Σÿ ‚Ω" ð∠ΘΨΤŠΩ⁄Ω ð„ΤΩΤ⊇ …
(65) †_∧∼Ψ∏πΤ♥ΩΤZ Ν…Σ∧ΠΨ∏Ω♥ΣÿΩ ðŒ∼ð∝ΩΤ∈ †ΘΩ∧ΘΨ∨ †_–Ω≤Ωš ¬ΞΨ♥ΣΤ⊃⇓Κς… ⌡Ψ⊇ Ν…ΣŸΤΤµΨðµ– ‚Ω" ΘΩ¬Ρ’
.[?>:
8 FR< 3] ≈
A_© t AZGe †Zvgvi cvjb KZv©i Kmg, Zviv Cgvb`vi n‡e bv,
hZ¶b chš—© Zv‡ì g‡a¨ m„ó weev‡ì e¨vcv‡i ‡Zvgv‡K b¨vq wePviK
e‡j g‡b bv K‡i| AZtci ‡Zvgvi gxgvsmvi e¨vcv‡i wb‡Ri g‡b †Kvb
iKg msKxY©Zv cv‡e bv Ges üówP‡Ë Keyj K‡i wb‡e| [m~iv Avb&-
wbmv,AvqvZ-65]
`yÕwU welq Qvov Bev`vZ (`vmZ¡) cwic~Y©Zv jvf K‡ibv t
cÖ_g t Avj−vn‡K c~Y© fvjevmv, A_©vr t Avj−vni fvjevmv I Avj−vn
hv fvj ev‡mb Zuvi fvjevmv‡K Ab¨ mKj e¯—yi fvjevmvi Dci
cªvavb¨ †Ìqv|
wØZxq t Avj−vni wbKU c~Y© webq-bgªZv I AvbyMZ¨ cÖKvk Kiv|
A_©vr t ev›`v Avj−vn ZvÔAvjvi Av‡`k mg~n cvj‡bi I wb‡lavM¨v n‡Z
†eu‡P _vKvi gva¨‡g webq-bgªZv cÖKvk Ki‡e|
myZivs c~Y© ek¨Zv, webq-bgªZv, Avkv-AvKv•Lv I fq-fxwZi mv‡_
c~Y© fvjevmv‡K Bev`vZ ejv nq| Gi gva¨‡gB ev›`vi Bev`vZ ¯^xq
cÖfy m„wó KZv©i Rb¨ ev¯—evwqZ nq| Avj−vni Rb¨ Bev`vZ cÖwZôvi
gva¨‡g ev›`v Avj−vni fvjevmv I mš—ywó AR©b Ki‡Z m¶g nq|
AZGe ev›`vi diR weavb cvjb Kivi gva¨‡g Zvui (Avj−vni ) ˆbKU¨
AR©b Kiv‡K Avj−vn& fvjev‡mb|
ev›`vi bdj Bev`vZ hZB e„w× cv‡e ZZB Zvui ˆbKU¨ I ghv©`v
Avj−vni wbKU e„w× cv‡e| Avi Avj−vni AbyMÖn I Ki“bvq Bnv Rvbœv‡Z
D
cÖ‡ek Kivi Dcvq n‡e|
(55) φ⇔ΤÿΨŸΤΩ,Τ⊕Σ∧<√≅… ϑ〉ˆΨ™Σÿ ‚Ω" ΙΣΠς⇓ΜΞ… [◊& ΩΤ∼πΤ⊃ΣΩ †_Τ∅ΘΣ≤Ω∝ΩΤZ ¬Ρ∇ΘΩΤŠΩ⁄ Ν…Σ∅ ≅… …
.[>>:
8 F_#! 3] ≈
A_© t †Zvgiv ¯^xq cÖwZcvjK‡K WvK, KvKzwZ-wgbwZ K‡i Ges
ms‡Mvc‡b| wZwb mxgv- AwZµgKvix‡ì‡K cQ›` K‡ib bv| [m~iv
Avj-AvÔivd,AvqvZ-55]
(3) Avj−vni ZvInx` (GKZvZ¡ev`) Gi `jxj I cÖgvY cÄx t
Avj−vn& ZvÔAvjvi GKZ¡ev‡ì ¯^c‡¶ ARkª mv¶¨ I cÖgvY cÄx
i‡q‡Q| hviv G cÖgvY cÄx‡K wb‡q Mfxi fv‡e wPš—v Ki‡e, Zv‡ì
Ávb I wek¦vm Avj−vn ZvÔAvjvi Kg©, bvg I ¸bvejx Ges Bev`v‡Zi
†¶‡Î GKZ¡ev`‡K Av‡iv e„w× I `„p Ki‡e|
wb‡æ ‡m mKj mv¶¨ I cÖgvY-cÄxi wKQy bgybv †ck Kiv n‡jv t
(K) G c„w_ex m„wói wekvjZv, m~¶è KvixMix,iKgvix m„wó Ges Gme
cwiPvjbvi my`¶ wbqg-bxwZ|
‡h e¨w³ G mg¯— wel‡q wPš—v-M‡elYv Ki‡e Avj−vn ZvÔAvjvi
GKZ¡ev` m¤ú©‡K Zvi GwKb-wek¦vm Av‡iv `„p n‡e|
‡Zgwb †h b‡fvgÛj-f~gÛj,m~h©-P›`ª, gvbyl-cï, Dw™¢`-jZvcvZv I
Ro c`v_© m¤ú©‡K wPš—v Ki‡e, †m wbwðZ fv‡e Rvb‡Z cvi‡e †h,
Gm‡ei GK Rb mªóv i‡q‡Qb, whwb ¯^xq bvgmg~n, ¸bvejx I Dcvm¨
cwic~Y© Avi BnvB cÖgvY K‡i †h, wZwbB GKgvÎ hveZxq Bev`vZ
cvIqvi cÖK…Z AwaKvi iv‡Lb|
†_Τ–†Ω•Ψ⊇ †Ω∼Ψ⊇ †ΤΤΩ⇒<∏Ω⊕Ω–Ω ⌠¬ΞΨŠ ΩŸ∼Ψ∧ΩΤZ ⇐Κς… 
ƒ Ψ♠.ΩΩ⁄ Ξ≥⁄Κς‚≅… ℑ †ΤΤΩ⇒<∏Ω⊕Ω–Ω …
T
⌠⇑Ω∅ ⌠¬Σ∑Ω †∃ ⊥ℵ≡Σ⊃οϑðš †_Τ⊃πΤ⊆Ω♠ ∫ƒ:†Ω∧ΘΩ♥√≅… †ΤΤΩ⇒<∏Ω⊕Ω–Ω (31) Ω⇐ΣŸΩΤ,ΩΤÿ ⌠¬ΣΠς∏Ω⊕Πς√ „Σ‰Σ♠
ð♦∧ϑðΤ↑√≅…Ω Ω⁄†ΩΘΩΤ⇒√≅…Ω ΩΤΤ∼Πς√≅… Ω⊂ς∏Ω ΨϒΠς√≅… ΩΣ∑Ω (32) Ω⇐Σ∂Ξ≤⊕Σ∨ †ΩΨ,ΗΤΩΤÿ…ƒ∫
Q:u
8 FR:P! 3] ≈ (33) Ω⇐Σ™ΩΤ‰♥ΩΤÿ ξ∠ς∏ΩΤ⊇ ℑ ΘβΣ Ω≤∃ Ω∧ΩΤ⊆<√≅…Ω
.[
A_© t Avwg c„w_ex‡Z fvix †evSv †i‡L w`‡qwQ hv‡Z Zv‡ì‡K wb‡q
c„w_ex Szu‡K bv c‡o Ges Zv‡Z cÖk¯— c_ †i‡LwQ, hv‡Z Zviv c_ cÖvß
nq| Avwg AvKvk‡K myiw¶Z Qv` K‡iwQ, A_P Zviv Avgvi AvKvk¯—
wb`k©bvejx †_‡K gyL wdwi‡q iv‡L| wZwbB m„wó K‡i‡Qb ivwÎ I w`b
Ges m~h© I P›`ª| mevB Avcb K¶c‡_ wePiY K‡i|
[m~iv Avj-Avw¤^qv,AvqvZ-31-32-33 ]
⌠¬Σ|Ψ,Ω⇒Ψ♥<√ςΚ… 〉∪ΗΤς∏Ψ,πΤ≅…Ω Ξ≥⁄Κς‚≅…Ω γ‹.ΩΗΤΩ∧ΘΩ♥√≅… Σ⊂Τ<∏Ω −ΨΨ,ΗΤΩΤÿ…ƒ∫ ⌠⇑Ψ∨Ω …
F9 # 3] ≈ (22) Ω⇐κΨ∧Ψ∏ΗΤΩ⊕<∏ΠΨ√ ξŒΗΤΩΤÿ‚Κςð" ð∠Ψ√.ς′ ℑ ΘΩ⇐ΜΞ… πψ

& Ρ∇ΨΤ⇓.Ω<√ςΚ…Ω
.[:
8
A_© t Zvui (Avj−vni) AviI GK wb`k©b n‡”Q b‡fvgÛj I f~gÛ‡ji
m„Rb Ges †Zvgv‡ì fvlv I e‡Y©i êwPÎ ! wbðq G‡Z Ávbx‡ì R‡b¨
wb`k©bvejx i‡q‡Q| [m~iv Avi-iƒg,AvqvZ-22 ]
(L) Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv ivm~j‡ì (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwngym mvjvg) †h
kixqvZ w`‡q †cÖiY K‡i‡Qb Ges Zv‡ì‡K wewfbœ wb`k©b I AKvU¨
cÖgvYvw` w`‡q mn‡hvwMZv K‡i‡Qb| Gme cÖgvY K‡i ‡h, Avj−vn&
ZvÔAvjv GK I AwØZxq| wZwb GKgvÎ hveZxq Bev`vZ cvIqvi
†hvM¨|

Avi Avj−vn& ZvÔAvjv m„wóRx‡ei Rb¨ †h me wbqg-weavb cÖbqY
K‡i‡Q,Zv cÖgvY K‡i †h, Gme †mB weÁ I cÖÁvgq n‡Z G‡m‡Q
m„wóRx‡ei hveZxq Kj¨vY m¤ú©‡K c~Y© IqvwKdnvj|
Ω⇐…ΩƒκΨ∧<√≅…Ω ðˆΗΤΩΤ,Ψ∇<√≅… 〉ψΣΩ⊕Ω∨ †Ω⇒<√Ω∞⇓Κς…Ω γŒΗΤΩΤ⇒ΘΞ∼Ω‰<√≅†ΨŠ †ΩΤ⇒ς∏Σ♠Σ⁄ †ΩΤ⇒<∏Ω♠⁄ςΚ… ŸΤΩ⊆ς√ …
.[>:
8 F
g 3] ≈ ... ÷
Ψ∃ ♥Ψ⊆<√≅†ΨŠ 〉♣†Πς⇒√≅… Ω⋅Σ⊆Ω∼Ψ√
A_© t Avwg Avgvi ivm~jMY‡K my¯úó wb`k©mn †cÖiY K‡iwQ Ges
Zv‡ì mv‡_ AeZxY© K‡iwQ wKZve I wghvb ev gvb`Û hv‡Z gvbyl
Bbmvd cÖwZôv K‡i| [m~iv Avj-nv`x`,AvqvZ-25 ]
…ΩϒΗΤΩ∑ ΞπΤΤ‘Ψ∧ΨŠ Ν…ΣΤZ<Κ†ΩΤÿ ⇐Κς… υϖς∏Ω∅ ΘΣ⇑Ψ•<√≅…Ω 〉♦⇓‚ΞΜ≅… γŒΩ⊕Ω∧ΩΤ,–≅… Ξ⇑ΜΞΠς√ ΣΤ∈ …
(88) …_⁄κΞςℵ≡ ω×⊕Ω‰Ψ√ ⌠¬Σ〉∝⊕ΩΤŠ φ†ς ⌠Τς√Ω −ΨΨπ∏‘Ψ∧ΨŠ Ω⇐ΣΤZΚ<†Ωÿ ‚Ω" γ⇐…ƒ∫⌠≤ΤΣ⊆<√≅…
.[CC:
8 FR#3 3] ≈
A_© t ejyb t hw` gvbe I R¡xb GB KziAv‡bi Abyiƒc iPbv K‡i
Avbq‡bi Rb¨ GK nq Ges Zviv ci¯ú‡ii mvnvh¨Kvix nq, ZeyI
Zviv KLbI Gi Abyiƒc iPbv K‡i Avb‡Z cvi‡e bv| [m~iv Avj-
Bmiv,AvqvZ-88 ]
(M) wdrivZ (m„wóMZ ¯^fve ev cÖK…wZ) hvi Dci Avj−vn& ZvÔAvjv
ev›`v‡ì AvZœvmg~n‡K m„wó K‡i‡Qb,Zv Avj−vni GKZ¡ev`‡K ¯^xKvi
K‡i| wdrivZ Aš—‡ii ¯’vqx wRwbm, ZvB hLb †Kvb gvbyl Kó cvq
ZLb Zv Abyfe Ki‡Z cv‡i, Ges Avj−vni w`‡K wd‡i hvq| gvbyl hw`
m‡›`n I cÖe„wËi AbymiY gy³ nq hv wdrivZ‡K cwie©Zb K‡i ‡`q
Z‡e †m Aš—i¯’j ‡_‡K bvg, ¸Y, I Bev`vZ cÖvc¨, GKgvÎ Avj−vni

GKZ¡ev‡ì ¯^xK…wZ w`‡e Ges Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv ivm~j‡ì‡K ‡h kixqvZ
w`‡q †cÖiY K‡i‡Q Zv‡Z AvZœm¤ú©b Ki‡e|
ð♣†ΠςΤ⇒√≅… Ω≤ð≠ΩΤ⊇ Ψ,Πς√≅… ϑðΨ/≅… ð‹Ω≤π≠Ψ⊇ †& _ΤΤ⊃∼ΤΨ⇒Ωš Ξ⇑ÿΠΨŸ∏Ψ√ ð∠Ω–Ω ψΨ∈ςΚ†ΩΤ⊇ …
Ξ♣†Πς⇒√≅… Ω≤ΩΤ‘{Κς… ΘΩ⇑Ψ∇ΗΤς√Ω 〉ψΘΨ∼ΤΩ⊆<√≅… Σ⇑ÿΠΨŸ√≅… ð∠Ψ√.ς′ ϑðΨ/

& ≅… γ⊂<∏ΩΨ√ ðÿΨŸ⌠Τ‰ΩZ ‚Ω" †& Ω∼Τς∏Ω∅
Ν…ΤΣ⇓Ρ∇ΩΤZ ‚Ω"Ω Ω〈λς∏ϑð±√≅… Ν…Σ∧∼Ψ∈Κς…Ω ΣΣ⊆ΤΤΠςΤZ≅…Ω Ψ∼ς√ΜΞ… Ω⇐γκ‰∼Ψ⇒Σ∨ ! (30) Ω⇐Σ∧ς∏⊕ΩΤÿ ‚Ω"
.[ F T:0
8 F9 # 3] ≈ (31) Ω⇐κΨ{Ξ≤πΤ↑Σ∧<√≅… φ⇔Ψ∨
A_© t Zywg GKwbôfv‡e wb‡R‡K a‡g©i Dci cÖwZwôZ ivL| GUvB
Avj−vni cÖK…wZ,hvi Dci wZwb gvbe m„wó K‡i‡Qb,Avj−vni m„wói †Kvb
cwieZ©b †bB| GUvB mwVK ag©| wKš— AwaKvsk gvbyl Rv‡bbv|
mK‡jB Zvui AwfgyLx nI Ges fq Ki, bvgvh Kv‡qg Ki Ges
gykwiK‡ì Aš—f©y³ n‡qvbv| [m~iv Avi-iƒg,AvqvZ-30-31 ]
FGP< FGP#b
FGPr
J pjF #|O {
5 %))
((R& "5 r:j < %Y R :Z :r 0I
A_© t cÖ‡Z¨K wkïB wdriv‡Zi Dci Rb¥ MÖnY K‡i| AZtci Zvi
wcZv-gvZv Zv‡K Bû`x, L„óvb, A_ev AMœx c~RK evbvq| †hgb wbLyuZ
Rv‡bvqvi wbLyuZ evu”Pv Rb¥ †`q| Zv‡Z †Kvb cÖKvi µwU _v‡Kbv|
AZtci GB AvqvZ cvV Ki‡jb t
.[T:
8 9 # 3] r: ; #|j ( u#|j
A_© t GUvB Avj−vni cÖK…wZ,hvi Dci wZwb gvbe m„wó K‡i‡Qb| [m~iv
Avi-iƒg,AvqvZ-30 ]

. +,- :)* "#
wØZxq i“K&b t wdwik&Zv‡ì cÖwZ Cgvb |
(1) wdwik&Zv‡ì cwiPq t
wdwik&Zv‡ì cÖwZ Cgvb t `„p wek¦vm †cvlY Kiv †h, Avj−vn&
ZvÔAvjvi A‡bK wdwik&Zv i‡q‡Qb| wZwb Zv‡ì‡K b~i (‡R¨vwZ) n‡Z
m„wó K‡i‡Qb| m„wóMZfv‡e Zviv Avj−vni AbyMZ| Zviv KLbI
Avj−vni Av‡`‡ki Aeva¨ nbbv, eis hv Avw`ó nb Zv cvjb K‡ib|
Zviv wèv ivwÎ Avj−vni Zvmexn& (cweÎZv) eY©bvq iZ, KLbI K¬vš—
nbbv| Zv‡ì msL¨v Avj−vn& ZvÔAvjv e¨ZxZ †KD Rv‡bbv| Avi
Avj−vn Zv‡ì‡K wewfbœ cÖKvi (K‡g©i) `vwqZ¡ Ac©Y K‡i‡Qb|
... Ψ◊Ω|ΜΞ;ΗΤΤς∏Ω∧<√≅…Ω Ξ≤Ψ›‚"≅… Ψζ⌠ΤΩ∼<√≅…Ω Ψϑð/≅†ΨŠ Ω⇑Ω∨…ƒ∫ ⌠⇑Ω∨ ΘΩ⁄Ψι<√≅… ΘΩ⇑Ψ∇ΗΤς√Ω ... …
[AA:
8 F#= 3] ≈
A_© t eis eo mrKvR n‡jv GB †h, Cgvb Avb‡e Avj−vni Dci,
1
wKqvgZ wè‡mi Dci, Ges wdwik&Zv‡ì Dci|
[m~iv Avj-evK¡viv,AvqvZ-177
〉⊄ΘΞ≤Ω⊃ΣΤ⇓ ‚Ω" −ΨΨ∏Σ♠Σ⁄Ω −ΨΨ‰Σ,〉{Ω −ΨΨ,Ω|ΞΜ;ΗΤςΤ∏Ω∨Ω Ψϑð/≅†ΨŠ Ω⇑Ω∨…ƒ∫ ΘδΡ ... …
.[C>:
8 F#= 3] ≈ ... −&ΨΨ∏Σ♠ΘΣ⁄ ⇑ΨΘ∨ ξŸΩšςΚ… φκΩΤŠ
A_© t mK‡jB wek¦vm iv‡Lb Avj−vni cÖwZ, Zvui wdwik&Zv‡ì cÖwZ,Zvui
MÖš’ mg~‡ni cÖwZ Ges Zvui ivm~jM‡Yi cÖwZ|
[m~iv Avj-evK¡viv,AvqvZ-285 ]
wRe&ivCj (AvjvBwnm& mvjvg) Gi cÖwm× nv`x‡m G‡m‡Q t hLb
wZwb (wRe&ivCj) Avj−vni ivm~j ( mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) †K
wRÁvmv K‡iwQ‡jb-Cgvb, Bmjvg,I Bnmvb,m¤ú‡K©|
wZwb (wRe&ivCj) e‡jb t Avgv‡K Cgvb m¤ú‡K© AeMZ Ki“Y|
wZwb Avj−vni ivm~j (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) e‡jb t
"5HI #78 9: G3 G0 G0+,-5 ( "5HI )
(.J#L JK7 =
A_© t Cgvb nj t Avj−vn Zvui wdwik&Zv‡ì, Zvui wKZve mg~n, Zvui
ivm~jMY I †kl wè‡mi cÖwZ Cgvb Avbv, Ges fv‡Mï fvj-g‡›ì
cÖwZ Cgvb Avbv|
Bmjvg a‡g© wdwik&Zv‡ì cÖwZ Cgv‡bi ¯’vb I Zvi weavb t
wdwik&Zv‡ì cÖwZ Cgvb Avbv, Cgv‡bi QqwU i“K&‡bi wØZxq i“K&b ev
¯—¤¢|
wdwik&Zv‡ì cÖwZ Cgvb Avbv Qvov †Kvb e¨w³i Cgvb mwVK I MÖnY
‡hvM¨ n‡ebv|
m¤§vwbZ wdwik&Zv‡ì cÖwZ Cgvb Avbv IqvwRe nIqvi Dci mKj
>
gymjgvb GKgZ | hviv mKj wdwik&Zv‡ì A_ev Zuv‡ì Avswk‡Ki
Aw¯—Z¡‡K hv‡ì K_v Avj−vn& D‡j−L K‡i‡Qb, A¯^xKvi Ki‡e Zviv
Kzdzix Ki‡jv, Ges KziAvb, nv`xm I BRgvi we‡ivwaZv Ki‡jv|
Ξ≤Ψ›‚"≅… ΨζΩ∼<√≅…Ω −ΨΨ∏Σ♠Σ⁄Ω −ΨΨ‰Σ,Σ{Ω −ΨΨ,Ω|ΜΞ;ΗΤΤς∏Ω∨Ω ΨΠς∏√≅†ΨŠ ⌠≤Σ⊃<∇Ωÿ ⇑Ω∨Ω ... …
.[?:
8 FR< 3] ≈ (136) …[Ÿ∼Ψ⊕ΩΤŠ Ω=„ΗΤς∏Ω∂ ΘΩΤΩ∂ ŸΩ⊆ΩΤ⊇
A_© t †h Avj−vn& ZvÔAvjv‡K, Zvui wdwik&Zv‡ì‡K, Zvui wKZve mg~n‡K
Ges Zvui ivm~jMY‡K I wKqvgZ wèm‡K A¯^xKvi Ki‡e, †m c_åó
n‡q eû`~‡i wM‡q co‡e| [m~iv Avb-wbmv,AvqvZ-136 ]
(2) wdwik&Zv‡ì cÖwZ Cgvb Avbvi c×wZ t
wdwik&Zv‡ì cÖwZ msw¶ß I we¯—vwiZ fv‡e Cgvb Avbv|
msw¶ß Cgvb wb‡æi welq ¸‡jv‡K Aš—fy©³ K‡i|
cÖ_g t Zv‡ì Aw¯—‡Z¡i ¯^xKvi Kiv, Zviv Avj−vni m„wó Rxe, Avj−vn&
Zv‡ì‡K Zuvi Bev`v‡Zi Rb¨ m„wó K‡i‡Qb| Zv‡ì Aw¯—Z¡ cÖK…Z,
Zv‡ì‡K Avgv‡ì bv †`Lv, Zv‡ì Abyw¯—‡Z¡i A_© bq, KviY c„w_ex‡Z
A‡bK my¶è m„wóRxe i‡q‡Q, Zv‡ì‡K Avgiv ‡`L‡Z cvBbv, A_P Zviv
cªK…Z c‡¶¨ i‡q‡Q|
bvex (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) wRe&ivCj AvjvBwnm mvjvg‡K
Zuvi cÖK…Z AvK…Zx‡Z `yÕevi †`‡L‡Qb|
KwZcq mvnvex wKQy wdwik&Zv‡ì‡K gvby‡li AvK…Zx‡Z †`‡L‡Qb|
Bgvg Avngv` web nv¤^vj Zvi gymbv‡` Avãyj−vn& web gvmD` n‡Z eY©bv
K‡i‡Qb|
wZwb e‡jb t bvex (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) wRe&ivCj
AvjvBwnm& mvjvg †K Zuvi wbR¯^ AvK…Zx‡Z Qq kZ cvLv wewkó
?
Ae¯’vq †`‡L‡Qb| cÖ‡Z¨K cvLv G‡KK cÖvš— †X‡K †i‡L‡Q|
wRe&ivC‡ji (AvjvBwnm mvjvg) cÖwm× nv`xm hv Bgvg gymwjg
(ivwhqvj−vû Avbû) eY©bv K‡i‡Qb, Zv‡Z cÖgvwYZ nq †h, wRe&ivCj
(AvjvBwnm& mvjvg) gvby‡li AvK…Zx‡Z aca‡c mv`v †cvlv‡K, wgk wgk
Kv‡jv Pz‡j bvex mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg Gi wbKU G‡mwQ‡jb|
Zvui Dci åg‡Yi ‡Kvb wb`k©b wQjbv| mvnvev‡ì †Kn Zuv‡K wPb‡Z
cv‡i bvB|
wØZxq t Avj−vn& Zv‡ì‡K †h m¤§vb w`‡q‡Qb, Zv‡ì‡K †mB m¤§vb
†Ìqv| Zviv Avj−vni ev›`v ev `vm| Avj−vn& Zv‡ì‡K m¤§vwbZ
K‡i‡Qb, Zv‡ì gh©v`v‡K DuPz K‡i‡Qb Ges Zv‡ì‡K ˆbKU¨ `vb
K‡i‡Qb| Zv‡ì †Kn& †Kn& Avj−vni Iqvnx BZ¨vwì ivm~j ev `~Z|
Avj−vn& Zv‡ì‡K hZUzKz ¶gZvi gvwjK K‡i‡Qb,Zviv ZZUzKz
¶gZviB gvwjK| Zvi ciI Zviv Zv‡ì wb‡R‡ì I Ab¨‡ì jvf-
¶wZi gvwjK bq| GB Rb¨ Avj−vn& Qvov Zv‡ì‡K G i“eyexqv‡Zi ev
cÖfy‡Ëi ¸‡b ¸bvw¤^Z Kiv †Zv `~‡ii K_v, †hgb-bvmviviv iƒûj KzÏym
(wRe&ivCj AvjvBwnm& mvjvg) m¤ú‡K© aviYv K‡i‡Q eis Zv‡ì R‡b¨
Bev`v‡Zi †Kvb Ask cvjb Kiv êa bq|
(26) φΣ∨Ω≤<∇ΘΣ∨ β †Ω‰Ψ∅ ΩŠ Ι&ΣΩ⇒ΗΤΩ™Τ‰Σ♠ …% _Ÿς√Ω Σ⇑ΗΤΩ∧šΘΩ≤√≅… ΩϒΩΠςΤZ≅… Ν…Ρ√†ΩΤ∈Ω …
FR:P! 3] ≈ (27) φΡ∏Ω∧⊕ΩΤÿ −ΨΞ≤∨ςΚ†ΨŠ ¬Σ∑Ω ΨΩ⊆<√≅†ΨŠ ΙΣΩ⇓Σ⊆Ψ‰♥ΩΤÿ ‚Ω"

.[A F ?:0
8
A_© t Zviv ejj t `qvgq Avj−vn& mš—vb MÖnY K‡i‡Q| Zvui Rb¨
KLbI Bnv †hvM¨ bq| eis Zvuiv (wdwik&Zviv) †Zv Zvui m¤§vwbZ
ev›`v| Zviv Av‡M †e‡o K_v ej‡Z cv‡ibv Ges Zviv Zvui Av‡`‡kB
KvR K‡i| [m~iv Avj-Avw¤^qv,AvqvZ-26 I 27 ]
A
≈ (6) Ω⇐Σ≤ΩΤ∨Σÿ †Ω∨ Ω⇐ΣΤ∏Ω⊕πΤ⊃ΩΤÿΩ ⌠¬Σ∑Ω≤Ω∨ςΚ… :†Ω∨ ϑðΩ/≅… Ω⇐Σ±⊕ΩΤÿ ‚Πς" ... …
.[?:
8 Fl#0 3]
A_© t Zviv Avj−vn& ZvÔAvjv hv Av‡`k K‡ib,Zv Agvb¨ K‡ibv Ges hv
Ki‡Z Av‡`k Kiv nq ZvB K‡i| [m~iv AvZ-Zvnixg,AvqvZ-6 ]
cÖ‡Z¨K gymwjg bi I bvixi Dci GZUzKz Cgvb Avbv Iqv‡Re|
Zv‡ì Dci Acwinvh© †h, Bnv Rvb‡e I wek¦vm Ki‡e| †Kbbv G
wel‡q AÁZv †Kvb MÖnY †hvM¨ Ihi ev KviY bq|
wdwik&Zv‡ì cÖwZ we¯—vwiZ Cgvb Avbv wb‡æ ewY©Z welq ¸‡jv‡K
Aš—fy©³ K‡i|
cÖ_gZ t wdwik&Zv‡ì m„wói g~j Drm t
Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv wdwik&Zv‡ì ‡K b~i n‡Z m„wó K‡i‡Qb, †hgb-wR¡b
RvwZ‡K Av¸b n‡Z m„wó K‡i‡Qb, Ges Av`g mš—vb‡ì‡K gvwU n‡Z
m„wó K‡i‡Qb, Avi Zv‡ì m„wó n‡jv Av`g AvjvBwnm& mvjvg Gi m„wói
c~‡e©|
nv`x‡m G‡m‡Q t
9^ ]7 FP "5 5 "5 a ]7 FP "5 +,- i=7 ))
.[N<5 J ] ((N+
A_© t wdwik&Zviv b~i n‡Z, wR‡biv AwMœ ùzwj½ n‡Z, Avi Av`g
AvjvBwnm& mvjvg gvwU n‡Z m„ó| (gymwjg kixd)
wØZxqZ t wdwik&Zv‡ì msL¨v t
wdwik&Zviv m„ó Rxe, Zv‡ì Avwa‡Kï R‡b¨ Avj−vn& Avh&hv I Rvj&jv
Qvov Zv‡ì msL¨v †Kn Rv‡bbv| AvKv‡k cÖwZ Pvi Avs¸j cwigvY
RvqMvq G‡KK Rb wdwik&Zv wmR&`viZ A_ev `Ûvqgvb Ae¯’vq
C
i‡q‡Qb| mßg AvKv‡k Avj- evqZzj gvÔgy‡i mËi nvRvi wdwik&Zv
cÖZ¨n cÖ‡ek Ki‡Qb| Zv‡ì AvwaK¨Zvi R‡b¨ wØZxq evi wd‡i Avmvi
my‡hvM cv‡ebbv|
wKqvgZ wè‡m Rvnvb¥vg Dcw¯’Z Kiv n‡e, Zvi mËi nvRvi jvMvg
n‡e| cÖ‡Z¨K jvMv‡g mËi nvRvi wdwik&Zv n‡e, Zviv Rvnvb¥‡K ‡U‡b
wb‡q Avm‡e|
.[:
8 F#o 3] ≈ ....Ω& Σ∑ ‚Πς"ΜΞ… ð∠ΨΘΤŠΩ⁄ Ω Σ⇒ΤΣ– 〉ψς∏Τ⊕Ωÿ †Ω∨Ω ... …
A_© t Avi Avcbvi cvjb KZv©i evwnbx m¤ú‡K© GKgvÎ wZwbB
Rv‡bb| [m~iv Avj-gyÏvwQi,AvqvZ-31 ]
nv`x‡m G‡m‡Q bvex (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) e‡j‡Qb t
&3 q5 G:j Xe 9x 25 r:j 5 F}I ]W R< ik))
((2
A_© t AvKvk MR©b Ki‡Q,Avi MR©b KiviB K_v| KviY cÖ‡Z¨K
RvqMvq wmR&`v Kvix I i“KzKvix wdwik&Zv i‡q‡Q|
wZwb (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) Avj-evBZzj gvÔgyi m¤ú‡K©
e‡jb t
J ] (( G:e
X q5 3 9
% n G7
))
[.N<5 y
A_© t evBZzj gvÔgy‡i cÖZ¨n mËi nvRvi wdwik&Zv cÖ‡ek K‡ib, Zviv
wØZxq evi wd‡i Avmvi my‡hvM cv‡ebbv| [eyLvix I gymwjg ]
wZwb (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) Av‡iv e‡jb t
3 95 % 25 F95 3 z }5
Nr H
))
.[N<5 J ] ((q5
D
A_© t Rvnvb¥vg †K wb‡q Avmv n‡e, †m w`b Zvi mËi nvRvi jvMvg
n‡e| Avi cÖ‡Z¨K jvMv‡g mËi nvRvi wdwik&Zv n‡e| [gymwjg ]
GLv‡b wdwik&Zv‡ì GK weivU msL¨v cÖKvwkZ nj| hviv cÖvq
(70000 70000=) 490†KvwU Rb wdwik&Zv Z‡e evKx
wdwik&Zv‡ì msL¨v KZ n‡Z cv‡i? cweÎZv †mB mËvi whwb Zv‡ì‡K
m„wó K‡i‡Qb| Zv‡ì‡K cwiPvjbv K‡ib| Zv‡ì msL¨v cwimsL¨vb
K‡i †i‡L‡Qb|
Z…Z¡xqZ t wdwik&Zv‡ì bvg t
KziAvb I nv`x‡m Avj−vn& I Zuvi ivm~j (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn
Iqvmvj−vg) Avgv‡ì R‡b¨ †h, mKj wdwik&Zv‡ì bvg D‡j−L¨
K‡i‡Qb, Zv‡ì cÖwZ Cgvb Avbv IqvwRe| Zv‡ì g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg n‡jb
wZbRb|
(1) wRe&ixj t Zv‡K wReivCj I ejv nq| wZwbB i“ûj KzÏm, whwb
Iqvnx-hv Aš—-‡ii myav-wb‡q ivm~jM‡Yi wbKU AeZiY nb|
(2) wgKvCj t Zv‡K cÖkvwš— ejv nq| e„wó el©‡Yi `vwq‡Z¡ wb‡qvwhZ,
hv Rwgi RxweKv ¯îƒc| Avj−vn& †hLv‡b el©‡Yi Av‡`k †`b †mLv‡b
el©Y cwiPvjbv K‡ib|
(3) Bm&ivdxj t wZwb wksMvq dzrKvi †Ìqvi `vwq‡Z¡ i‡q‡Qb|
cvw_©e¨ Rxeb †k‡l cvi‡jŠwKK Rxeb ïi“ nIqvi ‡Nvlbv miƒc, Ges
Gi ØvivB, (g„Z) †`n mg~‡ni cybi“Rxeb NU‡e|
PZz_©Z t wdwik&Zv‡ì wmdvZ ev êwkó¨ t wdwik&Zviv cÖK…Z
m„wó Rxe| Zv‡ì cÖK…Z kixi i‡q‡Q hv m„wóMZ I PwiÎ MZ ¸‡b
¸bvw¤^Z, wb‡æ Zv‡ì wKQy ¸b eY©bv Kiv n‡jv t
(K) Zv‡ì m„wó gnvb Ges Zv‡ì kixi n‡jv wekvj AvK…wZi t Avj−vn&
ZvÔqvjv wdwik&Zv‡ì‡K kw³ kvjx I eo AvK…Zx‡Z m„wó K‡i‡Qb|
d‡j Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv Zv‡ì‡K Avmgvb I hwg‡b †h eo eo Kv‡Ri
1T
`vwqZ¡ w`‡q‡Qb, Zviv Zvi Dc‡hvMx|
(L) Zv‡ì Wvbv i‡q‡Q t Avj−vn& ZvÔAvjv wdwik&Zv‡ì R‡b¨ `yB,
wZb I Pvi ev Z‡ZvwaK cvLv w`‡q m„wó K‡i‡Qb| †hgb- ivm~j
(mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) wRe&ixj (AvjvBwnm& mvjvg) †K
†`‡LwQ‡jb, Zvi wbR¯^ AvK…wZ QqkZ cvLv wewkó Ae¯’vq| hv
AvKv‡ki cÖvš—fvM †X‡K †i‡LwQj|
„Σ♠Σ⁄ Ψ◊ς∇ΜΞ;ΗΤΤς∏Ω∧<√≅… ΞΨ∅†Ω– Ξ≥⁄Κς‚≅…Ω γ‹Ω.ΗΤΩ∧ΘΩ♥√≅… Ξ≤Ψ≡†ΩΤ⊇ ΨΠς∏Ψ√ ΣŸ∧Ω™<√≅… …
≈ ... ∫Σ& :†Ω↑ΩΤÿ †Ω∨ Ξ⊂<∏Ω<√≅… ℑ ΣŸÿΞ∞ΩΤÿ Ω⊗

& ΗΤΩΤŠΣ⁄Ω ð³ΗΤςΤ∏Ρ’Ω υΩΤπ⇒‘ΩΘ∨ ξ◊Ω™Ψ⇒–ςΚ… ⌡ΨΤ√ΟΚΡ…
.[:
8 F#kj 3]
A_© t mg¯— cÖksmv Avj−vni, whwb Avmgvb I Rwg‡bi mªóv Ges
wdwik&Zv‡ì‡K K‡i‡Qb KZv© evnK-Zviv `yB `yB, wZb wZb I Pvi Pvi
cvLv wewkó| wZwb m„wói g‡a¨ hv B”Qv e„w× K‡ib| [m~iv
dvwZ¡i,AvqvZ-1 ]
(M) Zv‡ì cvbvnvi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv t Avj−vn& ZvÔAvjv wdwik&Zv‡ì‡K
m„wó K‡i‡Qb| Zuviv cvbvnv‡ii gyn&ZvR ev gyLv‡c¶x bb| Zviv weevn
K‡ibbv, mš—vb I nqbv|
(N) wdwik&Zviv Aš—i wewkó I Ávbx t Zuviv Avj−vni mv‡_ K_v
e‡j‡Qb, Ges Avj−vn& Zv‡ì mv‡_ K_v e‡j‡Qb| Zviv Av`g I
Ab¨vb¨ bvex‡ì mv‡_ I K_v e‡j‡Qb|
(O) Zv‡ì wbR¯^ AvK…wZ Qvov Ab¨ AvK…wZ aviY Kivi ¶gZv
i‡q‡Q t Avj−vn ¯^xq wdwik&Zv‡ì‡K cyi“l gvby‡li AvK…wZ aviY Kivi
¶gZv w`‡q‡Qb| Bnv g~wZ© c~RK‡ì åvš— aviYvi LÛb| hviv aviYv
K‡i †h wdwik&Zviv Avj−vni †g‡q ev Kb¨v| Zv‡ì AvK…wZ avi‡bi
c×wZ Avgv‡ì Rvbv †bB| Z‡e Zviv Ggb my¶è AvK…wZ aviY K‡i †h
1
Zv‡ì I gvby‡li gv‡S cv_©K¨ Kiv Kó mva¨ n‡q c‡o|
(P) wdwik&Zv‡ì g„ZzëiY t gvjvKzj gvDZ ev Rvb KeRKvix
wdwik&Zv mn mKj wdwik&Zviv wKqvgZ wè‡m g„Zz¨ eiY Ki‡eb|
AZtci Avj−vn& Zv‡ì‡K †h †h `vwqZ¡ w`‡qwQ‡jb, †m `vwqZ¡ cvjb
Kivi Rb¨ cybi“_¨vb Kiv n‡e|
(Q) wdwik&Zv‡ì Bev`vZ t wdwik&Zviv Avj−vni A‡bK ai‡Yi Bev`vZ
K‡ib| bvgvh, `yÔAv, Zvm&exn i“Kz, wmR`vn, fq-fxwZ I fvj evmv
BZ¨vw`|
Zv‡ì Bev`v‡Zi eY©bv wbæi“c t
(1) Zviv K¬vš—nxb fv‡e Avj−vni Bev`v‡Z me©`vq iZ _v‡Kb|
(2) Zviv GKwbóZvi mv‡_ Avj−vn ZvÔAvjvi R‡b¨ Bev`vZ K‡ib|
(3) Zviv bvdvigvbx eR©b K‡i me©`vq AvbyM‡Z¨ gvk¸j _v‡Kb,
†Kbbv Zviv gvÔmyg A_v©r bvdvigvbx I cvcvPvi n‡Z gy³|
(4) AwaK Bev`vZ Kivi mv‡_ mv‡_ Avj−vni Rb¨ webq-bgªZv cÖKvk
Kiv|
FRP! 3] ≈ (20) Ω⇐Σ≤ΣΤ,Τ<⊃ΩΤÿ ‚Ω" Ω⁄†ΩΘΩΤ⇒√≅…Ω ΩΤΤ∼Πς√≅… Ω⇐Σ™ΘΨΤ‰Ω♥ΣΤÿ …
.[T:
8
A_© t Zviv ivwÎ w`b Zvui cweÎZv I gwngv eY©bv K‡i Ges K¬vš—
nqbv| [m~iv Avj-Avw¤^qv,AvqvZ-20]
cÂgZ t wdwik&Zv‡ì Kg© mg~n t wdwik&Zviv A‡bK eo eo KvR
m¤úv`b K‡ib, hvi `vwqZ¡ Avj−vn& Zv‡ì‡K w`‡q‡Qb|
‡m KvR ¸‡jv wbæiƒc t
(1) Avik enb Kiv|
(2) ivm~jM‡Yi Dci Iqvnx AeZx‡Y©i `vwqZ¡ cÖvß wdwik&Zv|
1
(3) RvbœvZ I Rvnvbœv‡gi cvnviv`vi|
(4) Dw™¢`, e„wó el©Y I ev`j cwiPvjbvi `vwqZ¡ cÖvß|
(5) cvnvo-ce©‡Zi `vwqZ¡ cÖvß|
(6) wksMvq dzrKv‡ii `vwqZ¡ cÖvß wdwik&Zv|
(7) Av`g mš—v‡bi Kg© wjwce× Kivi `vwqZ¡ cÖvß|
(8) Av`g mš—vb‡K wndvRZ Kivi `vwqZ¡ cÖvß| Avj−vn& hLb Av`g
mš—v‡bi Dci †Kvb KvR wbav©ib K‡ib, ZLb Zviv Zv‡K cwiZ¨vM
K‡ib, AZtci Avj−vn Zv‡ì Rb¨ hv wbav©iY K‡iwQ‡jb, Zv cwZZ
nq ev msNwUZ nq|
(9) gvby‡li mv‡_ _vKvi I Zv‡ì‡K Kj¨v‡bi w`‡K AvnŸv‡bi `vwqZ¡
cÖvß|
(10) Rivqy‡Z exh© mÂvi, gvby‡li (†`‡n) Aš—‡i AvZœv cÖ‡¶c, Zvi
wiwhK, Kg© I ‡mŠfvM¨ ev `~f©vM¨ wjwce‡× `vwqZ¡ cÖvß wdwik&Zv|
(11) g„Zzï mgq Av`g mš—v‡bi AvZœv KeR Kivi `vwqZ¡ cÖvß
wdwik&Zv|
(12) gvbyl‡K Ke‡i wRÁvmvev` Ges DËi Abyhvqx kvwš— ev kvw¯—
cÖ`v‡b `vwqZ¡ cÖvß|
(13) bvex (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) Gi Dci Zvui D¤§‡Zi
mvjvg †cŠuQv‡bvi `vwqZ¡ cÖvß H| ZvB gymwjg e¨w³ bvex (mvj−vj−vû
AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) Gi Dci Zvi mvjvg †cÖi‡Yi Rb¨ Zvui Kv‡Q
(Zuvi Ke‡ii Kv‡Q) åg‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| eis c„w_exi †h †Kvb
¯’vb n‡Z Zvui Dci mvjvg, I ì“` cvV KivB h‡_ó| KviY
wdwik&Zviv Zvi mvjvg †cŠuwQ‡q †`b| gvmwR‡` bvevex‡Z GK gvÎ
bvgvR covi D‡Ï‡k ågY Kiv êa i‡q‡Q|
D‡j−wLZ G cÖwm× KvR mg~n e¨ZxZ Zv‡ì (wdwik&Zv‡ì) Av‡iv
A‡bK KvR i‡q‡Q| wb‡æ Gi cÖgvY ewY©Z n‡jv t
1
⌠¬ΞΘΨΤŠΩ⁄ ΨŸ∧Ω™ΨŠ Ω⇐Σ™ΘΨ‰Ω♥ΣΤÿ ΙΣς√Ωš ⌠⇑Ω∨Ω ð↔⌠≤Ω⊕<√≅… Ω⇐ΣΤ∏Ψ∧µðš Ω⇑ÿΨϒΠς√≅… …
.[A:
8 F#j 3] ≈ ... Ν…Σ⇒Ω∨…ƒ∫ Ω⇑ÿΨϒΠς∏Ψ√ Ω⇐Σ≤Ψ⊃πΤ⊕Ω,πΤ♥ΩΤÿΩ −ΨΨŠ Ω⇐Σ⇒Ψπ∨ΣÿΩ
A_© t hviv Avik enb K‡i Ges hviv Zvi Pvi cv‡k Av‡Q, Zviv
Zv‡ì cvjbKZv©i mcÖksmv cweÎZv eY©bv K‡i, Zvui cÖwZ wek¦vm ¯’vcb
K‡i Ges gyÔwgb‡ì Rb¨ ¶gv cÖv_©bv K‡i| [m~iv Mvwdi,AvqvZ-7]
... ϑðΨ/≅… Ξ⇐<′ΞΜ†ΤΤΨŠ ð∠Ψ‰<∏Τς∈ υς∏Ω∅ ΙΣς√ΘΩ∞ΩΤ⇓ ΙΣΠςΤ⇓ΞΜ†ΩΤ⊇ ΩÿΞπ⁄ιΨ•ΠΞ√ …Θ⊥ΣŸΩ∅ Ω⇐†ς ⇑Ω∨ Σ∈ …
.[DA:
8 F#= 3] ≈
A_© t Avcwb e‡j w`b, †h †KD wRe&ivC‡ji kµ nq-†h‡nZz wZwb
Avj−vni Av‡`‡k G Kvjvg Avcbvi Aš—‡i bvwhj K‡i‡Qb| [m~iv Avj-
evK¡viv,AvqvZ-97]
Σ◊ς∇ΞΜ;ΗΤΤς∏Ω∧<√≅…Ω γ‹⌠ΤΩ∧<√≅… γ‹.Ω≤Ω∧ΩΤ∅ ℑ φΣ∧Ψ∏ΗΤϑðℵ≠√≅… Ψ′ΞΜ… ϖυΩ≤ΤΩΤZ ⌠Τς√Ω ... …
.[D:
8 F9P! 3] ≈ ...Σ¬
∃ Σ|Ω♥Σ⊃⇓Κς… Νϖ…ΤΣ–Ξ≤<ςΚ… ψΞÿΨŸΤÿΚς… Νϖ…〉≠Ψ♠†ΩΤŠ
A_© t hw` Avcwb †`‡Lb hLb Rv‡jgiv g„Zz¨-hš¿bvq _v‡K Ges
wdwik&Zviv ¯^xq n¯— cÖmvwiZ K‡i e‡j, ‡ei Ki ¯^xq AvZœv| [m~iv Avj-
AvbAvg,AvqvZ-93]
lóqZ t Av`g mš—v‡bi Dci wdwik&Zv‡ì AwaKvi t
(K) Zv‡ì cÖwZ Cgvb Avbv|
(L) Zv‡ì‡K fvj evmv, m¤§vb Kiv, I Zv‡ì ghv©`v eY©bv Kiv|
(M) Zv‡ì‡K Mvwj †Ìqv, ghv©`v ¶zb¨ Kiv, I Zv‡ì‡K wb‡q nvwm
11
inm¨ Kiv nvivg|
(N) wdwik&Zviv hv AcQ›` K‡ib Zv n‡Z `~‡i _vKv| KviY, Av`g
mš—vbiv hv‡Z Kó cvq,ZvivI Zv‡Z Kó cvq|
wdwik&Zv‡ì cÖwZ Cgvb Avbvi myf-djvdj t
(K) Cgvb cwic~Y© nq| KviY Zv‡ì cÖwZ Cgvb Avbv Qvov Kv‡iv
Cgvb cwic~Y© n‡ebv|
(L) Zv‡ì m„wó KZv©i gnZ¡ ev †kªôZ¡ I Zvui kw³ I ivR‡Z¡ Ávb
AR©b| KviY, m„wó KZv©i, †kªôZ¡ n‡Z m„wó Rx‡ei †kªôZ¡ cÖKvk cvq|
(M) Zv‡ì ¸bv¸b, Zv‡ì Ae¯’v, I Kg© Rvbvi gva¨‡g gymwjg e¨w³i
Cgvb e„w× cvq|
(N) Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv hLb gyÔwgb‡ì‡K wdwik&Zv w`‡q wndvRZ K‡ib,
ZLb Zv‡ì (gyÔwgb‡ì) kvwš— I Z…wß AR©b nq|
(O) wdwik&Zv‡ì‡K fvj evmv t Zv‡ì Bev`vZ mwVK cš’vq nIqvq I
gyÔwgb‡ì Rb¨ ¶gv cÖv_©bv Kivi Kvi‡Y|
(P) Lvivc I bvdvigvbx c~Y© KvR‡K AcQ›` Kiv|
(Q) Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv Zvui ev›`v‡ì ¸i“Z¡ ‡`b GB Rb¨ Zvui cÖksmv
Kiv| ‡hgb Avj−vn& H mKj wdwik&Zv‡ì KvD‡K Zv‡ì‡K
(ev›`v‡ì‡K) wndvR‡Zi,I Kg© wjLvi BZ¨vw` Kj¨vY RbK Kv‡Ri
`vwqZ¡ w`‡q‡Qb|
1>
./0+ : * "#
Z…Zxq i“K&b t Avmgvbx MÖš’ mg~‡ni cÖwZ Cgvb|
ivm~jM‡bi Dci Avj−vni AeZxY© wKZve mg~‡ni cÖwZ Cgvb Avbv,
Bnv Cgv‡bi Z…Zxq i“K&b ev ¯—¤¢|
wbðq Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv Zvui ivm~jMY †K my¯úó wb`k©bmn †cÖiY
K‡i‡Qb| Ges Zvu‡ì (ivm~jM‡Yi) Dci wKZve mg~n AeZxY©
K‡i‡Qb, gvLjyKv‡Zi wn`vqvZ I ingZ miƒc| hv‡Z-`ywbqv I
AvwLiv‡Z ‡mŠfvM¨kxj nq| Ges hv‡Z Zv‡ì Pjvi GKwU my›ì c_
nq| Avi gvbyl †h wel‡q gZˆb‡K¨ wjß, Zvi mgvavbKvix ev
dvqmvjvKvix nq|
Ω⇐…ΩƒκΨ∧<√≅…Ω ðˆΗΤΩΤ,Ψ∇<√≅… 〉ψΣΩ⊕Ω∨ †Ω⇒<√Ω∞⇓Κς…Ω γŒΗΤΩΤ⇒ΘΞ∼Ω‰<√≅†ΨŠ †ΩΤ⇒ς∏Σ♠Σ⁄ †ΩΤ⇒<∏Ω♠⁄ςΚ… ŸΤΩ⊆ς√ …
.[>:
8 F
g 3] ≈ ... ÷
Ψ∃ ♥Ψ⊆<√≅†ΨŠ 〉♣†Πς⇒√≅… Ω⋅Σ⊆Ω∼Ψ√
A_© t Avwg Avgvi ivm~jMY‡K my¯úó wb`k©bmn †cÖiY K‡iwQ Ges
Zv‡ì mv‡_ AeZxY© K‡iwQ wKZve I wghvb (gvb`Û) hv‡Z gvbyl
Bbmvd cÖwZóv K‡i| [m~iv Avj-nv`x`,AvqvZ-25]
1?
Ω⇑ÿΨ⁄Ψϒ⇒Σ∨Ω φ⇔ΤÿΞ≤ΤΠΨ↑Ω‰Σ∨ Ω⇑ΓΤΤΘΞ∼Ψ‰Πς⇒√≅… ϑðΣ/≅… ð³Ω⊕Ω‰ΩΤ⊇ ⊥〈ΩŸΨš.Ω ⊥◊ΘΩΤ∨ΡΚ… Σ♣†Πς⇒√≅… Ω⇐†ς …
Ψ& ∼Ψ⊇ Ν…Σ⊃ς∏ΩΤ,Τ≅… †Ω∧∼Ψ⊇ γ♣†Πς⇒√≅… Ω⇐κΩΤŠ Ω¬Ρ∇™Ω∼Ψ√ ΘΞ⊂Ω™<√≅†ΨŠ ðˆΗΤΩΤ,Ψ∇<√≅… Σ¬ΣΩ⊕Ω∨ ςΩ∞⇓Κς…Ω
.[:
8 F#= 3] ≈
A_© t mKj gvbyl GKB RvwZ mËvi Aš—©fy³ wQj| AZtci Avj−vn
ZvÔAvjv bvex‡ì‡K cvVv‡jb mymsev` `vZv I fxwZ cÖ`k©bKvix
wn‡m‡e| Avi Zvu‡ì mv‡_ AeZxY© Ki‡jb mZ¨ wKZve, hv‡Z gvby‡li
gv‡S weZK©g~jK wel‡q gxgvsmv Ki‡Z cv‡ib| [m~iv Avj-
evK¡viv,AvqvZ-213]
(1) wKZve mg~‡ni cÖwZ Cgvb Avbvi g~j K_v t
wKZve mg~‡ni cÖwZ Cgvb t G K_vi cÖwZ `„p wek¦vm ¯’vcb Kiv †h,
Avj−vni A‡bK wKZve i‡q‡Q| hv wZwb Zvui ivm~jM‡Yi (AvjvBwngym
mvjvg) Dci bvwhj K‡i‡Qb| Avi Zv mwZ¨Kvi A‡_© Zvui (Avj−vni)
evYx| Avi Zv nj ‡R¨vwZ I wn`vqvZ| Avi wbðq G wKZve mg~‡ni
g‡a¨ hv i‡q‡Q Zv mZ¨ I b¨vq wmô, Gi AbymiY Kiv I Z`vbyhvqx
Avgj Kiv IqvwRe| GKgvÎ Avj−vn Qvov G wKZve mg~‡ni msL¨v
†KD Rv‡bbv|
.[?1:
8 FR< 3] ≈ (164) †_∧∼Ψ∏|ΩΤZ υΩ♠Σ∨ ϑðΣ/≅… Ω¬Πς∏Ω{Ω... …
A_© t Avi Avj−vn& g~mvi mv‡_ K‡_vc_b K‡i‡Qb mivmwi| [m~iv Avb&-
wbmv,AvqvZ-146]
ϑðΨ/≅… Ω¬ΗΤς∏ς Ω⊗Ω∧♥ΩΤÿ υΠς,Ωš Σ⌠≤Ξ–Κς†ΩΤ⊇ ð∉Ω⁄†Ω•ΩΤ,♠≅… Ω⇐κΨΞ≤πΤ↑Σ∧<√≅… Ω⇑ΨΘ∨ βŸΩΤšςΚ… ⌠⇐ΜΞ…Ω …
1A
.[?:
8 F 0 3] ≈ ...
A_© t Avi gykwiK‡ì †KD hw` †Zvgvi Kv‡Q Avkªq cÖv_©bv K‡i, Z‡e
Zv‡K Avkªq w`‡e, hv‡Z †m Avj−vni evYx ïb‡Z cvq|
[m~iv AvZ& ZvIevn-AvqvZ-6]
(2) wKZve mg~‡ni cÖwZ Cgvb Avbvi weavb t

mKj wKZv‡ei cÖwZ Cgvb Avbv hv Avj−vn Zvui ivm~jM‡Yi
(AvjvBwngym mvjvg) Dci AeZxY© K‡i‡Qb, Avj−vn ZvÔevivKv I
ZvÔAvjv mwZ¨Kvi A‡_© wKZve mg~‡ni gva¨‡g K_v e‡j‡Qb| Ges Zv
(Avj−vni c¶n‡Z) AeZxY©, gvLjyK ev m„ó bq,Avi †h e¨w³ Zv
(wKZve mg~n) A_ev Zuvi wKQy‡K A¯^xKvi Ki‡e †m Kv‡di n‡q
hv‡e|
ΩΘΩ∞ΩΤ⇓ ΨϒΠς√≅… γˆΗΤΩΤ,Ψ∇<√≅…Ω −ΨΨ√Σ♠Ω⁄Ω γϑð/≅†ΨŠ Ν…Σ⇒Ψ∨…ƒ∫ Νϖ…ΤΣ⇒Ω∨…ƒ∫ Ω⇑ÿΨϒΠς√≅… †ΩΘΣΤÿΚς†Η;ΤΤΩÿ
ΨΠς∏√≅†ΨŠ ⌠≤Σ⊃<∇Ωÿ ⇑Ω∨Ω Σ

& ‰ΩΤ∈ ⇑Ψ∨ ΩΩ∞⇓Κς… ϖΨϒΠς√≅… γˆΗΤΩΤ,Ψ|<√≅…Ω −ΨΨ√Σ♠Ω⁄ υς∏Ω∅
Ω=„ΗΤς∏Ω∂ ΘΩΤΩ∂ ŸΩ⊆ΩΤ⊇ Ξ≤Ψ›‚"≅… ΨζΩ∼<√≅…Ω −ΨΨ∏Σ♠Σ⁄Ω −ΨΨ‰Σ,Σ{Ω −ΨΨ,Ω|ΜΞ;ΗΤΤς∏Ω∨Ω
.[?:
8 FR< 3] ≈ (136) …[Ÿ∼Ψ⊕ΩΤŠ
A_© t †n Cgvb`viMY, Avj−vni Dci cwic~Y© wek¦vm ¯’vcb Ki Ges
wek¦vm ¯’vcb Ki Zvui ivm~j I Zvui wKZv‡ei Dci ,hv wZwb AeZxY©
K‡i‡Qb ¯^xq ivm~‡ji Dci Ges †m mg¯— wKZv‡ei Dci †h ¸‡jv
AeZxY© Kiv n‡qwQj BwZc~‡e©| †h Avj−vni Dci,Zvui wdwik&Zv‡ì
Dci, Zuvi wKZve mg~‡ni Dci,Ges ivm~jM‡Yi Dci I wKqvgZ
1C
wè‡mi Dci wek¦vm Ki‡ebv, †m c_åó n‡q eû `~‡i wM‡q co‡e| [m~iv
Avb&-wbmv,AvqvZ-136]
Ω⇐Σ∧Ωš⌠≤ΤΣΤZ ⌠¬Ρ∇Πς∏Ω⊕ς√ Ν…Σ⊆ΠςΤZ≅…Ω ΣΣ⊕Ψ‰ΠςΤZ≅†ΤΩΤ⊇ β∉Ω⁄†Ω‰Σ∨ ΣΗΤΩΤ⇒<√Ω∞⇓ςΚ… }ˆΗΤΩΤ,Ψ …ΩϒΩΗΤ∑Ω …
.[>>:
8 F9P! 3] ≈ (155)
A_© t GwU Ggb GKwU MÖš,’ hv Avwg AeZxY© K‡iwQ, Lye g½jgq|
AZGe Gi AbymiY Ki Ges fqKi-hv‡Z †Zvgiv Ki“bv cÖvß nI|
[m~iv Avj-AvbAvg,AvqvZ-155]
(3) Gme wKZv‡ei cÖwZ gvby‡li cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Ges Zv AeZxY©
Kivi wcQ‡b wnK&gvZ ev inm¨ t
cÖ_gZ t hv‡Z ivm~j (AvjvBwnm mvjvg) Gi Dci AeZx©Y wKZve
Zvui D¤§v‡Zi Rb¨ Ávb †Kvl ¯îƒc nq| d‡j Zviv Zv‡ì Øxb m¤ú‡©K
Rvbvi R‡b¨ Gi w`‡K cÖZ¨veZ©b K‡i|
wØZxqZ t hv‡Z ivm~j (AvjvBwnm& mvjvg) Gi Dci AeZx©b wKZve
Zvui D¤§v‡Zi cÖ‡Z¨K gZ‰bK¨ c~Y© wel‡q Bbmvd wfw³K wePviK nq|
Z…ZxqZ t hv‡Z AeZx©Y wKZve ivm~j (AvjvBwnm& mvjvg) Gi B‡š—
Kv‡ji ci Øxb ev ag© msi¶YKvix wnmv‡e `vuov‡Z cv‡i, ¯’vb I Kv‡ji
hZB `yi“Z¡ ‡nvKbv †Kb| †hgb-Avgv‡ì bvex gynv¤§v` (mvj−vj−vû
AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) Gi (cieZx©) `vIqv‡Zi Ae¯’v|
PZz_©Z t hv‡Z G AeZx©Y wKZve mg~n Avj−vni c¶n‡Z û¾vZ (c¶
wec‡¶i `jxj)¯îƒc nq| ‡hb m„wó Rxe Gi (wKZve mg~‡ni)
we‡ivwaZv Kiv Ges Gi AvbyMZ¨ n‡Z ‡ei n‡q hvIqvi mg_¨© bv
iv‡L|
Avvj−vn ZvÔAvjv e‡jb t
1D
Ω⇑ÿΨ⁄Ψϒ⇒Σ∨Ω φ⇔ΤÿΞ≤ΤΠΨ↑Ω‰Σ∨ Ω⇑ΓΤΤΘΞ∼Ψ‰Πς⇒√≅… ϑðΣ/≅… ð³Ω⊕Ω‰ΩΤ⊇ ⊥〈ΩŸΨš.Ω ⊥◊ΘΩΤ∨ΡΚ… Σ♣†Πς⇒√≅… Ω⇐†ς …
Ψ& ∼Ψ⊇ Ν…Σ⊃ς∏ΩΤ,Τ≅… †Ω∧∼Ψ⊇ γ♣†Πς⇒√≅… Ω⇐κΩΤŠ Ω¬Ρ∇™Ω∼Ψ√ ΘΞ⊂Ω™<√≅†ΨŠ ðˆΗΤΩΤ,Ψ∇<√≅… Σ¬ΣΩ⊕Ω∨ ςΩ∞⇓Κς…Ω
.[:
8 F#= 3] ≈ ...
A_© t mKj gvbyl GKB RvwZ mË¡vi Aš—f©y³ wQj| AZtci Avj−vn&
ZvÔAvjv bvex‡ì‡K cvVv‡jb mymsev` `vZv I fxwZ cÖ`k©bKvix
wnmv‡e| Avi Zv‡ì mv‡_ AeZxY© Ki‡jb mZ¨ wKZve,hv‡Z gvby‡li
gv‡S weZK©g~jK wel‡q gxgvsmv Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
[m~iv Avj-evK¡viv,AvqvZ-213]
(4) wKZve mg~‡ni cÖwZ Cgvb Avbvi wbqg t
Avj−vni wKZve mg~‡ni cÖwZ msw¶ß I we¯—vwiZ fv‡e Cgvb Avbv n‡q
_v‡K|
msw¶ß Cgvb t G wek¦vm Ki‡e (Cgvb Avbv) †h, Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv
Zvui ivm~jM‡Yi Dci A‡bK wKZve AeZx©Y K‡i‡Qb|
we¯—vwiZ fv‡e Cgvb t Bnv n‡jv, Avj−vn KziAvb Kvix‡g †h mKj
wKZv‡ei bvg D‡j−L¨ K‡i‡Qb, Zvi cÖwZ Cgvb Avbv| Zv n‡Z Avgiv
†R‡bwQ-KziAvb, ZvIivZ, hveyi, BbRxj, Ges Beªvnxg, I g~mv Gi
cÖwZ AeZxY© cyw¯—Kv mg~n (AvjvBwngym mvjvg)|
Av‡iv Cgvb Avbv †h, HmKj wKZve QvovI Avj−vni A‡bK wKZve
i‡q‡Q, hv Zvui bvexM‡Yi Dci AeZx©Y K‡i‡Qb|
Avi Avj−vn Qvov H mKj wKZv‡ei bvg I msL¨v †KD Rv‡bbv|
G wKZve ¸‡jv AeZx©Y n‡q‡Q hveZxq mrKg© I Bev`vZ GKgvÎ
Avj−vn ZvÔAvjvi wbwg‡Ë m¤úv`‡bi gva¨‡g Zvui ZvInx` (GKZ¡ev`)
ev¯—evqb Ges c„w_ex‡Z wki&K I Ab¨vq-AbvPvi `~ixf~Z Kivi Rb¨|
g~jZ mKj bvex‡ì `vIqvZ GK g~jbxwZi (ZvInx` cÖwZôv I wkK©
>T
eR©‡bi) Dci wQj, hwÌ Zvuiv wbqg Kvbyb I wewa-weav‡b wKQyUv
wfbœ iKg wQ‡jb|
G CgvbI ivLv †h, c~e©eZ©x ivm~j‡ì cÖwZ (Avj−vni c¶ n‡Z) wKZve
AeZxY© n‡qwQj | Avi Avj-KziAv‡bi cÖwZ Cgvb Avbv n‡jv t Zv
(Aš—‡i I gy‡L) ¯^xK…wZ †Ìqv Ges KziAv‡b hv i‡q‡Q Zv Aby¯îY
Kiv|
Ψϑð/≅†ΨŠ Ω⇑Ω∨…ƒ∫ ΘδΡ Ω⇐
& Σ⇒Ψ∨Σ∧<√≅…Ω −ΨΨΘΤŠΘΩ⁄ ⇑Ψ∨ Ψ∼ς√ΜΞ… ΩΞ∞⇓ΚΡ… :†Ω∧ΨŠ ΣΣ♠ΘΩ≤√≅… Ω⇑Ω∨…ƒ∫ …
.[C>:
8 F#= 3] ≈ ... −ΨΨ∏Σ♠Σ⁄Ω −ΨΨ‰Σ,〉{Ω −ΨΨ,Ω|ΞΜ;ΗΤςΤ∏Ω∨Ω
A_© t ivm~j wek¦vm iv‡Lb H mg¯— welq m¤ú‡K© hv Zuvi cvjb KZv©i
c¶ †_‡K Zvui Kv‡Q AeZxY© n‡q‡Q Ges gyÔwgbivI| mK‡jB wek¦vm
iv‡L Avj−vni cÖwZ, Zvui wdwik&Zv‡ì cÖwZ, Zvui MÖš’ mg~‡ni cÖwZ Ges
Zvui ivm~jM‡Yi cÖwZ| [m~iv Avj-evK¡viv,AvqvZ-285]
... ∫ƒ% :†ΩΤ∼Ψ√ςΚ… ,−ΨΤΤΨ⇓Σ ⇑Ψ∨ Ν…Σ⊕Ψ‰Πς,ΤΩΤZ ‚Ω"Ω ψΡ∇ΤΘΨΤŠΘΩ⁄ ⇑ΨΘ∨ ¬Ρ∇∼ς√ΜΞ… ΩΞ∞⇓ΚΡ… :†Ω∨ Ν…Σ⊕Ξ‰ΠςΤZ≅… …
.[:
8 F_#! 3] ≈
A_© t †Zvgiv Aby¯îY Ki, hv †Zvgv‡ì cÖwZcvj‡Ki c¶ †_‡K
AeZxY© n‡q‡Q| Avi Avj−vn‡K ev` w`‡q Ab¨ mv_x‡ì Aby¯îY
K‡ivbv| [m~iv Avj-AvÔivd,AvqvZ-3]
c~e©eZx wKZv‡ei †P‡q KziAv‡bi wKQy wfbœ ‰ewkó i‡q‡Q t
(1) Avj-KziAvb ¯^xq kã, A_© Ges I‡Z †h Ávb I cvw_©e Z_¨
i‡q‡Q Zv me© wel‡q GK A‡jŠwKK kw³|
(2) Avj-KziAvb me© †kl Avmgvbx wKZve, KziAv‡bi gva¨‡g
Avmgvbx wKZv‡ei mgvwß N‡U‡Q| †hgb-Avgv‡ì bvex gynv¤§v`
>
(mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) Gi wimvjv‡Zi Øviv mKj wimvjv‡Zi
cwimgvwß N‡U‡Q|
(3) mKj cÖKvi weK…wZ I cwieZ©b n‡Z Avj−vn KziAvb‡K †ndvRZ
Ki‡eb| Bnv Ab¨vb¨ wKZve n‡Z mZš¿| ‡Kbbv †m me wKZv‡e weK…wZ
I cwieZ©b cwiea©b N‡U‡Q|
(4) Avj-KyiAvb c~e©eZx© wKZv‡ei mZ¨vqb I msi¶YKvix|
(5) KziAvb c~e©eZx© mKj wKZv‡ei iwnZKvix|
ΨΤÿΩŸΩÿ Ω⇐κΤΩŠ ΨϒΠς√≅… Ω⊂ÿΨŸπ±ΩΤZ ⇑Ψ|ΗΤς√Ω υΩ≤Ω,πΤ⊃Σÿ †_ΤΤ‘ÿΨŸΩš Ω⇐†ς †Ω∨ …
≈ ... (11 ) Ω⇐Σ⇒Ψ∨ΣΤÿ ξζΩ⊆ΠΨ√ ⊥◊Ω∧ΤšΩ⁄Ω _ŸΤΤΣ∑Ω ξ∫⌠Ω→ ΘΞΣ{ Ω∼Ψ±πΤ⊃ΩZΩ
.[:
8 F3
3]
A_© t GUv †Kvb gbMov K_v bq, wKš— hviv wek¦vm ¯’vcb K‡i Zv‡ì
Rb¨ c~‡e©Kvi Kvjv‡gi mvg_©b Ges cÖ‡Z¨K e¯—yi weeiY ingZ I
wn`vqvZ| [m~iv Bdmyd,AvqvZ-111]
(5) c~e©eZx© wKZve mg~‡ni msev` MÖnY Kiv t
Avgiv wbwðZ fv‡e Rvwb †h, c~e©eZx© wKZv‡e Avj−vn Zvui ivm~jM‡Yi
wbK‡U Iqvnxi gva¨‡g †h msev` w`‡q‡Qb Zv mZ¨, Zv‡Z †Kvb cªKvi
m‡›`n †bB| Gi A_© G bq †h, eZ©gv‡b Avn‡j wKZve‡ì (Bqvû`x I
L„óvb‡ì) wbKU †h wKZve i‡q‡Q Zv MÖnY Ki‡ev| KviY Zv weK…Z
Kiv n‡q‡Q, Avj−vn Zvui ivm~jM‡Yi wbKU †h fv‡e AeZxY© K‡i‡Qb
†m fv‡e †bB| c~e©eZx© wKZve n‡Z Avj−vn Avgv‡ì‡K Zvui wKZv‡e
(KziAv‡b) †h msev` w`‡q‡Qb Zv n‡Z Avgiv wbwðZ fv‡e ‡R‡bwQ
†h, ‡KD KviI †Mvbvn enb Ki‡e bv| gvbyl ZvB cvq hv †m K‡i,
Zvi Kg© kxNÖB †`Lv‡bv n‡e, AZtci Zv‡K c~Y© cÖwZ`vb †`qv n‡e|
>
(37) υϖΠς⊇Ω ΨϒΠς√≅… ðψ∼Ψ∑.Ω≤ΤŠΞΜ…Ω (36) υΩ♠Σ∨ Ψ∪Σ™Σ″ ℑ †Ω∧ΨΤŠ †Κ< ΘΩΤ‰ΩΤ⇒ΣΤÿ ⌠¬ς√ ⌠⋅Κς… …
υΩ⊕Ω♠ †Ω∨ ‚Πς"ΜΞ… Ξ⇑ΗΤΩ♥Τ⇓γπ„Ψ√ ð♦⌠Τ∼Πς√ ⇐Κς…Ω (38) υΩ≤πΤΤΚΡ… Ω⁄ƒΞ β〈Ω⁄Ξƒ…Ω Σ⁄Ξ∞ΩΤZ ‚Πς"Κς…
≈ (41) υΩΤ⊇ςΚ‚≅… ∫
ƒ:…Ω∞Ω•<√≅… ΣΗΤΩ∞µ〉– ΘΩ¬Ρ’ (40) υΩ≤ΣΤÿ ð∩⌠ΤΩ♠ ΙΣΩΤ∼⊕ΤΩ♠ ΘΩ⇐Κς…Ω (39)
.[1Q?:u
8 FN 3]
A_© t Zv‡K wK Rvbv‡bv nqwb hv Av‡Q g~mvi wKZv‡e Ges Be&ivnx‡gi
wKZv‡e †h,Zvi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i wQj ? wKZv‡e Av‡Q †h, †KD KviI
†Mvbvn enb Ki‡e bv, Ges gvbyl ZvB cvq hv †m K‡i| Avi Zvi Kg©
kxNÖB †`Lv‡bv n‡e, AZtci Zv‡K c~Y-© cÖwZ`vb ‡`qv n‡e| [m~iv Avb-
bRg,AvqvZ-36-41]
ϑðΜΞ… (17) υϖΩ⊆ΤŠςΚ…Ω β⁄κΩ Σ〈Ω≤Ψ›‚"≅…Ω (16) †ΩΤπ∼⇓ϑ〉Ÿ√≅… Ω〈λΩ∼Ω™<√≅… Ω⇐Σ≤ΨΤπ’ΣΤZ ΩΤŠ …
≈ (19) υΩ♠Σ∨Ω Ω¬∼ΤΨ∑.Ω≤ΤŠΞΜ… Ψ∪Σ™Σ″ (18) υς√ΡΚ‚≅… Ψ∪Σ™ϑ〉±√≅… Ψ⊃ς√ …ΩϒΗΤΩ∑
.[DQ?:u
8 F{! 3]
A_© t e¯—Z t †Zvgiv cvw_©e Rxeb‡K AMÖvwaKvi `vI,A_P ciKv‡ji
Rxeb DrK…ó I ¯’vqx| GUv wjwLZ i‡q‡Q c~e©eZ©x wKZve mg~‡n,
Be&ivnxg I g~mvi wKZve mg~‡n| [m~iv Avj-AvÔjv,AvqvZ-16-19]
c~e©eZx© wKZv‡ei weavb t KziAv‡b †h mKj weavb i‡q‡Q Zv †g‡b
Pjv Avgv‡ì Acwinvh©| Z‡e c~e©eZx© wKZv‡e hv i‡q‡Q Zv bq| KviY
Avgiv †`L‡ev c~e©eZx© wKZv‡e †h weavb i‡q‡Q Zv hw` Avgv‡ì
kwiqv‡Zi cwicš’x nq, Z‡e Avgiv Zv Avgj Ki‡ev bv, Zv evwZj G
R‡b¨ bq, eis Zv †m mgq mZ¨ wQj, GLb Zv Avgj Kiv Avgv‡ì
Dci Acwinvh© bq| KviY Zv Avgv‡ì kixqvZ Øviv iwnZ n‡q †M‡Q|
>
Avi hw` Zv Avgv‡ì kixqv‡Zi Abyiƒc nq, Z‡e Zv mZ¨ e‡j we‡ewPZ
n‡e| Avgv‡ì kixqvZ Zv mZ¨ e‡j ¯^xK…wZ w`‡q‡Q|
(6) KziAvb I nv`x‡m †h mKj Avmgvbx wKZv‡ei bvg D‡j−L¨

n‡q‡Q Zv n‡jv t
(1) KziAvb Kvixg t KziAvb nj Avj−vni evbx hv wZwb †kl bvex
I ivm~j gynv¤§v` (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) Gi Dci bvwhj
K‡i‡Qb|
KziAvb me© †kl AeZxY© wKZve| Avj−vn KziAvb‡K weK…wZ I cwie©Zb
n‡Z wndvRZ Kivi `vwqZ¡ fvi MÖnY K‡i‡Qb, Ges mKj Avmgvbx
wKZv‡ei iwnZKvix K‡i‡Qb|
F#g 3] ≈ (9) Ω⇐Ρℵ≠Ψ⊃ΗΤΤΩ™ς√ ΙΣΩΤ√ †ΠςΤ⇓ΜΞ…Ω Ω≤Τ{ΠΨϒ√≅… †ΩΤ⇒<√ΘΩ∞ΩΤ⇓ Σ⇑™Ω⇓ †ΠςΤ⇓ΞΜ… …
.[D:
8
A_© t Avwg ¯^qs G Dc‡`k MÖš’ AeZiY K‡iwQ Ges Avwg wb‡RB Gi
msi¶K| [m~iv Avj-wnRi,AvqvZ-9]
Ω⇑Ψ∨ ΨΤÿΩŸΩΤÿ φκΩΤŠ †Ω∧ΠΨ√ †_ΤΤ∈ΨϑŸφ±Σ∨ ϑΞ⊂Ω™<√≅†ΨΤŠ ðˆΗΤΩ,Ψ∇<√≅… ð∠∼ς√ΜΞ… :†ΩΤ⇒<√Ω∞⇓Κς…Ω …
3] ≈... ϑðΣ/

∃ ≅… ΩΩ∞⇓Κς… :†Ω∧ΨΤŠ ψΣΩΤ⇒∼ΩΤŠ ¬Ρ∇š≅†ΩΤ⊇ Ψ∃ ∼ς∏Ω∅ †[ΤΤ⇒Ψ∧∼ΤΩΣ∨Ω γˆΗΤΩ,Ψ|<√≅…
.[1C:
8 F,
>1
A_© t Avwg Avcbvi cÖwZ AeZxb© K‡iwQ mZ¨MÖš,’ hv c~e©eZx© MÖš’
mg~‡ni mZ¨vqbKvix Ges †m ¸‡jvi welqe¯—i i¶Yv ‡e¶YKvix|
AZGe Avcwb Zv‡ì cvi¯úvwiK e¨vcvivw`‡Z Avj−vn& hv AeZxY©
K‡i‡Qb Z`byhvqx dqmvjv Ki“b| [m~iv Avj-gvwq`vn,AvqvZ-48]
(2) ZvIivZ t ZvIivZ H wKZve hv‡K Avj−vn g~mv (AvjvBwnm&
mvjvg) Gi Dci b~i (‡R¨vwZ) I wn`vqvZ ¯îƒc bvwhj K‡iwQ‡jb|
evbx BmivC‡ji bvex I Av‡jgMY Gi Øviv dvqmvjv Ki‡Zb| myZivs
g~mv (AvjvBwnm& mvjvg) Gi Dci Avj−vni AeZxY© wKZve ZvIivZ
Gi cÖwZ Cgvb Avbv IqvwRe, eZ©gvb Z_v Kw_Z Bqvû`x‡ì nv‡Z
weK…Z ZvIiv‡Zi cÖwZ bq|
Ω⇑ÿΨϒΠς√≅… φΘΣ∼Ξ‰ΘΩ⇒√≅… †ΩΨΤŠ Σ¬Ρ∇µðš χ⁄& ΣΤ⇓Ω _ŸΤΣ∑ †φΤ∼Ψ⊇ Ω◊ΗΤΩ⁄⌠Πς,√≅… †Ω⇒<√Ω∞⇓ςΚ… :†ΠςΤ⇓ΞΜ… …
⇑Ψ∨ Ν…Ρℵ≠Ψ⊃⌠™Σ,πΤ♠≅… †Ω∧ΨΤŠ Σ⁄†Ω‰πšςΚ‚≅…Ω Ω⇐ΘΣ∼Ψ⇒ΗΤΤΘΩΤŠΘΩ≤√≅…Ω Ν…Σ †Ω∑ Ω⇑ÿΨϒΠς∏Ψ√ Ν…Σ∧ς∏πΤ♠ςΚ…
.[11:
8 F, 3] ≈... ϑðΨ/≅… γˆΗΤΩ,Ψ
A_© t Avwg ZvIivZ AeZxY© K‡iwQ, G‡Z †n`vqvZ I Av‡jv i‡q‡Q,
Avj−vni AvbyMZ¨kxj bvex, Avj−vnf³ I Av‡jgiv Gi gva¨‡g
Bqvû`x‡ì dvqmvjv w`‡Zb| †Kbbv Zv‡ì‡K Avj−vni GB MÖ‡š’i
†`Lv †kvbv Kivi wb‡`©k †`qv n‡qwQj| [m~iv Avj-gvwq`vn,AvqvZ-
44]
(3) BÄxj t BÄxj H wKZve hv mwZ¨Kvi A‡_© Avj−vn Cmv
(AvjvBwnm& mvjvg) Gi Dci bvwhj K‡iwQ‡jb, hv cye©eZx© mKj
Avmgvbx wKZv‡ei mZ¨vqbKvix| myZivs H BÄx‡ji Dci Cgvb Avbv
IqvwRe, hv mwVK g~jbxwZ mn Avj−vn Cmv (AvjvBwnm& mvjvg) Gi
Dci bvwhj K‡iwQ‡jb| L„óvb‡ì wbKU wewµZ BÄxj mg~‡n bq|
>>
ΨΤÿΩŸΩΤÿ Ω⇐κΩΤŠ †Ω∧ΠΨ√ †_Τ∈ΨΠŸΤΩ±Σ∨ Ω¬ΩΤÿ⌠≤Ω∨ Ξ⇑ΤŠ≅… Ω♥∼Ψ⊕ΨΤŠ ¬Ψ∑Ξ≤ΗΤΤς’…ƒ∫ υϖς∏Ω∅ †Ω⇒Τ⌠Τ∼Πς⊃ΩΤ∈Ω …
Ω⇐κΤΩΤŠ †Ω∧ΠΨ√ †_Τ∈ΠΨŸφΤ±Σ∨Ω χ⁄ΣΤ⇓Ω _ŸΤΣ∑ Ψ∼Ψ⊇ Ω∼Ψ•⇓γ‚≅… ΣΗΤΩΤ⇒∼ΩΤZ…ƒ∫Ω Ψ◊∃ ΗΤΩ⁄⌠Πς,√≅… Ω⇑Ψ∨
F, 3] ≈ (46) Ω⇐κΨ⊆Πς,Σ∧<∏ΨΠ√ _◊ðℵ≠Ψ∅⌠Ω∨Ω _ŸΤΤΣ∑Ω Ψ◊ΗΤΩ⁄⌠Πς,√≅… Ω⇑Ψ∨ ΨΤÿΩŸΩΤÿ

.[1?:
8
A_© t Avwg Zv‡ì †cQ‡b gvwiqv‡gi cyÎ Cmv‡K †cÖiY K‡iwQ| wZwb
c~e©eZx© MÖš’ ZvIiv‡Zi mZ¨vqbKvix wQ‡jb| Avwg Zv‡K BÄxj cÖ`vb
K‡iwQ| G‡Z †n`vqvZ I Av‡jv i‡q‡Q| GwU c~e©eZx© MÖš’ ZvIiv‡Zi-
mZ¨vqb K‡i,c_ cÖ`k©b K‡i Ges GwU Avj−vnfxi“‡ì R‡b¨ †n`vqvZ
I Dc‡`kevbx| [m~iv Avj-gvwq`vn,AvqvZ-46]
ZvIivZ I BÄx‡j hv i‡q‡Q Zb¥‡a¨ Avgv‡ì bvex gynv¤§v` (mvj−vj−vû
AvjvBwn Iqv mvj−vg) Gi wimvjv‡Zi mymsev` i‡q‡Q|
†[ΤŠΣ,<∇Ω∨ ΙΣΩΤ⇓ΣŸΨ•ΩΤÿ ΨϒΠς√≅… ϑðΘΨ∨ΡΚ‚≅… ϑðΞ‰Πς⇒√≅… ΩΣ♠ΘΩ≤√≅… Ω⇐Σ⊕Ψ‰Πς,ΩΤÿ Ω⇑ÿΨϒΠς√≅… …
Ξ⇑Ω∅ ¬ΣΗΩ⇒ΩΤÿΩ γ∩Σ≤⊕Ω∧<√≅†ΨŠ ¬Σ∑Σ≤Σ∨Κ<†ΩΤÿ Ξ∼Ψ•⇓γ‚≅…Ω Ψ◊ΗΤΩ⁄Πς,√≅… ℑ ¬Σ∑ΩŸ⇒Ψ∅
¬Σ⇒Ω∅ Σ⊗Ω∝ΩΤÿΩ ð³ΜΞ;ΗΤΤΩ‰Ω<√≅… 〉ψΞ∼ς∏Ω∅ Σ⋅ΘΞ≤Ω™ΣΤÿΩ γŒΗΤΩ‰ΘΞΤ∼ϑð≠√≅… 〉ψΣς√ ΘΣµΣΨšΩ Ξ≤ς∇⇒Σ∧<√≅…
F_#! 3] ≈ ... ψ

& Ψ∼ς∏Ω∅ πŒΩΤ⇓†ς Ψ,Πς√≅… ðΗΤς∏Τ<∅Κς‚≅…Ω ¬Σ∑Ω≤″ΜΞ…
.[>A:
8
A_© t hviv AvbyMZ¨ K‡i G ivm~‡ji, whwb wbi¶i bvex,hvi m¤ú‡K©
Zv‡ì wb‡R‡ì Kv‡Q iw¶Z ZvIivZ I BÄx‡j wjLv †`L‡Z cvq,
wZwb Zv‡ì‡K wb‡`©k‡`b mrK‡g©i, eviY K‡ib AmrKg© †_‡K, Zv‡ì
>?
Rb¨ hveZxq cweÎ e¯—y nvjvj †Nvlbv K‡ib I wbwl× K‡ib wbK…ó e¯y—
mg~n, Avi Zv‡ì Dci †_‡K †m †evSv bvwg‡q‡Qb Ges e›`xZ¡
AcmviY K‡ib hv Zv‡ì Dci we`¨gvb wQj| [m~iv Avj-
AvÔivd,AvqvZ-157]
(4) hveyi t hveyi H wKZve hv Avj−vn& `vD` (AvjvBwnm&
mvjvg) Gi Dci bvwhj K‡iwQ‡jb| myZivs H hvey‡ii cÖwZ Cgvb
Avbv IqvwRe hv Avj−vn `vD` (AvjvBwnm& mvjvg) Gi Dci bvwhj
K‡iwQ‡jb| ‡m hveyi bq hv Bqvû`xiv weK…Z K‡i †d‡j‡Q|
.[?:
8 FR< 3] ≈ (163) …_⁄ΣŠΩƒ Ω ΙΣ…Ω †Ω⇒Τ∼ΩΤZ…ƒ∫Ω ... …
A_© t Avi `vD`‡K `vb K‡iwQ hveyi| [m~iv Avb-wbmv,AvqvZ-63]
(5) Be&ivnxg I g~mv (AvjvBwnm& mvjvg)Gi myûd ev cyw¯—Kv
mg~n t
Zv H mKj cyw¯—Kv hv Avj−vn Be&ivnxg I g~mv (AvjvBwnm& mvjvg)
‡K w`‡qwQ‡jb| KziAvb I nv`x‡m hv D‡j−L¨ n‡q‡Q Zv Qvov G mKj
cyw¯—Kv wbi“‡Ïk|
(37) υϖΠς⊇Ω ΨϒΠς√≅… ðψ∼Ψ∑.Ω≤ΤŠΞΜ…Ω (36) υΩ♠Σ∨ Ψ∪Σ™Σ″ ℑ †Ω∧ΨΤŠ Κ<†ΘΩΤ‰ΩΤ⇒ΣΤÿ ⌠¬ς√ ⌠⋅Κς… …
υΩ⊕Ω♠ †Ω∨ ‚Πς"ΜΞ… Ξ⇑ΗΤΩ♥Τ⇓γπ„Ψ√ ð♦⌠Τ∼Πς√ ⇐Κς…Ω (38) υΩ≤πΤΤΚΡ… Ω⁄ƒΞ β〈Ω⁄Ξƒ…Ω Σ⁄Ξ∞ΩΤZ ‚Πς"Κς…
≈ (41) υΩΤ⊇ςΚ‚≅… ∫
ƒ:…Ω∞Ω•<√≅… ΣΗΤΩ∞µ〉– ΘΩ¬Ρ’ (40) υΩ≤ΣΤÿ ð∩⌠ΤΩ♠ ΙΣΩΤ∼⊕ΤΩ♠ ΘΩ⇐Κς…Ω (39)
.[1Q?:u
8 FN 3]
A_© t Zv‡K wK Rvbv‡bv nqwb hv Av‡Q g~mvi wKZv‡e Ges Be&ivnx‡gi
wKZv‡e †h, Zvi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i wQj ? wKZv‡e Av‡Q †h, †KD
>A
Kv‡iv †Mvbvn enb Ki‡e bv,Ges gvbyl Zv cvq hv †m K‡i| Avi Zvi
Kg© kxNªB †`Lv‡bv n‡e,AZtci Zv‡K c~Y© cÖwZ`vb †`qv n‡e| [m~iv
Avb-bRg,AvqvZ-36-41]
(17) υϖΩ⊆ΤŠςΚ…Ω β⁄κΩ Σ〈Ω≤Ψ›‚"≅…Ω (16) †ΩΤπ∼⇓ϑ〉Ÿ√≅… Ω〈λΩ∼Ω™<√≅… Ω⇐Σ≤ΨΤπ’ΣΤZ ΩΤŠ …
(19) υΩ♠Σ∨Ω Ω¬∼ΤΨ∑.Ω≤ΤŠΞΜ… Ψ∪Σ™Σ″ (18) υς√ΡΚ‚≅… Ψ∪Σ™ϑ〉±√≅… Ψ⊃ς√ …ΩϒΗΤΩ∑ ϑðΜΞ…
.[DQ?:u
8 F{! 3] ≈
A_© t e¯Ëe t †Zvgiv cvw_©e Rxeb‡K AMÖvwaKvi `vI,A_P ciKv‡ji
Rxeb DrK…ó I ¯’vqx| GUv wjwLZ i‡q‡Q c~e©eZx© wKZve mg~‡n|
Be&ivnxg I g~mvi wKZve ev cyw¯—Kv mg~‡n| [m~iv Avj-AvÔjv,AvqvZ-
14-19]
>C
%3# :2 # "#
PZz_© i“K&b t ivm~j‡ì cÖwZ Cgvb |
(1) ivm~j (AvjvBwngym& mvjvg) †ì cªwZ Cgvb Avbv t
Bnv Cgv‡bi i“K&b mg~‡ni GKwU i“K&b, hvi cÖwZ Cgvb Avbv Qvov
†Kvb e¨w³i Cgvb cwic~Y© n‡ebv|
ivm~jM‡Yi cÖwZ Cgvb nj t G K_vi `„p wek¦vm Kiv †h, Avj−vni
A‡bK ivm~j i‡q‡Q hv‡ì‡K wZwb Zvui wimvjvZ cÖPvi Kivi Rb¨
wbev©Pb K‡i‡Qb| hviv Zuv‡ì Aby¯îY Ki‡e, Zviv wn`vqvZ (mwVK
c_)cv‡e| Avi hviv Zuv‡ì Aby¯îY Ki‡ebv Zviv c_ åó n‡e|
Avj−vn Zv‡ì wbKU †h wKZve AeZxY© K‡i‡Qb Zv my¯úó fv‡e cÖPvi
K‡i‡Qb| Zviv Awc©Z AvgvbZ Av`vq K‡i‡Qb, Ges ¯^xq D¤§vZ‡K
Kj¨v‡Yi Dc‡`k w`‡q‡Qb| Zvuiv Avj−vni c‡_ h_vh_ wRnv`
K‡i‡Qb| Ges hv mn †cÖwiZ n‡q‡Qb Zvi †Kvb Ask
cwieZ©b,cwiea©b I †Mvcb bv K‡i ¯^RvwZi Dci û¾vZ (c¶-
wec‡¶i `jxj) Kv‡qg K‡i‡Qb| Avj−vn †h mKj ivm~j‡ì bvg
Avgv‡ì Kv‡Q D‡j−L¨ K‡i‡Qb, Avi hv‡ì bvg D‡j−L¨ K‡ib bvB
Zv‡ì mK‡ji cÖwZ Avgiv Cgvb Avb‡ev|
cÖ‡Z¨K ivm~jB Zvui c~e©eZx© ivm~j AvMg‡Yi mymsev` w`‡Zb, Ges
cieZx© ivm~j c~e©eZx ivm~‡ji mZ¨vqb Ki‡Zb|
>D
ðψΓΤΤΨ∑.Ω≤ΤŠΞΜ… υϖς√ΞΜ… ΩΞ∞⇓ΚΡ… :†Ω∨Ω †Ω⇒ΤΤ∼ς√ΞΜ… ΩΞ∞⇓ΚΡ… :†Ω∨Ω Ψϑð/≅†ΨŠ †ΥφΤΤΤΤ⇒Ω∨…ƒ∫ ϖΝ…ΤΡ√ΣΤ∈ …
υΩ♥∼Ψ∅Ω υΩ♠Σ∨ ðΨΤZΡΚ… :†Ω∨Ω Ψ•†Ω‰Τ⌠♠ςΚ‚≅…Ω ð‡Σ⊆⊕ΩΤÿΩ Ω⊂ΗΤΩ™⌠♠ΞΜ…Ω Ω∼Ψ⊕ΗΤΤΩΤ∧⌠♠ΞΜ…Ω
ΙΣΤς√Σ⇑ð<µš Ω ψΣ⇒ΤΘΨ∨ ξŸΩšΚς… Ω⇐κΩŠ Σ⊄ΘΞ≤Ω⊃ΣΤ⇓ ‚Ω" ψΞΨΘΤŠΘΩ⁄ ⇑Ψ∨ φΘΣ∼Ξ‰Πς⇒√≅… 

ƒ ΨΤZΡΚ… :†Ω∨Ω
.[?:
8 F#= 3] ≈ (136) Ω⇐Σ∧Ψ∏⌠♥Σ∨
A_© t †Zvgiv ej, Avgiv Cgvb G‡bwQ Avj−vni Dci Ges hv AeZxY©
n‡q‡Q Avgv‡ì cÖwZ Ges hv AeZxY© n‡q‡Q Be&ivnxg, BmgvCj,
BmnvK, BqvKze, Ges Z`xq Ÿsk a‡ii cÖwZ Ges g~mv,Cmv I Ab¨vb¨
bvex‡K Zuv‡ì cvjb KZv©i c¶ n‡Z hv `vb Kiv n‡q‡Q, Zrmg~`‡qi
Dci| Avgiv Zuv‡ì g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Kwibv| Avi Avgiv ZvuiB
AvbyMZ¨Kvix| [m~iv Avj-evK¡viv,AvqvZ-136]
Avi †h e¨w³ †Kvb ivm~j‡K wg_¨v Rvbj, †m †hb A¯^xKvi Kij hv
mZ¨ e‡j wek¦vm K‡iwQj| Ges †h e¨w³ Zuvi (ivm~‡ji) Aeva¨ n‡jv,
†m g~jZ Zvui Aeva¨ n‡jv whwb Zv‡K AvbyM‡Zï Av‡`k K‡i‡Qb|
(A_v©r Avj−vni)|
ϑðΨ/≅… Ω⇐κΤΩŠ Ν…ΣΤ∈ΘΞ≤Ω⊃ΣΤÿ ⇐Κς… Ω⇐ΣŸÿΞ≤ΣΤÿΩ −ΨΨ∏Σ♠Σ⁄Ω Ψϑð/≅†ΨŠ Ω⇐Σ≤Σ⊃<∇Ωÿ φ⇔ΤÿΨϒΠς√≅… ΘΩ⇐ΜΞ… …
⇐Κς… Ω⇐ΣŸÿΞ≤ΣΤÿΩ ω×⊕Ω‰ΨŠ Σ≤Σ⊃|ΩΤ⇓ΩΩ ω×⊕Ω‰ΨŠ Σ⇑Ψ∨ΣΤ⇓ φΡ√Σ⊆ΩΤÿΩ −ΨΨ∏Σ♠Σ⁄Ω
†ΩΤ⇓ŸΤΩΤ,∅ςΚ…Ω †& Θ⊥Τ⊆Ωš Ω⇐Σ≤Ψ⊃ΗΤς∇<√≅… Σ¬Σ∑ ð∠ΜΞ;ΗΤΤς√ΟΚΡ… (150) „∼Ψ‰Ω♠ ð∠Ψ√.ς′ Ω⇐κΩŠ Ν…ΣϒΨΠς,ΩΤÿ
.[> F >T:0
8 FR< 3] ≈ (151) †_Τ⇒∼ΤΞΘΣ∨ †_ΤŠ…ΩϒΩ∅ Ω⇑ÿΞ≤Ψ⊃ΗΤς∇<∏Ψ√
A_© t hviv Avj−vn I Zvui ivm~jMY‡K A¯^xKvi K‡i Zviv Avj−vn I
?T
Zvui ivm~jM‡Yi cÖwZ wek¦v‡m ZviZg¨ Ki‡Z Pvq Avi e‡j †h, Avgiv
KZK‡K wek¦vm Kwi I KZK‡K A¯^xKvi Kwi Ges GivB gaëZx©
†Kvb c_ Aej¤^b Ki‡Z Pvq| cÖK…Z c‡¶ GivB mZ¨ A¯^xKviKvix|
Avi hviv mZ¨ A¯^xKvi Kvix Zv‡ì Rb¨ ˆZix K‡i †i‡LwQ Acgvb
RbK kvw¯—| [m~iv Avb-wbmv,AvqvZ-150-151]
(2) beyIqv‡Zi nvKxKvZ t
beyIqvZ n‡jv t mªóv (Avj−vn) I m„wó Rx‡ei (ev›`vi ) gv‡S Zvui
kwiqvZ cÖPv‡ii gva¨g| Avj−vn ¯^xq ev›`v‡ì g†a¨ hv‡K B”Qv
beyIqv‡Zi Rb¨ g‡bvbxZ K‡ib Ges beyIqvZ w`‡q m¤§vwbZ K‡ib|
G‡Z Avj−vn Qvov Kv‡iv †Kvb cÖKvi BLwZqvi ‡bB|
Ωϑð/≅… ΥφΜΞ… Ξ♣
& †Πς⇒√≅… φ⇔Ψ∨Ω „Σ♠Σ⁄ Ψ◊Ω|ΜΞ;ΗΤΤς∏Ω∧<√≅… φ⇔Ψ∨ Ψ⊃ς≠π±ΩΤÿ ϑðΣ/≅… …
.[A>:
8 Fg 3] ≈ (75) χ⁄κΨ±ΩΤŠ =Σ⊗∼Ψ∧Ω♠
A_© t Avj−vn wdwik&Zv I gvby‡li ga¨ †_‡K ivm~j g‡bvbxZ K‡ib,
wbðq Avj−vn me©‡kªvZv, me©`ªóv| [m~iv Avj-nvR¡,AvqvZ-75]
beyIqvZ (Avj−vn KZ…©K) cÖ`Ë,Kv‡iv AwR©Z bq, AwaK Bev`vZ ev
AvbyM‡Zï gva¨‡g cvIqv hvq bv| †Kvb bvexi B”Qvq ev Zvui PvIqvi
gva¨‡g I Av‡mbv| Bnv ïay gvÎ gnvb Avj−vni wbev©Pb I g‡bvbqb|
≈ (13) 〉ˆ∼ΨΤ⇒ΣΤÿ ⇑Ω∨ Ψ∼Τς√ΜΞ… ϖΨŸΩΤÿΩ Σ∫:†ΤΩ↑Ωÿ ⇑Ω∨ ΨΤ∼ς√ΜΞ… ⌡Ψ‰Ω,Τµµð– ϑðΣ/≅… ... …
.[:
8 Fh\ 3]
A_© t Avj−vn hv‡K B”Qv g‡bvbxZ K‡ib Ges †h Zvui Awfg~Lx nq,
Zv‡K c_ cÖ`k©b K‡ib| [m~iv Avk&ïiv,AvqvZ-13]
(3) ivm~j †cÖi‡Yi wnK&gvZ ev inm¨ t
?
ivm~jM‡Yi (AvjvBwngym& mvjvg) †cÖi‡Yi wnK&gvZ ev inm¨ wbæiƒc t
cÖ_gZ t ev›`v‡ì‡K ev›`vi Bev`vZ Kiv n‡Z gy³ K‡i ev›`vi
cÖwZcvj‡Ki (Avj−vni) Bev`v‡Z wb‡q hvIqv Ges m„wóRx‡ei `vm‡Z¡i
eÜb ‡_‡K gy³ K‡i ¯^xq cÖwZcvj‡Ki (Avj−vni) ¯^vaxb Bev`v‡Zi c_
†`Lv‡bv|
FR:P! 3] ≈ (107) φκΨ∧ς∏ΗΤΩ⊕<∏ΠΨ√ ⊥◊Ω∧šΩ⁄ ‚Πς"ΜΞ… ð∠ΗΤΤΩΤ⇒<∏Ω♠⁄ςΚ… :†Ω∨Ω …
.[TA:
8
A_© t Avwg Avcbv‡K wek¦evmxi R‡b¨ ingZ ¯îƒcB †cÖiY K‡iwQ|
[m~iv Avj-Avw¤^qv,AvqvZ-107]
wØZxqZ t ‡h D‡Ï‡k¨ Avj−vn m„wóRxe m„wó K‡i‡Qb, †m D‡Ï‡kï
mv‡_ (gvbyl‡K) cwiPq Kiv| †m D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv Zvui GKZ¡ev` wek¦vm I
Bev`vZ Kiv| Bnv GK gvÎ ivm~jM‡Yi gva¨‡g Rvbv hvq| hv‡ì‡K
Avj−vn Zvui m„wó Rxe n‡Z g‡bvbqb K‡i‡Qb Ges mK‡ji Dci
cÖvavb¨ w`‡q‡Qb|
Ν…Σ‰Ψ⇒ΩΤ,–≅…Ω ϑðΩ/≅… Ν…ΣŸΣΤ‰∅≅… γ⇐Κς… ‚Ζ"Σ♠ΩΘ⁄ ξ◊ΤΤΘΩ∨ΡΚ… ΘΞΣ{ ℑ †ΩΤ⇒Τ‘Ω⊕ΩΤŠ ŸΩ⊆ς√Ω …
.[?:
8 F% 3] ≈... ð‹
∃ Σ⊕ΗΤϑð≠√≅…
A_© t Avwg cÖ‡Z¨K D¤§v‡Zi g‡a¨B ivm~j †cÖiY K‡iwQ GB g‡g© †h,
†Zvgiv Avj−vni Bev`vZ Ki Ges ZvM~Z (Avj−vn e¨ZxZ A‡bï
Bev`vZ) †_‡K wbivc` _vK| [m~iv Avb-bnj,AvqvZ-36]
Z…ZxqZ t ivm~jMY ‡cÖi‡Yi gva¨‡g gvby‡li Dci û¾vZ (c¶-
wec‡¶i `jxj) cÖwZwôZ Kiv|
?
=Σ◊ΘΩ•Σš ϑðΨ/≅… ς∏Ω∅ Ξ♣†Πς⇒∏Ψ√ Ω⇐Ρ∇ΩΤÿ Πς„ΩΛΨ√ Ω⇑ÿΨ⁄Ψϒ⇒Σ∨Ω Ω⇑ÿΞ≤ΠΨ↑ΩΤ‰ΘΣ∨ „Σ♠ΘΣ⁄ …
FR< 3] ≈ (165) †_Τ∧∼Ψ∇Ωš …[∞ÿΞ∞Ω∅ ϑðΣ/≅… Ω⇐†Ω{Ω Ξ

& Σ♠ΘΣ≤√≅… ΩŸ⊕ΩΤŠ
.[?>:
8
A_© t mymsev``vZv I fxwZ-cÖ`k©bKvix ivm~jMY‡K †cÖiY K‡iwQ,
hv‡Z ivm~jM‡Yi c‡i Avj−vni cÖwZ Acev` Av‡ivc Kivi gZ †Kvb
AeKvk gvby‡li Rb¨ bv _v‡K, Avj−vn civµgkxj, cÖÁvgq| [m~iv
Avb-wbmv,AvqvZ-165]
PZz_©Z t wKQy A`„‡kï welq eY©bv Kiv, hv gvbyl Zv‡ì Ávb Øviv
Dcj×x Ki‡Z cv‡ibv| †hgb-Avj−vni bvg mg~n I Zuvi ¸bmg~n Ges
wdwik&Zv‡ì I †kl wèm m¤ú‡K© Rvbv BZ¨vw`|
cÂgZ t hv‡Z Zvuiv (ivm~jiv) AbymiYxq DËg Av`k© nq †Kbbv
Avj−vn Zvu‡ì‡K DËg Pwi‡Î c~Y© K‡i‡Qb| Ges Zuv‡ì‡K mskq I
cÖe„wËi AbymiY n‡Z gy³ †i‡L‡Qb|
F9P! 3] ≈... % ΨŸΩΤ,<∈≅… Σ¬ΣΗΤΩŸΤΣΨ‰ΩΤ⊇ ϑðΣ/
∃ ≅… ΩŸΩ∑ Ω⇑ÿΨϒΠς√≅… ∠ΜΞ;ΗΤΤς√ΟΚΡ… …
.[DT:
8
A_© t Zviv Ggb wQ‡jb, hv‡ì‡K Avj−vn c_-cÖ`k©b K‡i wQ‡jb,
AZGe AvcwbI Zv‡ì c_ Aby¯îY Ki“b| [m~iv Avj-
AvbAvg,AvqvZ-90]
.[?:
8 F 0 3] ≈... β◊Ω⇒Ω♥Ωš δ〈ΩπΤ♠ΡΚ… ⌠¬Ξ∼Ψ⊇ ψΡ∇ς√ Ω⇐†ς ŸΩ⊆ς√ …
A_© t †Zvgv‡ì Rb¨ ivm~j (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) Gi g‡a¨
DËg Av`k©-i‡q‡Q| [m~iv Avj-Avn&hve,AvqvZ-21]
?
lôZ t AvZœ ïw× I cweÎ KiY Ges AvZœ webóKvix n‡Z mZ©K-
mveavb Kiv|
−ΨΨ,ΤΗΤΩÿ…ƒ∫ ⌠¬Ξ∼Τς∏Ω∅ Ν…Ρ∏Τ,ΤΩÿ ¬Σ⇒ΤΘΨ∨ ‚_"Σ♠Ω⁄ Ω⇑ΓΤΤΘΨ∼ΤΘΨ∨ΡΚ‚≅… ℑ ð³Ω⊕ΩŠ ΨϒΠς√≅… ΩΤΣ∑ …
.[:
8 F a 3] ≈... Ω◊Ω∧<∇Ψ™<√≅…Ω ðˆΗΤΩ,Ψ∇<√≅… Σ¬ΣΣ∧ΠΨ∏Ω⊕ΣÿΩ ⌠¬Ξ∼ΠΨ{Ω∞ΣÿΩ
A_© t wZwb wbi¶i‡ì ga¨ †_‡K GKRb ivm~j †cÖiY K‡i‡Qb, whwb
Zv‡ì Kv‡Q cvVK‡ib Zvui AvqvZ mg~n, Zv‡ì‡K cweÎ K‡ib Ges
wk¶v‡`b wKZve I wnK&gvZ| [m~iv Avj-RygyÔAvn-AvqvZ-2]
ivm~j (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) e‡jb t
.[Ng F J ]((U-7! 9+5 N! i* e))
A_©t Avwg DËg Av`k© cwic~Y© Kivi R‡b¨B †cÖwiZ n‡qwQ|
[Avn&gv` I nv‡Kg ]
(4) ivm~jM‡Yi (AvjvBwngym& mvjvg) `vwqZ¡ mg~n t
ivm~jM‡Yi ( AvjvBwngym& mvjvg) A‡bK ¸i“Z¡c~Y© `vwqZ¡ i‡q‡Q, Zv
wb‡æ ewY©Z nj t
(K) kixqvZ cÖPvi Kiv, gvbyl‡K GK Avj−vni Bev`vZ Ki‡Z Ges
wZwb e¨ZxZ A‡bï Bev`vZ n‡Z gy³ nIqvi AvnŸvb Kiv|
/
ϑðΩ% ≅… ‚Πς"ΜΞ… …[ŸΩšςΚ… Ω⇐⌠ΤΩ↑µð ‚Ω"Ω ΙΣΩΤ⇓⌠ΤΩ↑µðΩ ϑðΨ/≅… γŒΗΤς∏ΗΤΩ♠Ξ⁄ Ω⇐Σ⊕ΠΨ∏ΩΤ‰ΣΤÿ φ⇔ΤÿΨϒΠς√≅… …
.[D:
8 F['W! 3] ≈ (39) †Τ_‰∼Ψ♥Ωš Ψϑð/≅†ΨŠ υΩ⊃Ω{Ω
A_© t Zvuiv (bvexMY) Avj−vni wimvjvZ cÖPvi Ki‡Zb I Zvu‡K fq
Ki‡Zb| Zvuiv Avj−vn e¨ZxZ Ab¨ KvD‡K fq Ki‡Zb bv| wnmve
MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ Avj−vnB h‡_ó| [m~iv Avj-Avn&hve,AvqvZ-39]
?1
(L) Øx‡bi AeZxY© weavb eY©bv Kiv|
¬ΣΠς∏Ω⊕ς√Ω ⌠¬Ξ∼ς√ΞΜ… ΩΘΞ∞ΣΤ⇓ †Ω∨ Ξ♣†Πς⇒Ψ∏√ Ω⇐ΠΞκΩ‰Σ,Ψ√ Ω≤Τ{ΠΨϒ√≅… ð∠∼ς√ΜΞ… :†ΩΤ⇒<√Ω∞⇓Κς…Ω …
.[11:
8 F% 3] ≈ (44) Ω⇐Σ≤Πς∇Ω⊃Ω,ΩΤÿ
A_© t Avcbvi Kv‡Q Avwg Dc‡`k fvÛvi (KziAvb) AeZxY© K‡iwQ|
hv‡Z Avcwb †jvK‡ì mvg‡b H me welq wee„Z K‡ib, †h ¸‡jv Zv‡ì
cÖwZ AeZxY© Kiv n‡q‡Q, hv‡Z Zviv wPš—v fvebv K‡i| [m~iv Avb-
bvnvj,AvqvZ-44]
(M) D¤§vZ‡K Kj¨v‡Yi c_ cÖ`k©Y I AKj¨vY n‡Z mZK© mveavb
Kiv, Ges Zv‡ì‡K c~‡Yï mymsev` I Zv‡ì‡K kvw¯—i fxwZ-cÖ`k©b
Kiv|
.[?>:
8 FR< 3] ≈...Ω⇑ÿΨ⁄Ψϒ⇒Σ∨Ω Ω⇑ÿΞ≤ΠΨ↑ΩΤ‰ΘΣ∨ „Σ♠ΘΣ⁄ …
A_© t mymsev`&`vZv I fxwZ-cÖ`k©bKvix ivm~jMY‡K †cÖiY K‡iwQ|
[m~iv Avb-wbmv,AvqvZ-165]
(N) gvbyl‡K K_vq I Kv‡R my›ì PwiÎ I DËg Av`k©evb K‡i Zzjv|
(O) Avj−vni kixqvZ ev›`v‡ì gv‡S cÖwZôv I ev¯—evqY Kiv|
(P) ivm~jM‡Yi (AvjvBwnm& mvjvg) ¯^xq D¤§v‡Zi wec‡¶ †kl wè‡m
G ¯^v¶¨ †Ìqv †h Zuviv Zv‡ì wbKU ¯úó fv‡e Øx‡bi `vIqvZ
†cŠuQv‡q‡Qb|
Ψ∫:‚Ω"Σ;ΗΤΤΩ∑ υς∏Ω∅ ð∠ΨŠ †Ω⇒ΤΤΛΨ–Ω ξŸΤΤ∼ΞΩ↑ΨΤŠ Ψ>◊ΤϑðΤΤ∨ΡΚ… ΘΞΣ ⇑Ψ∨ †Ω⇒ΤΤΛΨ– …ς′ΞΜ… ð∪∼ς∇ΩΤ⊇ …
.[1:
8 FR< 3] ≈ (41) …_Ÿ∼ΤΤΞΩ→
?>
A_© t Avi ZLb wK Ae¯’v `vuov‡e, hLb Avwg cÖwZwU D¤§v‡Zi ga¨
†_‡K mv¶x Dc¯’vcb Kie Ges Avcbv‡K Zv‡ì Dci mv¶x Dc¯’vcb
Kie| [m~iv Avb-wbmv,AvqvZ,41]
(5) Bmjvg mKj bvex‡ì ag© t

Bmjvg mKj bvex I ivm~jM‡Yi ag©|
.[D:
8 F# ^ 3] ≈ ... 〉%ψΗΤς∏⌠♠‚ΞΜ≅… ϑðΨ/≅… ΩŸ⇒Ψ∅ φ⇔ΤÿΠΨŸ√≅… ΘΩ⇐ΜΞ… …
A_© t wbtm‡›`‡n Avj−vni wbKU MÖnb‡hvM¨ Øxb ev ag© GKgvÎ
Bmjvg| [m~iv-Avwj-Bgivb,AvqvZ-19]
Zuviv mK‡jB GK Avj−vni Bev`vZ Kivi w`‡K, Ges Avj−vn Qvov
A†bï Bev`vZ eR©b Kivi Avnevb Rvbv‡Zb| hw` I Zv‡ì kixqvZ
I wewa-weavb wfbœ iKg wQj, wKš—y Zuviv mK‡jB g~jbxZx‡Z GKgZ
wQjb, Zv n‡jv ZvInx` ev Avj−vni GKZ¡ev`|
[y J ](( u- 7e R:P!))
A_ t© bvexiv (AvjvBwngym& mvjvg) G‡K Ac‡i ‰egv‡Îq fvB wQ‡jb|
[ eyLvix ]
(6) ivm~jMY gvbyl Zuviv MvBe Rv‡bb bv t
Bj‡g MvBe Rvbv Djynxqv‡Zi (Avj−vni) êwkó, bvexM‡Yi ¸Y bq|
KviY Zuviv Ab¨vb¨ gvby‡li gZ gvbyl| Zuviv cvbvnvi K‡ib,
êevwnKm~‡Î Ave× nb, wb`ªv hvb, Amy¯’ nb I K¬vš— nb|
Ω⇐Ρ∏Σ{Κ<†Ω∼ς√ ⌠¬ΣΠςΤ⇓ΞΜ… :‚Πς"ΜΞ… φκΨ∏φΤΤ♠⌠≤Σ∧<√≅… Ω⇑Ψ∨ ð∠ς∏Τ‰ΩΤ∈ †ΤΩΤ⇒<∏φΤΤ♠⁄ςΚ… :†Ω∨Ω …
??
.[T:
8 Fx#O 3] ≈...γ⊄
% …ΩπΤ♠ΚΚς‚≅… ℑ φΣ↑∧ΩΤÿΩ Ω⋅†ΤΤΩ⊕ϑð≠√≅…
A_© t Avcbvi c~‡e© hZ ivm~j †cÖiY K‡iwQ, Zuviv mevB Lv`¨ MÖnY
KiZ Ges nv‡U evRv‡i Pjv †div KiZ| [m~iv Avj-dziKvb,AvqvZ-
20]

≈ _◊& ΩΘΤÿΘΨ⁄Σ′Ω †_–.ΩƒΚς… ⌠¬Σς√ †ΩΤ⇒<∏Ω⊕Ω–Ω ð∠Ψ∏‰ΩΤ∈ ⇑ΨΘ∨ „Σ♠Σ⁄ †ΩΤ⇒<∏Ω♠⁄ςΚ… ŸΩ⊆ς√Ω …
.[C:
8 F# 3]
A_© t Avcbvi c~‡e© Avwg A‡bK ivm~j †cÖiY K‡iwQ, Ges Zuv‡ì‡K ¯¿x
I mš—vb-mš—wZ w`‡qwQ| [m~iv Avi-ivÔ`,AvqvZ-38]
Zvu‡ì‡K I wPš—v, `ytL Avb›` I Kg© †cÖiYv ¯úk© K‡i †hgb-mvaviY
gvbyl‡K †c‡q _v‡K| wKš—y Avj−vn Zuv‡ì‡K Zvui Øxb cÖPvi Kivi Rb¨
g‡bvbqb K‡i‡Qb| Avj−vn Zuv‡ì‡K (ivm~j‡ì‡K Bj‡g MvBe n‡Z)
hv AeMZ Kivb Zv e¨ZxZ †Kvb Bj‡g MvBe Rv‡bb bv|
⇑Ψ∨ υΩ∝ΩΤπZ⁄≅… Ξ⇑Ω∨ ‚Πς"ΜΞ… (26) …[ŸΩšςΚ… ,−ΨΨ‰Τ∼Ω∅ ς∏Ω∅ Σ≤Ξ≠
πℵ Σÿ ð„ΤΩΤ⊇ γˆ∼Ω⊕<√≅… Σ¬Ψ∏ΗΤΩ∅ …
3] ≈ (27) …_ŸΩ″Ω⁄ −ΨΨ⊃<∏Ω ⌠⇑Ψ∨Ω ΨΤÿΩŸΩÿ Ξ⇐κΤΩŠ ?⇑Ψ∨ 〉∠Ρ∏π♥Ωÿ ΙΣΠς⇓ΞΜ†ΩΤ⊇ ξΣ♠ΩΘ⁄
.[A F ? 0
8 F"a
A_© t wZwb A`„‡k¦ï Ávbx, ciš— wZwb A`„‡kï welq KviI Kv‡Q
cÖKvk K‡ib bv| Zvui g‡bvbxZ ivm~j e¨ZxZ| ZLb wZwb Zvi A‡MÖI
cðv‡Z cÖnix wbhy³ K‡ib| [m~iv Avj-wR¡b,AvqvZ-26-27]
(7) ivm~jMY gvÔm~g ev wb¯úvc t
?A
Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv Zvui wimvjvZ cÖ`vb I cÖPvi Kivi Rb¨ Zuvi m„wó Rxe
n‡Z DËg RvZx‡K wbev©Pb K‡i‡Qb|
hviv m„wóMZ I PwiÎ MZ w`K n‡Z cwic~Y,© Avj−vn Zuv‡ì‡K Kexivn&
¸bvn n‡Z wbivc‡` †i‡L‡Qb| mKj µwU n‡Z Zuv‡ì‡K gy³
K‡i‡Qb| hv‡Z Zvuiv Avj−vni Iqvnx ¯^xq D¤§v‡Zi wbKU †cŠuQv‡Z
m¶g nb|
Avj−vni c¶ n‡Z Zvui (Avj−vni) wimvjvZ cÖPv‡ii e¨vcv‡i †h msev`
w`‡q‡Qb, Zv‡Z Zuviv ‡h gvÔm~g Zv me©Rb wm×|
†Ω∧ΩΤ⊇ Ω⊕πΤ⊃ΩΤZ ψΠς√ ⇐ΜΞ…Ω ð∠
∃ ΨΘΤŠΘΩ⁄ ⇑Ψ∨ ð∠∼ς√ΜΞ… ΩΞ∞⇓ΚΡ… :†Ω∨ <⊗ΤΠΨ∏ΩΤŠ ΣΣ♠ΘΩ≤√≅… †ΩΘΣΤÿΚς†Η;ΤΤΩΤÿ …
F, 3] ≈ Ξ♣
% †Πς⇒√≅… Ω⇑Ψ∨ ð∠Σ∧Ψ±⊕ΩΤÿ Σϑð/≅…Ω Ι&ΣΩΤ,ς√†Ω♠Ψ⁄ ðŒπΤΤ⊕Πς∏ΩΤŠ
.[?A:
8
A_© t †n ivm~j, †cŠu‡Q w`b Avcbvi cÖwZ cvj‡Ki c¶ †_‡K Avcbvi
cÖwZ hv AeZxY© n‡q‡Q| Avi hw` Avcwb Giƒc bv K‡ib,Z‡e Avcwb
Zvui wimvjvZ wKQyB †cuŠQv‡jb bv, Avj−vn Avcbv‡K gvby‡li KvQ
†_‡K wbivc‡` ivL‡eb| [m~iv Avj-gvwq`vn,67]
‚Πς"ΜΞ… …[ŸΩšςΚ… Ω⇐⌠ΤΩ↑µð ‚Ω"Ω ΙΣΩΤ⇓⌠ΤΩ↑µðΩ ϑðΨ/≅… γŒΗΤς∏ΗΤΩ♠Ξ⁄ Ω⇐Σ⊕ΠΨ∏ΩΤ‰ΣΤÿ φ⇔ΤÿΨϒΠς√≅… …
.[D:
8 F['W! 3] ≈.../
ϑðΩ% ≅…
A_© t Zvuiv (bvexMY) Avj−vni wimvjvZ cÖPvi Ki‡Zb I Zuv‡K fq
Ki‡Zb,Zvuiv Avj−vn e¨ZxZ Ab¨ KvD‡K fq Ki‡Zb bv| [m~iv Avj-
Avn&hve,AvqvZ-39]
?C
υΩ±šςΚ…Ω ¬ΞΤÿΩŸς√ †Ω∧ΨŠ ð•†ΩšςΚ…Ω ¬ΞΘΨΤŠΩ⁄ γŒΗΤς∏ΗΤΩ♠Ψ⁄ Ν…Σ⊕ς∏ΤŠςΚ… ŸΤΩΤ∈ ⇐Κς… ðψς∏⊕ΩΤ∼ΨΠ√ …
.[C:
8 F"a 3] ≈ (28) …Ω= ΩŸΩ∅ ]∫πΩ→ ΘΩΡ
A_© t hv‡Z Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv †R‡b †bb †h, ivm~jMY Zuv‡ì cvjb
KZv©i wimvjvZ †cuŠwQ‡q‡Qb wKbv| ivm~jM‡Yi Kv‡Q hv Av‡Q, Zv Zuvi
Ávb-‡MvPi| wZwb me wKQyi msL¨vi wnmve iv‡Lb| [m~iv Avj-
wR¡b,AvqvZ-28]
Ges hLb Zuv‡ì Kv‡iv c¶ n‡Z Ggb †Kvb †QvU cvc Kg© cÖKvwkZ
nq hv Zvejx‡Mi (Øxb cÖPv‡ii) mv‡_ m¤ú©K…Z bq| wbðq ZLb Zv
Zuv‡ì wbKU eY©bv Kiv n‡e| Avj−vni Kv‡Q ZvIevn& I Zuvi w`‡K
avegvb nIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_B g‡b n‡e †hb (GB cvc) Zuv‡ì KvQ
†_‡K cÖKvk cvq bvB, Ges Gi webwg‡q Zuviv Zuv‡ì c~‡e©i ghv©`vi
†P‡q Av‡iv D”P ghv©`v jvf Ki‡eb| Bnv G Rb¨ †h, Avj−vn Zvui
bvex‡ì‡K (AvjvBwngym& mvjvg) c~Y© mr Pwi‡Î I fvj ¸‡Y we‡kwlZ
K‡i‡Qb| Ges Zvu‡ì gvb ghv©`v myD”P Ae¯’vb ¶zbœ K‡i Ggb mKj
wRwbm n‡Z Zvu‡ì‡K Avj−vn cyZ-cweÎ †i‡L‡Qb|
(8) bvex I ivm~jM‡Yi msL¨v I Zuv‡ì g‡a¨ hviv DËg t
ivm~jM‡Yi msL¨v wZb kZ `‡ki wKQy †ekx cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q| bvex
(mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) †K hLb ivm~jM‡Yi msL¨v m¤ú©‡K
wRÁvmv Kiv nq ZLb wZwb e‡jb t
[Ng J ]((cKO c #\ 4 ,-o))
A_© t wZbkZ c‡bi R‡bi weivU GK `j| [ nvwKg ]
Avi bvex‡ì msL¨v Gi †P‡q A‡bK †ekx| Avj−vn Zvu‡ì Kv‡ivI K_v
Zvui wKZv‡e Avgv‡ì Rb¨ eY©bv K‡i‡Qb, Avi Kv‡ivI K_v eY©bv
K‡ib bvB| Avj−vn Zvui wKZv‡e cuwPk Rb bvex I ivm~‡ji bvg D‡j−L
?D
K‡i‡Qb|
¬Σπ±Σ±πΤ⊆ΩΤ⇓ ¬Πς√ „Σ♠Σ⁄Ω Σ‰ΩΤ∈ ⇑Ψ∨ ð∠∼ς∏Ω∅ ¬ΣΗΤΩΤ⇒π±Ω±ΩΤ∈ ŸΩΤ∈ „Σ♠Σ⁄Ω …
.[?1:
8 FR< 3] ≈... ð∠
& ∼ς∏Ω∅
A_© t Avi Ggb KZK ivm~j †cÖiY K‡iwQ hv‡ì BwZe„Ë Avwg
Avcbv‡K eY©bv K‡iwQ BwZ c~‡e©, Ges Ggb KZK ivm~j †cÖiY K‡iwQ
hv‡ì e„Ëvš— Avcbv‡K eY©bv Kwiwb| [m~iv Avb-wbmv,AvqvZ164]
ξŒΗΤΩ–Ω⁄Ω Σ⊗ΤΩΤ⊇⌠≤ΤΩΤ⇓ −&ΨΨ∨⌠ΤΩΤ∈ υς∏Ω∅ ðψ∼ΤΨ∑.Ω≤ΤŠΞΜ… :†ΩΗΤΤΩΤ⇒∼ΩΤZ…ƒ∫ :†Ω⇒ΤΤΣ,ΘΩ•Σš ð∠<∏ΨΤZΩ …
ð‡
& Σ⊆⊕ΩΤÿΩ Ω⊂ΗΤΤΩ™♠ΞΜ… ,ΙΣΤς√ †Ω⇒ΤΤ‰ΤΩ∑ΩΩ (83) χψ∼Ψ∏ΩΤ∅ }ψ∼Ψ∇Ωš ð∠ΠςŠΩ⁄ ΘΩ⇐ΜΞ… ∫Σ% :†ΤΩ↑ΠςΤ⇓ ⇑ΘΩ∨
Ω ΙΣ…Ω −ΨΨ,ΤΘΩΤÿΘΞ⁄Σ′ ⇑Ψ∨Ω 

Σ∃ ‰ΤΩΤ∈ ⇑Ψ∨ †ΤΩΤ⇒ΤÿΩŸΩ∑ †[ΤšΣΤ⇓Ω †&ΤΩΤ⇒ΤÿΩŸΩ∑ ϑΖ„Σ{
Ξ∞•ΩΤ⇓ ð∠Ψ√.ςϒΩ{Ω Ω⇐
& Σ≤ΗΤΩ∑Ω υΩ♠Σ∨Ω ð∪Σ♠ΣΤÿΩ ð‡ΘΣΤÿςΚ…Ω Ω⇑ΗΤΩ∧∼ς∏ΤΣ♠Ω
Ω⇑ΨΘ∨ ΘβΡ ð♣
∃ †Ω∼Τ<√ΞΜ…Ω υΩ♥∼Ψ∅Ω υΩ∼π™ΩΤÿΩ †ΘΩΤÿΞ≤Ω{ΩƒΩ (84) Ω⇐κΨ⇒Ψ♥™∧
Σ <√≅…
⊥ν„Σ{Ω †& _ΤΤ≡Ρ√Ω ð♦Σ⇓ΩΤÿΩ Ω⊗Ω♥Ω∼<√≅…Ω Ω∼Ψ⊕ΗΤΩΤ∧♠ΞΜ…Ω (85) φκΨ™Ψ∏ΗΤΥφΤΤ±√≅…
⌠¬
∃ ΞΨ⇓.ΩΞΜ…Ω ⌠¬ΞΨ,ΗΤΘΩΤÿΘΞ⁄Σ′Ω ψΞΜΞ:†ΩΤŠ…ƒ∫ ⌠⇑Ψ∨Ω (86) Ω⇐κΨ∧ς∏ΗΤΩ⊕<√≅… ς∏Ω∅ †Ω⇒<∏ϑð∝ΩΤ⊇
F9P! 3] ≈ (87) ξψ∼Ψ⊆Ω,ΤΤ♥ΘΣ∨ ξ•.Ω≤γ″ υς√ΞΜ… ψΣΗΤΩΤ⇒ΤΤÿΩŸΩ∑Ω ⌠¬ΣΗΤΩΤ⇒∼Ω‰ΩΤ,–≅…Ω

.[CAQC:u
8
A_© t GwU wQj Avgvi hyw³, hv Avwg Be&ivnxg‡K Zvui m¤cÖ`v‡qi
wec‡¶ cÖ`vb K‡iwQjvg| Avwg hv‡K B”Qv ghv©`vq mgybœZ Kwi|
AT
Avcbvi cvjbKZv© cÖÁvgq, gnvÁvbx| Avwg Zvu‡K `vb K‡iwQ BmnvK
I BqvKze| cÖ‡Z¨K‡KB Avwg c_-cÖ`k©b K‡iwQ Ges c~‡e© Avwg b~n‡K
c_-cÖ`k©b K‡iwQ-Zvui mš—vb‡ì g‡a¨ `vD`, †mvjvqgvb,AvBDe,
BDmyd, g~mv I nvi“b‡K| Ggwb fv‡e Avwg mrKgx©‡ì cÖwZ`vb w`‡q
_vwK| AviI hvKvwiqv, Bqvn&Bqv, Cmv,Ges Bwjqvm‡K| Zvuiv mevB
c~Yëvb‡ì Aš—f~©³ wQ‡jb| Ges BmgvCj, Cmv, BDbym, j~Z‡K
cÖ‡Z¨K‡KB Avwg mviv we‡k¦i Dci †MŠievwš^Z K‡iwQ| Av‡iv Zuv‡ì
wKQy msL¨K wcZ…cyi“l,mš—vb-mš—wZ I åvZv‡ì‡K, Avwg Zuv‡ì‡K
g‡bvbxZ K‡iwQ Ges mij c_ cÖ`k©b K‡iwQ| [m~iv Avj-
AvbAvg,AvqvZ-83-n‡Z,87]
Avj−vn bvex‡ì KvD‡K Ab¨‡ì Dci †kªóZ¡ `vb K‡i‡Qb|
FR#3 3] ≈... ω×
∃ ⊕ΩŠ υς∏Ω∅ Ω⇑ΓϑγΤΤ∼Ψ‰Πς⇒√≅… ð×⊕ΩΤŠ †ΩΤ⇒<∏ϑð∝ΩΤ⊇ ŸΤΩ⊆ς√Ω... …
.[>>:
8
A_© t Avwg bvex‡ì‡K KZK‡K KZ‡Ki Dci †kªóZ¡ `vb K‡iwQ|
[m~iv Avj-Bmiv,AvqvZ-55]
Ges Avj−vn ivm~j‡ì KvD‡K Kv‡iv Dci ‡kªóZ¡ `vb K‡i‡Qb|
F#= 3] ≈... ω×
∋ ⊕ΩΤŠ υς∏Ω∅ ⌠¬ΣΩ∝⊕ΩΤŠ †Ω⇒<∏ϑðΤ∝ΩΤ⊇ 〉Σ♠ΘΣ≤√≅… ð∠<∏ΨZ …
.[>:
8
A_© t G ivm~jMY Avwg Zv‡ì KvD‡K Kv‡iv Dci ghv©`v `vb K‡iwQ|
[m~iv Avj-evK¡viv-AvqvZ-253]
ivm~jM‡Yi g‡a¨ hviv DjyjAvh&g (D”P Awfjvlx) Zuviv me© DËg|
Zvuiv n‡jb b~n, Be&ivnxg, g~mv, Cmv, I Avgv‡ì bvex gynv¤§v`
A
(mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg)|
F_=W! 3] ≈... ΞΣ♠ΘΣ≤√≅… Ω⇑Ψ∨ Ψζ∞Ω⊕<√≅… Ν…Ρ√ΟΡΚ… Ω⁄ΩιΤΩ″ †Ω∧ς ⁄Ψιπ″≅†ΩΤ⊇ …
.[>:
8
A_© t AZGe Avcwb âh© ai“b, †hgb Djyj Avh&g (D”P Awfjvlx)
ivm~jMY âh© a‡i‡Qb| [m~iv Avj-AvnK¡vd,AvqvZ-35]

Ω¬∼Ψ∑.Ω≤ΤŠΜΞ…Ω ω—ΠΡ⇓ ⇑Ψ∨Ω ð∠⇒Ψ∨Ω ⌠¬ΣΩ⊆ΗΤΩΤ‘∼Ψ∨ Ω⇑ΓϑγΤΤ∼Ψ‰Πς⇒√≅… Ω⇑Ψ∨ †ΩΤ⇓πϒΤΩΚς… <′ΜΞ…Ω …
≈ (7) †_ΤΤℵ≠∼Ψ∏Ω∅ †[Τ⊆ΗΤΩΤ‘∼ΘΨ∨ ¬Σ⇒Ψ∨ †ΩΤπ⇓ϒΩςΚ…Ω ¬

Ω∃ ΩΤÿ⌠≤ΤΩ∨ Ξ⇑ΤŠ≅… Ω♥∼Ψ∅Ω υΩ♠Σ∨Ω
.[A:
8 F['W! 3]
A_© t hLb Avwg bvexM‡Yi KvQ †_‡K, Avcbvi KvQ †_‡K Ges b~n,
Be&ivnxg g~mv I gvwiBqv‡gi cyÎ Cmvi KvQ †_‡K A½xKvi wbjvg,
Av‡iv A½xKvi wbjvg Zv‡ì KvQ †_‡K `„p A½xKvi| [m~iv Avj-
Avnhve,AvqvZ-7]
gynv¤§v` (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) ivm~j‡ì g‡a¨ †kªô I me©
†kl bvex, gyËvKxb‡ì Bgvg, Av`g mš—v‡bi mi`vi| bvexiv hLb
GKwÎZ nb ZLb wZwb Zuv‡ì Bgvg| hLb Zuviv †Kvb RvqMvn n‡Z
cÖwZwbwa `j wnmv‡e AvMgY K‡ib ZLb wZwb Zuv‡ì cÖe³v nb| wZwb
gvKv‡g gvngy‡ì (cÖkswmZ ¯’v‡bi) gvwjK, †h ¯’vb‡K wb‡q c~e©eZx© I
cieZx© mK‡jB Blv© Ki‡e|
AeZiY ¯’vb, nvDR I nvg`-ev cÖksmvi SvÛvi gvwjK| ‡kl wè‡m
mg¯— m„wó Rx‡ei mycvwikKvix, Rvbœv‡Zi Iqvmxjv bvgK ¯’&vb I
gh©v`vi gvwjK| Avj−vn Zv‡K Zvui Øx‡bi m‡e©vËg kixqvZ wewa-weavb
A
w`‡q †cÖiY K‡i‡Qb| Ges Zvui D¤§vZ‡K me© DËg D¤§Z iƒ‡c GB
c„w_ex‡Z gvby‡li Kj¨v‡bi Rb¨ cvVv‡bv n‡q‡Q| bvex (mvj−vj−vû
AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) I Zvui D¤§v‡Zi Rb¨ eû ghv©`v I DËg êwkó
w`‡q‡Qb| hv Zv‡ì c~e©eZx©‡ì n‡Z mZš¿| m„wói w`K w`‡q Zuviv me©
†kl D¤§Z Avi cybi“Ìv‡b Zuviv me© cÖ_g D¤§Z|
.[N<5 J ]((i< R:P! { ij))
A_© t Avwg QqwU êwk‡ó mKj bvex‡ì Dci cÖvavb¨ †c‡qwQ| [gymwjg
]
bvex (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) Av‡iv e‡jb t
mP "5 5 .#j X g R y: 5:= 9
9^ :3 P))
.[yz5#0 J ](( 5:= 9
, i Xe J3 "j 9^ z}5
A_© t Avwg wKqvgZ wè‡m Av`g mš—v‡bi mi&`vi, AvgviB nv‡Z

nvg‡ì cZvKv _vK‡e| Bnv †Kvb M‡f©i welq bq| wKqvgZ wè‡m
Av`g (AvjvBwnm& mvjvg) Qvov mK‡jB Avgvi cZvKvi Awa‡b
_vK‡e| [wZiwghx I Avngv` ]
ghv©`vi w`K w`‡q ivm~j (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) Gi c‡i whwb
wZwb n‡jb Be&ivnxg Lvjxjyi ingvb (AvjvBwnm& mvjvg) myZivs
(Avj−vni) `yÕeÜz-gynv¤§v` (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) I Be&ivnxg
(AvjvBwnm& mvjvg) Djyj Avhg‡ì me© †kªó| AZtci wZb Rb (b~n,
g~mv I Cmv) me© †kªó (Ab¨ me bvex‡ì †P‡q)|
(9) bvex‡ì (AvjvBwngym& mvjvg) gyÔwRhvn& t
Avj−vn& Zvui ivm~j‡ì mn‡hvwMZv K‡i‡Qb eo eo wb`k©b I D¾¡j
gyÔwRhvi (A‡jŠwKK kw³i) Øviv| hv‡Z û¾vZ cÖwZwôZ nq A_ev
cÖ‡qvRb mvab nq|
A
‡hgb- KziAvb Kvixg, P›`ª we`xY© nIqv, jvwV fqvbK mvu‡c cwiYZ
nIqv, BZ¨vw`|
AZtci gyÔwRhvn& (¯^vfvweK bxwZ f½Kvix-A‡jŠwKK kw³)
beyIqv‡Zi mZ¨Zv cÖgv‡Yi `vjxj,Avi Kvivgvn& (Ajx‡ì RbÏ
A‡jŠwKK kw³) beyIqv‡Zi mZ¨Zv mv¶¨Kvix cÖgvb miƒc|
.[>:
8 F
g 3] ≈... γŒΗΤΩΤ⇒ΘΞ∼Ω‰<√≅†ΨŠ †ΩΤ⇒ς∏Σ♠Σ⁄ †ΩΤ⇒<∏Ω♠⁄ςΚ… ŸΤΩ⊆ς√ …
A_© t Avwg Avgvi ivm~j‡ì‡K my¯úó wb`k©Yvejx mn †cÖiY K‡iwQ|
[m~iv Avj-nv`x`,AvqvZ-25]
#\ G*5 { "5^ 5 u
8 "5 x Xe R:P! "5 :P "5 5))
9
c I NY#* &pj e JW c:W G0:I yz e
.[G: ]O05](( 5:=
A_© t cÖ‡Z¨K bvexB wb`k©b ev gyÔwRhvn cÖvß n‡q‡Qb wKš—y gyÔwRhvi
Zzjbvq gvbyl Cgvb Av‡b bvB| Avi Avwg hv cÖvß n‡qwQ Zv †mB
Iqvnx hv Avgvi wbKU (Avj−vn) AeZxY© K‡i‡Qb| d‡j Avwg
Avkvev`x †h, wKqvgZ wè‡m Zuv‡ì †P‡q Avgvi Abymvix †ekx n‡e|
[eyLvix I gymwjg ]
(10) Avgv‡ì bvex gynv¤§v` (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg)
Gi beyIqv‡Zi cÖwZ Cgvb t
Zuvi (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) beyIqv‡Zi cÖwZ Cgvb Avbv-
Cgv‡bi g~jbxwZ mg~‡ni GKwU Ab¨Zg g~jbxwZ| Gi Dci Cgvb
Avbv Qvov Kv‡ivI Cgvb cwic~Y© n‡e bv|
A1
(13) …_⁄κΨ⊕Ω♠ Ω⇑ÿΞ≤Ψ⊃ΗΤς∇<∏Ψ√ †ΩΤ⇓ŸΤΩΤ,∅ςΚ… :†ΠςΤ⇓ΞΜ†ΩΤ⊇ −ΨΨΤ√Σ♠Ω⁄Ω Ψϑð/≅†ΨŠ ?⇑Ψ∨ΣΤÿ ψΠς√ ⇑Ω∨Ω …
.[:
8 FS0O 3] ≈
A_© t hviv Avj−vn I Zvui ivm~‡ji cÖwZ Cgvb Av‡b bv, Avwg †mme
Kvwd‡ii Rb¨ R¡jš— AwMœ cÖ¯ËZ ‡i‡LwQ| [m~iv Avj-dvZn,AvqvZ-
13]
3 )e ( Xe Ge Xe X r\
W ; %Ix u#5))
.[N<5 J ](((
A_© t Avwg Av‡`k cÖvß n‡qwQ †h,gvby‡li mv‡_ hy× Kie hZ¶b bv
Zviv-Avj−vn Qvov mwZ¨Kvi †Kvb gvÔey` ‡bB, Ges Avwg Avj−vni
ivm~j-G K_vi mv¶¨ w`‡e| [gymwjg ]
wb‡æ ewY©Z wel‡qi Dci Cgvb Avbvi gva¨‡g bvex (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn
Iqvmvj−vg) Gi cÖwZ Cgvb Avbv cwic~Y© n‡e|
cÖ_gZ t Avgv‡ì bvex gynv¤§v` (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) Gi
m¤ú‡K© Ávb AR©b Kiv ev Rvbv| wZwb n‡jb gynv¤§v` web Avãyj−vn
web Avãyj gyËvwje web nvwkg, nvwkg KzivBk esk, Avi KzivBk Avie
esk Avi Avie BmgvCj web Be&ivnxg Avj-Lvjxj Gi eskai, Zuvi I
Avgv‡ì bvexi Dci me© DËg ì“` I mvjvg ewl©Z nDK| Zvui
†ZlwÆ eQi eqm n‡qwQj| beyqv‡Zi c~‡e© Pwj−k ermi, bvex I ivm~j
nIqvi c‡i †ZBk ermi|
wØZxqZ t bvex (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) †h wel‡q msev`
w`‡q‡Qb †m wel‡q Zuv‡K wek¦vm Kiv, †h welq wZwb Av‡`k K‡i‡Qb,
Zvi AbymiY Kiv| †h welq n‡Z wZwb wb‡la K‡i‡Qb I mZK©
K‡i‡Qb Zv n‡Z weiZ _vKv| wZwb †h weavb `vb K‡i‡Qb ‡m Abyhvqx
A>
Avj−vni Bev`vZ Kiv|
Z„ZxqZ t wZwb wR¡b Bb&mvb mK‡ji wbKU †cÖwiZ Avj−vni ivm~j G
K_vi wek¦vm ivLv| mevB‡K Zvui (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg)
AbymiY Ki‡Z n‡e|
3] ≈... †[Τ⊕∼Ψ∧Ω– ¬Σ|∼ς√ΜΞ… ϑðΨ/≅… ΣΣ♠Ω⁄ ΨΠ⇓ΜΞ… 〉♣†Πς⇒√≅… †ΩΘΣΤÿΚς†Η;ΤΤΩΤÿ ΣΤ∈ …
.[>C:
8 F_#!
A_© t Avcwb ejyb †n gvbe mKj ! Avwg †Zvgv‡ì mK‡ji cÖwZ
Avj−vni ivm~j wn‡m‡e †cÖwiZ n‡qwQ| [m~iv Avj-AvÔivd,AvqvZ-158]
PZz_©Z t Zuvi wimvjv‡Zi cÖwZ Cgvb Avbv, wZwb me©‡kªó I †kl bvex|
F['W! 3] ≈... Ω⇑
% ΓϑγΤΤ∼Ψ‰Πς⇒√≅… ðψΩΤZ†ΩΩ ϑðΨ/≅… ðΣ♠ΩΘ⁄ ⇑Ψ∇ΗΤς√Ω... …
.[1T:
8
A_© t eis wZwb Avj−vni ivm~j I †kl bvex| [m~iv Avj-
Avnhve,AvqvZ-41]
Ges wZwb Avj−vni Lvjxj I Av`g mš—v‡bi mi&`vi ev †bZv| wZwb
gnvb kvdvqv‡Zi gvwjK, Ges Rvbœv‡Z myD”P Aqvmxjv bvgK ¯’vb
ZvuiB Rb¨| wZwb nD‡h KvDmv‡ii gvwjK| Zuvi D¤§vZ me©‡kªó ev
DËg|
F# ^ 3] ≈... Ξ♣†Πς⇒Ψ∏√ πŒΩ–Ξ≤πΤΤΡΚ… ]◊ΤΤΠς∨ΡΚ… Ω⁄κΤΩ ⌠¬Σ,⇒Ρ …
.[T:
8
A_© t †ZvgivB †kªó D¤§Z hv gvby‡li (Kj¨v‡Yi)Rb¨ m„wRZ n‡q‡Q|
A?
[m~iv-Avwj-Bgivb,AvqvZ,20]
AwaKvsk RvbœvZevmx n‡e ZvuiB D¤§Z Ges Zvui wimvjvZ c~e©eZx©
mKj wimvjv‡Zi iwnZ Kvix|
cÂgZ t Avj−vn Zvu‡K gnvb gyÔwRhvn& I my¯úó wb`k©b Øviv
mn‡hvwMZv K‡i‡Qb| Zv nj gnvMÖš’ Avj-KziAvb Avj−vni evYx hv
cwieZ©b I cwiea©b n‡Z msi¶xZ|
…ΩϒΗΤΩ∑ ΞπΤΤ‘Ψ∧ΨŠ Ν…ΣΤZ<Κ†ΩΤÿ ⇐Κς… υϖς∏Ω∅ ΘΣ⇑Ψ•<√≅…Ω 〉♦⇓‚ΞΜ≅… γŒΩ⊕Ω∧ΩΤ,–≅… Ξ⇑ΜΞΠς√ ΣΤ∈ …
(88) …_⁄κΞςℵ≡ ω×⊕Ω‰Ψ√ ⌠¬Σ〉∝⊕ΩΤŠ φ†ς ⌠Τς√Ω −ΨΨπ∏‘Ψ∧ΨŠ Ω⇐ΣΤZΚ<†Ωÿ ‚Ω" γ⇐…ƒ∫⌠≤ΤΣ⊆<√≅…
.[CC:
8 FR#3 3] ≈
A_© t ejyb t hw` gvbe I wR¡b GB KziAv‡bi Abyiƒc iPbv K‡i
Avbq‡bi Rb¨ GKwÎZ nq, Ges Zviv ci¯ú‡ii mvnvh¨Kvix nq,ZeyI
Zviv Gi Abyiƒc iPbv K‡i Avb‡Z cvi‡e bv| [m~iv Avj-
Bmiv,AvqvZ-88]
F#g 3] ≈ (9) Ω⇐Ρℵ≠Ψ⊃ΗΤΤΩ™ς√ ΙΣΩΤ√ †ΠςΤ⇓ΜΞ…Ω Ω≤Τ{ΠΨϒ√≅… †ΩΤ⇒<√ΘΩ∞ΩΤ⇓ Σ⇑™Ω⇓ †ΠςΤ⇓ΞΜ… …
.[D:
8
A_© t Avwg ¯^qs G Dc‡`k MÖš’ AeZiY K‡iwQ Ges Avwg wb‡RB Gi
msi¶K| [m~iv Avj-wnRi,AvqvZ-9]
lóZ t wbðq ivm~j (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) wimvjvZ cÖPvi
K‡i‡Qb, AvgvbZ Av`vq K‡i‡Qb, D¤§vZ‡ì‡K Dc‡`k w`‡q‡Qb|
mKj cÖKvi Kj¨v‡Yi mÜvb w`‡q‡Qb, I Zvi cÖwZ DrmvwnZ K‡i‡Qb|
mKj cÖKvi AKj¨vY n‡Z Zvui D¤§vZ‡K wb‡la K‡i‡Qb| I Zv n‡Z
AA
Zv‡ì‡K mveavb K‡i‡Qb|
}°ÿΞ≤Ωš ψΠΡ,Ψ⇒Ω∅†Ω∨ Ψ∼ς∏Ω∅ ε∞ÿΞ∞Ω∅ ⌠¬Σ|Ψ♥Σ⊃⇓Κς… ⌠⇑ΨΘ∨ χΣ♠Ω⁄ ⌠¬Σ{∫ƒ:†Ω– ŸΩ⊆ς√ …
.[C:
8 F 0 3] ≈ (128) χψ∼ΨšΘΩ⁄ χ∩Σ∫Ω⁄ φκΨ⇒Ψ∨Σ∧<√≅†ΨŠ ¬Σ|∼ς∏Ω∅
A_© t †Zvgv‡ì Kv‡Q G‡m‡Q †Zvgv‡ì ga¨ †_‡KB GKRb ivm~j|
†Zvgv‡ì `ytL-Kó Zuvi c‡¶-`ytmn| wZwb †Zvgv‡ì
g½jKvgx,gyÔwgb‡ì cÖwZ †ønkxj,`qvgq|
[m~iv AvZ&ZvIevn,AvqvZ-128]
K7 { G05
G: c=W Xe x 5 n ( G* mP "5 5))
.[N<5 J ]((N G
5#L "5 G05 z` N G
5
A_© t Avgvi D¤§v‡Zi c~‡e© Avj−vn hZ bvex (AvjvBwnm& mvjvg) †cÖiY
K‡i‡Qb, Zv‡ì Dci `vwqZ¡ wQj wbR D¤§v‡Zi Rb¨ hv Kj¨vbKi
Zv‡ì‡K Zvi mÜvb †Ìqv| Avi hv Kj¨vYKi bq Zv n‡Z Zv‡ì‡K
mZK© Kiv| [gymwjg kixd ]
mßgZ t Zvu‡K (bvex mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg ) fvj evmv, I
Zvui fv‡jvevmv‡K wb‡Ri Rv‡bi I mKj m„wóRx‡ei fvjevmvi Dci
cÖvavb¨ †Ìqv| Zuv‡K m¤§vb Kiv, ghv©`v †Ìqv, Bn&‡Zivg Kiv, I
Zvui AvbyMZ¨ Kiv| wbðq Bnv †m nK¡ ev AwaKvi hv Avj−vn Zuvi
wKZv‡e Zvui bvex (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) Gi Rb¨ mve¯—
K‡i‡Qb| KviY Zuvi fvjevmv cÖK…Z c‡¶ Avj−vni fvjevmv, Ges Zvui
AvbyMZ¨ cÖK…Z c‡¶ Avj−vni AvbyMZ¨|
AC
.[:
8 F# ^ 3] ≈ (31) χψ∼ΨšΘΩ⁄ χ⁄Σ⊃ΩΤ∅ Σϑð/≅…Ω πψ
A_© t ejyb, hw` †Zvgiv Avj−vn‡K fvjevm, Zvn‡j Avgv‡K AbymiY
Ki,hv‡Z Avj−vnI †Zvgvw`M‡K fvj ev‡mb Ges †Zvgvw`M‡K †Zvgv‡ì
cvc gvR©bv K‡i †`b| Avi Avj−vn n‡jb ¶gvKvix `qvjy| [m~iv Avwj-
Bgivb,AvqvZ-31]
; J J "5 G:e /W W NW "5H
X))
.[G: ]O05]((V
A_© t †Zvgv‡ì †KnB ZZ¶b ch©š— gyÔwgb n‡Z cv‡ibv hZ¶b ch©š—
Avwg Zv‡ì wbKU Zv‡ì †Q‡j mš—vb, wcZvgvZv, I mKj gvby‡li
†P‡q wcÖqZg bv n‡ev| [eyLvix I gymwjg ]
AógZ t bvex (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) Gi Dci ì“` I
mvjvg †ekx †ekx cvV Kiv| KviY K…cY H e¨w³ hvi wbKU bvex
(mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) Gi bvg D‡j−L¨ nIqvi ciI Zvui
Dci ì“` cvV K‡ibv|
Ν…Σ⇒ΤΩ∨…ƒ∫ Ω⇑ÿΨϒΠς√≅… †ΩΘΣΤÿΚς†Η;ΤΤΩΤÿ 
ϑγ& Ψ‰Πς⇒√≅… ς∏Ω∅ Ω⇐ΡΠ∏ΤΩ±ΣΤÿ ΙΣΩ,ΤΩ|Μ;ΗΤςΤ∏Ω∨Ω ϑðΩ/≅… ΘΩ⇐ΜΞ… …
.[>?:
8 F['W! 3] ≈ (56) †[∧∼Ψ∏Τ♥ΩΤZ Ν…Σ∧ΠΨ∏Ω♠Ω ΨΤ∼ς∏Ω∅ Ν…ΠΡ∏Ω″
A_© t Avj−vn I Zvui wdwik&ZvMY bvexi cÖwZ ingZ el©Y K‡ib| †n
gyÔwgbMY ! †Zvgiv bvexi Dci ì“` I mvjvg cvV Ki| [m~iv Avj-
Avn&hve,AvqvZ-56]
AD
.[N<5 J ]((c#\ Z G: ( { W f { "5))
A_© t †h, e¨w³ Avgvi Dci GKevi ì“` cvV Ki‡e Avj−vn Zvi Dci
Gi wewbg‡q `kevi ing Ki‡eb| [gymwjg kixd ]
wb‡æi ¯’vb ¸‡jv‡Z Zvui (bvex mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) Dci
ì“` cvV Kiv AZ¨vš— ¸i“Z¡ c~Y|©
bvgv‡hi Zvkvû‡`, wewZi bvgv‡hi †`vqvq Kzby‡Z, Rvbvhvi bvgv‡h,
RygÔAvi Lyrev‡Z | Avhv‡bi ci, gvmwR‡` cÖ‡ek I gvmwR` n‡Z †ei
nIqvi mgq| `yÔAvi mgq Ges hLb (bvex mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn
Iqvmvj−vg) Gi bvg D‡j−L¨ Kiv nq, Av‡iv Ab¨vb¨ ¯’v‡b|
begZ t bvex (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) I mKj bvex
(AvjvBwngym& mvjvg) Zuv‡ì cÖfyi wbKU RxweZ| knx`‡ì Ke‡ii
Rxeb n‡Z Zuv‡ì (AvjvBwngym& mvjvg) Ke‡ii Rxeb Av‡iv †ekx
cwic~Y© I D”P| Z‡e Zvu‡ì Ke‡ii Rxeb, c„w_exi Rxe‡bi gZ bq|
Zv Ggb Rxeb hvi weeiY m¤ú©‡K Avgiv Rvwbbv, ‡m Rxeb Zuv‡ì
n‡Z g„Zzï bvgI `~i K‡ibv|
J ]((R:P! <& %pI t! { 9#W ( e))
.[,<
A_© t Avj−vn Rwg‡bi Rb¨ bvex‡ì jvk f¶Y †K nvivg K‡i
w`‡q‡Qb| [Avey `vD` I bvmvqx ]
G: W f ( Xe f N<
N<5 "5 5))
.[ J ]((9-<
A_© t hLbB †Kvb gymjgvb Avgv‡K mvjvg †`q ZLbB Avj−vn Avgvi
i“n& ev AvZœv Avgvi wbKU wdwi‡q †`b Zvi mvjv‡gi DËi †Ìqvi
CT
Rb¨| [ Avey `vD` ]
`kgZ t Zvui RxeÏkvq Zvui mvg‡b DPz AvIqvR bv Kiv, Abyi“c Zvui
Ke‡i Zvui Dci mvjvg †Ìqvi mgq DPz AvIqvR bv Kiv bvex
(mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg)†K Bn&‡Ziv‡gi Aš—f©y³|
‚Ω"Ω ϑγΨ‰Πς⇒√≅… γ‹Ω″ ð⊄ΩΤ⊇ ¬Ρ∇ΩΤZ.Ω″ςΚ… Ν…;Σ⊕ΩΤ⊇⌠≤ΩΤZ ‚Ω" Ν…Σ⇒Ω∨…ƒ∫ Ω⇑ÿΨϒΠς√≅… †ΩΘΣΤÿΚς†Η;ΤΤΩÿ …
¬Ρ∇Ρ∏ΗΤΩ∧∅ςΚ… ð÷Ω‰µðš ⇐Κς… ∴×⊕Ω‰Ψ√ ¬Σ|Ψ∝⊕ΩΤŠ Ξ≤Ω•ς ΞΩ⊆<√≅†ΨŠ ΙΣς√ Ν…Σ≤Ωµð–
.[:
8 Fu#g 3] ≈ (2) Ω⇐Σ≤Σ⊕πΤ↑ΩΤZ ‚Ω" ψΣ,⇓Κς…Ω
A_© t †n gyÔwgbMY ! †Zvgiv bvexi KÚ¯^‡ii Dci †Zvgv‡ì KÚ¯î-
DuPz Kibv,Ges †Zvgiv G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ †hiƒc DuPz ¯^‡i K_v ej,
Zvui mv‡_ †miƒc DuPz ¯^‡i K_v e‡jvbv| G‡Z †Zvgv‡ì Kg© wbõj n‡q
hv‡e Ges †Zvgiv †UiI cv‡ebv| [m~iv Avj-ûRivZ,AvqvZ-2]
`vd‡bi ci Zvu‡K (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) m¤§vb Kiv, Zvui
RxweZ Ae¯’vq m¤§vb Kivi b¨vq|
AZtci Zvu‡K Avgiv m¤§vb Ki‡ev †h fv‡e mvnvev‡q †Kivg Zvu‡K
m¤§vb Ki‡Zb|
KviY Zvuiv (ivwhqvj−vû Avbûg) mKj gvby‡li †P‡q Zvui (mvj−vj−vû
AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) AwaK AbymiYKvix wQ‡jb| Zvuiv (ivwhqvj−vû
Avbûg) Zvui (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) wei“waZv Kiv n‡Z Ges
Øx‡bi Aš—f©y³ bq Ggb wKQy Øx‡bi gv‡S ms‡hvRb Kiv n‡Z AwaK
`~‡i _vK‡Zb|
GKv`kZg t Zvui (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) mvnvev‡ì‡K,
cwievi-cwiRb‡K I ¯¿x‡ì‡K fvj evmv I Zuv‡ì mK‡ji mv‡_ eÜzZ¡
ivLv| Zuv‡ì ghv©`vnvbx n‡Z ev Zuv‡ì‡K Mvjx †Ìqv n‡Z I Zuv‡ì
C
Pwi‡Î †Kvb cÖKvi AvNvZ nvbv n‡Z mveavb _vKv| KviY Avj−vn
Zuv‡ì cÖwZ ivwR n‡q‡Qb, I Zvu‡ì‡K Zvui bvex (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn
Iqvmvj−vg) mnPi wnmv‡e wbev©Pb K‡i wb‡q‡Qb| GB D¤§v‡Zi Dci
Zv‡ì mv‡_ eÜzZ¡ ivLv IqvwRe K‡i w`‡q‡Qb|
Ω⇑ÿΨϒΠς√≅…Ω Ψ⁄†Ω±⇓ΚΚς‚≅…Ω Ω⇑ÿΞ≤Ψ•ΗΤΩΣ∧<√≅… Ω⇑Ψ∨ Ω⇐Ρ√ΠςΚς‚≅… φΣΤ⊆Ψ‰ΗΤϑð♥√≅…Ω …
F 0 3] ≈... ΣΤΤ⇒Ω∅ Ν…Σ∂Ω⁄Ω ⌠¬Σ⇒Ω∅ ϑðΣ/≅… 

ƒ Ψ∂Πς⁄ ω⇑ΗΤΩ♥šΜΞ†ΨŠ ¬Σ∑Σ⊕ΩΤ‰ΠςΤZ≅…
.[TT:
8
A_© t Avi hviv me© cÖ_g wnRiZ Kvix I AvbQvi‡ì gv‡S cyivZb,
Ges hviv Zv‡ì AbymiY K‡i‡Q, Avj−vn †m mg¯— †jvK‡ì cÖwZ mš—yó
n‡q‡Qb, Ges ZvivI Zvui cÖwZ mš—yó n‡q‡Q| [m~iv AvZ&
ZvIevn,AvqvZ-100]
Ys W %*5 NW ]OP J: <OP yzj <I X))
.[y J ]((GO:bP X NYW 5 ¡ 5
A_© t ‡Zvgiv Avgvi mvnvev‡ì‡K Mvjx wÌbv, †mB mZ¨vi kc_ hvi
nv‡Z Avgvi cÖvY, †Zvgv‡ì †KD hw` Dû` ce©‡Zi mgcwigvb
(Avj−vni c‡_) e¨vq K‡i, ZeyI Zv‡ì G wekvj e¨vq mvnvev‡ì
Avj−vni iv¯—vq GK gy`& (cÖvq 700MÖvg) ev Aa© gy`& e¨vq Kivi mgvb
n‡e bv| [eyLvix ]
myZivs cieZx© †jvK‡ì DwPZ mvnvev‡ì Rb¨ ¶gv cÖv_©bv Ges
wb‡R‡ì g‡b Zvu‡ì e¨vcv‡i hv‡Z †Kvb cÖKvi KzwUjZv bv _v‡K G
Rb¨ Avj−vni Kv‡Q `yÔAv Kiv|
C
†φΤΤΤ⇒ς√ ⌠≤ΤΨ⊃<∅≅… †ΩΤ⇒ΘΩΤŠΩ⁄ φΡ√Σ⊆ΩΤÿ ⌠¬Ψ∑ΨŸ⊕ΩΤŠ =⇑Ψ∨ Σ∫:†Ω– φ⇔ΤÿΨϒΠς√≅…Ω …
⊥ν„Ψ∅ †Ω⇒ΨΤŠΣΤ∏ΣΤ∈ ℑ Ω⊕ðµ– ‚Ω"Ω Ξ⇑ΗΤΩ∧ÿ‚ΞΜ≅†ΨŠ †ΩΤ⇓Σ⊆Ω‰Ω♠ φ⇔ΤÿΨϒΠς√≅… †Ω⇒ΨΤ⇓ΩΗΤ‚ΜΞγ"Ω
.[T:
8 F#\g 3] ≈ (10) ε¬∼ΨšΘΩ⁄ χ∩Σ∫Ω⁄ ð∠Πς⇓ΜΞ… :†Ω⇒ΘΩΤŠΩ⁄ Ν…Σ⇒Ω∨…ƒ∫ Ω⇑ÿΨϒΠς∏ΠΨ√
A_© t hviv Zuv‡ì c‡i AvMgb K‡i‡Q Zuviv e‡j t †n Avgv‡ì cvjb
KZv© ! Avgv‡ì‡K Ges Cgv‡b AMÖYx Avgv‡ì fvB‡ì‡K ¶gv Ki
Ges Cgvb`vi‡ì wei“‡× Avgv‡ì Aš—‡i †Kvb we‡Øl †iLbv| †n
Avgv‡ì cvjb KZv©, Avcwb `qvjy cig Ki“Yvgq| [m~iv Avj-
nvki,AvqvZ-10]
Øv`kZg t Zvui (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) e¨vcv‡i AwZiwÄZ
Kiv n‡Z weiZ _vKv| KviY AwZiwÄZ Kiv Zvu‡K (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn
Iqvmvj−vg) eo Kó †Ìqvi Aš—fy©³| KviY bvex (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn
Iqvmvj−vg) Zvui D¤§vZ‡K Zvui e¨vcv‡i AwZiwÄZ Kiv n‡Z I Zvui
cªksmv Kivi mgq mxgv jsNb Kiv n‡Z mZK© K‡i‡Qb| Avj−vn
ZvÔAvjv Zuv‡K †h ghv©`v w`‡q‡Qb, Zvu‡K Zvi †P‡q ghv©`v †Ìqv n‡Z
mZK© K‡i‡Qb| KviY Bnv GKgvÎ Avj−vni Rb¨ Lvm|
Uj )j #I /W X FG3 ( =j P e))
((¢5
A_© t Avwg GKRb ev›`v ev `vm, myZivs †Zvgiv Avgv‡K Avj−vni ev›`v
I Avj−vni ivm~j ej| †Zvgiv Avgv‡K Avgvi ghv©`vi †P‡q DPz Kibv
GUv Avwg fvj evwmbv|
.[y J ]((l#5 " hb u#k ) #|I X))
C
A_© t ‡Zvgiv Avgvi e¨vcv‡i AwZiwÄZ Kibv †hgb L„óvbiv Cmv web
gviBqvg ( AvjvBwnm& mvjvg) Gi e¨vcv‡i AwZiwÄZ K‡iwQj|
[eyLvix ]
Zvu‡K (bvex mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) AvnŸvb Kiv, I Zvui Kv‡Q
dwiqv` Kiv| Zuvi Ke‡ii cvk w`‡q Z¡vIqvd Kiv, Zuvi bv‡g bRi
gvbv, cï R‡en& Kiv êa bq|
G mKj KvR Avj−vni mv‡_ kixK Kivi bvgvš—i, A_P Avj−vn A‡bï
Bev`vZ Kiv n‡Z wb‡la K‡i‡Qb| Abyiƒc fv‡e Zvu‡K Bn‡Zivg bv
Kivq Zuvi cÖwZ Awbnv cÖKvk cvq| Zvui gvb nvwb Kiv,Zvu‡K Zz”Q
Rvbv Zvui e¨vcv‡i VvÆv-we`ª~c Kiv, Bmjvg n‡Z gyi&Zv` ev †ei n‡q
hvIqv I Avj−vni mv‡_ Kzdzix Kiv|
‚Ω" (65) φΣ∫Ξ∞ΩΤ,♥ΩΤZ ψΣ,⇒Ρ −ΨΨΤ√Σ♠Ω⁄Ω −ΨΨ,ΗΩΤΤÿ…ƒ∫Ω ΨΠς∏√≅†ΨŠΚς… ΣΤ∈ ... …
F ?? :
8 F 0 3] ≈ ...ψ
& Ρ∇Ψ⇒ΗΤΩ∧ÿΞΜ… ΩŸ⊕ΩΤŠ ¬ΣZπ≤ΤΩ⊃ς ŸΩΤ∈ Ν…Σ⁄ΨϒΩ,πΤ⊕ΩΤZ
.[?A
A_© t Avcwb ejyb t †Zvgiv wK Avj−vni mv‡_ Zvui ûKzg-Avn&Kv‡gi
mv‡_ Ges Zvui ivm~‡ji mv‡_ VvÆv-we`ªƒc K‡iwQ‡j ? Qjbv Kibv,
†Zvgiv ‡h Kv‡di n‡q †MQ Cgvb cÖKvk Kivi ci| [m~iv AvZ&
ZvIevn-AvqvZ-65-66]
ivm~j (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) †K mwZ¨Kvi fvjevmv Zvui
bxwZi I mybœv‡Zi AbymiY I AbyKiY, Zvui (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn
Iqvmvj−vg) c‡_i we‡ivwaZv bv Kivi w`‡K †cÖiYv †hvMvq|
C1
.[:
8 F# ^ 3] ≈ (31) χψ∼ΨšΘΩ⁄ χ⁄Σ⊃ΩΤ∅ Σϑð/≅…Ω πψ
A_© t ejyb, hw` †Zvgiv Avj−vn‡K fvj evm, Zvn‡j Avgv‡K AbymiY
Ki hv‡Z Avj−vnI †Zvgvw`M‡K fvj ev‡mb Ges †Zvgvw`M‡K †Zvgv‡ì
cvc gvR©bv K‡i †`b| Avi Avj−vn n‡jb ¶gvKvix `qvjy| [m~iv Avwj-
Bgivb,AvqvZ-31]
ivm~j (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) Gi m¤§v‡bi e¨vcv‡i †ekx-K‡g
mxgvjsNb bv Kiv IqvwRe|
ZvB Zuv‡K Djynxqv‡Zi (gvÔey‡ì) ¸‡b ¸bvw¤^Z Kiv hv‡ebv| Zuvi
ghv©`v m¤§vb I fvjevmvi AwaKvi Kgv‡bvI hv‡ebv, hvi Ab¨Zg
êwkó nj Zvi kixqv‡Zi AbymiY Kiv, Zvi bxwZi Dci Pjv I Zvui
(mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) AbyKiY Kiv|
Îq`kZg t bvex (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) Gi cÖwZ Cgvb
Avbv c~Yv©½ n‡e Zvu‡K mZ¨vwqZ I wZwb †h kixqvZ wb‡q G‡m‡Qb Zvi
Dci Avgj Kivi gva¨‡g, GUv Zuvi (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg)
AvbyMZ¨ Kivi A_©|
Zuvi AvbyMZ¨ e¯—yZ Avj−vniB AvbyMZ¨, Avi Zvui (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn
Iqvmvj−vg) bvdvigvbx e¯—yZ Avj−vniB bvdvigvbx| Avi Zvu‡K c~Y©fv‡e
wek¦vm I Abymi‡Yi gva¨‡gB Zvui cÖwZ cwic~Y©fv‡e Cgvb Avbv n‡q
_v‡K|
C>
#78 9: :456 "#
cÂg i“K&b t †kl wè‡mi cÖwZ Cgvb |
(1) ‡kl wè‡mi (Av‡Liv‡Zi) cÖwZ Cgvb t
G wek¦vm †cvlY Kiv †h, cvw_©e Rxeb †kl n‡q g„Zz¨ I Kei Rxe‡bi
gva¨‡g Ab¨ RMZ ïi“ n‡e| Gfv‡e wKqvgZ msNwUZ n‡e, Zvi ci
cybi“Ìvb, nvki, bvki, I wnmve wbKv‡ki ci djvdj cÖvß n‡q
RvbœvZxiv Rvbœv‡Z Ges Rvnvbœvgxiv Rvnvbœv‡g hv‡e|
‡kl wè‡mi cÖwZ Cgvb Avbv Cgv‡bi i“K&b mg~‡ni Ab¨Zg GKwU
i“K&b| hvi cÖwZ Cgvb Avbv Qvov †Kvb ev›`vi Cgvb cwic~Y© n‡ebv|
Avi †h e¨w³ †kl wèm‡K A¯^xKvi Ki‡e †m Kvwdi n‡q hv‡e|
F#= 3] ≈... Ξ≤Ψ›‚"≅… Ψζ⌠ΤΩ∼<√≅…Ω Ψϑð/≅†ΨŠ Ω⇑Ω∨…ƒ∫ ⌠⇑Ω∨ ΘΩ⁄Ψι<√≅… ΘΩ⇑Ψ∇ΗΤς√Ω ... …
.[AA:
8
A_© t eis mrKvR nj GB †h, Cgvb Avb‡e Avj−vni Dci, I
C?
wKqvgZ wè‡mi Dci| [m~iv Avj-evK¡viv-AvqvZ,177 ]
wRe&ivCj (AvjvBwnm& mvjvg)Gi nv`x‡m G‡m‡Q, bvex (mvj−vj−vû
AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) e‡jb t
G3 FG0 G0+,-5 F( "5HI :x v " )£7pj))
.[>A/N<5 J ]((J#L JK7 = "5HI F#78 9:
A_© t wRe&ivCj e‡jb t†n gynv¤§v` (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg)
Avgv‡K Cgvb m¤ú©‡K AeMZ Ki“Y| bvex (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn
Iqvmvj−vg) e‡jb t Cgvb nj t Avj−vn I Zvui wdwik&Zv, Zuvi wKZve
mg~n, Zvui ivm~j (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwngym mvjvg) Ges †kl wè‡mi cÖwZ
Cgvb Avbv, Av‡iv Cgvb Avbv fv‡Mï fvj g‡›ì cÖwZ| [gymwjg
kixd ]
‡kl wè‡mi c~‡e© wKqvg‡Zi †h mKj AvjvgZ msNwVZ n‡e Zvi cÖwZ
Cgvb Avbv, †h ¸wj m¤ú©‡K bvex (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg)
msev` w`‡q‡Qb|
Av‡jgMY G AvjvgZ‡K `yÕfv‡M wef³ K‡i‡Qb|
(K) †QvU AvjvgZ t hv wKqvgZ wbK‡U nIqv eySvq, Bnv A‡bK
i‡q‡Q| AwaKvsk msNwVZ bv n‡jI A‡bK msNwVZ n‡q ‡M‡Q| †hgb
bvex (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqv mvj−v‡gi) †cÖiY| Avgvb‡Zi wLqvbZ
Kiv| gvm&wR` AwaK gvÎvq mvR m¾v I Zv wb‡q Mf© Kiv| eo eo
AUªvwjKv wb‡q ivLvj‡ì Mf© Kiv| Bqvû`x‡ì mv‡_ hy× I Zv‡ì
wbnZ nIqv| mgq wbKUeZx© nIqv, Avgj K‡g hvIqv, wdrbv-dvmv`
cÖKvk cvIqv, AwaK nZ¨v nIqv, e¨wfPvi I Ab¨vq KvR AwaK
gvÎvq nIqv|
.[:
8 F#= 3] (1)≈ Σ≤Ω∧Ω⊆<√≅… ςΠ⊂Ω↑⇓≅…Ω Σ◊Ω∅†ϑð♥√≅… ΨŒΩΤŠΩ≤ΩΤπ,Τ∈≅… …
CA
A_© t wKqvgZ Avmbœ I P›`ª we`xY© n‡q‡Q|
[m~iv Avj-K¡vgvi-AvqvZ-1]
(L) eo AvjvgZ t hv wKqvg‡Zi c~e© g~û‡Z© msNwVZ n‡e Ges wKqvgZ
ïi“ nIqvi mZK© Ki‡e| Ggb eo AvjvgZ `kwU| GKwUI cÖKvwkZ
nqwb|
eo AvjvgZ mg~n †hgb t Bgvg gvn&`xi AvMgY, `v¾v‡ji AvMgY,
Cmv (AvjvBwnm& mvjvg) Gi AvKvk n‡Z b¨vq wePviK wnmv‡e
AeZiY, wZwb L„óvb‡ì µz‡mW †f‡½ w`‡eb, `v¾vj I ïKzi‡K nZ¨v
Ki‡eb| K‡ii AvBb iwnZ Ki‡eb| Bmjvgx kixqvZ Abycv‡Z wePvi
cwiPvjbv Ki‡eb| BqvRyR, gvÔRyR †ei n‡e| Zv‡ì aŸs‡mi `yÔAv
Ki‡eb, AZtci Zviv gviv hv‡e| wZbwU eo f~wg K¤ú n‡e| c~‡e©
GKwU, cwð‡g GKwU, RvwRivZyj Avi‡e GKwU| †avuqv †ei n‡e, Zv
nj AvKvk n‡Z cÖPÛ †avuqv †b‡g G‡m mKj gvbyl‡K ‡X‡K wb‡e|
KziAvb Rwgb n‡Z AvKv‡k Zz‡j †bIqv n‡e| cwðg AvKv‡k m~h©
Dw`Z n‡e| GK (A™¢yZ) PZz¯ú` Rš—y †ei n‡e| Bqvgv‡bi Av`b
(RvqMvi bvg) n‡Z fqvbK Av¸b †ei n‡q gvbyl‡ì kv‡gi w`‡K wb‡q
Avm‡e| GUvB me©‡kl eo AvjvgZ|
ûhvBdv web DmvC` Avj-wMdvix (ivwhqvj−vû Avbû) n‡Z, Bgvg
gymwjg eY©bv K‡ib| wZwb (ûhvBdv) e‡jb t
#z0P "¥ m 2k :x Q QyO :3 " O
zW "
#I W 9=I " ¦e :x . < #zI :x v #zI 5)) :=j
"5 4\ §k F F& F7 :#zj.u
^ #\ rx
<7 :_<7 o-o F&p
Fl#5 " {<: 'P F Z#5
#¨ P qs#7^ F[# #
' <7 F[# <7 FU#\
CC
.[N<5 J ]((NY#\ ©e ; #|I ": "5
A_© t bvex (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) Avgv‡ì wbKU AvMgY
Ki‡jb, GgZve¯’vq Avgiv GK welq wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z wQjvg|
wZwb ej&‡jb †Zvgiv wK welq Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ZQ? Zuviv ej&‡jb Avgiv
wKqvg‡Zi e¨vcv‡i Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ZwQ| wZwb ej&‡jb t wKqvgZ
msNwUZ n‡e bv hZ¶b bv †Zvgiv Zvi c~‡e© `kwU AvjvgZ msNwVZ
n‡Z †`L‡e| AZtci AvjvgZ mg~n D‡j−L Ki‡jb t †avuqv, `v¾vj,
PZz¯ú` Rš—y cwðg w`K n‡Z m~h© DVv, Cmv web gvwiBqvg Gi
AvMgY, BqvRyR-gvÔRyR AvMgY, wZbwU f~wg K¤ú- GKwU c~‡e© Avi
GKwU cwð‡g, Avi GKwU RvwRivZzj Avi‡e, †kl AvjvgZ nj
Bqvgvb n‡Z Av¸b †ei n‡q gvbyl‡ì‡K nvk‡ii gv‡Vi w`‡K wb‡q
hv‡e| [gymwjg kixd]
F«P t! #¨ F: ( G:=<
yr 5 #7^ n #ª))
Fc:P Fc3 ¬:
F 5! N~I F :L #*+I FcW |
.[0< n Ng J ]((cW
A_© t Avgvi D¤§v‡Zi †kl fv‡M Bgvg gvn&`x †ei n‡eb, Zvi Dci
Avj−vn& e„wó el©b Ki‡eb| Rwgb Dw™¢Z Rb¥ w`‡e| my¯’¨ I m”Qj
†jvK‡ì gvj cÖ`vY Kiv n‡e| PZz¯ú` Rvbyqv‡ii msL¨v †e‡o hv‡e|
D¤§v‡Zi msL¨v †e‡o hv‡e| wZwb mvZ A_ev AvU eQi emevm
Ki‡eb| (nv‡Kg)
ewY©Z Av‡Q †h H wb`k©b ¸‡jv chv©q µ‡g msMwVZ n‡e, ‡hgb cyw_i
gvjvq cyw_ chv©qµ‡g mvRv‡bv _v‡K| G¸‡jvi GKwU msNwVZ nIqvi
ci ciB AciwU msNwVZ n‡e| G `kwU wb`k©b msNwVZ nIqvi ci
ciB Avj−vni Av‡`‡k wKqvgZ msNwVZ n‡e|
CD
wKqvgZ Øviv wK eySvq t wKqvgZ Øviv D‡Ïk¨ nj H w`b, †h w`b
gvbyl Avj−vni Av‡`‡k Zv‡ì Kei n‡Z †ei n‡e, wnmve wbKv‡ki
Rb¨, AZtci mrKg©kxj mydj I kvwš— Ges Amr Kg©kxj kvw¯— cÖvß
n‡e|
Ω⇐Σ∝ΨΤ⊇Σÿ ξˆΣ±ΣΤ⇓ υς√ΞΜ… ¬ΣΤΠςΤ⇓ςΚ†ς †_Τ∅…Ω≤γ♠ ΨÂ…ΩŸ–Κς‚≅… Ω⇑Ψ∨ Ω⇐Σ–Σ≤µð Ω⋅Ωÿ …
.[1:
8 F 3] ≈ (43)
A_© t †m w`b Zviv Kei †_‡K `ªZ ‡e‡M †ei n‡e-‡hb Zviv †Kvb GK
j¶¨¯’‡ji w`‡K Qy‡U hv‡”Q| [m~iv Avj-gvAvwiR,AvqvZ-43 ]
G w`‡bi GKvwaK bvg KziAvb Kvix‡g D‡j−L¨ n‡q‡Q|
‡hgb- ( 5:= 9
) BqvIgyj wK¡qvgvn, ( =)Avj-K¡vwiqvn,
([<g 9
) BqvIgyj wnmve, ( "
9
) BqvIgy`&w`b, ( 5|)
AvZ&Z¡vgvn, ( x) Avj-IqvwK¡qvn, ( xg) Avj-nv°vn, ( 7b)
Avm&mvL&Lvn, ( :L) Avj-Mvwkqvn, BZ¨vw`|
( 5:= 9
) BqvIgyj wK¡qvgvn& t
.[:
8 F 5:= 3] ≈ (1) Ψ◊Ω∧ΗΤΩ∼Ψ⊆<√≅… Ψζ⌠ΤΩ∼ΨŠ Σ¬Ψ♥πΤΤΤ∈ΚΡ… :‚Ω" …
A_© t wKqvgvZ wè‡mi kc_| [m~iv Avj-wK¡qvgvn, AvqvZ-1 ]
( =) Avj-K¡vwiqvn& t
.[ F:0
8 F = 3] ≈ (2) Σ◊Ω∅Ψ⁄†Ω⊆<√≅… †Ω∨ (1) Σ◊Ω∅Ψ⁄†φΤΤΤΤ⊆<√≅… …
A_© t (Avj K¡vwiqvn&) KivNvZKvix, KivNvZKvix wK ? [m~iv Avj-
DT
K¡vwiqvn, AvqvZ-1-2 ]
([<g 9
) BqvIgyj wnmve t
†Ω∧ΨŠ =ΣŸÿΨŸφΤΤ→ τ‡…ΩϒΩ∅ ⌠¬ΤΣς√ ϑðΨ/≅… Ξ∼Ξ‰φΤΤ♠ ⇑Ω∅ φΠΡ∏Ψ∝ΩΤÿ Ω⇑ÿΨϒΠς√≅… ΘΩ⇐ΜΞ…... …
.[?:
8 F® 3] ≈ (26) γ‡†Ω♥Ψ™<√≅… Ω⋅⌠ΤΩÿ Ν…Σ♥ΩΤΤ⇓
A_© t wbðq hviv Avj−vni c_ †_‡K wePz¨Z nq, Zv‡ì Rb¨ i‡q‡Q
†KvVi kvw¯—, G Kvi‡Y †h, Zviv wnmve wèm‡K f~‡j hvq| [m~iv
†Qvqv`, AvqvZ-26 ]
("
9
) BqvIgy`& w`b t
≈ (15) Ξ⇑ÿΠΨŸ√≅… Ω⋅Ωÿ †ΩΩΤ⇓⌠Τς∏π±Ωÿ (16) N:& O O e …
.[> F 1:0
8 F|OPX 3]
A_© t Ges cvwcóiv _vK‡e Rvnvbœv‡g, Zviv wePvi wè‡m Z_vq cÖ‡ek
Ki‡e| [m~iv Avj- Bb&wdZvi,AvqvZ-14-15 ]
( 5¯|)AvZ&Z¡vgvn& t
.[1:
8 Fu 3] ≈ (34) υΩ⁄ιΡ∇<√≅… Σ◊ΘΩ∨:†ϑð≠√≅… γ‹∫ƒ:†Ω– …ς′ΜΞ†ΩΤ⊇
A_© t AZtci hLb gnvmsKU G‡m hv‡e| [m~iv Avb& bvwhAvZ,AvqvZ-
34 ]
( x)Avj-IqvwK¡qvn& t
D
.[:
8 F x 3] ≈ (1) Σ◊Ω⊕Ψ∈…Ω<√≅… ΨŒΩ⊕ΩΤ∈Ω …ς′ΞΜ… …
A_© t hLb wKqvg‡Zi NUbv NU‡e| [m~iv Avj-IqvwKqvn&, AvqvZ-1 ]
( xg) Avj-nv°vn& t
.[ F:0
8 F xg 3] ≈ (2) Σ◊ΠςΤ∈:†Ω™<√≅… †Ω∨ (1) Σ◊ΠςΤ∈:†Ω™<√≅… …
A_© t my wbwðZ welq, my wbwðZ welq wK ? [m~iv Avj-nv°vn, AvqvZ-
1-2 ]
( 7fb) Avm&mvL&Lvn& t
.[:
8 F4 3] ≈ (33) Σ◊Πς:†ϑð±√≅… Ψ‹∫ƒ:†Ω– …Ω′ΜΞ†ΩΤ⊇ …
A_© t AZtci †h w`b KY© we`viK AvIqvR Avm‡e| [m~iv Avevmv-
AvqvZ,33 ]
( :L)Avj-Mvwkqvn& t
.[:
8 F :L 3] ≈ (1) Ψ◊Ω∼Ψ↑ΗΤ⊕Ω <√≅… 〉³ÿΨŸΩš ð∠ΗΩΤZΚς… Ω∑ …
A_© t Avcbvi Kv‡Q Av”QbœKvix wKqvg‡Zi e„Ëvš— †cŠu‡Q‡Q wK ? [m~iv
Avj-Mvwkqvn,AvqvZ-1 ]
(2) †kl wè‡mi cÖwZ Cgvb Avbvi wbqg t
†kl wè‡mi cÖwZ msw¶ß I we¯—vwiZ fv‡e Cgvb Avbv|
‡kl wè‡mi cÖwZ msw¶ß Cgvb Avbv nj t G wek¦vm †cvlY Kiv †h,
Ggb GKwU w`b i‡q‡Q,†h w`b Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv c~e©eZx© I cieZx©
D
mKj‡K GKwÎZ Ki‡eb| cÖ‡Z¨‡KB ¯^-¯^ K‡g©i cÖwZ`vb cÖ`vb
Ki‡eb| GK`j RvbœvZx n‡e,Aci `j Rvnvbœvgx n‡e|
ω⋅Ωÿ γŒΗΤΩ⊆∼Ψ∨ υς√ΞΜ… Ω⇐Σ∅Σ∧•Ω∧ς√ (49) Ω⇑ÿΞ≤Ψ›‚"≅…Ω Ω⇐κΨ√ΠςςΚ‚≅… ΥφΜΞ… ΣΤ∈ …
.[>T F1D:0
8 F x 3] ≈ (50) ω⋅ΣΤ∏⊕ΩΘ∨
A_© t ejyb t wbðq c~e©eZx© I cieZx© mK‡jB GKwU wbav©wiZ w`‡b
GKwÎZ n‡e|
[ m~iv Avj-IqvwKqvn&-AvqvZ- 49-50 ]
‡kl wè‡mi cÖwZ we¯—vwiZ Cgvb nj t g„Zzï ci hv wKQy msNwVZ n‡e
Zvi cÖwZ
we¯—vwiZ Cgvb Avbv|
Avi Bnv wb‡æ ewY©Z welq ¸‡jv‡K Aš—f©y³ K‡i|
cÖ_gZ t wdrbvZzj Kei ev Ke‡ii cwi¶v t Avi Zv n‡jv t g„Zz¨
e¨w³‡K `vd‡bi ci Zv‡K Zvi cÖfy Øxb I bvex gynv¤§v` (mvj−vj−vû
AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) m¤ú©‡K wRÁvmv ev cÖkœ Kiv n‡e| AZtci hviv
Cgvb G‡bwQj, Zv‡ì‡K Avj−vn m‡Zï Dci AUj ivL‡eb|
†hgb nv`x‡m G‡m‡Q t
.[G: ]O05](( mP 9-3
F( ))
A_© t hLb Zvu‡K cÖkœ Kiv n‡e, †m ej‡e t Avgvi cÖfy Avj−vn Avgvi
Øxb Avj-Bmjvg, Avgvi bvex gynv¤§v` (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn
Iqvmvj−vg)| [ eyLvix I gymwjg ]
wdwik&ZvØ‡qi cÖkœ Kiv I Zvui c×wZ, gyÔwgbiv I gybvwdKiv wK DËi
w`‡eb G m¤ú©‡K ewY©Z mKj nv`x‡mi cÖwZ Cgvb Avbv IqvwRe|
wØZxqZ t Ke‡ii kvw¯— I kvwš— t
D
Ke‡ii kvw¯— I kvwš—i cÖwZ Cgvb Avbv IqvwRe|
wbðq Bnv (Kei) Rvnvbœv‡gi M‡Z©i GKwU Mfxi MZ©, A_ev Rvbœv‡Zi
evMv‡bi GKwU evMvb|
Avi Kei AvwLiv‡Zi cÖ_g avc ev ‡÷kb| †h e¨w³ Kei n‡Z gyw³
cv‡e ( Zvi Rb¨) Ke‡ii c‡i avc ¸‡jv n‡Z gyw³ cvIqv mnR n‡e|
Avi †h e¨w³, Kei n‡Z gyw³ cv‡ebv Zvi Rb¨ Gi c‡ii avc ¸‡jv
gyw³ cvIqv Av‡iv KwVb n‡e| hvi g„Zz¨ nj ZLb n‡Z Zvi wKqvgZ
ïi“ n‡q †Mj|
AZtci AvZœv I kixi, Df‡q Ke‡i kvw¯— ev kvwš— †fvM Ki‡e| Avi
KL‡bv KL‡bv ïay AvZœv †fvM Ki‡e| Avi Ke‡ii Avhve ev kvw¯— ïay
gvÎ hv‡jg‡ì Rb¨, Avi kvwš— ïay gvÎ mZëv`x gyÔwgb‡ì Rb¨|
Avi g„Zz¨ e¨w³ Kei Rxe‡bi kvw¯— A_ev kvwš— cÖvß n‡e, PvB
f~Mf©¯— Kiv †nvK ev bvB †nvK| hw` I g„Zz¨ e¨w³‡K Av¸‡b Rvwj‡q
†Ìqv nq, A_ev cvwb‡Z Wywe‡q †Ìqv nq, A_ev wnsmª cï cvwL
†L‡q †d‡j Zvi ciI †m G kvw¯— A_ev kvwš— †fvM Ki‡e|
Νϖ…ΣΤ∏Ψ ςΚ… Σ◊Ω∅†ϑð♥√≅… Σ⋅Σ⊆ΩΤZ Ω⋅⌠ΩΤÿΩ †∃ Θ⊥Τ∼Ψ↑Ω∅Ω …Θ⊥ΣŸΣ∅ †Ω∼ς∏Ω∅ φΣ∂Ω≤⊕ΣΤÿ Σ⁄†Πς⇒√≅… …
.[1?:
8 F#j 3] (46)≈ γ‡…ΩϒΩ⊕<√≅… ϑðŸΤΩ→Κς… φΩ∅⌠≤Ψ⊇ Ω…ƒ∫
A_© t mKv‡j I mÜvq Zv‡ì‡K Av¸‡bi mvg‡b †ck Kiv nq Ges
†hw`b wKqvgZ msNwUZ n‡e, †m w`b Av‡`k Kiv n‡e, †divDb
†MvÎ‡K KwVbZi Avhv‡e `vwLj Ki| [m~iv Mvwdi, AvqvZ-46 ]
J ]((£= [z "5 N+<
( u jI X X j))
.[N<5
D1
A_© t nvq !! hw` †Zvgiv (Zv‡ì‡K) `vdb bv Ki‡Z Zv n‡j Avwg
Avj−vni Kv‡Q `yÔAv KiZvg †Zvgv‡ì‡K Ke‡ii Avhve ïbv‡bvi Rb¨|
[gymwjg ]
Z…ZxqZ t wk½vq dzrKvi t
wk½v nj evukx miƒc, hv‡Z Bm&ivdxj (AvjvBwnm& mvjvg) dzrKvi
w`‡eb| cÖ_g dzrKvi †Ìqvi mv‡_ mv‡_B Avj−vn hv wRexZ ivL‡eb
Zv Qvov mKj m„wó Rxe g„ZzëiY Ki‡e| wØZxq dzrKvi †Ìqvi mv‡_
mv‡_B c„w_ex m„wó n‡Z wKqvgZ ch©š— hZ m„wóRx‡ei Avwe©fve
n‡qwQj, Zviv mK‡jB D‡V hv‡e|
⇑Ω∨ ‚Πς"ΜΞ… Ξ≥⁄Κς‚≅… ℑ ⇑Ω∨Ω γ‹.ΩΗΤΩ∧ΘΩ♥√≅… ℑ ⇑Ω∨ Ω⊂Ψ⊕Ω±ΩΤ⊇ Ξ⁄ϑ〉±√≅… ℑ ΩœΨ⊃ΣΤ⇓Ω …
3] ≈ (68) Ω⇐Σ≤〉ℵ≠⇒ΩΤÿ χ⋅†Ω∼Ψ∈ ¬Σ∑ …Ω′ΜΞ†ΩΤ⊇ υΩ≤ΚΡ… Ψ∼Ψ⊇ ΩœΨ⊃ΣΤ⇓ ΘΩ¬Ρ’ ϑðΣ/
∃ ≅… ∫ƒ:†Ω→
.[?C:
8 F#5'
A_© t wk½vq dzuK †`qv n‡e, d‡j Avmgvb I hwg‡b hviv Av‡Q mK‡j
†eûuk n‡q hv‡e, Z‡e Avj−vn hv‡K B”Qv K‡ib †m e¨ZxZ| AZtci
Avevi dzrKvi †Ìqv n‡e, Zr¶bvr Zviv `Ûvqgvb n‡q †`L‡Z
_vK‡e| [m~iv Avh&hygvi,AvqvZ-68 ]

{=
X ° c0: 2j 0: { Xe W G<
-j b n ±O
°))
° F; <& G5 i0j F%| GPp #|5 ( ¢
°F ] Xe W
.[N<5 J ](( #~
9:x NY s²j h#7 G:j ±O
A_© t AZtci wk½vq dzrKvi †Ìqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ mK‡jB ¯‹vÜ DPz
D>
Ki‡e| AZtci mK‡jB Ávbnviv n‡q c‡o hv‡e| Zvi ci Avj−vn
nvjKv e„wó el©Y Ki‡eb| e„wó n‡Z gvby‡li †`n ‰Zix n‡e| Zvi ci
wm½vq wØZxq dzrKvi †Ìqvi mv‡_ mv‡_B mK‡j `vuwo‡q ZvKv‡Z
_vK‡e| [gymwjg]|
PZz_©Z t cybi“Ìvb t Zv n‡jv wk½vq wØZxq dzuK †Ìqvi mgq
Avj−vn mKj g„Z¨‡ì wRexZ Ki‡eb|
Zviv mK‡j mgMÖ we‡k¦i cÖwZ cvj‡Ki D‡Ï‡k¨ `vuwo‡q hv‡e| AZtci
Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv wk½vq ‡dvuKv I cÖ‡Z¨K AvZœv‡K ¯^-kix‡i wd‡i
hvIqvi AbygwZ w`‡j mKj gvbyl Zv‡ì Kei n‡Z `vuwo‡q RyZv wenxb
bv½vcv, e¯¿-wenxb-Dj½ kixi, Lvrbv wenxb I `vuwo-‡Mvud wenxb
Ae¯’vq `ª“Z gq`v‡bi w`‡K Qy‡U hv‡e|
gq`v‡bi Ae¯’vb `xN© n‡e, m~h© Zv‡ì wbKUeZx© n‡e, m~‡h©i DËvc
†e‡o hv‡e| G DËß I KwVb Ae¯’vb `xN© nIqvq kixi n‡Z wbM©Z
Nv‡g nvey-Wyey Lv‡e, Kv‡iv Nvg cv‡qi `yÕwMuVv ch©š—, Kv‡iv `yÕnvUz ch©š—,
Kv‡iv gvRv ch©š—, Kv‡iv e¶ ch©š—, Kv‡iv `yÕKvua ch©š— ‡cŠuQ‡e| Avi
†KD-m¤ú~Y© fv‡e nveyWyey Lv‡e, G me n‡jv Zv‡ì (fvj-g›`) Kg©
Abycv‡Z|
cybi“Ìvb mZ¨ I wbwðZ, hv Bmjvgx kixqv (KyiAvb I nv`xm)
Abyf~wZ kw³ I eyw×-we‡eK Øviv cÖgvwYZ|
Bmjvgx kixqv t Gi ¯^c‡¶ cÖgvY KyiAv‡b A‡bK AvqvZ I bvex
(mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) n‡Z A‡bK weï× nv`xm i‡q‡Q|
.[A:
8 F" 0 3] ≈ ...ΘΩ⇑ΣΤ‘Ω⊕‰ΤΣ,ς√ ΘΨΤŠΩ⁄Ω υς∏ΩΤŠ ΣΤ∈ ... …
A_© t ejyb, Aek¨B n‡e, Avgvi cvjbKZv©i Kmg, †Zvgiv wbðq
cybi“wÌZ n‡e| [m~iv AvZ&ZvMveyb,AvqvZ-7]
D?
.[T1:
8 FR:P! 3] ≈... Ι&ΣΣŸ∼Ψ⊕ΠΡΤ⇓ ω⊂<∏Ω ðΘΩΚς… :†ΩΤ⇓Κ<…ΩŸΩΤŠ †Ω∧ς …
A_© t †hfv‡e Avwg cÖ_gevi m„wó K‡iwQjvg, †mfv‡e cybivq m„wó
Kie| [m~iv Avj-Avw¤^qv,AvqvZ,104]
{=
X ° F³0: 2j c0: { Xe W G<
-j b n ±O
°))
TQy # qL Q%~ %| GPp c#|5 ( ¢
° F2= Xe W
J ](( #~
9:x NY s²j h#7 G:j ±O
° "3 <& i0j
.[N<5
A_© t AZtci wk½vq dzuK †Ìqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ mK‡jB ¯‹vÜ DPz Ki‡e
AZtci mK‡jB Ávb nviv n‡q c‡o hv‡e| Zvi ci Avj−vn nvjKv e„wó
el©Y Ki‡eb| e„wó n‡Z gvby‡li †`n ˆZix n‡e| Zvi ci wk½vq wØZxq
dzuK †Ìqvi mv‡_ mv‡_B mK‡j `vuwo‡q ZvKv‡Z _vK‡e| [gymwjg]
ϖΨϒΠς√≅… †Ω∼Ψ∼µ〉š ΣΤ∈ (78) χψ∼Ψ∨Ω⁄ 
ƒ Ψ∑Ω Ω¬ΗΤðℵ≠Ψ⊕<√≅… γ™ΣΤÿ ⇑Ω∨ Ω†ΩΤ∈... …
F AC:0
8 F4
3] ≈ (79) }ψ∼Ψ∏Ω∅ ∴⊂<∏Ω ΠΞΡ∇ΨΤŠ ΩΣ∑Ω ξ〈∃ ΘΩ≤Ω∨ ðΠςΚς… :†Ω∑ςΚ†Ω↑⇓ςΚ…
.[AD
A_© t e‡j, †K RxweZ Ki‡e Aw¯’ mg~n‡K hLb †m ¸‡jv M‡j c‡P
hv‡e ? ejyb, whwb cÖ_gevi †m ¸‡jv‡K m„wó K‡i‡Qb, wZwbB RxweZ
Ki‡eb| wZwb me© cÖKvi m„wó m¤ú‡K© AeMZ| [m~iv Bqvmxb,AvqvZ-
78-79]
4g t (Avj-wnm&m) ev Abyf~Zx n‡Z `jxj nj t
DA
Avj−vn GB c„w_ex‡Z A‡bK g„Zz¨‡K wRexZ K‡i Zvui ev›`v‡ì‡K
‡`wL‡q‡Qb| Avi G wel‡q m~iv evK¡vivq cvuPwU Dcgv i‡q‡Q, g~mv
(AvjvBwnm& mvjvg) Gi m¤cÖ`vq hv‡ì‡K Avj−vn Zv‡ì g„Zzï ci
RxweZ K‡iwQ‡jb|
evbx Bm&ivC‡ji GK wbwnZ e¨w³‡K RxweZ K‡iwQ‡jb| H
m¤cÖ`vq‡K RxweZ K‡iwQ‡jb-hviv g„Zzï f‡q, wb‡R‡ì Mªvg Z¨vM
K‡iwQj| H e¨w³‡K †h, Rbc` w`‡q AwZµg K‡iwQj, Be&ivnxg
(AvjvBwnm& mvjvg) Gi cvwL mg~n‡K|
%= t (Avj-AvK¡j) ev we‡eK n‡Z `jxj nj t
Bnv `yÕfv‡e n‡Z cv‡i t
(K) Avj−vn Avmgvb I hwgb Ges GZØ‡qi g‡a¨ hv i‡q‡Q mKj‡K
m„wó K‡i‡Qb| Avj−vn Avmgvb hwgb cÖ_‡g m„wó K‡i‡Qb| whwb cÖ_g
m„wói Dci ¶gZvevb wZwb (Zv‡K) c~bivq m„wó Kivi e¨vcv‡i AcviM
bb|
(L) hwgb ïkK I wbRxe© n‡q hvq, AZtci e„wó AeZxY© K‡i hwgb‡K
m‡ZR I mRxe K‡i Zz‡jb, me© cÖKvi meyR-k¨vgj MvQ cvjv Drcbœ
nq, myZivs whwb G g„Z hwgb‡K RxweZ Ki‡Z m¶g wZwbB g„Z‡ì
c~bivq RxweZ Kiv‡ZI m¶g|
cÂgZ t nvki, wnmve-wbKvk Ges cÖwZ`vb I cÖwZdj t
Avgiv Cgvb Avb‡ev †h, mKj †`‡ni nvki bvki n‡e, Zv‡ì‡K
wRÁvmvev` Kiv n‡e, Zv‡ì gv‡S wePv‡i Bbmvd cÖwZwôZ n‡e, Ges
mKj m„wóRxe‡K ¯^xq K…Z K‡g©i cÖwZ`vb I cÖwZdj cÖ`vb Kiv n‡e|
Fr+ 3] ≈ (47) …_ŸΩšςΚ… ⌠¬Σ⇒Ψ∨ ⁄Ψ †Ω⊕ΣΤ⇓ ⌠¬ς∏ΩΤ⊇ ⌠¬ΣΗΤΩΤ⇓⌠≤Ω↑ΩšΩ... …
.[1C:
8
DC
A_© t Ges Avwg Zv‡ì‡K GKwÎZ Kie, AZtci Zv‡ì KvD‡K
Qvoebv| [m~iv Avj-K¡vnvd,AvqvZ-74]
ΨΠΤ⇓ΜΞ… (19) Ω∼Ψ‰ΗΤΩΤ,Ψ Ν…Σ∫Ω≤<∈≅… Σ⋅Σ:†Ω∑ ΣΣ⊆Ω∼ΩΤ⊇ −ΨΨ⇒∼Ψ∧Ω∼ΨŠ ΙΣΩ‰ΗΤΩΤ,Ψ 
ƒ ΨΤZΡΚ… ⌠⇑Ω∨ †ΘΩ∨ςΚ†ΩΤ⊇
3] ≈ (21) ξ◊Ω∼Ψ∂…ΩΘ⁄ ξ◊Ω∼Ψ∅ ℑ ΩΣΩΤ⊇ (20) Ω∼ΨŠ†Ω♥Ψš ∴⊂ðΗΤΤ∏Σ∨ ΤΠΨΤ⇓ςΚ… 〉Œ⇒ΩΤ⇒ςℵ≡
.[QD:u
8 F xg
A_© t AZtci hvi Avgj bvgv Wvb nv‡Z †`qv n‡e, †m ej‡e t bvI,
†Zvgiv I Avgjbvgv c‡o †`L| Avwg RvbZvg ‡h, Avgv‡K wnmv‡ei
m¤§yLxb n‡Z n‡e| AZtci †m myLx Rxeb-hvcb Ki‡e| [m~iv Avj-
nv°vn,AvqvZ-19-21]
Ω∼Ψ‰ΗΤΩΤ,Ψ ð‹ΡΚ… ψς√ Ψ⇒Ω,ΤΤ∼ς∏ΗΤΤΩÿ ΣΣ⊆Ω∼ΩΤ⊇ −ΨΨ√†Ω∧Ψ↑ΨŠ ΙΣΩ‰ΗΤΩΤ,Ψ 
ƒ ΨΤZΡΚ… ⌠⇑Ω∨ †ΘΩ∨Κς…Ω …
.[? F >:0
8 F xg 3] ≈ (26) Ω∼ΨŠ†Ω♥Ψš †Ω∨ Ξ⁄ ςΚ… ψς√Ω (25)
A_© t AZtci hvi Avgjbvgv Zvi evg nv‡Z †`qv n‡e, †m ej‡e t nvq
Avgvq hw` Avgvi Avgjbvgv bv †`qv n‡Zv| Avwg hw` bv RvbZvg
Avgvi wnmve| [m~iv Avj-nv°vn,AvqvZ-25-26]
AZtci nvki nj t gvbyl‡ì‡K Zv‡ì wnmve-wbKv‡ki Rb¨ gq`v‡b
GKwÎZ Kiv|
nvki I cybi“Ìv‡bi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ t
cybi“Ìvb nj t ‡`n mg~n‡K cybi“¾xweZ Kiv|
nvki nj t cybi“wÌZ e¨w³‡ì‡K Ae¯’vb gq`v‡b GKwÎZ Kiv|
wnmve, wbKvk, I cÖwZdj t Avj−vû ZvÔevivKv I ZvÔAvjv Zvui
ev›`v‡ì‡K Zvui mvg‡b `vuo Kiv‡eb, I Zv‡ì‡K Zv‡ì m¤úv`xZ Kg©
DD
m¤ú©‡K AeMZ Ki‡eb|
AZtci gyÔwgb gyËvKxb‡ì wnmve wbKvk nj, ïay gvÎ Zv‡ì wbKU
Zv‡ì Kg© †ck Kiv n‡e| hv‡Z Zviv Zv‡ì Dci Avj−vni AbyMÖn
eyS‡Z cv‡i, hv (AbyMÖn) Avj−vn Zv‡ì wbKU n‡Z `ywbqv‡Z †Mvcb
†i‡LwQ‡jb| Avi Avj−vn AvwLiv‡Z Zv‡ì‡K gvd K‡i w`‡q‡Qb| Avi
Zv‡ì nvki n‡e Zv‡ì Cgvb Abycv‡Z| wdwik&Zviv Zv‡ì‡K ¯^vMZ
Rvbv‡e I Rvbœv‡Z cÖ‡e‡ki mymsev` cÖ`vb Ki‡e, Avi Zv‡ì‡K
Aw¯’iZv I mKj cÖKvi fq-fxwZ Ges G KwVb w`‡bi fqvenZv n‡Z
wbivcËv w`‡e,AZtci Zv‡ì g~LgÛj D¾j n‡e| Avi gyLgÛj †m
w`b nvwm-Lykx, Avb›`-Drdyj− mymsev` cÖvß n‡e| AZtci wegyL
wg_¨vev`x‡ì (Kv‡di‡ì) wnmve wbKvk AZ¨vš— KwVbfv‡e n‡e| ï¶è
cÖ‡Z¨KwU †QvU eo K‡g©i| wKqvgZ wè‡m Zv‡ì‡K Zv‡ì gy‡Li Dci
‡U‡b †nuP‡o Rvnvbœv‡g †djv n‡e, Zv‡ì‡K jvwÂZ Kivi Rb¨ I
Zv‡ì K…Z K‡g©i dj wnmv‡e Ges Zv‡ì wg_¨v ejvi Kvi‡Y|
wKqvgZ wè‡m me© cÖ_g wnmve †bIqv n‡e Avgv‡ì bvex gynv¤§v`
(mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) Gi D¤§v‡Zi, Zv‡ì mv‡_ mËi nvRvi
†jvK Zv‡ì c~Y© ZvInx‡ì e‡`Šjv‡Z webv wnmv‡e I webv kvw¯—‡Z
Rvbœv‡Z cÖ‡ek Ki‡e| Zviv H mKj †jvK bvex (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn
Iqvmvj−vg) wb‡Ri fvlvq hv‡ì ¸Y eY©bv K‡i‡Qb, Zviv Kv‡iv wbKU
Svo dzuK AbymÜvb K‡ibwb †jŠn& RvZxq †Kvb wKQyi ‡QuK w`‡q
wPwKrmv †bbwb| ‡Kvb w`b e` I ‡bK dj MÖnY K‡ibwb| Avi Zviv
Zv‡ì cÖfyi Dc‡iB fimv Ki‡Zb| Avi Zvu‡ì g‡a¨ n‡jb cÖwm×
mvnvex DK&Kvkv web wgnmvb (ivwhqvj−vû Avbû)| Avi ev›`vi me© cÖ_g
wnmve †bIqv n‡e Avj−vni nK¡-mvjv‡Zi (bvgv‡hi)| Ges gvby‡li
gv‡S me© cÖ_g dvqmvjv Kiv n‡e i³cv‡Zi|
lôZ t nvDR t bvex (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) Gi nvD‡Ri
TT
cÖwZ Cgvb Avb‡ev| Avi Bnv wekvj nvDR I m¤§vwbZ AeZiY ¯’vb|
wKqvg‡Zi gv‡V Rvbœv‡Zi Avj-KvDmvi bvgK b`x n‡Z kive cÖevwnZ
n‡e| G‡Z AeZiY Ki‡e gynv¤§v` (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) Gi
gyÔwgb D¤§v‡Ziv|
nvD‡Ri wKQy ‰ewkó t Bnvi kvive `y‡ai PvB‡Z mv`v, ei‡di PvB‡Z
VvÛv, gayi PvB‡Z AwaK wgwó| wgk‡Ki PvB‡Z myMwÜ, Bnv mycÖm¯—
hvi ˆ`N© I cÖ¯’ mgvb, Gi cÖwZwU cÖv‡š—i AvqZb GK gv‡mi c‡_i
mgvb| G‡Z RvbœvZ n‡Z cÖevwnZ `yÕwU bvjv i‡q‡Q| Avi Gi cvwb
cvÎ AvKv‡ki ZviKv ivwRi PvB‡Z AwaK | †h e¨w³ Bnv n‡Z
GKevi cvwb cvb Ki‡e, ‡m Avi KLbI wccvwmZ n‡e bv|
Fq< "5 /:k G` ´ "5 µ: J¶5 F#rL K<5 W))
.[y J ] ((c p~
-j G5 [#L "5 FR< 9 GP':
A_© t Avgvi nvD‡Ri AvqZb GK gv‡mi c_ mgZzj¨, Zvi cvwb `y‡ai
PvB‡Z mv`v I Zvi NÖvY wgk‡Ki PvB‡Z myMwÜ, Zvi cvwb cvÎ
AvKv‡ki ZviKv ivwRi msL¨vi b¨vq| †h e¨w³ Bnv n‡Z GKevi cvwb
cvb Ki‡e ‡m Avi KLbI wccvwmZ n‡ebv| [eyLvix ]
mßgZ t kvdvqvn& t
hLb †mB gnvb cÖvš—‡i gvby‡li wec` KwVb n‡q ùvov‡e, Ges †m_vq
Zv‡ì Ae¯’vb `xN© n‡e| ZLb Zviv G cÖvš—‡ii fqven wec` n‡Z gyw³
cvIqvi R‡b¨ Zv‡ì cÖfyi wbKU mycvwik Kiv †nvK Gi cÖ‡Póv Ki‡e|
ivm~j‡ì ga¨ n‡Z hviv Djyj AvRg (b~n,Be&ivnxg,g~mv,I Cmv)
(AvjvBwnm mvjvg) Zvuiv AcviMZv ¯^xKvi Ki‡eb| c‡i Bnv me© †kl
ivm~j Avgv‡ì bvex gynv¤§v` (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBvwn Iqvmvj−vg) Gi
wbK‡U †cŠuQv‡e hvi Av‡Mi I c‡ii ¸bvn& Avj−vn gvd K‡i w`‡q‡Qb|
T
AZtci bvex (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) Ggb ¯’v‡b `vuov‡eb †h
¯’v‡b Av‡Mi I c‡ii mK‡jB Zvui cÖksmv Ki‡e| Ges Gi Øviv Zvui
(mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) gnv m¤§vb I DuPz ghv©`v cÖKvwkZ n‡e|
Zvi ci Avi‡ki wb‡P wmR&`v Ki‡eb, Avj−vn Zuvi wbKU A‡bK
cÖksmv, Dchy³ Av‡`k Bjnvg Ki‡eb| wZwb (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn
Iqvmvj−vg) Gi Øviv Zvui (Avj−vni) cÖksmv Ki‡eb, I Zuvi ghv©`v
eY©bv Ki‡eb| Zvi ci bvex (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) Zvui cÖfyi
wbKU (Zv‡ì Rb¨) mycvwik Kivi AbygwZ PvB‡eb| Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv
bvex (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) †K m„wóRx‡ei mycvwik Kivi Rb¨
H AbygwZ w`‡eb| hv‡Z ev›`v‡ì gv‡S Amnbxq `ytL-Kó I wPš—v
†fv‡Mi ci myó dvqmvjv Kiv nq|
NY :j s! bP U# ¡
W 5:= 9
PI 4\ e))
Qw ° F·< ° F{3w ° FN:Y# ² ° F9¸ o03 Fqz
z}5H:j F[ =¹ z7p
W {\:j F]6 V =: 2O\:j .Q
.[y J ] ((Nr 2a %Y J` c c5=5 ( G*
A_© t wKqvgZ wè‡m m~h© wbK‡U n‡e| GgbwK Nvg Aa© Kvb ch©š—
†cŠu‡Q hv‡e| Zviv GB Ae¯’v‡ZB _vK‡e| d‡j Zviv Av`g
(AvjvBwnm& mvjvg) AZtci Be&ivnxg (AvjvBwnm& mvjvg) AZtci
g~mv (AvjvBwnm& mvjvg) AZtci Cmv (AvjvBwnm& mvjvg) AZtci
gynv¤§v` (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) Gi gva¨‡g cÖv_©bv Ki‡e|
AZtci gynv¤§v` (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) mycvwik Ki‡eb|
hv‡Z m„wóRx‡ei gv‡S dvqmvjv mym¤ú~Y© Kiv nq| AZtci wZwb
Rvbœv‡Zi w`‡K AMÖmi n‡eb, I Rvbœv‡Zi ìRvi Kov (‡Lvjvi Rb¨)
ai‡eb| Avj−vn Zvui ivm~j (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) †K
T
cÖkswmZ ¯’v‡b AeZiY Kiv‡eb| ‡m ¯’v‡bi mK‡j cÖksmv Ki‡e|
[eyLvix ]
G gnvb kvdvqvZ Avj−vn GKgvÎ ivm~j (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn
Iqvmvj−vg) Gi Rb¨ wbw`©ó K‡i‡Qb| G Qvov wZwb Av‡iv A‡bK
kvdvqv‡Zi AwaKvix n‡eb|
(1) RvbœvZx‡ì Rvbœv‡Z cÖ‡e‡ki AbygywZi R‡b¨ Zvui (mvj−vj−vû
AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) Gi kvdvqvZ|
Zvi cÖgvY t bvex (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) e‡jb t
xpj x viP "5 6 =:jFS0O03j 5:= 9
a [ ^))
.[N<5 J ]((qx W! S0j X u#5 q =:j
A_© t Avwg wKqvgZ wè‡m Rvbœv‡Zi ìRvi wbK‡U Avm‡ev, ìRv
†Lvjvi AbygwZ Pv‡ev| AZtci Rvbœv‡Zi cªnix ej‡eb, Avcwb †K?
Avwg DË‡i eje t Avwg gynv¤§v`, AZtci cªnix ej‡e t Avcbvi
Rb¨B ïay ìRv †Lvjvi Av‡`k cÖvß n‡qwQ, Avcbvi c~‡e© Kv‡iv Rb¨
(ìRv) Lywjwb| [gymwjg ]
(2) Zvui (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) Gi kvdvqvZ H mKj e¨w³i
Rb¨ hv‡ì †bKx I e`x ev mr KvR I Amr KvR mgvb n‡q‡M‡Q|
Zv‡ì Rvbœv‡Z cÖ‡e‡ki e¨vcv‡i kvdvqvZ Ki‡eb| Bnv wKQy we`¨vb‡ì
AwfgZ| wKš—y G e¨vcv‡i bvex (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) I
mvnvev‡q †Kivg n‡Z †Kvb mnxn& nv`xm ewY©Z nqwb|
(3) Zvui (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) kvdvqvZ, H m¤cÖ`v‡qi
R‡b¨ hviv Rvnvbœv‡gi AwaKvix n‡q †M‡Q, Zv‡ì‡K Rvnvbœv‡g bv
†Ìqvi e¨vcv‡i| Gi cÖgvY nj t
bvex (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) Gi nv`xm t
.[ ]((5 "5 #,+ %Y! OL))
T
A_© t Avgvi D¤§v‡Zi g‡a¨ hviv Kvexivn& †Mvbvn& K‡i‡Q Zv‡ì Rb¨
Avgvi kvdvqvZ| [Avey `vD` ]
(4) Zvui (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) kvdvqvZ, Rvbœv‡Z
RvbœvZx‡ì ghv©`v e„w×i e¨vcv‡i|
Zvi cÖgvY t bvex (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) Gi nv`xm t
.[N<5 J ]((V
r n G0& 2j 3 ! #O Nr))
A_©t †n Avj−vn Ave~ mvjgv‡K gvd Ki Ges mwVK c_ cÖvß‡ì mv‡_
Zvui ghv©`v evwo‡q `vI| [gymwjg ]
(5) Zvui (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) kvdvqvZ, H mKj
m¤cÖ`v‡qi Rb¨ hviv Rvbœv‡Z cÖ‡ek Ki‡e webv wnmv‡e I webv
kvw¯—‡Z|
Gi cÖgvY t DK&Kvkvn& web wgn&mvb (ivwhqvj−vû Avbû) Gi nv`xm t
mËi nvRvi †jv‡Ki e¨vcv‡i, hviv webv wnmv‡e I webv kvw¯—‡Z Rvbœv‡Z
cÖ‡ek Ki‡e| AZtci bvex (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) Zvi
(DK&Kvkvn&) Rb¨ `yÔAv Ki‡jb t
.[G: ]O05]((Nr5 G& Nr))
A_© t †n Avj−vn& Zv‡K (DK&Kvkv‡K) Zv‡ì Aš—f©y³ K‡i `vI|
[eyLvix I gymwjg ]
(6) bvex (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg)Gi D¤§v‡Zi g‡a¨ n‡Z hviv
Kvexivn& †Mvbvn Kivq Rvnvbœv‡g cÖ‡ek Ki‡e, Zv‡ì‡K Rvnvbœvg n‡Z
‡ei Kivi e¨vcv‡i Zvui (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) kvdvqvZ|
Gi cÖgvY nj t bvex (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) Gi nv`xm t
.[ J ]((5 "5 #,+ %Y! OL))
A_© t Avgvi D¤§v‡Zi Kvexivn& †Mvbvn& Kvix‡ì Rb¨ Avgvi kvdvqvZ|
[Avey `vD` ]
T1
bvex (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) Gi Av‡iv GKwU nv`xm nj t
<
a 7:j QQ O\ "5 9x #ª))
.[y J ]((V:ra
A_© t GK `j †jvK bvex gynv¤§v` (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) Gi
kvdvqv‡Z Rvnvbœvg n‡Z †ei Kiv n‡e, AZtci Zviv Rvbœv‡Z hv‡e|
Zv‡ì‡K Rvnvbœvgx e‡j bvg KiY Kiv n‡e| [eyLvix ]
(7) hviv kvw¯—i nK¡`vi n‡e Zv‡ì kvw¯— nvjKv Kivi e¨vcv‡i Zvui
kvdvqvZ, †hgb-Zvui (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) PvPv Avey
Zv‡j‡ei Rb¨ kvdvqvZ|
Gi cÖgvY t bvex (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) Gi nv`xm nj t
G: ¡
"5 º n %:j 5:= 9
OL GOI G))
.[G: ]O05]((G5 G5
A_© t m¤¢eZ wKqvg‡Zi wè‡m Avgvi kvdvqvZ Zvi kvw¯— jvN‡e

DcKv‡i Avm‡e, ZvB kvw¯— wnmv‡e ïay cv‡qi wMVv ch©š— `yÕwU RyZv
cwi‡q †`qv n‡e,d‡j gv_vi gMR dzU‡Z _vK‡e| [eyLvix I gymwjg]
Avj−vni wbKU kvdvqvZ MÖnY nIqvi Rb¨ `yÕwU kZ© i‡q‡Q|
(K) kvdvqvZ Kvixi I kvdvqvZ K…Z e¨w³i cÖwZ Avj−vni mšy—wó
_vK‡Z n‡e|
(L) kvdvqvZ Kvixi kvdvqvZ Kivi e¨vcv‡i Avj−vni AbygwZ _vK‡Z
n‡e|
.[C:
8 FR:P! 3] ≈... υΩ∝ΩΤZ⁄≅… Ξ⇑Ω∧Ψ√ ‚Πς"ΜΞ… φΣ⊕Ω⊃πΤ↑ΩΤÿ ‚Ω"Ω …
A_© t Zviv ïay Zv‡ì R‡b¨ mycvwik K‡i, hv‡ì cÖwZ, Avj−vn mš—yó|
[m~iv Avj-Avw¤^qv,AvqvZ,28]
T>
F#= 3] ≈... −&ΨΤΨ⇓<′ΜΞ†ΨŠ ‚Πς"ΜΞ… ,ΙΣΩŸ⇒Ψ∅ Σ⊗Ω⊃πΤ↑ΩΤÿ ΨϒΠς√≅… …ς′ ⇑Ω∨... …
.[>>:
8
A_© t Zvui (Avj−vni) AbygwZ e¨ZxZ mycvwik Kivi †K AwaKvi iv‡L
? [m~iv Avj-evK¡viv,AvqvZ-255]
AógZ t wghvb ev gvb`Û t wghvb ev gvb`Û mZ¨ Gi cÖwZ Cgvb
Avbv IqvwRe| Avi Bnv (wghvb ev gvb`Û) Avj−vn& wKqvgZ wè‡m
¯’vcb Ki‡eb, ev›`v‡ì Avgj gvcvi I Zv‡ì K‡g©i cÖwZ`vb cÖ`v‡bi
Rb¨| Bnv ev¯—e wghvb ev gvb`Û KvíwbK bq, Gi `yÕwU cvj−v I iwk
i‡q‡Q, Gi Øviv Kg© A_ev Avgjbvgv A_ev ¯^qs Kg© m¤úv`b
Kvix‡K gvcv n‡e| meB gvcv n‡e, Z‡e IRb fvwi-nvjKvi welqe¯y—
n‡e ïay Kg©| Kg© m¤úv`bKvix I Avgj bvgv bq|
†∃ Τ_ΛΤΤ∼Ω→ χ♦πΤ⊃ΩΤ⇓ Σ¬ςΤ∏<ℵ≠ΣΤZ ð„ΤΩΤ⊇ Ψ◊Ω∧ΗΤΩ∼Ψ⊆<√≅… ΨζΩ∼Ψ√ ð÷♥Ψ⊆<√≅… Ω⇑ÿΞƒ.ΩΩ∧<√…≅ Σ⊗Ω∝Ω⇓Ω …
†Ω⇒ΨŠ υΩ⊃Ω{Ω †% ΩΨŠ †ΩΤ⇒∼ΩΤZςΚ… ]Ω ⌠≤Ω ⌠⇑ΨΘ∨ ξ◊ΤΥφΤΤΤ‰Ωš Ω†φΤΤΤ⊆‘Ψ∨ Ω⇐†Ω{ ⇐ΜΞ…Ω
.[1A:
8 FR:P! 3] ≈ (47) φκΨ‰Ψ♥ΗΤΩš
A_© t Avwg wKqvgZ wè‡m b¨vq wePv‡ii wghvb ev gvb`Û ¯’vcb Kie|
myZivs KviI cÖwZ Ryjyg n‡e bv| hw` †Kvb Avgj mwilvi `vbv
cwigvbI nq Avwg Zv Dcw¯’Z Kie Ges wnmve MÖn‡bi Rb¨ AvwgB
h‡_ó| [m~iv Avj-Avw¤^qv,AvqvZ-48]
Σ¬Σ∑ ð∠ΤΜΞΤ;ΗΤðΤ√ΟΚΡ†ΩΤ⊇ ΙΣΤΣ⇒ÿΞƒ.ΩΩ∨ πŒς∏Σ⊆ς’ ⇑Ω∧ΩΤ⊇ ΣΘ⊂
& Ω™<√≅… ]ϒΜΞΩ∨Ωÿ Σ⇐ƒΩ<√≅…Ω …
T?
Νϖ…Σ≤Ψ♥Ω Ω⇑ÿΨϒΠς√≅… ð∠ΤΜΞΤ;ΗΤðΤ√ΟΚΡ†ΩΤ⊇ ΙΣΤΣ⇒ÿΞƒ.ΩΩ∨ πŒΠς⊃Ω ⌠⇑Ω∨Ω (8) Ω⇐Σ™Ψπ∏⊃Σ∧<√≅…
F C:0
8 F_#! 3] ≈ (9) Ω⇐Σ∧Ψ∏<ℵ≠Ωÿ †Ω⇒Ψ,ΗΤΩΤÿ†ΛΩΤΤΨŠ Ν…ΣΤ⇓†ς †Ω∧ΨŠ ¬ΣΩ♥Σ⊃⇓Κς…
.[D
A_© t Avi †m w`b h_v_©B IRb n‡e| AZtci hv‡ì cvj−v fvwi n‡e,
ZvivB mdjKvg n‡e| Ges hv‡ì cvj−v nvév n‡e, ZvivB Ggb n‡e,
hviv wb‡R‡ì ¶wZ K‡i‡Q| †Kbbv,Zviv Avgvi AvqvZ mg~n A¯^xKvi
Ki‡Zv| [m~iv Avj-AvÔivd,AvqvZ-8-9]
.[N<5 J ] ((': » ( g F #|L r|))
A_© t cweÎZv AR©b Kiv Cgv‡bi A‡a©K| Avj-nvg`ywjj−vn& (mKj
cÖksmv GKgvÎ Avj−vni Rb¨) evK¨wU IR‡bi cvj−v‡K cwic~Y© K‡i
†`q| [gymwjg ]
((i3 t! u < G:j j 5:= 9
': 2
))
.[Ng J ]
A_© t wKqvgZ wè‡m Ggb wghvb ev gvb`Û ¯’vcb Kiv n‡e, Zv‡Z hw`
mvZ Avmgvb I mvZ RwgbI gvcv nq m¤¢e n‡e|
begZ t Avm& wmivZ ev cyj wmivZ t
Avi Avgiv cyj wmiv‡Zi cÖwZ Cgvb Avb‡ev| Avi Zv n‡jv Rvnvbœv‡gi
wc‡Vi Dci ¯’vwcZ cyj, hv fq-fxwZ mš¿¯— AwZµg ¯’j ev c_| Gi
Dci w`‡q gvbyl Rvbœv‡Zi w`‡K AwZµg Ki‡e| ‡KD AwZµg Ki‡e
P‡¶i cj‡Ki b¨vq| †KD AwZµg Ki‡e weRjxi b¨vq| †KD
evZv‡mi b¨vq| †KD cvwLi b¨vq| †KD †Nvovi b¨vq Pj‡e| †KD
gymvwd‡ii b¨vq Pj‡e| †KD Nb Nb cv †i‡L Pj‡e| me© †kl hviv
TA
AwZµg Ki‡e Zv‡ì‡K †U‡b †djv n‡e| mK‡jB AwZµg Ki‡e
Zv‡ì K‡g©i djvdj Abycv‡Z| Ggb wK hvi Av‡jv Zvi cv‡qi e„×v
Av½y‡ji cwigvY n‡e †mI AwZµg Ki‡e| KvD‡K _vev †g‡i
Rvnvbœv‡g ‡d‡j †Ìqv n‡e| Avi †h e¨w³ cyj wmivZ AwZµg Ki‡Z
cvi‡e †m Rvbœv‡Z cÖ‡ek Ki‡e|
me© cÖ_g Avgv‡ì bvex gynv¤§v` (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg)
AZtci Zvui D¤§vZ cyj wmivZ cvwo w`‡eb| Avi †m w`b GKgvÎ
ivm~jMY K_v ej‡eb| ivm~j (AvjvBwngym mvjvg) †ì K_v n‡e|
(N3 N3 Nr) A_© t †n Avj−vn& gyw³ `vI, gyw³ `vI|
Rvnvbœv‡g cyj wmiv‡Zi `yÕav‡i û‡Ki b¨vq K›UK _vK‡e, Gi msL¨v
Avj−vn Qvov †Kn& Rv‡bbv| m„wó-Rxe n‡Z Avj−vn hv‡K B”Qv Ki‡eb
Zv‡K _vev †g‡i (Rvnvbœv‡g) †d‡j †`qv n‡e|
cyj wmiv‡Zi wKQy eY©bv t
Bnv Zievixi PvB‡Z aviv‡jv ,Avi Pz‡ji PvB‡Z m~¶è I wcw”Qj
RvZxq| Bnv‡Z Avj−vn& hv‡ì cv ¯’xi ivL‡eb, ïay gvÎ Zv‡ìB cv ¯’xi
_vK‡e, Avi Bnv AÜKv‡i ¯’vwcZ n‡e| AvgvbZ I AvZœxqZv eÜb‡K
cyj wmiv‡Zi `yÕcv‡k© `Ûvqgvb Ae¯’vq ivLv n‡e, hviv Bnv msi¶b
K‡i‡Qb Zv‡ì ¯^c‡¶, Avi hviv msi¶b K‡iwb Zv‡ì wec‡¶ mv¶x
†Ìqvi Rb¨|
ΘΩ¬ΣΤ’ (71) †⊥ΘΤ∼Ψ∝πΤ⊆ΤΘΩ∨ †_Τ∧,Ωš ð∠ΘΨΤΤŠΩ⁄ υς∏Ω∅ Ω⇐†ς †& Ω∑Σ Ψ⁄…Ω ‚Πς"ΜΞ… ψΡ∇⇒ΨΘ∨ ⇐ΜΞ…Ω …
3] ≈ (72) †⊥ΘΤ∼Ψ‘Ψ– †Ω∼Ψ⊇ φκΨ∧Ψ∏ΗΤϑðℵ≠√≅… Σ⁄ΩϒΩΤ⇓ΘΩ Ν…ΩΤ⊆ΠςΤZ≅… Ω⇑ÿΨϒΠς√≅… ΨΘ•ΩΤ⇒ΣΤ⇓

.[A FA:0
8 Fl#5
A_© t †Zvgv‡ì g‡a¨ Ggb ‡KD †bB, †h Z_vq (cyj wmiv‡Z)
TC
†cuŠQ‡ebv GUv Avcbvi cvjb KZv©i Awbevh© dvqmvjv| AZtci Avwg
ci‡nhMvi‡ì‡K D×vi Kie Ges Rv‡jg‡ì‡K †mLv‡b bZRvby
Ae¯’vq †Q‡o wè| [m~iv gviBqvg,AvqvZ-71-72]
bvex (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg)e‡jb t
((J':¼ "5 5 P pj Nr& )#r½ V ¾#b [#
))
.[N<5 J ]
A_© t Rvnvbœv‡gi wc‡Vi Dci cyj wmivZ ¯’vcb Kiv n‡e, Avi me©
cÖ_g Avwg I Avgvi D¤§vZ Zv AwZµg Ki‡ev| [gymwjg]
bvex (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqv mvj−vg) Av‡iv e‡jb t
Nr z}5
%3# R ':¼ "5 pj..Nr& #<& [#
))
.[G: ]O05]((N3 N3
A_© t Rvnvbœv‡gi cyj ¯’vcb Kiv n‡e, AZtci AvwgB me© cÖ_g
AwZµg Ki‡ev| Avi †m w`b ivm~j‡ì `yÔAv n‡e, Avj−vû¤§v mvwj−g,
mvwj−g, (†n Avj−vn ! gyw³ `vI, gyw³ `vI)| [eyLvix gymwjg ]
Avey mvC` Lyìx (ivwhqvj−vû Avbû) e‡jb t
.[N<5 J ] ((:< "5 W #\ "5 U #<a ))
A_© t Avwg msev` cÖvß n‡qwQ †h, cyj-wmivZ Pz‡ji PvB‡Z m~¶è Avi
Zievixi PvB‡Z aviv‡jv n‡e| [gymwjg ]
#:j FcX¿ c: ¾#b m& { 9=0j NW# P5! %3#I ))
NZ y'À FW# L K| # ° FS
# # ° ...U£ N+
'I W FN3 N3 [ :=
¾#b { N,x N+:P FN
{ x cOW Xe K< 2:|0<
-j %&# Á¼ WF
TD
P Â j G u#5 "5 z7p 5p5 =5 /:- ¾#b jW
.[N<5 J ] (( n ; +5
A_© t AvgvbZ I AvZœxqZvi eÜb‡K †cÖiY Kiv n‡e, AZtci cyj
wmiv‡Zi Wv‡b I ev‡g `vuov‡e, †Zvgv‡ì g‡a¨ me© cÖ_g hviv AwZµg
Ki‡e, Zviv weRjxi b¨vq AwZµg Ki‡e, Zvi ci hviv AwZµg Ki‡e
Zviv evZv‡mi b¨vq| Zvi ci cvwLi b¨vq AwZµg Ki‡e, Zvi ci
gymvwd‡ii b¨vq AwZµg Ki‡e, Zv‡ì Kg© Zv‡ì‡K AwZµg Kiv‡e|
Avi ‡Zvgv‡ì bvex (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) cyj wmiv‡Zi cv‡k¦©
`Ûvqgvb _vK‡eb, Ges ej‡eb t †n cÖfy gyw³ `vI, gyw³ `vI| Gfv‡e
ev›`v‡ì Kg© AcviM n‡q hv‡e, Ggb wK wKQy †jvK nvgv¸wo w`‡q
AwZµg Ki‡e| cyj wmiv‡Zi `yÕav‡i Szjš— û‡Ki b¨vq K›UK _vK‡e,
hv‡ì‡K ‡MÖdZvi Kivi Av‡`k cÖvß n‡q‡Q Zv‡ì‡K ‡MÖdZvi Ki‡e|
AZtci wKQy AvnZ n‡q gyw³ cv‡e, Avi wKQy PvcvPvwc K‡i Rvnvbœv‡g
c‡o hv‡e| [gymwjg ]
`kgZ t Avj-KvbZ¡vivn& t
Avgiv Cgvb Avb‡ev G K_vi cÖwZ †h, gyÔwg‡biv cyj wmivZ AwZµg
K‡i KvbZviv‡Z Ae¯’vb Ki‡e ev ùvov‡e| Avi Bnv (KvbZ¡vivn&) nj
RvbœvZ I Rvnvbœv‡gi gaëZx© ¯’vb, GLv‡b H mKj gyÔwgb‡ì‡K `vuo
Kiv‡bv n‡e, hviv cyj wmivZ AwZµg K‡i G‡m‡Q Ges Rvnvbœvg n‡Z
gyw³ †c‡q‡Q, Rvbœv‡Z hvIqvi c~‡e© G‡K Ac‡ii KvQ †_‡K cÖwZ‡kva
MÖn‡Yi R‡b¨ (GLv‡b ùvo Kiv‡bv n‡e)| AZtci Zv‡ì cwi-ïw×i
ci Rvbœv‡Z cÖ‡e‡ki AbygwZ †Ìqv n‡e|
Ã0=:j F a V #|x { <:j "5 5H Ãª))
s =P zY se W :P n Nr: iP Ä~5 µ "5 Nr
T
n G¢w yY NYW! J: 4OP yzj F a 7 n N
.[y J ] ((:P n G'w G5 a
A_© t gyÔwg‡biv Rvnvbœvg n‡Z g~w³ cv‡e, Zvi ci Zv‡ì‡K RvbœvZ I
Rvnvbœv‡gi gaëZx© KvbZ¡vivn& bvgK ¯’v‡b GKwÎZ Kiv n‡e| Zvi ci
`ywbqv‡Z Zv‡ì gv‡S †h Ryjyg wbhv©Zb N‡UwQj G‡K Ac‡ii c¶ n‡Z
Zvi cÖwZ‡kva MÖnY Kiv n‡e| hLb Zviv Gme n‡Z g~³ n‡e ZLb
Zv‡ì‡K Rvbœv‡Z hvIqvi AbygwZ †Ìqv n‡e| AZtci kc_ †mB
mËvi hvi nv‡Z gynv¤§v` (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) Gi cÖvY,
wbðq Zv‡ì cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki `ywbqvi evm¯’vb n‡Z Rvbœv‡Zi evm¯’vb DËg|
[eyLvix ]
GKv`kZg t RvbœvZ I Rvnvbœvg t
Avgiv Cgvb Avb‡ev †h, RvbœvZ I Rvnvbœvg mZ¨, G `yÕwU (RvbœvZ I
Rvnvbœvg) eZ©gvb we`¨gvb i‡q‡Q, Avi Bnv KL‡bv aŸsm n‡e bv Ges
wPi¯’vqxI bq, eis me©`vq i‡q‡Q| Avi RvbœvZevmx‡ì wbÕAvgZ †kl
I NvUwZ n‡e bv, Abyiƒc Rvnvbœvgx‡ì g‡a¨ hvi e¨vcv‡i Avj−vn
wPi¯’vqx kvw¯—i dvqmvjv K‡i‡Qb Zvi kvw¯— KLbI weiZ I †kl n‡e
bv|
Z‡e ZvInx` cš’xiv t Avj−vni ing‡Z I kvdvqvZ Kvix‡ì
kvdvqv‡Z Rvnvbœvg n‡Z gyw³ cv‡eb|
Avi RvbœvZ nj t AwZ_xkvjv, hv Avj−vn& wKqvg‡Z gyËvKxb‡ì
Rb¨ ˆZix K‡i †i‡L‡Qb| Z_vq i‡q‡Q cÖevwnZ b`x DbœZ I myD”P
K¶, g‡bv‡jvfv igYx, mg~n| Z_vq Av‡iv i‡q‡Q gbtc~Z-g‡bvni
mvgMÖx hv †Kvb w`b †Kvb P¶z †`‡Lwb, †Kvb Kb© kªeY K‡iwb, Avi
†Kvb gvby‡li Aš—‡iI †Kvb w`b Kíbvq Av‡mwb|
Rvbœv‡Zi wbÔAvgZ wPi¯’vqx †Kvb w`b †kl n‡ebv| Rvbœv‡Z ‡Kvov

mgZzj¨ RvqMvn& `ywbqv I `ywbqvi me wKQyi PvB‡Z DËg|
Avi Rvbœv‡Zi myMÜx Pwj−k ermi `~i‡Z¡i iv¯—v n‡Z cvIqv hvq|
Rvbœv‡Z gyÔwgb‡ì Rb¨ me PvB‡Z eo wbÔAvgZ n‡jv Avj−vn‡K
mivmwi ¯^P‡¶ `k©bjvf Kiv|
wKš‘y Kv‡diiv Avj−vni `k©bjvf n‡Z ewÂZ n‡e t Avi hviv
gyÔgxb‡ì Rb¨ Zv‡ì cÖfyi `k©b‡K A¯^xKvi Ki‡jv †m e¯—yZ GB
ewÂZ nIqv‡Z gyÔwgb‡ì‡K Kv‡di‡ì mgK¶ Ki‡jv| Avi Rvbœv‡Z
GKkZwU avc i‡q‡Q, GK avc n‡Z Aci av‡ci `~i“Z¡ Avmgvb n‡Z
Rwg‡bi `~iZ¡ Abyiƒc| Avi me‡P‡q DbœZ I DËg RvbœvZ nj,
RvbœvZzj wdi`vDm Avj-Avjv| Gi Qv` nj Avj−vni Avik| Avi
Rvbœv‡Zi AvUwU ìRv i‡q‡Q, cÖ‡Z¨K ìRvi cv‡k¦©i ‰`N© Òg°v Òn‡Z
ÒnvRviÓ Gi `~i‡Z¡i mgvb| Avi Ggb w`b Avm‡e †h w`‡b Bnv wf‡o
cwic~Y© n‡e, Avi Rvbœv‡Z b~b¨Zg ghv©`vi AwaKvix ‡h n‡e Zvi `ywbqv
I Av‡iv `k `ywbqvi cwigvb RvqMv n‡e|
Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv RvbœvZ m¤ú©‡K e‡jb t
.[:
8 F# ^ 3] ≈ (133) Ω⇐κΨ⊆Πς,Σ∧<∏Ψ√ π‹ΠςŸΨ∅ΡΚ… …
A_© t ci‡nRMvi gyÔwgb‡ì Rb¨ ˆZix Kiv n‡q‡Q| [m~iv Avwj-
Bgivb,AvqvZ-133]
RvbœvZ evmx‡ì wPi¯’vqx I RvbœvZ aŸsm n‡e bv|
GB m¤ú©‡K wZwb e‡jb t
Σ≤ΗΤΩΤ⇓ΚΚς‚≅… †ΩΨ,πΤ™ΩΤZ ⇑Ψ∨ Ξ≤•ΩΤZ ξ⇐ŸΩ∅ 〉ŒΗΤΤΠς⇒ΤΩ– ⌠¬ΞΘΨΤŠΩ⁄ ΩŸ⇒Ψ∅ ¬Σ∑Σ:…Ω∞ΤΩ– …

ƒ ΤΤΨ↑Ω ⌠⇑Ω∧Ψ√ Ω∠Ψ√.Ω′ Σ& ΤΤ⇒ΤΩ∅ Ν…Σ∂Ω⁄Ω ⌠¬Σ⇒ΤΩ∅ ϑðΣ/≅… 
ƒ Ψ∂ΘΩ⁄ …∃ _ŸΤΩΤŠΚς… :†Ω∼Ψ⊇ Ω⇑ÿΨŸΨ∏ΗΤΩΤ
.[C:
8 F : 3] ≈ (8) ΙΣΤΘΩΤŠΩ⁄

A_© t Zv‡ì cvjb KZv©i Kv‡Q i‡q‡Q Zv‡ì cÖwZ`vb wPiKvj
emev‡mi RvbœvZ, hvi Zj‡`‡k wbS©wiYx cÖevwnZ| Zviv †mLv‡b _vK‡e
Abš—Kvj| Avj−vn Zv‡ì cÖwZ mš—yó Ges Zviv Avj−vni cÖwZ mšy—ó|
GUv Zvi R‡b¨, †h Zvi cvjb KZv©‡K fq K‡i| [m~iv Avj-
evB‡q¨bvn,AvqvZ-8]
Avi Rvnvbœvg t Bnv kvw¯—i Ni hv Avj−vn& Kv‡di I Aev×‡ì Rb¨
ˆZix K‡i †i‡L‡Qb| Z_vq wewfbœ cÖKvi KwVb kvw¯— i‡q‡Q| Zvi
cvnviv`vi n‡e wbôzi I wb`©q wdwikZviv| Avi Kv‡diiv Z_vq
wPi¯’vqx _vK‡e| Zv‡ì Lv`¨ n‡e hvK&Kzg (KvuUv hy³) Avi cvwbq n‡e
cyuR, `ywbqvi Av¸‡bi Zvc Rvnvbœv‡gi Av¸‡bi Zvc gvÎvi mËi
fv‡Mi GK fvM gvÎ| Rvnvbœv‡gi Av¸b `ywbqvi Av¸‡bi PvB‡Z 69
(DbmËi) ¸b †ekx, Gi cÖ‡Z¨KwU Ask `ywbqvi Av¸‡bi b¨vq ev Zvi
PvB‡Z Av‡iv DËvc, Avi GB Rvnvbœvg Zvi Awaevmx wb‡q cwiZzó
n‡ebv eis ej‡e †h, Av‡iv Av‡Q wK ? Zvi mvZwU ìRv n‡e|
cÖ‡Z¨KwU ìRvi Rb¨ wbav©wiZ Rvnvbœvgx‡gi Ask _vK‡e|
Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv Rvnvbœvg m¤ú©‡K e‡jb t
.[:
8 F# ^ 3] ≈ (131) Ω⇑ÿΞ≤Ψ⊃ΗΤς∇<∏Ψ√ π‹ΠςŸΨ∅ΡΚ… …
A_© t Kvwdi‡ì Rb¨ ˆZix Kiv n‡q‡Q| [m~iv Avwj-Bgivb,AvqvZ-
131]
Rvnvbœvgxiv wPi¯’vqx Ges Zv aŸsm n‡ebv|
G m¤ú©‡K wZwb Av‡iv e‡jb t
…∃ _ŸΩΤŠΚς… :†ΤΩ∼Ψ⊇ Ω⇑ÿΨŸΨ∏ΗΤΩΤ (64) …[⁄κΨ⊕Ω♠ ⌠¬Σς√ ϑðŸΤΩ∅ςΚ…Ω Ω⇑ÿΞ≤Ψ⊃ΗΤς∇<√≅… Ω⇑Ω⊕ς√ ϑðΩ/≅… ΘΩ⇐ΜΞ… …
.[?>F ?1:0
8 F['W! 3] ≈...
A_© t wbðq Avj−vn Kv‡di‡ì‡K Awfm¤úvZ K‡i‡Qb, Ges Zv‡ì

R‡b¨ R¡jš— AwMœ cÖ¯—yZ †i‡L‡Qb| Z_vq Zviv Abš—Kvj _vK‡e| [m~iv
Avj-Avnhve,AvqvZ-64-65]
(3) †kl wè‡mi cÖwZ Cgvb Avbvi djvdj t
‡kl wè‡mi cÖwZ Cgvb Avbvi A‡bK m~dj i‡q‡Q|
(1) QvIqv‡ei Avkvq AvbyMZ¨ I Kg© m¤úv`‡b AvMÖnx I Drmvnx
nIqv|
(2) G wè‡mi kvw¯—i f‡q Aev×Zvq wjß I ZZcÖwZ mš—ó _vKv n‡Z
fq Kiv|
(3) Av‡Liv‡Z gyÔwgbiv †h wbÕAvgZ I QvIqve cv‡e G Avkv-
AvKv•Lvq `ywbqvi Qy‡U hvIqv wRwbm n‡Z wb‡Ri kvš—bv jvf Kiv|
(4) e¨w³ I mgvwRK Rxe‡b †mŠfv‡Mï g~j Drm nj †kl wè‡mi
cÖwZ Cgvb Avbv| KviY gvbyl hLb G K_vi cÖwZ Cgvb Avb‡e †h,
wbðq Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv m„wó Rxe‡K Zv‡ì g„Zzï ci cybi“¾xweZ
Ki‡eb I Zv‡ì wnmve wbKvk wb‡eb, Ges Zv‡ì K‡g©i cÖwZ`vb cª`vb
Ki‡eb| gvh&jy‡gi (AZ¨vPvwiZ) c‡¶ hvwjg (AZ¨vPvi Kvix) e¨w³i
KvQ ‡_‡K cÖwZ‡kva wb‡eb| ZLb ‡m Avj−vni AvbyM‡Zï Dci
cÖwZwôZ n‡e, mKj AKj¨v‡Yi Ro wbt‡kl n‡q hv‡e| mgv‡R Kj¨vY
we¯—vi jvf Ki‡e, Ges me©Î m¤§vb-ghv©`v,kvw¯— I wbivcËv Qwo‡q
co‡e| cÖkvwš— I wbivcËv †e‡o hv‡e|
= :;< "#

lô i“K&b t fv‡Mï cÖwZ Cgvb |
1
(1) K`‡ii (fv‡Mï) msMv I Zvi cÖwZ Cgvb Avbvi ¸i“Z¡ t
Kì ev (fvM¨) nj t Avj−vni Abš— Ávb I wnKgvZ Abyhvqx m„wó
K~‡ji Rb¨ fvM¨ wbav©iY| Avi Bnv Avj−vni Kzì‡Zi Dci
wbf©jkxj,Avi wZwb me© welq ¶gZvkxj wZwb hv B”Qv ZvnvB K‡ib|
Avi fv‡Mï cªwZ Cgvb Avbv Avj−vn& ZvÔAvjvi i“eyexqv‡Zi (cÖfy‡Ëi)
cÖwZ Cgvb Avbvi Aš—fy©³| Avi Bnv Cgv‡bi QqwU i“K&‡bi Ab¨Zg
GKwU i“K&b, Gi cÖwZ Cgvb Avbv Qvov GB QqwU i“K&‡bi cÖwZ Cgvb
Avbv cwic~Y© n‡e bv|
.[1D:
8 F#= 3] ≈ (49) ξ⁄ΩŸΩ⊆ΨŠ ΣΗΤΩΤ⇒πΤ⊆ς∏Ω ]∫πΩ→ ΘΩΡ †ΠςΤ⇓ΞΜ… …
A_© t wbðq Avwg cÖ‡Z¨K e¯Ë‡K cwiwgZ i“‡c m„wó K‡iwQ| [ m~iv
Avj-K¡vgvi, AvqvZ-49 ]
.[N<5 J ]((' 4:+ F4:+ ' W = RL %))
A_© t cÖ‡Z¨K wRwbmB cwiwgZ, GgbwK AcviMZv I AjmZv A_ev
AjmZv I AcviMZvI| [gymwjg ]
(2) fv‡Mï ¯—i t
PviwU ¯—i ev¯—evq‡bi gva¨‡g fv‡Mï cÖwZ Cgvb Avbv cwic~Y© n‡e t
cÖ_gZ t Avj−vni Abš— Áv‡bi cªwZ Cgvb Avbv, hv mKj e¯—y‡K
cwi‡eób K‡i †i‡L‡Q|

ℑ ð∠Ψ√.ς′ ΘΩ⇐ΜΞ… Ξ≥
% ⁄Κς‚≅…Ω Ψ∫:†Ω∧ΥφΤΤ♥√≅… ℑ †Ω∨ Σ¬ς∏⊕ΩΤÿ Ωϑð/≅… ΥφΚς… ⌠¬ς∏⊕ΩΤZ ψς√Κς… …
>
.[AT:
8 Fg 3] ≈ (70) χ⁄κΨ♥ΩΤÿ ϑðΨ/≅… ς∏Ω∅ ð∠Ψ√.ς′ ΘΩ⇐ΜΞ… ]ˆ
& ΗΤΩΤ,Ψ
A_© t Zzwg wK Rvbbv †h,wbðq Avj−vn& AeMZ hv wKQy Avmgvb I
Rwg‡b i‡q‡Q,wbðq Bnv wKZv‡e wjwLZ Av‡Q Avi wbðq Bnv Avj−vni
wbKU mnR| [m~iv Avj-nvR¡ AvqvZ-70 ]
wØZxqZ t jvD‡n gvn&dz‡R Avj−vni Rvbv ‡gvZv‡eK fvM¨ mg~n wj‡L
ivLvi cÖwZ Cgvb Avbv|
Avj−vvn ZvÔAvjv e‡jb t
.[C:
8 F9P! 3] ≈... ξ∫
π& ΤΩ→ ⇑Ψ∨ γˆΗΤΩΤ,Ψ∇<√≅… ℑ †ΩΤ⇒<≡ΘΩ≤ΩΤ⊇ †ΘΩ∨ …
A_© t Avwg †Kvb wKQy wjL‡Z Qvwowb| [m~iv Avb-Avg AvqvZ-38 ]
V<Å t! u< ]ª %x ],-6 #
=5 ( /0))
.[N<5 J ](( 3
A_© t Avmgvb-Rwgb m„wói 50(cÂvk) nvRvi ermi c~‡e© Avj−vn&
ZvÔAvjv m„wó Rx‡ei fvM¨ mg~n wj‡L †i‡L‡Qb| [gymwjg ]
Z…ZxqZ t Avj−vni Kvh©Kix B”Qv I Zvui e¨vcK kw³i cÖwZ Cgvb
Avbv|
F#
+0 3] ≈ (29) φκΨ∧ς∏ΗΤΩ⊕<√≅… ϑ〉‡Ω⁄ ϑðΣ/≅… ∫ƒ:†Ω↑Ωÿ ⇐Κς… :‚Πς"ΜΞ… Ω⇐Σ∫:†Ω↑ΩZ †Ω∨Ω …
.[D:
8
A_© t RMZ mg~‡ni cÖfy Avj−vni B”Qvi evB‡i Ab¨ wKQyB B”Qv Ki‡Z
cvi bv| [m~ivZyZ& ZvKfxi AvqvZ -29]
bvex (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) H e¨w³‡K e‡jb t †h e¨w³
Zvu‡K (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) j¶ K‡i e‡jwQ‡jb t
?
((i}L ( RL 5))
Avj−vn Ges Avcwb hvnv †P‡q‡Qb (IqvI Øviv AvZ¡d K‡i)|
.[ J ]((JW ( RL 5 % cP ( 0&))
A_© t Zzwg wK Avgv‡K Avj−vni mgK¶ evwb‡q w`‡j ? eis wZwb GKvB
†P‡q‡Qb| [Avn&gv` ]
PZz_©Z t wbðq Avj−vn& mKj e¯—yi m„wó KZv© Bnvi cÖwZ Cgvb Avbv|
3] ≈ (62) β∼Ψ{Ω ξ∫πΩ→ ΘΞΣ{ υς∏Ω∅ ΩΣ∑Ω ∫ξ∃ πΩ→ ΠΞΣ{ Σ⊂Ψ∏ΗΤΤΤΩ ϑðΣ/≅… …
.[?:
8 F#5'
A_© t Avj−vn me wKQyi mªóv Ges wZwb me wKQyi AwfeveK| [m~iv-
Avh&hygvi AvqvZ-62 ]
.[D?:
8 Fujb 3] ≈ (96) Ω⇐ΣΤ∏Ω∧⊕ΩΤZ †Ω∨Ω ψΡ∇Ω⊆ς∏Ω Σϑð/≅…Ω …
A_© t Avj−vn †Zvgv‡ì I †Zvgv‡ì Kg©‡K m„wó K‡i‡Qb| [myiv Avm&
mvd&dvZ AvqvZ-96 ]
.[y J ]((G0 2P % 2b
( e))
A_© t wbðq Avj−vn& mKj Avwe¯‹viK I Zvi Avwe¯‹vi‡K m„wó K‡ib|
[eyLvix ]
(3) fv‡Mï cÖKvi t

(1) mKj m„wó Rx‡ei mvaviY fvM¨ wjwce× KiY| Avi BnvB
A
Avmgvb Rwgb m„wói cÂvk nvRvi ermi Av‡M jvD‡n gvn&dz‡R
wjwce× Kiv n‡q‡Q|
(2) mviv Rxe‡bi fvM¨ wjwce× KiY| Avi Zv nj ev›`vi gv‡S i“n&
ev AvZœv dzu‡K †Ìqvi mgq n‡Z Zvi †kl wbk¦vm ch©š— hv wKQy
msNwUZ n‡e wbav©iY Kiv|
(3) evrmwiK fvM¨ wbav©iY Kiv| Bnv nj, cÖ‡Z¨K ermi hv wKQy
msNwUZ n‡e Zv wbav©ib Kiv| Avi Bnv cÖ‡Z¨K erm‡ii gwngvwš^Z
iRbx‡Z n‡Z _v‡K|
.[1:
8 F7 3] ≈ (4) ]ψ∼Ψ∇Ωš ∴≤Τ∨Κς… ΘΣΡ 〉⊄Ω≤πΤ⊃ΤΣÿ †Ω∼Ψ⊇
A_© t G iv‡Z cÖ‡Z¨K cÖÁvc~Y© welq w¯’ixK…Z nq| [m~iv-Av`&`yLvb
AvqvZ-4 ]
(4) ˆ`bw›`b fvM¨ wbav©ib KiY, Avi Zv nj m¤§vb, Acgvb, (wKQy)
†Ìqv bv †Ìqv RxweZ Kiv, g„Zz¨ `vb BZ¨vw` hv ˆ`bw›`b msNwUZ
n‡e, Zv wbav©ib Kiv|
≈ (29) ξ⇐<Κ†Ω→ ℑ ΩΣ∑ ]ζ⌠ΤΩÿ ΘΩΡ Ξ≥
& ⁄Κς‚≅…Ω Ψ‹.ΩΗΤΩ∧ΘΩ♥√≅… ℑ ⇑Ω∨ ΙΣΣΤ∏ΛΩΤΤπΤ♥Ωÿ …
.[D:
8 F"# 3]
A_© t Avmgvb I hwg‡b wePiYkxj mK‡jB Zvui Kv‡Q cÖv_x©,
cÖ‡Z¨Kw`b (mgq) †Kvb bv †Kvb K‡g©iZ i‡q‡Qb| [m~iv Avi-ivn&gvb
AvqvZ-29 ]
(4) fv‡Mï e¨vcv‡i mvjvd‡ì AvwK`vn ev wek¦vm nj t

wbðq Avj−vn mKj e¯—yi m„wóKZv© cÖfy Zvi gvwjK ev AwaKvix| wbðq
C
Avj−vn mKj m„wóRxe‡K m„wói c~‡e© Zv‡ì fvM¨ mg~n wjwce× K‡i
†i‡L‡Qb| Zv‡ì eqm, i“hx, Kg© mg~n wbav©ib K‡i †i‡L‡Qb|
Av‡iv wj‡L †i‡L‡Qb †h, myL A_ev `yt†Li w`‡K Zviv avweZ n‡e|
cÖ‡Z¨K wRwbmB ¯úó wKZv‡e wnmve K‡i †i‡L‡Qb| AZtci Avj−vn&
hv Pvb Zv nq, Avi hv Pvb bv Zv nq bv| Avi hv n‡q‡Q I n‡e Zv
meB Rv‡bb| Avi hv nq bvB hw` Zv n‡Zv wK fv‡e n‡Zv ZvI
Rv‡bb| Avi wZwb cÖ‡Z¨K e¯—yi Dci ¶gZvkxj| hv‡K B”Qv †n`vqvZ
`vb K‡ib,Avi hv‡K B”Qv Zv‡K c_åó K‡ib|
Avi wbðq ev›`vi B”Qv I kw³ i‡q‡Q, hv Øviv Zv‡ì‡K †h mKj
Kv‡Ri mg_©evb K‡i‡Qb Zv m¤úv`b K‡i GB wek¦vm †i‡L †h Avj−vn&
hv Pvb ïay gvÎ ZvB nq|
Fu+ 3] ≈... †& ΩΤ⇒ς∏Σ‰ΤΣ♠ ⌠¬ΣΠς⇒ΩÿΨŸΩΤ⇒ς√ †ΩΤ⇒∼Ψ⊇ Ν…ΣŸΩΗΤΩ– Ω⇑ÿΨϒΠς√≅…Ω …
.[?D:
8
A_© t hviv Avgvi c‡_ msMÖvg K‡i Avwg Aek¨B Zv‡ì‡K Avgvi c‡_
cwiPvwjZ Ki‡ev| [m~iv-Avj-Avb&KveyZ AvqvZ-69 ]
Avi wbðq Avj−vn& ev›`vi I Zvi K‡g©i m„wó KZv© Avi ZvivB GB Kg©
¸‡jv cÖK…Z c‡¶ m¤úv`b Kvix| Iqv‡Re Qvov‡Z I nvivg KvR
Kiv‡Z Avj−vni wei“‡× Kv‡iv ‡Kvb û¾vZ ev `jxj `vuo Kiv‡bvi
my‡hvM †bB, eis ev›`v‡ì wei“‡× Avj−vni c~Y© `jxj i‡q‡Q| wec`-
Avc‡` fvM¨‡K KviY wn‡m‡e MÖnY Kiv êa n‡jI wb›`bxq I cv‡ci
Kv‡R fv‡Mï AhynvZ †`qv êa bq| †hgb-bvex (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn
Iqvmvj−vg) Av`g I g~mv (AvjvBwngvm mvjvg) Gi ci¯úi weZ‡K©i
e¨vcv‡i e‡jb t
q0}:|7 q0&#7 yz 9^ iP :{35 =j F{35 9^ ))
D
G5-+ GIX3# ( O0 yz {35 iP :9^ G =j F a "5
J ](({35 9^ j ]7 %x f fx x #5 { 5I °
.[N<5
A_© t Av`g I g~mv (AvjvBwngvm mvjvg) weZ‡K© wjß n‡qwQ‡jb,
AZtci g~mv (AvjvBwnm& mvjvg) ej&‡jb t †n Av`g (AvjvBwnm&
mvjvg) †Zvgv‡KB †Zv †Zvgvi cvc RvbœvZ n‡Z ewn¯‹vi K‡iwQj|
Zvi ci Av`g (AvjvBwnm& mvjvg) Zvu‡K ej&‡jb t †n g~mv !
(AvjvBwnm& mvjvg) †Zvgv‡KB †Zv Avj−vn& Zvui wimvjvZ I
K_vc‡KvZ‡bi Rb¨ wbev©Pb K‡i wb‡qwQ‡jb? Zvi ciI Zzwg Avgv‡K
Ggb wel‡qi Dci †`vlvi“c Ki‡ZQ hv Avj−vn& Avgvi m„wói c~‡e©B
Avgvi Dci wbev©Pb K‡i †i‡L‡Qb| AZtci Av`g (AvjvBwnm&
mvjvg) g~mv (AvjvBwnm& mvjvg) Gi Dci Rqx n‡jb|
[gymwjg kixd ]
(5) ev›`v‡ì Kg© mg~n t
‡h mKj KvR Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv GB wbwLj we‡k¦¨ m„wó K‡i‡Qb Zv `yÕ
fv‡M wef³ t
cÖ_g t Avj−vn& ZvÔAvjvi Kg© mg~‡ni g‡a¨ †h mKj Kg© Zvui m„wó
Rx‡ei gv‡S cwiPvjbv K‡ib, Zv‡Z Kvnv‡iv †Kvb cÖKvi B”Qv I
BL&wZqvi ‡bB| e¯—yi mKj B”Qv Avj−vni Rb¨| †hgb RxweZ Kiv
g„Zz¨ `vb Kiv my¯’¨ I Amy¯’¨ Kiv|
.[D?:
A_© t Avi Avj−vnB †Zvgv‡ì I †Zvgv‡ì Kg©‡K m„wó K‡i‡Qb|
[m~iv Avm& mvd&dvZ 96 ]
T
≈ „
& Ω∧Ω∅ Σ⇑Ω♥šΚς… ψΡ∇ΘΣΤÿΚς… ¬Σ{ΩΡ∏‰Ω∼Ψ√ Ω〈λΩ∼Ω™<√≅…Ω ð‹Ω∧<√≅… Ω⊂ς∏Ω ΨϒΠς√≅…
.[:
8 Fq 3]
A_© t whwb giY I Rxeb m„wó K‡i‡Qb hv‡Z †Zvgv‡ì‡K cwi¶v
K‡ib- †K †Zvgv‡ì g‡a¨ K‡g© †kªó ? [myiv-Avj g~j&K AvqvZ t 2 ]
wØZxq t Avi ‡h mKj Kg© m„wóRxe m¤úv`b K‡i _v‡K, Zv meB
B”Qvi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z| Avi Bnv m¤úv`b Kvixi BL&wZqvi I B”Qvq
msNwVZ nq, KviY Bnv Avj−vn& Zv‡ì Dci Ac©Y K‡i‡Qb|
.[C:
8 F#
+0 3] ≈ (28) Ω¬∼Ψ⊆ΩΤ,πΤ♥ΩΤÿ ⇐Κς… ⌠¬Ρ∇⇒Ψ∨ ∫ƒ:†Ω→ ⇑Ω∧Ψ√ …
A_© t †h †Zvgv‡ì g‡a¨ †mvRv c‡_ Pj‡Z Pvq| [m~iv Avj-
ZvKfxi,AvqvZ-25]
Fr+ 3] ≈ ... ⌠≤& ΤΣ⊃<∇Ω∼<∏ΩΤ⊇ ∫ƒ:†Ω→ ⇑Ω∨Ω ⇑Ψ∨Σ∼<∏ΩΤ⊇ ∫ƒ:†Ω→ ⇑Ω∧⊇ς ... …
.[D:
8
A_© t AZGe hvi B”Qv nq Cgvb AvbyK Ges hvi B”Qv Kzdzix Ki“K|
[m~iv Avj-K¡vnvd,AvqvZ-29]
fvj KvR m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ Zviv cÖksmvi nK¡`vi ,Avi Lvivc KvR
Kivi Rb¨ Zviv Acgv‡bi nK¡`vi| Avj−vn& ïay gvÎ H KvR Kivi
Rb¨ kvw¯— w`‡eb, hv‡Z ev›`vi c~Y© BLwZqvi i‡q‡Q|
.[D:
8 FU 3] ≈ (29) ΨŸ∼Ψ‰Ω⊕<∏ΠΨ√ ξψΗΤΠς∏ðℵ≠ΨŠ η†ΩΤ⇓Κς… :†Ω∨Ω... …
A_© t Avi Avwg ev›`v‡ì Dci RyjygKvix bB| [m~iv K¡vd,AvqvZ-29]

Avi gvbyl B”Qv I wbi“cv‡qi cv_©K¨ Rv‡b| ‡hiƒc †Kn Qv` n‡Z
wmuwo †e‡q wbR B”Qvq AeZiY K‡ib, Avi KL‡bv †Kn& Zv‡K Qv`
n‡Z †d‡j w`‡Z cv‡i| cÖ_g D`vniY nj B”Qvi, Avi wØZxq D`vniY
nj wbi“cv‡qi|
(6) Avj−vni m„wó I ev›`vi K‡g©i gv‡S mgSZv t
Avj−vn& ev›`v‡K m„wó K‡i‡Qb I Zvi (ev›`vi) Kg© mg~n‡K m„wó
K‡i‡Qb| I Zv‡K B”Qv I kw³ w`‡q‡Qb| ZvB ev›`vB cÖK…Z c‡¶
Zvi K‡g©i m¤úv`b Kvix| mvivmwi Zv Av`vq Kvix,KviY Zvi B”Qv I
kw³ i‡q‡Q|
AZtci †m hw` Cgvb Av‡b Z‡e †m Zvi B”Qvq I Biv`vq Cgvb
Avb‡jv| Avi †m hw` Kydzix K‡i Z‡e †m Zvi B”Qvq I c~Y© Biv`vq
Kv‡di nj| †hgb Avgiv e‡j _vwK †h, GB dj GB Mv‡Qi Avi GB
dmj GB †¶‡Zi| A_© nj t wbðq Bnv n‡Z Drcbœ n‡q‡Q| Avi
Avj−vni w`K n‡Z, Gi A_© n‡e t wbðq Avj−vn& Bnv‡K Bnv n‡Z m„wó
K‡i‡Qb| GB `yB‡qi gv‡S †Kvb cÖKv‡ii we‡iva †bB|
Avi Gi Øviv (kviDj−vn) Avj−vni cÖbqY I Zvui wbav©iY GK e‡j
we‡ewPZ nq|
.[D?:
A_© t A_P Avj−vn& †Zvgv‡ì‡K Ges †Zvgv‡ì Kg© mg~n‡K m„wó
K‡i‡Qb| [m~iv Avm& md&dvZ,AvqvZ-96]

ΣΣ≤ΠΨ♥ΩΤ∼Σ⇒Ω♥ΩΤ⊇ (6) υΩ⇒πΤ♥Σ™<√≅†ΨŠ Ω⊄ϑðŸΩ″Ω (5) υΩ⊆ΤΠςΤZ≅…Ω υς≠∅ςΚ… ⌠⇑Ω∨ †Πς∨ςΚ†ΩΤ⊇ …

υΩ⇒πΤ♥Σ™<√≅†ΨŠ ð‡ΠςϒΩ{Ω (8) υΩΤ⇒πΤΤ⊕ΩΤ,♠≅…Ω ΩΨµð ?⇑Ω∨ †Πς∨Κς…Ω (7) υΩ≤♥Σ∼<∏Ψ√
.[TQ>:u
8 F%: 3] ≈ (10) υΩ≤π♥Σ⊕<∏Ψ√ ΙΣΣ≤ΘΨ♥ΩΤ∼Σ⇒Ω♥ΩΤ⊇ (9)
A_© t AZGe ‡h `vb K‡i Ges Avj−vn& fxi“ nq, Ges DËg welq‡K
mZ¨ g‡b K‡i,Avwg Zv‡K my‡Li wel‡qi R‡b¨ mnR c_ `vb Kie,Avi
†h K…cYZv K‡i I †eciIqv nq, Ges DËg welq‡K wg_¨v g‡b
K‡i,Avwg Zv‡K K‡ói R‡b¨ mnR c_ `vb Kie| [m~iv Avj-
jvBj,AvqvZ-5-10]
(7) fv‡Mï e¨vcv‡i ev›`vi KiYxq t
fv‡Mï e¨vcv‡i ev›`vi KiYxq KvR nj `yÕwU t
cÖ_g t mv¤¢e¨ KvR m¤úv`‡bi I mZwK©Z KvR †_‡K †eu‡P _vKvi
Rb¨ Avj−vni Kv‡Q mvnvh¨ cÖv_© bv Kiv| Zvui Kv‡Q (Avj−vni Kv‡Q)
Av‡iv PvB‡e †hb Zv‡K mnR mva¨ KvR mnR K‡i‡`b, Avi KwVb
mva¨ KvR n‡Z Zv‡K weiZ iv‡Lb|Avi Zvui Dci fimv Ki‡e I Zuvi
Kv‡Q Avkªq PvB‡e| AZtci Kj¨vY AR©‡bi Rb¨ I AKj¨vY eR©‡bi
Rb¨ Zvui wbK‡UB gyLv‡c¶x n‡e|
wZwb (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) e‡jb t
-j RL q e 'I X ( "03 qO
5 { ®#W))
²j F%j RL 5 ( x %x "+ z + z ij ) %=I
.((|:\ % S0OI
A_© t †Zvgvi Kj¨vYKi Kv‡Ri cÖwZ AvMÖnevb nI, Avj−vni Kv‡Q
mvnvh¨ cÖv_©bv Ki, Avi AcviMZv cÖKvk KwiIbv| Avi Zzwg hw`
†Kvb K‡ói m¤§Lxb nI Z‡e GB i“c ewjIbv †h Avwg hw` GB KvR
KiZvg Zvn‡j GB nZ| eis ej †h, Avj−vn& hv wbav©iY K‡i‡Qb I
†P‡q‡Qb ZvB K‡i‡Qb, KviY hw` K_vwU kvqZv‡bi Kg© Ly‡j †`q|

wØZxq t ev›`v Zvi Rb¨ wbav©wiZ wel‡qi Dci ‰ah© aviY Ki‡e,
Nveov‡ebv| AZtci Rvb‡e †h, wbðq Bnv Avj−vni c¶ n‡Z, myZivs
m‡š—vó wP‡Ë †g‡b wb‡e| Av‡iv ÁvZ n‡e-†h wec` Zv‡K Avµgb
K‡i‡Q Zv f~j K‡i Av‡mwb| Avi †h wec` ‡Zvgv‡K Avµgb K‡iwb
Zv Zvi Rb¨ Avmvi wQjbv|
"+
Ä p|7 5 q}|: "+
Ä q 5 N ))
.((q:b:
A_© t Av‡iv ÁvZ n‡e-†h wec` ‡Zvgv‡K Avµgb K‡i‡Q Zv †Zvgv‡K
fyj K‡i Av‡mwb| Avi †h wec` ‡Zvgv‡K Avµgb K‡iwb Zv †Zvgvi
Rb¨ Avmvi wQjbv|
(8) fvM¨ I dvqmvjvi cÖwZ mš—yó _vKv t
fv‡Mï cÖwZ mš—yó _vKv Acwinvh©| ‡Kbbv Bnv Avj−vni cÖfy‡Ë¡i cÖwZ
mš—yó _vKv Aš—fy©³| ZvB mKj gyÔwg‡bi c‡¶ Avj−vni dvqmvjvi
Dci mš—yó _vKv Acwinvh©|
KviY Avj−vni Kg© I dvqmvjv mKjB fvj (b¨vq civqY) Bbmvd
wfw³K wnK&gvZ
c~Y|© myZivs hvi Av¯’v _vK‡e ‡h, wbðq hv (myL-`ytL) Zv‡K
†cŠuwQqv‡Q Zv Zv‡K f~j Kivi wQjbv Avi hv Zv‡K f~j K‡i‡Q Zv
Zv‡K †cŠuQvi wQjbv †m †cÖkvbx I m‡›`n& n‡Z †eu‡P _vK‡e|
Avi Zvi Rxeb n‡Z e¨vKzjZv I †`v`yj¨gvbZv `~i n‡e| P‡j ev nvwi‡q
hvIqv e¯—yi Dci wPwš—Z n‡e bv| Avi Zvi fwel¨r †K fq cv‡ebv|
Avi Gi gva¨‡g †m me PvB‡Z ‡mŠfvM¨ c~Y© n‡e, AvZœvi w`K w`‡q me
PvB‡Z c~Z-cweÎ n‡e, Avi me PvB‡Z kvš— n‡e| Avi †h Rvb‡Z
cvi‡e †h, Zvi eqm mxwgZ, i“hx cwiwgZ, †m wbwðZ fv‡e eyS‡Z
1
cvi‡e †h, Kvcyi“lZ¡v eqm evov‡Z cv‡i bv| Kvc©bœZv i“h evov‡Z cv‡i
bv| Zvn‡j meB wjwLZ i‡q‡Q| wec‡ì Dci ‰ah© aviY Ki‡e, cvc I
µwU c~Y© Kg© m¤úv`b Kivi Kvi‡b ¶gv PvB‡e|
Avi Avj−vn& hv (Zvi Rb¨) wbav©iY K‡i‡Qb Zvi cÖwZ mš—yó _vK‡e|
Z‡eB Av‡`‡ki AvbyMZ¨ Avi wec‡ì Dci ‰ah© avi‡Yi gv‡S m¤^bœq
Mo‡Z m¶g n‡e|
Σϑð/≅…Ω Ι&ΣΩ‰<∏ΩΤ∈ ΨŸΩÿ Ψðϑ/≅†ΨŠ ?⇑Ψπ∨Σÿ ⇑Ω∨Ω ϑðΨ/
% ≅… Ξ⇐<′ΞΜ†ΤΤΨŠ ‚Πς"ΜΞ… ]◊ΤΩ‰∼γ±ΘΣ∨ ⇑Ψ∨ ð‡†Ω″ςΚ… :†Ω∨ …
.[:
8 F" 0 3] ≈ (11) χψ∼Ψ∏Ω∅ ]∫πΩ→ ΘΞΡ∇ΨŠ
A_© t Avj−vni AbygwZ e¨wZ‡i‡K †Kvb cÖKvi wec` Av‡m bv,Ges ‡h
e¨w³ Avj−vni cÖwZ Cgvb Avb‡e, Avj−vn& Zvi Aš—i‡K mrc_ cÖ`k©b
Ki‡eb| Avj−vn me© wel‡q mg¨K cwiÁvZ| [m~iv AvZ&ZvMveyb,AvqvZ-
11]
F#j 3] ≈ ð∠Ψ‰?Τ⇓ΩϒΨ√ ⌠≤Ψ⊃πΤ⊕Ω,πΤ♠≅…Ω βΘ⊂Ωš ϑðΨ/≅… ΩŸ∅Ω ΥφΜΞ… ⁄Ψιπ″≅†ΩΤ⊇ …
.[>>:
8
A_© t AZGe Avcwb âh© aviY Ki“b| wbðq Avj−vni cÖwZkªwZ mZ¨|
Avcwb Avcbvi cv‡ci Rb¨ ¶gv cÖv_©bv Ki“b| [m~iv Mv‡di,AvqvZ-
55]
>
(9) wn`vqvZ `yÕ cÖKvi t (wn`vqv‡Zi `yÕwU A_©)
cÖ_g t wn`vqvZ A_© t m‡Zï mÜvb ‡Ìqv,mrc_ cÖ`©kb Kiv| Avi
mKj m„wó RxeB Gi gvwjK| Avi mKj ivm~j I Zvu‡ì AbymvixMY
GiB gvwjK|
Fh\ 3] ≈ (52) ξψ∼Ψ⊆Ω,ΤΤ♥ΘΣ∨ ξ•.Ω≤γ″ υς√ΞΜ… ϖΨŸΩΤ,ς√ ð∠Πς⇓ΜΞ…Ω …
.[>:
8
A_© t wbðq Avcwb mij c_ cÖ`k©b K‡ib| [m~iv Avk&ïiv,AvqvZ-52]
wØZxq t wn`vqvZ Gi A_© Avj−vn KZ…©K ev›`v‡ì‡K (fvj Kv‡Ri)
ZvIdxK cÖ`vb Kiv I mwVK c‡_ cÖwZôv ev AUj ivLv, (Avi Bnv)
Zvui gyËvKxb ev›`v‡ì Rb¨ `qv I AbyMÖn ¯îƒc| Avi GB wn`vqv‡Zi
GKgvÎ gvwjK n‡jb Avj−vn|
≈ Σ∫
& :†Ω↑ΩΤÿ ⇑Ω∨ ΨŸΩΤÿ ϑðΩ/≅… ΘΩ⇑Ψ∇ΗΤς√Ω ðŒ‰ΩΤ‰šςΚ… ⌠⇑Ω∨ ΨŸςΤZ ‚Ω" Ω∠Πς⇓ΜΞ… …
.[>?:
8 FÃb= 3]
A_© t Avcwb hv‡K fvjev‡mb,Zv‡K mrc‡_ Avb‡Z cvi‡eb bv, Z‡e
Avj−vn& ZvÔAvjvB hv‡K B”Qv mrc‡_ Avbqb K‡ib| [m~iv Avj-
K¡mvm,AvqvZ-56]
(10) (Avj−vni) KziAv‡b ewY©Z Biv`v `yÕ cÖKvi t
cÖ_g t Biv`v KvDwbqv K¡v`vwiqv, Zv nj mKj m„wóK~‡ji Z‡i
wba©vwiZ NUbxq B”Qv, myZivs Avj−vn& hv Pvb Zv nq, Avi hv Pvb bv Zv
nq bv| Avi Bnv (Biv`v KvDwbqv K¡v`vwiqv) Aek¨B cwZZ n‡e|
wKš—y Biv`v kviqxqv Gi mv‡_ wgwjZ bv nIqv ch©š— (Bnv‡K) fvjevmv
I Gi cÖwZ mš—yó nIqv Ri“ix bq|
?
3] ≈... Ψψ
∃ ΗΤΩΤ∏π♠ΞΜπ„Ψ√ ΙΣΩ⁄ŸφΤΤ″ —Ω≤πΤ↑ΩΤÿ ΙΣΩΤÿΨŸΩΤÿ ⇐Κς… ϑðΣ/≅… Ψ Ξ≤ΣΤÿ ⇑Ω∧ΩΤ⊇ …
.[>:
8 F9P!
A_© t Avj−vn& hv‡K †n`vqvZ Kivi B”Qv K‡ib,Zvi e¶‡K Bmjv‡gi
Rb¨ Ly‡j †`b| [m~iv AvbAvg,AvqvZ-125]
wØZxq t Biv`v Øxwbqv kviqxqv, Zv nj agx©q wb‡`©k ev D‡Ïk¨ I Zvi
Avnj Abymvix †K fvjevmv I Zv‡ì cÖwZ mš—ó _vKv| Biv`v Øxwbqv
kviqxqv ev¯—evwqZ n‡e bv,hZ¶b ch©š— Gi mv‡_ Biv`v KvDwbqv
mshy³ bv n‡e|
F#= 3] ≈ ... Ω≤⌠♥Σ⊕<√≅… Σ¬Σ|ΨŠ ΣŸÿΞ≤ΣΤÿ ‚Ω"Ω Ω≤⌠♥Σ∼<√≅… Σ¬Σ|ΨŠ ϑðΣ/≅… ΣŸÿΞ≤ΣΤÿ... …
.[C>:
8
A_© t Avj−vn& †Zvgv‡ì Rb¨ mnR Pvb, †Zvgv‡ì Rb¨ KwVbZv Pvb
bv| [m~iv Avj-evK¡viv,AvqvZ-185]
Avi Biv`v KvDwbqv AwaK e¨vcK, KviY mKj kviqx D‡Ïk¨ hv ev¯—
evwqZ nq Zv m„wóMZ w`K n‡ZI ev¯—evwqZ nIqvi Rb¨ D‡Ïwk¨Z|
Avi cwZZ mKj KvIbx D‡Ïk¨ ev NUgvb B”Qv kixqv‡Z Zv D‡Ïwk¨Z
bq| †hgb Avey eKi (ivwhqvj−vû Avbû) Gi Cgv‡bi gv‡S Dfq
cÖKvi Biv`v ev B”Qv ev¯—evwqZ n‡qwQj| Avi Avey Rvnj Gi
Kzdzix‡Z ïaygvÎ Biv`v KvIwbqv ev NUgvb B”Qv wQj| Avi hv‡Z
Biv`v KvDwbqv cvIqv hv‡e bv, hwÌ Zv kvixqv‡Zi w`K †_‡K
cÖZ¨vwkZ, †hgb Avey Rv‡n‡ji Cgvb| myZivs hw` I Avj−vn&
bvdvigvbx c~Y© B”Qv K‡ib NUevi w`K ‡_‡K, Ges m„wóMZ w`K †_‡K
Zv Pvb wKš—y Zv Øxb wnmv‡e cQ›` K‡ib bv, fvj ev‡mb bv, I Zvi
A
cÖwZ wb‡`©k I †`b bv| eis Zvi cÖwZ we‡Øl iv‡Lb, AcQ›` K‡ib, Zv
n‡Z wb‡la (ev›`v‡ì‡K) K‡ib I Zv m¤úv`b Kvix‡K mveavb
K‡ib|
Avi Gme ZvuiB wbav©iY Z‡e AvbyMZ¨ c~Y© Kg© I Cgvb Avbv wbðq
Avj−vn& ZvÔAvjv Bnv‡K fvj ev‡mb,Ges Gi wb‡`©k ‡`b, Ges Gi
m¤úv`b Kvix‡K †bKx I my›ì cÖwZ `v‡bi Iqv`v (cÖwZkªwZ) w`‡q‡Qb,
Zvui Biv`v Qvov Zvui bvdvigvbx Kiv hvq bv| Avi Avj−vn& ZvÔAvjv hv
Pvb ïay ZvB cwZZ nq|
Avj−vn& ZvÔAvj e‡jb t
.[A:
8 F#5' 3] ≈... Ω≤∃ πΤ⊃Ρ∇<√≅… ΨΨ †Ω‰Ψ⊕Ψ√ υΩ∂⌠≤ΩΤÿ ‚Ω"Ω …
A_© t (Avj−vn& ) Zvui ev›`v‡ì Rb¨ Kydzix cQ›` K‡ib bv| [m~iv
Avh&hygvi,AvqvZ-6]
.[T>:
8 F#= 3] ≈ (205) Ω †φΤΤ♥Ω⊃<√≅… ϑ〉ˆΨ™ΣΤÿ ‚Ω" Σϑð/≅…Ω …
A_© t Avj−vn& dvmv` (Akvwš—) cQ›` K‡ib bv| [m~iv Avj-
evK¡viv,AvqvZ-205]
(11) H mKj Avm&eve ev KviY mg~n hv fvM¨ cwieZ©b K‡i t
Avj−vn& GB fv‡Mï Rb¨ wKQy KviY ˆZix K‡i †i‡L‡Qb hv Bnv‡K
cwieZ©b I cÖwZ‡iva K‡i| †hgb-`yÔAv, mv`vKvn& Jla, mZK©Zv
Aej¤^b, (wb‡Ri) Kg© `¶Zv e¨venvi Kiv,KviY meB Avj−vni
dvqmvjv I Zvui fvM¨ wbav©iY, GgbwK AcviMZv- A¶gZv I
weÁZv-eyw×gËv|
(12) fv‡Mï gvm&Avjv ev welqwU Avj−vni m„wó Rx‡ei gv‡S
Zvui GKwU inm¨gq welq t
C
fvM¨ wbav©iY Avj−vni †Mvcb inm¨, Zvui m„wó Rx‡ei gv‡S G K_vwU
ïay gvÎ fv‡Mï †Mvcb w`‡Ki Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRh¨| KviY mKj wRwb‡mi
nvKxKvZ ïaygvÎ Avj−vn& Rv‡bb| gvbyl Zv AeMZ n‡Z cv‡i bv|
†hgb Avj−vn& c_ åó K‡ib,wn`vqvZ K‡ib, g„Zz¨ `vb K‡ib, RxweZ
K‡ib, wb‡la K‡ib,I wKQy cÖ`vb K‡ib|
‡hgb wZwb bvex (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqv mvj−vg) e‡jb t
.[N<5 J ]((+<5pj = #s se))
A_© t hLb fv‡Mï K_v ¯îY n‡e ZLb †Zvgiv Zv wb‡q ZK© weZ©‡K
wjß bv n‡q Pzc _vK‡e| [ gymwjg ]
Z‡e fv‡Mï Ab¨vb¨ w`K I Zvui gnv wnK&gvZ ¯—i, ghv©`v I Zvui cÖfve
gvby‡li wbKU eb©Yv KivI Zv Zv‡ì‡K Rvbv‡bv êa i‡q‡Q|
KviY fv‡Mï cÖwZ Cgvb Avbv Cgv‡bi i“K&b mg~‡ni GKwU Ab¨Zg
i“K&b,hv wk¶v KivI Rvbv GKvš— KZ©e¨|
†hgb ivm~j (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) hLb wRe&ixj (AvjvBwn
Iqvmvj−vg) Gi wbKU Cgv‡bi i“K&b mg~n D‡j−L K‡ib ZLb e‡jb t
.[N<5 J ]((N+
N+
NI %
£& zY))
A_© t Dwb n‡jb wRe&ixj †Zvgv‡ì‡K †Zvgv‡ì Øxb wk¶v †Ìqvi
Rb¨ AvMgY K‡i‡Qb|
(13) fv‡Mï Øviv `jxj †Ìqv t
fwel¨‡Z wK n‡e ev bv n‡e GB m¤ú©‡K Avj−vni c~e© Ávb, (Bnv)
A`„k¨ Bnv wZwb e¨ZxZ †Kn Rv‡bbv| (Bnv) gvbyl I wR¡b‡ì
ARvbv| G‡Z †Kvb e¨w³iB ¯^xq c¶ MÖn‡Yi `jxj †bB| Avi †h
welq dvqmvjv n‡q‡M‡Q Zvi Dci fimv K‡i Kg© Z¨vM Kiv wVK bq|
myZivs fvM¨ Avj−vni wei“‡× I Zvui m„wói Kvnv‡iv Rb¨ `jxj ev
û¾vZ bq|
D
hw` Lvivc KvR Kivi Dci fv‡Mï Øviv `jxj †Ìqv êa
n‡Zv,Zvn‡j AZ¨vPvix kvw¯— cÖvß nZbv, gykwiK e¨w³ nZ¨v n‡Zv bv,
n`& ev weavb cÖwZwôZ nZbv, Avi †Kn& AZ¨vPvi Kiv n‡Z weiZ
_vK‡Zv bv| Avi Bnv Øxb I `ywbqv‡Z Akvwš— m„wó Kivi gva¨g nZ,
hvi fqvenZv mK‡ji Rvbv|
Avi hviv fvM¨ Øviv `jxj †`q, Zv‡ì‡K Avgiv ej‡ev Zzwg RvbœvZx bv
Rvnvbœvgx G e¨vcv‡i †Zvgvi wbKU wbwðZ Ávb †bB| Avi hw` †Zvgvi
wbKU GB e¨vcv‡i wbwðZ Ávb _vKZ Aek¨B Avgiv †Zvgv‡K
mrKv‡Ri Av‡`k w`Zvg bv I Ab¨vq ‡_‡K wb‡laI KiZvg bv| eis
Zzwg Kg© m¤úv`b Ki wbðq Avj−vn& †Zvgv‡K ZvIdxK cÖ`vb Ki‡eb,
Avi Zywg RvbœvZ evmx‡ì Aš—fy©³ n‡e|
wKQy wKQy mvnvev hLb fv‡Mï nv`xm mg~n ïb‡Zb ZLb ej‡Zb t
GLb Zzwg Avgvi PvB‡Z †ekx cª‡PóvKvix bI| (A_v©r Avwg †ekx
cÖ‡PóvKvix)| bvex (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqv mvj−vg) †K AvZœ c¶
mg_©‡b fv‡Mï Øviv `jxj †Ìqv m¤ú©‡K wRÁvmv Kiv n‡j wZwb
e‡jb t
% #<::<j < %Y "5 "j G ]7 #<:5 %+j ))
((F =\ %Y % #<::<j =\ %Y "5 "5 F< %Y
A_© t ‡Zvgiv Kg© m¤úv`b Ki‡Z _v‡Kv hv‡K hvi Rb¨ m„wó Kiv
n‡q‡Q Zv Zvi Rb¨ mnR mva¨ n‡e, myZivs hviv ‡mŠfvMëvb n‡e
Zv‡ì‡K ‡mŠfvMëvb e¨w³‡ì †h KvR †mB KvR Zvi Rb¨ mnR K‡i
†Ìqv n‡e| Avi hviv `~fv©Mëvb n‡e, Zv‡ì‡K Zv‡ì `~fv©Mëvb
e¨w³‡ì †h KvR †mB KvR mnR K‡i †Ìqv n‡e|
AZtci wb‡æi AvqvZ cvV Ki‡jb t
ΣΣ≤ΠΨ♥ΩΤ∼Σ⇒Ω♥ΩΤ⊇ (6) υΩ⇒πΤ♥Σ™<√≅†ΨŠ Ω⊄ϑðŸΩ″Ω (5) υΩ⊆ΤΠςΤZ≅…Ω υς≠∅ςΚ… ⌠⇑Ω∨ †Πς∨ςΚ†ΩΤ⊇ …
T
υΩ⇒πΤ♥Σ™<√≅†ΨŠ ð‡ΠςϒΩ{Ω (8) υΩΤ⇒πΤΤ⊕ΩΤ,♠≅…Ω ΩΨµð ?⇑Ω∨ †Πς∨Κς…Ω (7) υΩ≤♥Σ∼<∏Ψ√
.[TQ>:u
8 F%: 3] ≈ (10) υΩ≤π♥Σ⊕<∏Ψ√ ΙΣΣ≤ΘΨ♥ΩΤ∼Σ⇒Ω♥ΩΤ⊇ (9)
A_© t AZGe, †h `vb K‡i Ges Avj−vnfxi“ nq, Ges DËg welq‡K
mZ¨ g‡b K‡i, Avwg Zv‡K my‡Li wel‡qi Rb¨ mnR c_ `vb Kie|
Avi †h K…cYZv K‡i I †eciIqv nq, Ges DËg welq‡K wg_¨v g‡b
K‡i, Avwg Zv‡K K‡ói wel‡qi Rb¨ mnR c_ `vb Kie| [m~iv Avj-
jvBj,AvqvZ-5-10]
(14) Avmeve ev (gva¨g mg~n) MÖnY Kiv t
ev›`vi wbKU `yÕ cÖKvi KvR Dcw¯’Z nq t
(1) Ggb Kg© hv‡Z evnvbv ev ARynvZ i‡q‡Q Zv m¤úv`‡b †m AcviM
bq|
(2) Ggb Kg© hv‡Z evnvbv I ARynv‡Zi AeKvk †bB, Zv cvj‡b †m
âh© aviY K‡i bv| Avj−vn& ZvÔAvjv wec` cwZZ nIqvi c~‡e©B wec`
m¤ú©‡K Rv‡bb|
Zvui (Avj−vni) wec` m¤ú©‡K Ávb i‡q‡Q Gi A_© GB bq †h, wZwbB
wec` MÖ¯— e¨w³‡K wec‡` cwZZ K‡i‡Qb, eis GB wec` cwZZ n‡q‡Q
Gi wbav©wiZ KviY mg~‡ni ØvivB|
hw` wec` n‡Z i¶vKvix gva¨g hv eënvi I MÖnY Kivi Rb¨ Bmjvgx
kixqvZ AbygwZ w`‡q‡Qb cwiZ¨vM Kivi Kvi‡Y cwZZ nq, Z‡e †m
wb‡R‡K wndvRZ bv Kivi Kvi‡Y I Zvu‡K wec` n‡Z i¶vKvix gva¨g
MÖnY bv Kivi Kvi‡Y †`vlx n‡e|
Avi hw` GB wec` cÖwZ‡iva Kivi Zvi ¶gZv bv _v‡K Z‡e †m gvÔRyi
n‡e|
myZivs gva¨g MÖnY Kiv fvM¨ I fimvi cwicš’x bq eis Bnv (gva¨g
MÖnY Kiv) GiB (fvM¨ I fimviB) Aš—fy©³|

Avi hLb fvM¨ cwZZ n‡q hvq ZLb Zvi cÖwZ mš—ó _vKv I Zv †g‡b
†bqv IqvwRe n‡q hvq I wb‡æi K_vi Øviv Avkªq MÖnY Ki‡e| fx)
(%j RL 5 ( A_© t Avj−vn& hv wbav©iY K‡i‡Qb I †P‡q‡Qb ZvB
K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e fvM¨ cwZZ nIqvi c~‡e© gvby‡li `vwqZ¡ nj êa gva¨g
MÖnY Kiv I fv‡Mï Øviv fv‡Mï cÖwZ‡iva Kiv| bvexMY wb‡R‡ì‡K
wb‡R‡ì kÎ“ †_‡K wndvhZKvix c×wZ I gva¨g MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb,
A_P Zvuiv Avj−vni IqvnxI wbivcËv Øviv mvnvh¨ cÖvß wQ‡jb| Avi
ivm~jyj−vn (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) mKj fimv Kvix‡ì †bZv
wQ‡jb, Zv m‡Z¡ I wZwb gva¨g MÖnY Ki‡Zb Avj−vni cÖwZ c~Y© fimv
_vKvi ciI|
Ξ∼Ω<√≅… γ•†ΩΤŠΘΨ⁄ ⇔Ψ∨Ω ω〈ΘΩΣΤ∈ ⇑ΨΘ∨ ψΣ,Τ⊕ς≠ΩΤ,♠≅… †ΘΩ∨ ¬Σς√ Ν…ΘΣŸΤΤΨ∅ςΚ…Ω …
.[?T:
8 FOP! 3] ≈ ¬Σ{ΘΩΣŸΩ∅Ω ϑðΨ/≅… ΘΩΣŸΩ∅ −ΨΨŠ φΣ‰Ψ∑⌠≤ΣΤZ
A_© t Avi cÖ¯ËZ Ki Zv‡ì mv‡_ hy‡×i Rb¨ hvB wKQy msMÖn Ki‡Z
cvi wb‡Ri kw³ mvg‡_¨©i ga¨ ‡_‡K Ges cvwjZ ‡Nvov †_‡K, †hb
cÖfve c‡o Avj−vni kÎ“‡ì Dci Ges †Zvgv‡ì kÎ“‡ì Dci| [m~iv
Avj-Avbdvj,AvqvZ-60]
Ν…ΣΤ∏Σ{Ω †ΩΞ‰Ψ†ΩΤ⇒Ω∨ ℑ Ν…Σ↑∨≅†ΩΤ⊇ ‚⊥"ΣΤ√ς′ ð≥⁄Κς‚≅… Σ¬Ρ∇ς√ ΩΩ⊕Ω– ΨϒΠς√≅… ΩΣ∑ …
.[>:
8 Fq 3] ≈ (15) Σ⁄ΣΣ↑ΠΡ⇒√≅… ΨΤ∼ς√ΜΞ…Ω −∃ΨΨπ∈ƒΘΞ⁄ ⇑Ψ∨
A_© t wZwb †Zvgvi Rb¨ hwgb‡K myMg K‡i‡Qb, AZGe †Zvgiv Zvi
Kvu‡a wePiY Ki Ges Zuvi †`qv wiwhK Avnvi Ki| ZvuiB Kv‡Q
cybi“¾xeb n‡e| [m~iv-Avj-g~jK,AvqvZ-15 ]

FK7 % n : "5H "5 ( ©e /W K7 y= "5H))
%=I -j RL q e 'I X ( "03 qO
5 { ®#W
²j %j RL 5 ( x %x "+ Fz z + z ij )
.[N<5 J ]((|:\ % S0OI
A_© t `ye©j gyÔwgb A‡c¶v, mej gyÔwgb Avj−vni Kv‡Q AwaK DËg I
wcÖq, Z‡e Df‡qi gv‡S Kj¨vY wbnZ i‡q‡Q| hv †Zvgv‡K DcKvi
Ki‡e Zv Av`v‡q Zzwg AMÖkxj nI| Avi Avj−vni Kv‡Q mvnvh¨ cÖv_©bv
Ki AcviMZv cÖKvk KwiIbv| †Zvgv‡K †Kvb wec` ¯ú©k Ki‡j Zzwg
ewjIbv †h wbðq Avwg GB KvR Ki‡j GB GB n‡Zv eis Zzwg ej t
Avj−vn& hv wbav©iY K‡i‡Qb I †P‡q‡Qb ZvB K‡i‡Qb|
KviY () jvD eY©wU kvqZv‡bi Kg©‡K Ly‡j †`q| [gymwjg ]
(15) fvM¨‡K A¯^xKvi Kvixi weavY t
‡h e¨w³ fvM¨‡K A¯^xKvi Kij †m Bmjvgx kixqv‡Zi g~jbxwZ mg~‡ni
GKwU Ab¨Zg g~jbxwZ‡K A¯^xKvi Ki‡jv| Avi Gi gva¨‡g †m Kzdzix
Ki‡jv| wKQy wKQy ¯^vjvd mv‡jn& e‡jb t
.((b7 G #x e F #O J & ²j FN
= #½P))
A_© t †Zvgiv Kvìxqvn m¤cÖ`v‡qi mv‡_ Ávb Øviv gybvhviv Ki Zviv
hw` A¯^xKvi K‡i Zvn‡j Zviv Kzdzix Ki‡jv Avi hw` Zviv ¯^xKvi
K‡i Zvn‡j Zviv (‡Zvgv‡ì mv‡_) SMov Ki‡jv|
(16) fv‡Mï cÖwZ Cgvb Avbvi djvdj t
dvqmvjv I fv‡Mï cÖwZ Cgvb Avbvi A‡bK ïf-cwibvg my›ì
cÖwZwµqv ev cÖfve i‡q‡Q hv RvZxq I e¨w³ Rxe‡b Kj¨vY wb‡q
Av‡m|

(K) wbðq Bnv (fv‡Mï cÖwZ Cgvb) wewfbœ cÖKvi ‡bK Avgj I fvj
¸b AR©b Kivi my‡hvM Rb¥ †`q| †hgb Avj−vni BL&jvm ev GK
wbôZv, Zvui Dci fimv Kiv, Zvu‡K fq Kiv, Zvui Kv‡Q wKQy cvIqvi
Avkv Kiv, Zvui cÖwZ fvj aviYv ivLv âh© aviY Kiv, cÖLi
mnbkxjZv, ˆbivk¨Zv `~i Kiv, Avj−vni cÖwZ mš—yó _vKv, GKgvÎ
Avj−vni ïKwiqv Kiv, Zvui AbyMÖn `qv †c‡q Lykx nIqv| GKgvÎ
Avj−vni Rb¨ webq bgªZv cÖKvk Kiv, D`vwmbZv I AnsKvi Z¨vM
Kiv| Avj−vni cÖwZ fimv KiZt fvj c‡_ e¨vq Kivi gb gvbywlKZv
I m„wó K‡i| exiZ¡ m„wó K‡i, fvj KvR Kivi w`‡K AMÖmi K‡i, A‡í
Zzó _vKvi ¸b ˆZix K‡i, AvZœ m¤§vbx K‡i, D”Pvwfjvkx K‡i, Kg©
`¶Zv m„wó K‡i, Kg© m¤úv`‡bi cÖ‡Póv ˆZix K‡i my‡L-`y‡L ga¨ c_
Aej¤^b Kvix ‰Zix K‡i, wnsmv I cÖwZev` Kiv †_‡K wbivc‡` iv‡L|
ev‡R Mvj- Mí evwZj KvR n‡Z we‡eK‡K g~³ iv‡L| AvZœvi cÖkvwš— I
Z…wßi eë¯’v K‡i|
(L) fv‡Mï cÖwZ Cgvb Iqvjv e¨w³ Zvi Rxe‡b mwVK I mij c‡_
cwiPvwjZ nq|
AwaK wbÕqvgZ Zv‡K c_ åó Ki‡Z cv‡i bv,Avi wec‡` ˆbivk nq
bv| Avi †m wbwðZ wek¦vm iv‡L †h,Zv‡K †h wec` ¯ú©k K‡i‡Q Zv
(Zvi Rb¨) Avj−vni wbav©iY gvÎ, Zvi cwi¶v ¯î“c| Nveovq bv
wePwjZ nq bv| eis âh© aviY K‡i I †bKxi Avkv iv‡L|
(M) wbðq Bnv c_ å‡ói KviY mg~n I Rxe‡bi Aïf mgvcbx n‡Z
†ndvRZ K‡i| Bnv Zvi Rb¨ (gyÔwg‡bi Rb¨) mwVK c‡_ cÖwZôv
_vKvi ¯’vqx cÖ‡Póv, †bK KvR †ekx †ekx Kivi my‡hvM, bvdvigvbx c~Y©
I aŸsmv³ KvR †_‡K weiZ _vKvi my‡hvM K‡i †`q|
(N) wbðq Bnv gyÔwgb‡ì Rb¨ my`„p Aš—i I c~Y© wek¦v‡mi Øviv fqvbK
I KwVb Kg©‡K cÖwZnZ Kivi gbfve ˆZix K‡i †`q, gva¨g ev
1
DcKiY MÖnY Kivi mv‡_|
e F"5H Xe qs 4: K7 G G J#5 e "5H #5! ))
K7 +j £ R# G0 e FG K7 +j #+L R#3 G0
.[N<5 J ]((G
A_© t wK Avð©h¨ ! wbðq gyÔwg‡bi mKj Kg©B fvj, Avi Bnv ïay
gyÔwgb‡ì Rb¨ Lvm, hw` Zv‡K †Kvb Avb›` ¯ú©k K‡i †m cÖksmv K‡i,
d‡j Zv Zvui Rb¨ Kj¨vY nq| Avi hw` Zv‡K †Kvb wec` ¯ú©k K‡i
†m âh© aviY K‡i, d‡j Zv Zvi Rb¨ Kj¨vY nq| [gymwjg ]
mgvß|
>
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    ev Cgv‡bi ¯—¤¢ mg~n t 1

Zv n‡jv Avj−vn& ZvÔAvjv, Zvui wdwik&Zv‡`i, wKZve mg~‡ni,

Ω⇑ÿΨϒΠς√≅… (2) Ω⇐ΣΤ∏Πς{ΩΩ,Ωÿ ψΞΨΘΤŠΩ⁄ υς∏Ω∅Ω †_Τ⇒ΗΤΩ∧ÿΜΞ… ¬ΣΤZΩ …Ωƒ ΙΣΣ,ΗΤΩΤÿ…ƒ∫ ¬Ξ∼ς∏Ω∅

Ω⇐Σ⇒Ψ∨Σ∧<√≅… Σ¬Σ∑ ð∠ΜΞ;ΗΤΤς√ΟΚΡ… (3) Ω⇐Σ⊆Ψ⊃⇒Σÿ ¬ΣΗΤΩΤπ⇒∈ΩƒΩ⁄ †ΘΩ∧Ψ∨Ω Ω〈λς∏ϑð±√≅… Ω⇐Σ∧∼Ψ⊆Σÿ

%& ' (   : ! "#

Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv e‡jb t

†& ΩΩ∅Ω ⌠ΤΩ,πΤ♥Σ∨Ω ΘβΡ ℑ ξˆΗΤΩΤ,Ψ ξ⇐κΨ‰ΣΘ∨ (6) ≈.[? :

F_#! 3] ≈ (180) Ω⇐ΣΤ∏Ω∧⊕ΩΤÿ Ν…ΣΤ⇓†ς †Ω∨ Ω⇐Ω∞•Σ∼Ω♠ −&ΨΜΞ;ΗΤΤΩ∧♠Κς… ⌡Ψ⊇

≈ (62) Σ⁄γκ‰Ω|<√≅… ϑ〉Ψ∏Ω⊕<√≅… ΩΣ∑ ϑðΩ/≅… ΥφςΚ…Ω 〉Ψ≠ΗΤΩΤ‰<√≅…

A_© t Avwg †Zvgv‡`i Dci me †P‡q †ekx fq cvB †QvU wki&‡Ki|

β⁄†Πς⊃Ω{ τ‡ΨϒΗΤΤς ΩΣ∑ ⌠⇑Ω∨ ΨŸΩΤÿ ‚Ω" Ωϑð/≅… ΘΩ⇐ΜΞ… Ω⇐

ð♦∧ϑðΤ↑√≅…Ω Ω⁄†ΩΘΩΤ⇒√≅…Ω ΩΤΤ∼Πς√≅… Ω⊂ς∏Ω ΨϒΠς√≅… ΩΣ∑Ω (32) Ω⇐Σ∂Ξ≤⊕Σ∨ †ΩΨ,ΗΤΩΤÿ…ƒ∫

F9 # 3] ≈ (22) Ω⇐κΨ∧Ψ∏ΗΤΩ⊕<∏ΠΨ√ ξŒΗΤΩΤÿ‚Κςð" ð∠Ψ√.ς′ ℑ ΘΩ⇐ΜΞ… πψ

Ξ♣†Πς⇒√≅… Ω≤ΩΤ‘{Κς… ΘΩ⇑Ψ∇ΗΤς√Ω 〉ψΘΨ∼ΤΩ⊆<√≅… Σ⇑ÿΠΨŸ√≅… ð∠Ψ√.ς′ ϑðΨ/

FR :P! 3] ≈ (27) φΡ∏Ω∧⊕ΩΤÿ −ΨΞ≤∨ςΚ†ΨŠ ¬Σ∑Ω ΨΩ⊆<√≅†ΨŠ ΙΣΩ⇓Σ⊆Ψ‰♥ΩΤÿ ‚Ω"

≈ ... ∫Σ& :†Ω↑ΩΤÿ †Ω∨ Ξ⊂<∏Ω<√≅… ℑ ΣŸÿΞ∞ΩΤÿ Ω⊗

(2) wKZve mg~‡ni cÖwZ Cgvb Avbvi weavb t

ΨΠς∏√≅†ΨŠ ⌠≤Σ⊃<∇Ωÿ ⇑Ω∨Ω Σ

Ω=„ΗΤς∏Ω∂ ΘΩΤΩ∂ ŸΩ⊆ΩΤ⊇ Ξ≤Ψ›‚"≅… ΨζΩ∼<√≅…Ω −ΨΨ∏Σ♠Σ⁄Ω −ΨΨ‰Σ,Σ{Ω −ΨΨ,Ω|ΜΞ;ΗΤΤς∏Ω∨Ω

≈ ... (11 ) Ω⇐Σ⇒Ψ∨ΣΤÿ ξζΩ⊆ΠΨ√ ⊥◊Ω∧ΤšΩ⁄Ω _ŸΤΤΣ∑Ω ξ∫⌠Ω→ ΘΞΣ{ Ω∼Ψ±πΤ⊃ΩZΩ

≈ (19) υΩ♠Σ∨Ω Ω¬∼ΤΨ∑.Ω≤ΤŠΞΜ… Ψ∪Σ™Σ″ (18) υς√ΡΚ‚≅… Ψ∪Σ™ϑ〉±√≅… Ψ⊃ς√ …ΩϒΗΤΩ∑

(6) KziAvb I nv`x‡m †h mKj Avmgvbx wKZv‡ei bvg D‡j−L¨

3] ≈... ϑðΣ/

⇑Ψ∨ Ν…Ρℵ≠Ψ⊃⌠™Σ,πΤ♠≅… †Ω∧ΨΤŠ Σ⁄†Ω‰πšςΚ‚≅…Ω Ω⇐ΘΣ∼Ψ⇒ΗΤΤΘΩΤŠΘΩ≤√≅…Ω Ν…Σ †Ω∑ Ω⇑ÿΨϒΠς∏Ψ√ Ν…Σ∧ς∏πΤ♠ςΚ…

F ,  3] ≈ (46) Ω⇐κΨ⊆Πς,Σ∧<∏ΨΠ√ _◊ðℵ≠Ψ∅⌠Ω∨Ω _ŸΤΤΣ∑Ω Ψ◊ΗΤΩ⁄⌠Πς,√≅… Ω⇑Ψ∨ ΨΤÿΩŸΩΤÿ

Ξ⇑Ω∅ ¬ΣΗΩ⇒ΩΤÿΩ γ∩Σ≤⊕Ω∧<√≅†ΨŠ ¬Σ∑Σ≤Σ∨Κ<†ΩΤÿ Ξ∼Ψ•⇓γ‚≅…Ω Ψ◊ΗΤΩ⁄Πς,√≅… ℑ ¬Σ∑ΩŸ⇒Ψ∅

¬Σ⇒Ω∅ Σ⊗Ω∝ΩΤÿΩ ð³ΜΞ;ΗΤΤΩ‰Ω<√≅… 〉ψΞ∼ς∏Ω∅ Σ⋅ΘΞ≤Ω™ΣΤÿΩ γŒΗΤΩ‰ΘΞΤ∼ϑð≠√≅… 〉ψΣς√ ΘΣµΣΨšΩ Ξ≤ς∇⇒Σ∧<√≅…

F_#! 3] ≈ ... ψ

υΩ♥∼Ψ∅Ω υΩ♠Σ∨ ðΨΤZΡΚ… :†Ω∨Ω Ψ•†Ω‰Τ⌠♠ςΚ‚≅…Ω ð‡Σ⊆⊕ΩΤÿΩ Ω⊂ΗΤΩ™⌠♠ΞΜ…Ω Ω∼Ψ⊕ΗΤΤΩΤ∧⌠♠ΞΜ…Ω

ΙΣΤς√Σ⇑ð<µš Ω ψΣ⇒ΤΘΨ∨ ξŸΩšΚς… Ω⇐κΩŠ Σ⊄ΘΞ≤Ω⊃ΣΤ⇓ ‚Ω" ψΞΨΘΤŠΘΩ⁄ ⇑Ψ∨ φΘΣ∼Ξ‰Πς⇒√≅… 

⇐Κς… Ω⇐ΣŸÿΞ≤ΣΤÿΩ ω×⊕Ω‰ΨŠ Σ≤Σ⊃|ΩΤ⇓ΩΩ ω×⊕Ω‰ΨŠ Σ⇑Ψ∨ΣΤ⇓ φΡ√Σ⊆ΩΤÿΩ −ΨΨ∏Σ♠Σ⁄Ω

FR < 3] ≈ (165) †_Τ∧∼Ψ∇Ωš …[∞ÿΞ∞Ω∅ ϑðΣ/≅… Ω⇐†Ω{Ω Ξ

(5) Bmjvg mKj bvex‡`i ag© t

Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv e‡jb t

Ω ΙΣ…Ω −ΨΨ,ΤΘΩΤÿΘΞ⁄Σ′ ⇑Ψ∨Ω 

⊥ν„Σ{Ω †& _ΤΤ≡Ρ√Ω ð♦Σ⇓ΩΤÿΩ Ω⊗Ω♥Ω∼<√≅…Ω Ω∼Ψ⊕ΗΤΩΤ∧♠ΞΜ…Ω (85) φκΨ™Ψ∏ΗΤΥφΤΤ±√≅…

F9 P! 3] ≈ (87) ξψ∼Ψ⊆Ω,ΤΤ♥ΘΣ∨ ξ•.Ω≤γ″ υς√ΞΜ… ψΣΗΤΩΤ⇒ΤΤÿΩŸΩ∑Ω ⌠¬ΣΗΤΩΤ⇒∼Ω‰ΩΤ,–≅…Ω

wZwb Av‡iv e‡jb t

≈ (7) †_ΤΤℵ≠∼Ψ∏Ω∅ †[Τ⊆ΗΤΩΤ‘∼ΘΨ∨ ¬Σ⇒Ψ∨ †ΩΤπ⇓ϒΩςΚ…Ω ¬

A_© t Avwg wKqvgZ w`e‡m Av`g mš—v‡bi mi&`vi, AvgviB nv‡Z

¬Ρ∇Ρ∏ΗΤΩ∧∅ςΚ… ð÷Ω‰µðš ⇐Κς… ∴×⊕Ω‰Ψ√ ¬Σ|Ψ∝⊕ΩΤŠ Ξ≤Ω•ς ΞΩ⊆<√≅†ΨŠ ΙΣς√ Ν…Σ≤Ωµð–

F 0 3] ≈... ΣΤΤ⇒Ω∅ Ν…Σ∂Ω⁄Ω ⌠¬Σ⇒Ω∅ ϑðΣ/≅… 

⊥ν„Ψ∅ †Ω⇒ΨΤŠΣΤ∏ΣΤ∈ ℑ Ω⊕ðµ– ‚Ω"Ω Ξ⇑ΗΤΩ∧ÿ‚ΞΜ≅†ΨŠ †ΩΤ⇓Σ⊆Ω‰Ω♠ φ⇔ΤÿΨϒΠς√≅… †Ω⇒ΨΤ⇓ΩΗΤ‚ΜΞγ"Ω

.[ 0< n N g J ](( cW ­

≈ (15) Ξ⇑ÿΠΨŸ√≅… Ω⋅Ωÿ †ΩΩΤ⇓⌠Τς∏π±Ωÿ (16) N:& O O e …

bvex (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) e‡jb t

A_© t m¤¢eZ wKqvg‡Zi w`e‡m Avgvi kvdvqvZ Zvi kvw¯— jvN‡e

3] ≈ (72) †⊥ΘΤ∼Ψ‘Ψ– †Ω∼Ψ⊇ φκΨ∧Ψ∏ΗΤϑðℵ≠√≅… Σ⁄ΩϒΩΤ⇓ΘΩ Ν…ΩΤ⊆ΠςΤZ≅… Ω⇑ÿΨϒΠς√≅… ΨΘ•ΩΤ⇒ΣΤ⇓

=   :; < "#

Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv e‡jb t

(3) fv‡M¨i cÖKvi t

(4) fv‡M¨i e¨vcv‡i mvjvd‡`i AvwK`vn ev wek¦vm nj t

wZwb Av‡iv e‡jb t

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ev Cgv‡bi ¯—¤¢ mg~n t 1

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F_#! 3] ≈ (180) Ω⇐ΣΤ∏Ω∧⊕ΩΤÿ Ν…ΣΤ⇓†ς †Ω∨ Ω⇐Ω∞•Σ∼Ω♠ −&ΨΜΞ;ΗΤΤΩ∧♠Κς… ⌡Ψ⊇

ð♦∧ϑðΤ↑√≅…Ω Ω⁄†ΩΘΩΤ⇒√≅…Ω ΩΤΤ∼Πς√≅… Ω⊂ς∏Ω ΨϒΠς√≅… ΩΣ∑Ω (32) Ω⇐Σ∂Ξ≤⊕Σ∨ †ΩΨ,ΗΤΩΤÿ…ƒ∫

F9 # 3] ≈ (22) Ω⇐κΨ∧Ψ∏ΗΤΩ⊕<∏ΠΨ√ ξŒΗΤΩΤÿ‚Κςð" ð∠Ψ√.ς′ ℑ ΘΩ⇐ΜΞ… πψ

FR:P! 3] ≈ (27) φΡ∏Ω∧⊕ΩΤÿ −ΨΞ≤∨ςΚ†ΨŠ ¬Σ∑Ω ΨΩ⊆<√≅†ΨŠ ΙΣΩ⇓Σ⊆Ψ‰♥ΩΤÿ ‚Ω"

≈ ... ∫Σ& :†Ω↑ΩΤÿ †Ω∨ Ξ⊂<∏Ω<√≅… ℑ ΣŸÿΞ∞ΩΤÿ Ω⊗

Ω=„ΗΤς∏Ω∂ ΘΩΤΩ∂ ŸΩ⊆ΩΤ⊇ Ξ≤Ψ›‚"≅… ΨζΩ∼<√≅…Ω −ΨΨ∏Σ♠Σ⁄Ω −ΨΨ‰Σ,Σ{Ω −ΨΨ,Ω|ΜΞ;ΗΤΤς∏Ω∨Ω

3] ≈... ϑðΣ/

F, 3] ≈ (46) Ω⇐κΨ⊆Πς,Σ∧<∏ΨΠ√ _◊ðℵ≠Ψ∅⌠Ω∨Ω _ŸΤΤΣ∑Ω Ψ◊ΗΤΩ⁄⌠Πς,√≅… Ω⇑Ψ∨ ΨΤÿΩŸΩΤÿ

¬Σ⇒Ω∅ Σ⊗Ω∝ΩΤÿΩ ð³ΜΞ;ΗΤΤΩ‰Ω<√≅… 〉ψΞ∼ς∏Ω∅ Σ⋅ΘΞ≤Ω™ΣΤÿΩ γŒΗΤΩ‰ΘΞΤ∼ϑð≠√≅… 〉ψΣς√ ΘΣµΣΨšΩ Ξ≤ς∇⇒Σ∧<√≅…

F_#! 3] ≈ ... ψ

FR< 3] ≈ (165) †_Τ∧∼Ψ∇Ωš …[∞ÿΞ∞Ω∅ ϑðΣ/≅… Ω⇐†Ω{Ω Ξ

F9P! 3] ≈ (87) ξψ∼Ψ⊆Ω,ΤΤ♥ΘΣ∨ ξ•.Ω≤γ″ υς√ΞΜ… ψΣΗΤΩΤ⇒ΤΤÿΩŸΩ∑Ω ⌠¬ΣΗΤΩΤ⇒∼Ω‰ΩΤ,–≅…Ω

≈ (7) †_ΤΤℵ≠∼Ψ∏Ω∅ †[Τ⊆ΗΤΩΤ‘∼ΘΨ∨ ¬Σ⇒Ψ∨ †ΩΤπ⇓ϒΩςΚ…Ω ¬

F 0 3] ≈... ΣΤΤ⇒Ω∅ Ν…Σ∂Ω⁄Ω ⌠¬Σ⇒Ω∅ ϑðΣ/≅… 

⊥ν„Ψ∅ †Ω⇒ΨΤŠΣΤ∏ΣΤ∈ ℑ Ω⊕ðµ– ‚Ω"Ω Ξ⇑ΗΤΩ∧ÿ‚ΞΜ≅†ΨŠ †ΩΤ⇓Σ⊆Ω‰Ω♠ φ⇔ΤÿΨϒΠς√≅… †Ω⇒ΨΤ⇓ΩΗΤ‚ΜΞγ"Ω

.[0< n Ng J ]((cW

≈ (15) Ξ⇑ÿΠΨŸ√≅… Ω⋅Ωÿ †ΩΩΤ⇓⌠Τς∏π±Ωÿ (16) N:& O O e …

3] ≈ (72) †⊥ΘΤ∼Ψ‘Ψ– †Ω∼Ψ⊇ φκΨ∧Ψ∏ΗΤϑðℵ≠√≅… Σ⁄ΩϒΩΤ⇓ΘΩ Ν…ΩΤ⊆ΠςΤZ≅… Ω⇑ÿΨϒΠς√≅… ΨΘ•ΩΤ⇒ΣΤ⇓

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