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Outline: What Is A Distributed DBMS Problems Current State-Of-Affairs
Outline: What Is A Distributed DBMS Problems Current State-Of-Affairs
Introduction
What is a distributed DBMS
Problems
Current state-of-affairs
Background
Distributed DBMS Architecture
Distributed Database Design
Semantic Data Control
Distributed Query Processing
Distributed Transaction Management
Parallel Database Systems
Distributed Object DBMS
Database Interoperability
Current Issues
Distributed DBMS © 2001 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.1
File Systems
program 1
File 1
data description 1
program 2
data description 2 File 2
program 3
data description 3 File 3
Distributed DBMS © 2001 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.2
Database Management
Application
program 1
(with data
semantics)
DBMS
description
Application
program 2 manipulation
(with data database
semantics) control
Application
program 3
(with data
semantics)
Distributed DBMS © 2001 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.3
Motivation
Database Computer
Technology Networks
integration distribution
Distributed
Database
Systems
integration
integration ≠ centralization
Distributed DBMS © 2001 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.4
Distributed Computing
Distributed DBMS © 2001 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.5
Distributed Computing
Synonymous terms
distributed function
distributed data processing
multiprocessors/multicomputers
satellite processing
backend processing
dedicated/special purpose computers
timeshared systems
functionally modular systems
Distributed DBMS © 2001 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.6
What is distributed …
Processing logic
Functions
Data
Control
Distributed DBMS © 2001 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.7
What is a Distributed Database System?
A distributed database (DDB) is a collection of multiple,
logically interrelated databases distributed over a computer
network.
Distributed DBMS © 2001 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.8
What is not a DDBS?
Distributed DBMS © 2001 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.9
Centralized DBMS on a Network
Site 1
Site 2
Site 5
Communication
Network
Site 4 Site 3
Distributed DBMS © 2001 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.10
Distributed DBMS Environment
Site 1
Site 2
Site 5
Communication
Network
Site 4 Site 3
Distributed DBMS © 2001 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.11
Implicit Assumptions
Data stored at a number of sites each site logically
consists of a single processor.
Processors at different sites are interconnected by a
computer network no multiprocessors
parallel database systems
Distributed database is a database, not a collection of
files data logically related as exhibited in the users’
access patterns
relational data model
D-DBMS is a full-fledged DBMS
not remote file system, not a TP system
Distributed DBMS © 2001 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.12
Shared-Memory Architecture
P1 Pn M
D
Distributed DBMS © 2001 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.13
Shared-Disk Architecture
P1 Pn
D
M1 Mn
Distributed DBMS © 2001 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.14
Shared-Nothing Architecture
P1 Pn
D1 Dn
M1 Mn
Distributed DBMS © 2001 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.15
Applications
Distributed DBMS © 2001 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.16
Distributed DBMS Promises
Improved performance
Distributed DBMS © 2001 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.17
Transparency
Transparency is the separation of the higher level semantics of a
system from the lower level implementation issues.
Fundamental issue is to provide
data independence
in the distributed environment
Network (distribution) transparency
Replication transparency
Fragmentation transparency
horizontal fragmentation: selection
vertical fragmentation: projection
hybrid
Distributed DBMS © 2001 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.18
Example
EMP ASG
ENO ENAME TITLE ENO PNO RESP DUR
E1 J. Doe Elect. Eng. E1 P1 Manager 12
E2 M. Smith Syst. Anal. E2 P1 Analyst 24
E3 A. Lee Mech. Eng. E2 P2 Analyst 6
E4 J. Miller Programmer E3 P3 Consultant 10
E5 B. Casey Syst. Anal. E3 P4 Engineer 48
E6 L. Chu Elect. Eng. E4 P2 Programmer 18
E7 R. Davis Mech. Eng. E5 P2 Manager 24
E8 J. Jones Syst. Anal. E6 P4 Manager 48
E7 P3 Engineer 36
E7 P5 Engineer 23
E8 P3 Manager 40
PROJ PAY
PNO PNAME BUDGET TITLE SAL
P1 Instrumentation 150000 Elect. Eng. 40000
P2 Database Develop. 135000 Syst. Anal. 34000
P3 CAD/CAM 250000 Mech. Eng. 27000
P4 Maintenance 310000 Programmer 24000
Distributed DBMS © 2001 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.19
Transparent Access
SELECT ENAME,SAL
Tokyo
FROM EMP,ASG,PAY
WHERE DUR > 12
Boston Paris
AND EMP.ENO = ASG.ENO
AND PAY.TITLE = EMP.TITLE Paris projects
Paris employees
Communication Paris assignments
Network Boston employees
Boston projects
Boston employees
Boston assignments
Montreal
New
Montreal projects
York
Paris projects
Boston projects New York projects
New York employees with budget > 200000
New York projects Montreal employees
New York assignments Montreal assignments
Distributed DBMS © 2001 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.20
Distributed Database - User View
Distributed Database
Distributed DBMS © 2001 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.21
Distributed DBMS - Reality
User
Query
DBMS
Software
User
Application
DBMS
Software
DBMS Communication
Software Subsystem
User
DBMS User Application
Software Query DBMS
Software
User
Query
Distributed DBMS © 2001 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.22
Potentially Improved Performance
Parallelism in execution
Inter-query parallelism
Intra-query parallelism
Distributed DBMS © 2001 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.23
Distributed DBMS Issues
Distributed Database Design
how to distribute the database
Two basic alternative to placing data
*Portioned.
* Replicated:-i) fully replicate.
ii) partially replicated.
Two fundamental Design issues
*fragmentation
* distribution
Distributed DBMS © 2001 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.24
Distributed DBMS Issues
Query Processing
convert user transactions to data manipulation instructions
optimization problem
min{cost = data transmission + local processing}
Distributed deadlock management
Heterogeneous Database
Distributed DBMS © 2001 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.25
Distributed DBMS Issues
Concurrency Control
synchronization of concurrent accesses
consistency and isolation of transactions' effects
deadlock management
Reliability
how to make the system resilient to failures
atomicity and durability
Distributed DBMS © 2001 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.26
Distributed DBMS Issues
Distributed DBMS © 2001 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.27
Heterogeneous Database
Distributed DBMS © 2001 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.28
Relationship Between Issues
Directory
Management
Query Distribution
Reliability
Processing Design
Concurrency
Control
Deadlock
Management
Distributed DBMS © 2001 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.29